Compounds > hydrogen
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hydrogen

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Description

Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID783
CHEBI ID18276
CHEBI ID33251
CHEBI ID49637
MeSH IDM0010716

Synonyms (65)

Synonym
7ynj3po35z ,
e-949
e949
e 949
CHEBI:18276
alpha-cellulose
t101 monoclonal antibody
nsc356464
nsc-356464
molecular hydrogen
atomic hydrogen
CHEBI:33251
monoatomic hydrogen
hydrogen molecule
1333-74-0
h2
microcrystalline cellulose
hydrogen
C00282
dihydrogen
H
hydrogen, >=99.99%
CHEBI:49637
hydrogene
hidrogeno
1h
wasserstoff
hydrogen, atomic
hydrogen [who-dd]
hydrogen [hsdb]
hydrogen [mi]
hydrogen gas
hydrogen [inci]
AKOS016038407
h-h
un 1049
p-hydrogen
o-hydrogen
un 1966
DTXSID9029643
hydrogen, messer(r) cangas, 99.999%
hydrogen, >=99.999%
alpha-cellulose, 25mum particle size
alpha-cellulose, 90mum
alpha-cellulose, 65mum particle size
alpha-cellulose, partical size: d50,180-280mum
alpha-cellulose, partical size: d50,90-150mum
coware 20ml with h-caps
BBL103822
STL557632
Q3027893
cellulose powder
3a molecular sieve
powdered cellulose
1-butanol,titanium(4+)salt,monohydrate,homopolymer(9ci)
1-butanol, titanium(4+) salt, monohydrate, homopolymer (9ci)
microcrystalline cellulose ph200
microcrystalline cellulose ph103
microcrystalline cellulose ph105
microcrystalline cellulose ph301
microcrystalline cellulose ph101
microcrystalline cellulose ph102
microcrystalline cellulose ph112
microcrystalline cellulose ph302
microcrystalline cellulose ph113

Research Excerpts

Overview

Hydrogen is a potential non-carbon-based energy source, which is gradually replacing the dependency on fossil fuels. Hydrogenases are a group of enzymes that have caught the interest of researchers in renewable energies.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Hydrogen is a potential non-carbon-based energy source, which is gradually replacing the dependency on fossil fuels."( Hydrogen production technologies - Membrane based separation, storage and challenges.
Aminabhavi, TM; Basu, S; Mondal, K; Shetti, NP; Singla, S, 2022)		2.89
"Hydrogen fuel is a promising alternative to fossil fuel. "( Hydrogen evolution, electron-transfer, and hydride-transfer reactions in a nickel-iron hydrogenase model complex: a theoretical study of the distinctive reactivities for the conformational isomers of nickel-iron hydride.
Isegawa, M; Matsumoto, T; Ogo, S, 2021)		3.51
"Hydrogen is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic medical gas with safety, effectiveness, and penetrability."( Local Treatment of Hydrogen-Rich Saline Promotes Wound Healing In Vivo by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress via Nrf-2/HO-1 Pathway.
Lai, X; Li, Y; Shen, C; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, X, 2022)		1.77
"Hydrogen is a novel medical gas with several properties, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-allergic, and energy metabolism stimulating properties. "( Co-administration of hydrogen and metformin exerts cardioprotective effects by inhibiting pyroptosis and fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Bai, J; Hong, X; Liu, J; Nie, C; Pan, S; Wang, B; Xi, S; Yang, W; Yu, M; Zou, R, 2022)		2.48
"Hydrogen is a clean alternative to fossil fuels. "( Synthetic biology for improved hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Brown, LJ; Jerkovic, A; King, SJ; Petroll, K; Willows, RD, 2022)		2.45
"Hydrogen is a good antioxidant."( Hydrogen Attenuates Thyroid Hormone-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats by regulating angiotensin II type 1 receptor and NADPH oxidase 2 mediated oxidative stress.
Bai, J; Chi, J; Gao, Y; Liu, J; Liu, S; Lv, Y; Yang, H; Yang, W; Yang, X; Zhan, C; Zhong, L, 2022)		2.89
"Hydrogen is an environment-friendly biofuel with high energy content."( Novel strategies towards efficient molecular biohydrogen production by dark fermentative mechanism: present progress and future perspective.
Adessi, A; Basak, N; De Philippis, R; Jayachandran, V, 2022)		1.7
"Hydrogenases are a group of enzymes that have caught the interest of researchers in renewable energies, due to their ability to catalyze the redox reaction of hydrogen. "( Modeling of the Electrostatic Interaction and Catalytic Activity of [NiFe] Hydrogenases on a Planar Electrode.
Casalegno, M; Cooper, CD; López de Los Santos, Y; Raos, G; Rocchia, W; Ruiz-Rodríguez, MA, 2022)		2.39
"Biohydrogen is a clean energy source that has gained global attention for adoption as it promises to mitigate climate change and human environmental damage."( Biohydrogen in a circular bioeconomy: A critical review.
Chen, WH; Conversion, A; Hurt, DA; Lin, SL; Rajendran, S; Ubando, AT, 2022)		1.86
"Hydrogen is a clean and green biofuel choice for the future because it is carbon-free, non-toxic, and has high energy conversion efficiency. "( Epitomizing biohydrogen production from microbes: Critical challenges vs opportunities.
Al-Zahrani, AA; Alanazi, MM; Ardo, FM; Cheng, CK; Hossain, MS; Khoo, KS; Kiatkittipong, W; Lan, JC; Lim, JW; Lin, KS; Sahrin, NT; Woon, JM; Yi-Ming, S, 2023)		2.71
"Hydrogen is a clean, flexible, powerful energy vector that can be leveraged as a promising alternative to fossil fuels. "( Pathways towards Achieving High Current Density Water Electrolysis: from Material Perspective to System Configuration.
Bamba, JN; Del Rosario-Paraggua, JA; Domalanta, MR; Matienzo, DD; Ocon, J, 2023)		2.35
"Hydrogen is a simple, colorless, and biologically active small molecule gas that can react with reactive oxygen species. "( Therapeutic effect of hydrogen and its mechanisms in kidney disease treatment.
Cheng, J; Lu, H; Shi, M; Sun, X, )		1.89
"Hydrogen inhalation is a simple, low-cost treatment with few adverse reactions that warrants further investigation as a strategy for clinical rehabilitation of patients with advanced cancer."( "Real world survey" of hydrogen-controlled cancer: a follow-up report of 82 advanced cancer patients.
Chen, JB; Kong, XF; Lu, TY; Lv, YY; Mu, F; Qin, SC; Sun, XJ; Xu, KC, )		1.16
"Biohydrogen is a plausible alternative fuel solution for the contemporary issues regarding global warming and the steadily increasing greenhouse gas emissions, because of its high energy content and carbon-free combustion properties. "( Pretreatment of microalgal biomass for efficient biohydrogen production - Recent insights and future perspectives.
Chang, JS; Lee, DJ; Nagarajan, D, 2020)		1.43
"Hydrogen is a clean and sustainable form of fuel that can minimize our heavy dependence on fossil fuels as the primary energy source. "( Biosynthetic Approaches towards the Design of Artificial Hydrogen-Evolution Catalysts.
Chakraborty, S; Prasad, P; Selvan, D, 2020)		2.25
"Hydrogen gas is a new medical gas that exerts anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and anti-apoptotic effects and can effectively protect septic mice."( Hydrogen Gas Alleviates Sepsis-Induced Brain Injury by Improving Mitochondrial Biogenesis Through the Activation of PGC-α in Mice.
Chen, H; Mao, X; Wang, G; Wang, Y; Xie, K; Yin, L, 2021)		2.79
"Hydrogen is a clean and energy-efficient fuel and used for electricity generation by fuel cells or can be used in combustion engine."( Molecular biohydrogen production by dark and photo fermentation from wastes containing starch: recent advancement and future perspective.
Basak, N; Das, SR, 2021)		1.71
"Hydrogen is a clean fuel that could provide energy incentives and reduce environmental impacts, if production platform is carefully selected and optimized. "( Techno-economic assessment of various hydrogen production methods - A review.
Dai-Viet, NV; Kavitha, S; Kumar, G; Parthiba Karthikeyan, O; Rajesh Banu, J; Yukesh Kannah, R, 2021)		2.34
"Hydrogen is a potential alternative energy carrier and is of particular interest because hydrogen combustion releases only water."( Biohydrogen production from microalgae-Major bottlenecks and future research perspectives.
Chang, JS; Chen, CY; Dong, CD; Lee, DJ; Nagarajan, D, 2021)		1.96
"Biohydrogen is a clean and renewable source of energy. "( Renewable biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass using fermentation and integration of systems with other energy generation technologies.
Atabani, AE; Bedekar, AA; Bhatia, RK; Bhatia, SK; Jagtap, SS; Kumar, G; Pugazhendhi, A; Rajendran, K; Rao, CV; Yang, YH, 2021)		1.61
"Hydrogen therapy is an emerging and highly promising strategy for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases. "( Magnesium-Based Micromotors as Hydrogen Generators for Precise Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy.
Chen, B; Li, Y; Liu, H; Liu, K; Peng, F; Tong, F; Tu, Y; Wang, H; Wang, S; Xu, C; Zhang, S, 2021)		2.35
"Hydrogen gas is a stable and efficient antioxidant, which has a positive effect on oxidative damage, inflammation, cell apoptosis, and abnormal blood vessel inflammation."( Chemical and Biochemical Aspects of Molecular Hydrogen in Treating Kawasaki Disease and COVID-19.
Chen, KD; Kuo, HC; Lin, WC, 2021)		1.6
"Hydrogen peroxide is a versatile oxidant that has use in medical and biotechnology industries. "( In situ H
Grunden, AM; Wapshott-Stehli, HL, 2021)		2.06
"Hydrogen therapy is a very promising treatment against several diseases due to its mild attributes, high affinity and inherent biosafety. "( Hydrogen treatment: a novel option in liver diseases.
Duncan, B; Kuang, X; Shi, J, 2021)		3.51
"Hydrogen gas is a clean-burning fuel suitable for powering public vehicles. "( Photofermentative biohydrogen generation from organic acids by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001: Computational fluid dynamics modeling of hydrodynamics and temperature.
Basak, N; Das, D; Jana, AK, 2022)		2.48
"Hydrogen breath tests are a well-established method to help diagnose functional intestinal disorders such as carbohydrate malabsorption or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. "( Unsupervised Learning for Hydrogen Breath Tests.
Baumgarten, D; Hanser, F; Ledochowski, M; Netzer, M, 2021)		2.36
"Hydrogen is a clean and sustainable energy carrier, which is considered a promising alternative for fossil fuels to solve the global energy crisis and respond to climate change. "( Advances and Prospects in Metal-Organic Frameworks as Key Nexus for Chemocatalytic Hydrogen Production.
Cao, H; Jiang, J; Li, B; Liu, Y; Peng, Z; Wang, C; Wu, X; Zhang, K; Zhang, L, 2021)		2.29
"Hydrogen therapy is a new medical approach for a wide range of diseases. "( Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates anxiety-like behaviors in morphine-withdrawn mice.
Cong, B; Gong, M; Guo, H; Hui, R; Ma, C; Shen, Q; Wang, J; Wen, D; Zhao, P, 2017)		3.34
"Hydrogen gas is a green energy carrier with great environmental benefits. "( Platinum Group Metal-free Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Microbial Electrolysis Cells.
He, Z; Yuan, H, 2017)		2.17
"Hydrogen is considered to be an ideal energy alternative to replace environmentally burdensome fossil fuels. "( Support material dictates the attached biomass characteristics during the immobilization process in anaerobic continuous-flow packed-bed bioreactor.
Kerčmar, J; Pintar, A, 2017)		1.9
"Hydrogen is a promising renewable energy source that can be produced from biomass using aqueous-phase reforming (APR). "( Influence of the Water Phase State on the Thermodynamics of Aqueous-Phase Reforming for Hydrogen Production.
Gardeniers, JGE; Le Gac, S; Meuldijk, J; Ripken, RM, 2017)		2.12
"Hydrogen gas is a key catalyst-activator to facilitate the present H-D exchange reactions."( New Gateways to the Platinum Group Metal-Catalyzed Direct Deuterium-Labeling Method Utilizing Hydrogen as a Catalyst Activator.
Park, K; Sajiki, H; Sawama, Y; Yamada, T, 2018)		1.42
"Biohydrogen is a promising future fuel because of its clean and high energy content."( Hydrogen production from algal biomass - Advances, challenges and prospects.
Lee, DJ; Li, T; Ling, M; Show, KY; Yan, Y; Ye, G, 2018)		2.44
"Hydrogen is an abundant element and a non-polluting fuel that can be biologically produced by microalgae. "( Anaerobic phototrophic processes of hydrogen production by different strains of microalgae Chlamydomonas sp.
Calijuri, MDC; Giraldi, LA; Santos, PVD; Vargas, SR; Zaiat, M, 2018)		2.2
"Hydrogen is an important intermediate that is produced during carbohydrate fermentation to volatile fatty acid and utilized by methanogens to produce methane in the rumen. "( Dietary starch and rhubarb supplement increase ruminal dissolved hydrogen without altering rumen fermentation and methane emissions in goats.
Beauchemin, KA; He, ZX; Jiao, JZ; Liu, M; Sun, XZ; Tan, ZL; Tang, SX; Wang, M; Wang, R, 2019)		2.19
"Hydrogen is a promising energy source that is believed to replace the conventional energy sources e.g. "( Fermentative hydrogen production from low-value substrates.
Brunstermann, R; Hassan, AHS; Küppers, M; Mietzel, T; Schmuck, S; Schoth, J; Widmann, R, 2018)		2.29
"Hydrogen is a potential sustainable energy source and it could become an alternative to fossil fuel combustion, thus helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. "( Metabolic engineering for the optimization of hydrogen production in Escherichia coli: A review.
Bolívar, J; Cantero, D; Valle, A, )		1.83
"Hydrogen sensors are a prerequisite for the implementation of a hydrogen economy due to the high flammability of hydrogen-air mixtures. "( Rationally Designed PdAuCu Ternary Alloy Nanoparticles for Intrinsically Deactivation-Resistant Ultrafast Plasmonic Hydrogen Sensing.
Darmadi, I; Kadkhodazadeh, S; Langhammer, C; Nugroho, FAA; Wagner, JB, 2019)		2.17
"Hydrogen is an important part of any discussion on sustainability and reduction in emissions across major energy sectors. "( Perspectives on Low-Temperature Electrolysis and Potential for Renewable Hydrogen at Scale.
Ayers, K; Bornstein, M; Carmo, M; Danilovic, N; Ouimet, R; Pivovar, B, 2019)		2.19
"Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier, but producing it sustainably remains a challenge. "( Paradigm Shift in Algal H
Tóth, SZ; Yacoby, I, 2019)		1.96
"Hydrogen formation is a key process for the physics and the chemistry of interstellar clouds. "( Insights into H2 formation in space from ab initio molecular dynamics.
Casolo, S; Martinazzo, R; Tantardini, GF, 2013)		1.83
"Hydrogenophilus is a thermophilic, facultative chemoautotroph, which lives prevalently in high temperature geothermal niches. "( Oxidative phosphorylation in a thermophilic, facultative chemoautotroph, Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus, living prevalently in geothermal niches.
Ikeda, T; Masanari, M; Nishihara, H; Sambongi, Y; Ueshima, S; Wakai, S; Watanabe, K; Yamaguchi, N, 2013)		2.06
"Hydrogen is a valuable clean energy source, and its production by biological processes is attractive and environmentally sound and friendly. "( The influence of total solids content and initial pH on batch biohydrogen production by solid substrate fermentation of agroindustrial wastes.
Calva-Calva, G; Estrada-Vázquez, C; Muñoz-Páez, KM; Ortega-Clemente, LA; Poggi-Varaldo, HM; Ponce-Noyola, MT; Rinderknecht-Seijas, N; Ríos-Leal, E; Robledo-Narváez, PN; Salazar-Montoya, JA, 2013)		2.07
"Hydrogen gas (H2) is an endogenous gaseous molecule in plants. "( Hydrogen-rich water regulates cucumber adventitious root development in a heme oxygenase-1/carbon monoxide-dependent manner.
Cui, W; Lin, Y; Qi, F; Shen, W; Xie, Y; Zhang, W, 2014)		3.29
"Hydrogen is a newly discovered gaseous signaling molecule, and currently, there is little evidence that it has any function in alleviating inflammation."( From nitric oxide to hyperbaric oxygen: invisible and subtle but nonnegligible gaseous signaling molecules in acute pancreatitis.
Dong, DL; Iv, JC; Li, L; Sun, B; Wang, G; Wu, LF, 2014)		1.12
"Hydrogen is an important trace gas in the atmosphere. "( hypD as a marker for [NiFe]-hydrogenases in microbial communities of surface waters.
Appel, J; Beimgraben, C; Gutekunst, K; Opitz, F, 2014)		2.14
"Biohydrogen is a sustainable form of energy as it can be produced from organic waste through fermentation processes involving dark fermentation and photofermentation. "( Biohydrogen, biomethane and bioelectricity as crucial components of biorefinery of organic wastes: a review.
Calva-Calva, G; Escamilla-Alvarado, C; Estrada-Vázquez, C; Galíndez-Mayer, J; Munoz-Paez, KM; Ortega-Clemente, A; Poggi-Varaldo, HM; Ponce-Noyola, MT; Rinderknecht-Seijas, NF; Ríos-Leal, E; Robledo-Narváez, PN, 2014)		1.65
"Hydrogen peroxide is a natural oxidant that can oxidize protein thiols (RSH) via sulfenic acid (RSOH) and sulfinic acid (RSO2H) to sulfonic acid (RSO3H). "( From thiol to sulfonic acid: modeling the oxidation pathway of protein thiols by hydrogen peroxide.
De Proft, F; Roos, G; van Bergen, LA, 2014)		2.07
"Hydrogen is an attractive fuel with potential for production scalability, provided that inexpensive, efficient molecular catalysts utilizing base metals can be developed for hydrogen production. "( Protein secondary-shell interactions enhance the photoinduced hydrogen production of cobalt protoporphyrin IX.
Ghirlanda, G; Sommer, DJ; Vaughn, MD, 2014)		2.09
"Hydrogen is a promising future energy source. "( Lichen symbiosis: nature's high yielding machines for induced hydrogen production.
Kastanaki, E; Kotzabasis, K; Papazi, A; Pirintsos, S, 2015)		2.1
"Hydrogen gas functions as a key component in the metabolism of a wide variety of microorganisms, often acting as either a fermentative end-product or an energy source. "( Characterization of Hydrogen Metabolism in the Multicellular Green Alga Volvox carteri.
Cornish, AJ; Gärtner, K; Green, R; Hegg, EL; Mason, S, 2015)		2.18
"Hydrogen is an important energy source for deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems. "( Thermophilic hydrogen-producing bacteria inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal environments represented by Caloranaerobacter.
Jiang, L; Long, M; Shao, Z; Wu, X; Xu, H; Zeng, X, 2015)		2.23
"Biohydrogen is a clean and renewable form of hydrogen, which can be produced by photosynthetic bacteria in outdoor large-scale photobioreactors using sunlight. "( Transcriptional Profiling of Hydrogen Production Metabolism of Rhodobacter capsulatus under Temperature Stress by Microarray Analysis.
Erkal, NA; Eroglu, I; Gündüz, U; Gürgan, M; Özgür, E; Yücel, M, 2015)		1.33
"Hydrogen is an energy carrier of the future need. "( Hydrogen production using thermocatalytic decomposition of methane on Ni30/activated carbon and Ni30/carbon black.
Himabindu, V; Ramakrishna, SU; Srilatha, K; Srinivasulu, D; Viditha, V, 2016)		3.32
"Hydrogen is a promising alternative as an energetic carrier and its production by dark fermentation from wastewater has been recently proposed, with special attention to crude glycerol as potential substrate. "( Adaptation of acidogenic sludge to increasing glycerol concentrations for biohydrogen production.
Brandhoff, B; Cabrol, L; Hamelin, J; Ruiz-Filippi, G; Steyer, JP; Tapia-Venegas, E; Trably, E, 2015)		2.09
"Hydrogen is a promising alternative for the increased global energy demand since it has high energy density and is a clean fuel. "( Replacement of sugars to hydrogen production by Rhodobacter capsulatus using dark fermentation effluent as substrate.
Batista, FR; Cardoso, VL; de Souza Ferreira, J; Moreira, LR; Silva, FT, 2016)		2.18
"Hydrogen gas is a potential renewable alternative energy carrier that could be used in the future to help supplement humanity's growing energy needs. "( Production and Application of a Soluble Hydrogenase from Pyrococcus furiosus.
Adams, MW; McTernan, PM; Walter, ME; Wu, CH, 2015)		2.13
"Hydrogen is a promising gaseous agent that has come to the forefront of therapeutic research over the last few years."( Use of Hydrogen as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy Against Photoreceptor Degeneration in Retinitis Pigmentosa Patients.
Geng, L; Huang, YF; Peng, G; Qin, L; Tao, Y; Wang, L; Xu, W; Yang, Jx, 2016)		1.61
"Hydrogen is a key intermediate in anaerobic metabolism, and with the development of a sulfide-insensitive microsensor for H2, it is now possible to study the microdistribution of H2 in stratified microbial communities such as the photosynthetic microbial mat investigated here. "( In Situ Hydrogen Dynamics in a Hot Spring Microbial Mat during a Diel Cycle.
Kühl, M; Lichtenberg, M; Revsbech, NP; Trampe, E; Ward, DM, 2016)		2.31
"Hydrogen is a therapeutic antioxidant and used to treat HDCP effectively."( Hydrogen inhibits cytotrophoblast cells apoptosis in hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy.
Guan, Z; Guo, L; Li, H; Yang, X, 2016)		2.6
"Hydrogen is a kind of noble gas with the character to selectively neutralize reactive oxygen species. "( Inhalation of water electrolysis-derived hydrogen ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats - A possible new hydrogen resource for clinical use.
Cao, L; Chen, X; Cui, J; Gu, Z; Hou, J; Ji, F; Li, X; Shi, D; Su, J; Sun, X; Wang, L; Weng, W; Zhai, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, R; Zhi, X, 2016)		2.14
"Hydrogen is a key product of rumen fermentation and has been suggested to thermodynamically control the production of the various volatile fatty acids (VFA). "( Thermodynamic Driving Force of Hydrogen on Rumen Microbial Metabolism: A Theoretical Investigation.
Bannink, A; Dijkstra, J; Fadel, JG; Kebreab, E; Plugge, CM; van Lingen, HJ, 2016)		2.16
"Hydrogen is a therapeutic antioxidant that has been used extensively in clinical trials. "( Transcriptome Analysis of mRNA and miRNA in Somatic Embryos of Larix leptolepis Subjected to Hydrogen Treatment.
Ding, X; Han, S; Li, W; Li, X; Li, Z; Liu, Y; Qi, L; Xu, H; Zhang, L, 2016)		2.1
"Biohydrogen is a versatile energy carrier for the generation of electric energy from renewable sources. "( Distal [FeS]-Cluster Coordination in [NiFe]-Hydrogenase Facilitates Intermolecular Electron Transfer.
Petrenko, A; Stein, M, 2017)		1.34
"Hydrogen is an established anti-oxidant that prevents acute oxidative stress. "( Hydrogen-rich pure water prevents superoxide formation in brain slices of vitamin C-depleted SMP30/GNL knockout mice.
Amano, A; Fujinawa, H; Fukui, M; Handa, S; Hasegawa, G; Ishigami, A; Kajiyama, S; Kondo, Y; Maruyama, N; Mori, T; Nakamura, N; Obayashi, H; Ohta, M; Sasaki, T; Sato, Y; Takahashi, R, 2008)		3.23
"A hydrogen breath test is a safe, easy-to-perform, 2-to 3-hour outpatient procedure used to identify the presence of small intestine bacterial overgrowth, evaluate carbohydrate maldigestion or malabsorption, and measure intestinal transit time. "( Hydrogen breath testing in adults: what is it and why is it performed?
Lindberg, DA, )		2.3
"A hydrogenosome is a hydrogen-producing organelle, evolutionary related to mitochondria and is found in Parabasalia protozoa, certain chytrid fungi and certain ciliates. "( Hydrogenosomes under microscopy.
Benchimol, M, 2009)		2.52
"Hydrogenation is a fundamental reduction/de-oxidation reaction in living organisms."( Hydrogen protects auditory hair cells from free radicals.
Horie, RT; Ito, J; Kikkawa, YS; Nakagawa, T, 2009)		2.52
"Hydrogen is a clean and efficient energy source and has been deemed as one of the most promising carriers of new energy for the future. "( Biohydrogen production from dairy manures with acidification pretreatment by anaerobic fermentation.
Fan, Y; Hou, H; Li, Z; Xing, Y, 2010)		2.42
"Hydrogen is a ubiquitous element that enters materials from many different sources. "( Recent advances in the study of structural materials compatibility with hydrogen.
Ahn, DC; Dadfarnia, M; Johnson, DD; Liu, JB; Novak, P; Robertson, IM; Sofronis, P, 2010)		2.04
"Hydrogen is a major component of interstellar space and the fuel that sustains the stars. "( Hydrogen as a novel and effective treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning.
Cai, J; He, J; Huo, Z; Shen, M; Sun, Q; Sun, X, 2010)		3.25
"1. Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless and flammable gas. "( Hydrogen resuscitation, a new cytoprotective approach.
Sun, XJ; Xia, ZF; Zheng, XF, 2011)		2.43
"Hydrogen (H(2)) is a primary electron donor for methanogenesis and its availability can have profound effects on gene expression and the physiology of energy conservation. "( Growth of methanogens under defined hydrogen conditions.
Leigh, JA, 2011)		2.09
"Hydrogen gas (H(2)) is a possible future transportation fuel that can be produced by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria via nitrogenase. "( Calvin cycle flux, pathway constraints, and substrate oxidation state together determine the H2 biofuel yield in photoheterotrophic bacteria.
Harwood, CS; McKinlay, JB, 2011)		1.81
"Biohydrogen is a sustainable energy resource due to its potentially higher efficiency of conversion to usable power, non-polluting nature and high energy density. "( Modeling and optimization of fermentative hydrogen production.
Das, D; Nath, K, 2011)		1.25
"Hydrogen is a novel antioxidant with great potential for actual medical applications. "( Molecular hydrogen is a novel antioxidant to efficiently reduce oxidative stress with potential for the improvement of mitochondrial diseases.
Ohta, S, 2012)		2.22
"Hydrogen (H2) is a potent antioxidant shown to selectively reverse cytotoxic oxygen-radical injury in the brain."( Protective effect of hydrogen gas therapy after germinal matrix hemorrhage in neonatal rats.
Fathali, N; Lekic, T; Manaenko, A; Peterson, M; Rolland, W; Tang, J; Zhang, JH, 2011)		1.41
"Hydrogen sulphide is a by-product of H(2) metabolism by SRB, which are ubiquitous in the colonic mucosa."( Contributions of the microbial hydrogen economy to colonic homeostasis.
Benefiel, AC; Carbonero, F; Gaskins, HR, 2012)		1.39
"Hydrogen production is a vital metabolic process for many anaerobic organisms, and the enzyme responsible, hydrogenase, has been studied since the 1930s. "( The modular respiratory complexes involved in hydrogen and sulfur metabolism by heterotrophic hyperthermophilic archaea and their evolutionary implications.
Adams, MW; Boyd, ES; Peters, JW; Schut, GJ, 2013)		2.09
"Hydrogen is a substrate for methane production in the colon."( Methane production and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in children living in a slum.
de Mello, RM; de Morais, MB; Melli, LC; Mello, CS; Rodrigues, MS; Scaletsky, IC; Tahan, S, 2012)		1.1
"Hydrogen is a highly promising energy source with important social and economic implications. "( High yields of hydrogen production induced by meta-substituted dichlorophenols biodegradation from the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus.
Andronis, E; Chaniotakis, N; Ioannidis, NE; Kotzabasis, K; Papazi, A, 2012)		2.17
"Hydrogen (H(2)) acts as a therapeutic antioxidant. "( Hydrogen improves glycemic control in type1 diabetic animal model by promoting glucose uptake into skeletal muscle.
Amitani, H; Amitani, M; Asakawa, A; Chaolu, H; Cheng, K; Inui, A; Kaimoto, K; Kamimura, R; Li, JB; Li, Y; Nakano, M; Terashi, M; Tsai, M; Ushikai, M, 2013)		3.28
"Hydrogen peroxide is a "green" oxidant whose relatively high cost has prevented it from being applied to commodity chemical processing. "( H(2)O(2) in CO(2): sustainable production and green reactions.
Beckman, EJ; Green, J; Hâncu, D, 2002)		1.76
"Hydrogen is an ideal energy source for bacterial degradation of perchlorate as it leaves no organic residue and is sparingly soluble."( Perchlorate reduction by a novel chemolithoautotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium.
Bruns, MA; Logan, BE; Zhang, H, 2002)		1.28
"Hydrogen is a strong contender as a future fuel."( Mining genomic databases to identify novel hydrogen producers.
Chauhan, A; Ghai, R; Kalia, VC; Lal, S; Mandal, M, 2003)		1.3
"Hydrogen is a specific inhibitor of fixation, reducing both the rate and final amount of nitrogen fixed; it did not reduce growth on ammonia."( Physiology of nitrogen fixation by Bacillus polymyxa.
GRAU, FH; WILSON, PW, 1962)		0.96
"hydrogen is a gas at ambient temperature)."( Hydrogen storage methods.
Züttel, A, 2004)		2.49
"Hydrogen is an ideal electron donor, as it is non-toxic, inexpensive, and sparsely soluble."( Hydrogen-based, hollow-fiber membrane biofilm reactor for reduction of perchlorate and other oxidized contaminants.
Nerenberg, R; Rittmann, BE, 2004)		2.49
"Hydrogen bonding is a fundamental element in protein structure and function. "( A vibrational spectral maker for probing the hydrogen-bonding status of protonated Asp and Glu residues.
Nie, B; Stutzman, J; Xie, A, 2005)		2.03
"Hydrogen (H2) is a possible future alternative to current fossil-based transportation fuels; however, its lower explosive limit in air requires a reliable sensor to detect leaks wherever H2 is produced, stored, or used. "( Hydrogen sensing by enzyme-catalyzed electrochemical detection.
Burgdorf, T; Fan, ZH; Friedrich, B; Lutz, BJ, 2005)		3.21
"Hydrogen bonds are an important contributor to free energies of biological macromolecules and macromolecular complexes, and hence an accurate description of these interactions is important for progress in biomolecular modeling. "( Potential functions for hydrogen bonds in protein structure prediction and design.
Kortemme, T; Morozov, AV, 2005)		2.08
"Hydrogen is a preferred electron donor in biotechnological desulfurization ofwastewaters and flue gases."( Microbial CO conversions with applications in synthesis gas purification and bio-desulfurization.
Henstra, AM; Lens, PN; Lettinga, G; Parshina, SM; Sipma, J; Stams, AJ, )		0.85
"Hydrogen is a key compound for these organisms, since it is one of their major energy sources in natural habitats and also an intermediate in the energy metabolism."( Selenium is involved in regulation of periplasmic hydrogenase gene expression in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough.
Almeida, CC; Carita, J; Pacheco, I; Pereira, IA; Saraiva, LM; Valente, FM, 2006)		1.31
"Hydrogen rearrangement is an important process in radical chemistry. "( Hydrogen rearrangement to and from radical z fragments in electron capture dissociation of peptides.
Kjeldsen, F; Nielsen, ML; Savitski, MM; Zubarev, RA, 2007)		3.23
"Hydrogen gas (H2) is a product of the fermentation of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) by bacteria in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract in man. "( Breath hydrogen analysis: a review of the methodologies and clinical applications.
Cohen, RS; Hopper, AO; Johnson, JD; Kerner, JA; Ostrander, CR; Shahin, SM; Stevenson, DK, 1983)		2.16
"The hydrogen acts as an internal standard."( Hydrogen background in total body nitrogen estimations.
Allen, BJ; Blagojevic, N; Gaskin, KJ; Humphries, IR, 1995)		2.21
"Hydrogen exchange is an attractive method for observing small populations of partly unfolded states of proteins at equilibrium. "( Hydrogen exchange at equilibrium: a short cut for analysing protein-folding pathways?
Clarke, J; Fersht, AR; Itzhaki, LS, 1997)		3.18
"Hydrogen appeared to be a relevant electron donor for dechlorination with the present cultures."( Methanogenic and perchloroethylene-dechlorinating activity of anaerobic granular sludge.
Bhatnagar, L; Kennes, C; Veiga, MC, 1998)		1.02
"Hydrogen is a clean energy alternative to fossil fuels. "( Acetate as a carbon source for hydrogen production by photosynthetic bacteria.
Barbosa, MJ; Rocha, JM; Tramper, J; Wijffels, RH, 2001)		2.04

Effects

Hydrogen-rich water has a significant protective effect on OGD/R-causing HT22 cell injury. mechanism may be related to the inhibition of autophagy. The hydrogen produced has a purity of approximately 75% and is purified further through an adsorption process.

Hydrogen has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury when it is inhaled by donor or/and recipient. Hydrogen has potential as an effective and safe therapeutic agent in aGVHD.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Hydrogen has a promising anti-neuroinflammatory impact."( Amelioration of nerve demyelination by hydrogen-producing silicon-based agent in neuropathic pain rats.
Li, Q; Lu, B; Mu, G; Yu, X, 2023)		1.9
"Hydrogen-rich water has a significant protective effect on OGD/R-causing HT22 cell injury, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of autophagy."( Effect of 12-week of aerobic exercise on hormones and lipid profile status in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: A study during COVID-19.
, 2023)		2.35
"The hydrogen produced has a purity of approximately 75%, and is purified further through an adsorption process."( Purification of hydrogen as green energy with pressure-vacuum swing adsorption (PVSA) with a two-layers adsorption bed using activated carbon and zeolite as adsorbent.
Awad, OI; Ge, Z; Xie, L; Xie, X, 2023)		1.74
"Hydrogen has a high energy content but its low solubility, 0.74 mM (1 atm, 30 °C), in aqueous medium limits its bioavailability, putting it at a kinetic disadvantage compared to more soluble organic compounds."( Influence of Hydrogen Electron Donor, Alkaline pH, and High Nitrate Concentrations on Microbial Denitrification: A Review.
Albina, P; Albrecht, A; Bertron, A; Durban, N; Erable, B; Robinet, JC, 2019)		1.6
"Hydrogen gas has a strong prospect for clinical use due to easy preparation, low-cost, and no side effects."( Molecular Hydrogen Prevents Social Deficits and Depression-Like Behaviors Induced by Low-Intensity Blast in Mice.
Araki, Y; Fujita, M; Ishizuka, T; Kashitani, M; Kobayashi, Y; Morimoto, Y; Nishii, K; Saitoh, D; Satoh, Y; Suzuki, S; Tokuno, S; Tsumatori, G; Yamamoto, T, 2018)		1.6
"Hydrogen has a significant protective effect on calcium oxalate-induced renal injury, but its effect on metabolic profiles is unknown. "( UPLC/MS-Based Metabolomics Investigation of the Protective Effect of Hydrogen Gas Inhalation on Mice with Calcium Oxalate-Induced Renal Injury.
Chen, W; Ding, J; Guo, Z; Liu, W; Lu, H; Peng, Z; Sun, X, 2018)		2.16
"Hydrogen has a central role in the story of the universe itself and also in the story of our efforts to understand it. "( Isotopes and analogs of hydrogen--from fundamental investigations to practical applications.
Macrae, RM, 2013)		2.14
"Hydrogen bonding has a ubiquitous role in electron transport and in molecular recognition, with DNA base pairing being the best-known example. "( Tunnelling readout of hydrogen-bonding-based recognition.
Chang, S; He, J; Kibel, A; Lee, M; Lindsay, S; Sankey, O; Zhang, P, 2009)		2.11
"Hydrogen (H₂) has an important role in the anaerobic degradation of organic carbon and is the basis for many syntrophic interactions that commonly occur in microbial communities. "( [FeFe]-hydrogenase in Yellowstone National Park: evidence for dispersal limitation and phylogenetic niche conservatism.
Boyd, ES; Hamilton, TL; Lavin, M; Peters, JW; Spear, JR, 2010)		2.26
"Hydrogenase II has an M(r) of 320,000 +/- 20,000 and contains four different subunits with M(r)s of 52,000 (alpha), 39,000 (beta), 30,000 (gamma), and 24,000 (delta)."( Characterization of hydrogenase II from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus and assessment of its role in sulfur reduction.
Adams, MW; Ma, K; Weiss, R, 2000)		1.35
"The hydrogenase has a molecular weight of 205 000 and is composed of two subunits with a molecular weight of 63 000 and two of 33 000."( Purification and properties of the membrane-bound hydrogenase from Proteus mirabilis.
Oltmann, LF; Schoenmaker, GS; Stouthamer, AH, 1979)		0.99
"Hydrogen has been reported to alleviate early brain injury (EBI) through oxidative stress injury, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and autophagy."( Hydrogen-rich saline alleviates early brain injury through regulating of ER stress and autophagy after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Dai, W; Jiang, B; Li, Y; Mao, D; Wu, A; Wu, H, 2021)		2.79
"Hydrogen has been shown to exert selective anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects by regulating various transcription factors and protein phosphorylation cascades."( An H2-infused, nitric oxide-producing functional beverage as a neuroprotective agent for TBIs and concussions.
Kharman, J; LeBaron, TW; McCullough, ML, 2021)		1.34
"Hydrogen has the potential to act as an antioxidant and scavenge reactive oxygen species, thereby attenuating inflammation in these chronic wounds."( Symbiotic Algae-Bacteria Dressing for Producing Hydrogen to Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing.
Chen, H; Guo, Y; Hu, Y; Mao, W; Shen, C; Wu, J; Xiong, W; Yao, Y; Zhang, Z; Zhao, X; Zou, Z, 2022)		1.7
"Hydrogen has neuroprotective effects against brain-related diseases."( Hydrogen Attenuated Inflammation Response and Oxidative in Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy via Nrf2 Mediated the Inhibition of NLRP3 and NF-κB.
Han, K; Hu, Y; Wang, P, 2022)		2.89
"Hydrogen has become a research highlight by virtue of its clean energy production technology and high energy content. "( A review on biological recycling in agricultural waste-based biohydrogen production: Recent developments.
He, C; Hu, J; Jing, Y; Lu, C; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Z; Zheng, Y, 2022)		2.4
"Hydrogen therapy has been proven effective in the treatment of myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, and ischemia-reperfusion injury."( Co-administration of hydrogen and metformin exerts cardioprotective effects by inhibiting pyroptosis and fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Bai, J; Hong, X; Liu, J; Nie, C; Pan, S; Wang, B; Xi, S; Yang, W; Yu, M; Zou, R, 2022)		1.76
"Hydrogen has been identified as one of the key elements to bolster longer-term climate neutrality and strategic autonomy for several major countries. "( Hydrogen Production and Its Applications to Mobility.
Bui, M; Freire Ordóñez, D; Gonzalez-Garay, A; High, M; Mac Dowell, N; Moustafa, N; Oxley, A; Patrizio, P; Sáenz Cavazos, PA; Shah, N; Sunny, N, 2022)		3.61
"And hydrogen has been proved to exert its protective effects against sepsis via heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)."( Hydrogen-rich medium ameliorates lipopolysaccharides-induced mitochondrial fission and dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via up-regulating HO-1 expression.
Chen, H; Lian, N; Mao, X; Su, Y; Wang, Y; Xie, K; Yu, Y; Zhu, R, 2022)		2.64
"Hydrogen Therapy (HT) has gained scientists' attention with the proven clinical ability to attenuate chronic inflammation, diminish oxidative stress, restrict apoptosis, minimize cellular injury, and refine tissue functioning."( Narrative on Hydrogen Therapy and its Clinical Applications: Safety and Efficacy.
Ahmad, A; Ahmed, N; Baig, AA; Bilal, M; Chopra, H; Hassan, M; Hussain, M; Kamal, MA; Khaliq, M; Putnala, SK; Rachamalla, M; Saeed, MU; Tahir, Z, 2022)		1.81
"Hydrogen has not only therapeutic potential but also prophylactic effects that may suppress corneal scarring following injury and promote wound healing."( Prophylactic Instillation of Hydrogen-Rich Water Decreases Corneal Inflammation and Promotes Wound Healing by Activating Antioxidant Activity in a Rat Alkali Burn Model.
Arima, T; Ikebukuro, T; Kasamatsu, M; Nakano, Y; Shimizu, A; Takahashi, H; Tobita, Y; Uchiyama, M, 2022)		1.73
"Hydrogen has antioxidative effects on diabetes mellitus and related complications."( Hydrogen exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting oxidative stress in experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy rats.
Fan, DF; Han, XC; Hu, HJ; Sun, Q; Ye, ZH, )		2.3
"Hydrogen gas has been found to affect a variety of diseases; however, the effect of hydrogen gas on patients with lung cancer has not been reported."( Hydrogen gas promotes apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells through X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis and baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis protein repeat-containing 3.
Chen, G; Wang, D; Wang, L; Yan, Z; Zhang, Y, 2022)		2.89
"Hydrogen has gained attention as an alternative source of energy because of its non-polluting nature as on combustion it produces only water. "( Algal biomass to biohydrogen: Pretreatment, influencing factors, and conversion strategies.
Bhatia, SK; Kumar, G; Rajesh Banu, J; Singh, V; Yang, YH, 2023)		2.68
"Hydrogen has a promising anti-neuroinflammatory impact."( Amelioration of nerve demyelination by hydrogen-producing silicon-based agent in neuropathic pain rats.
Li, Q; Lu, B; Mu, G; Yu, X, 2023)		1.9
"Hydrogen-rich water has a significant protective effect on OGD/R-causing HT22 cell injury, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of autophagy."( Effect of 12-week of aerobic exercise on hormones and lipid profile status in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: A study during COVID-19.
, 2023)		2.35
"The hydrogen produced has a purity of approximately 75%, and is purified further through an adsorption process."( Purification of hydrogen as green energy with pressure-vacuum swing adsorption (PVSA) with a two-layers adsorption bed using activated carbon and zeolite as adsorbent.
Awad, OI; Ge, Z; Xie, L; Xie, X, 2023)		1.74
"Hydrogen application has shown promise in treating a range of acute and chronic diseases, both benign and malignant."( Therapeutic effect of hydrogen and its mechanisms in kidney disease treatment.
Cheng, J; Lu, H; Shi, M; Sun, X, )		1.17
"Hydrogen has a high energy content but its low solubility, 0.74 mM (1 atm, 30 °C), in aqueous medium limits its bioavailability, putting it at a kinetic disadvantage compared to more soluble organic compounds."( Influence of Hydrogen Electron Donor, Alkaline pH, and High Nitrate Concentrations on Microbial Denitrification: A Review.
Albina, P; Albrecht, A; Bertron, A; Durban, N; Erable, B; Robinet, JC, 2019)		1.6
"Hydrogen gas has been reported to have medical efficacy since the 1880s. "( Medical Application of Hydrogen in Hematological Diseases.
Cen, J; Pasca, S; Qian, L; Tomuleasa, C; Wu, Z, 2019)		2.27
"Hydrogen has been shown to have a certain therapeutic effect on MIRI, which can provide a new therapeutic direction for the clinical treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury."( Protective Mechanism and Clinical Application of Hydrogen in Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury.
Li, L; Li, X; Liu, F; Liu, L; Zhang, Z; Zhou, Y, 2020)		1.53
"Hydrogen has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent to alleviate SAE."( Molecular hydrogen attenuates sepsis-induced neuroinflammation through regulation of microglia polarization through an mTOR-autophagy-dependent pathway.
Jiang, Y; Lu, Y; Lv, G; Su, L; Wang, Y; Xie, K; Yu, Y; Zhao, S; Zhuang, X, 2020)		1.68
"Hydrogen gas therapy has been recognized as the promising application merit. "( Hydrogen molecules can modulate enzymatic activity and structural properties of pepsin in vitro.
Cheng, J; Hu, J; Li, X; Lü, J; Tang, C, 2020)		3.44
"Hydrogen has the potential to play an important role in decarbonising our energy systems. "( Engineering a solid-state metalloprotein hydrogen evolution catalyst.
Devilla, R; Giddey, S; Jackson, CJ; Ju, H; Marshall, P; Rapson, TD; Sutherland, TD, 2020)		2.27
"Hydrogen gas (H2) has been identified to play an anti-tumor role in several kinds of cancers, but the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. "( Hydrogen gas represses the progression of lung cancer via down-regulating CD47.
Chen, G; Liu, L; Meng, J; Wang, D; Yan, Z, 2020)		3.44
"Hydrogen therapy has recently received increasing attention as an emerging and promising therapeutic technology due to its selective antioxidant property and cell energy regulatory capability in vivo. "( New Approaches for Hydrogen Therapy of Various Diseases.
He, Q; Huang, N; Tu, Q; Yu, H; Zhang, L, 2021)		2.39
"Hydrogen has advantages that can be used as energy, but research on safe use is needed."( Development of an actuation system to apply hydrogen storage alloy for the rehabilitative system.
Chong, WS; Shin, MY; Yu, CH, 2021)		2.33
"Hydrogen inhalation has recently been shown to be an effective treatment for inflammatory lung injury, but the underlying mechanism is unknown."( Hydrogen Attenuates Endotoxin-Induced Lung Injury by Activating Thioredoxin 1 and Decreasing Tissue Factor Expression.
Cheng, H; Duan, M; Hu, F; Hu, L; Jiang, L; Li, J; Li, Q; Liu, WT; Long, Y; Shi, Y; Wan, B; Xu, M; Yu, P; Yu, W, 2021)		2.79
"Hydrogen fuel has the highest energy density (143 MJ kg"( Photofermentative biohydrogen generation from organic acids by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001: Computational fluid dynamics modeling of hydrodynamics and temperature.
Basak, N; Das, D; Jana, AK, 2022)		1.76
"Hydrogen has been shown to protect against tissue injuries caused by oxidative stress and excessive inflammation, but its effect on radiation-induced intestinal injury was previously unknown."( Hydrogen-water ameliorates radiation-induced gastrointestinal toxicity via MyD88's effects on the gut microbiota.
Cui, M; Dong, JL; Fan, SJ; Li, Y; Luo, D; Wang, HC; Xiao, HW; Zhao, SY; Zheng, QS; Zhou, LX, 2018)		2.64
"Hydrogen has been found to be an important intermediate during anaerobic digestion (AD) and a key variable for process monitoring as it gives valuable information about the stability of the reactor. "( On the derivation of a simple dynamic model of anaerobic digestion including the evolution of hydrogen.
Chamy, R; Giovannini, G; Sbarciog, M; Steyer, JP; Vande Wouwer, A, 2018)		2.14
"Biohydrogen has the potential for renewable biofuel, and could replace current hydrogen production through fossil fuel thermo-chemical processes."( Hydrogen production from algal biomass - Advances, challenges and prospects.
Lee, DJ; Li, T; Ling, M; Show, KY; Yan, Y; Ye, G, 2018)		2.44
"Hydrogen has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce the effects of ischemic injury."( Hydrogen Gas Does Not Ameliorate Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in a Preclinical Model.
Adams, T; Hosgood, SA; Moore, T; Nicholson, ML; Qurashi, M, 2018)		2.64
"Hydrogen inhalation has been found to be neuroprotective and anti-oxidative in several brain injury models. "( Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen inhalation in an experimental rat intracerebral hemorrhage model.
Choi, KS; Do, SH; Hwang, SJ; Kim, HJ; Yi, HJ, 2018)		2.22
"Hydrogen gas has a strong prospect for clinical use due to easy preparation, low-cost, and no side effects."( Molecular Hydrogen Prevents Social Deficits and Depression-Like Behaviors Induced by Low-Intensity Blast in Mice.
Araki, Y; Fujita, M; Ishizuka, T; Kashitani, M; Kobayashi, Y; Morimoto, Y; Nishii, K; Saitoh, D; Satoh, Y; Suzuki, S; Tokuno, S; Tsumatori, G; Yamamoto, T, 2018)		1.6
"Hydrogen has a significant protective effect on calcium oxalate-induced renal injury, but its effect on metabolic profiles is unknown. "( UPLC/MS-Based Metabolomics Investigation of the Protective Effect of Hydrogen Gas Inhalation on Mice with Calcium Oxalate-Induced Renal Injury.
Chen, W; Ding, J; Guo, Z; Liu, W; Lu, H; Peng, Z; Sun, X, 2018)		2.16
"Hydrogen gas has been found to eliminate hydroxyl free radical and peroxynitrite anions as well as producing therapeutic effect in patients with ischemic stroke."( Hydrogen as a complementary therapy against ischemic stroke: A review of the evidence.
Li, H; Liu, J; Luo, Y; Yang, P, 2019)		2.68
"Hydrogen has therapeutic and preventive effects against various diseases. "( Hydrogen gas distribution in organs after inhalation: Real-time monitoring of tissue hydrogen concentration in rat.
Homma, K; Sano, M; Sasaki, J; Suzuki, S; Yamamoto, R, 2019)		3.4
"Hydrogen has been shown to exert a bioactive effect on the myocardium. "( Attenuation of Cardiac Ischaemia-reperfusion Injury by Treatment with Hydrogen-rich Water.
Geng, YJ; Li, L; Li, X; Li, Z; Liu, F; Liu, X; Sun, X; Wu, J; Zhou, Y, 2019)		2.19
"Hydrogen has been confirmed to have a protective role in various organs during pathological conditions and inflammation."( Molecular hydrogen accelerates the reversal of acute obstructive cholangitis‑induced liver dysfunction by restoring gap and tight junctions.
Lin, W; Lu, B; Tang, H; Yu, J; Zhang, W; Zhu, Z, 2019)		1.64
"Hydrogen (H2) has been shown to be effective in alleviating many diseases."( Hydrogen gas protects against ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by inhibiting NF-κB activation.
Chen, G; Pan, L; Sun, J; Wang, S; Wu, G, 2019)		2.68
"Hydrogen gas has been reported to alleviate cerebral I/R injury by acting as a free radical scavenger."( Protective effect of hydrogen-rich saline on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat skin flap.
Ma, XM; Qin, SR; Sun, XJ; Wang, ML; Wang, YB; Zhao, L; Zhong, RG, 2013)		1.43
"Hydrogen has been reported to have the ability to inhibit levels of cytokines such as TNF, IL-6 in vivo."( Hydrogen therapy may be an effective and specific novel treatment for acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
Qian, L; Shen, J, 2013)		2.55
"Hydrogen has been demonstrated to have effective protection against tissue injuries caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. "( Hydrogen-rich saline ameliorates renal injury induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats.
Jiang, DP; Li, ZZ; Wang, S; Xu, B; Yang, MW; Zhang, YB, 2013)		3.28
"Hydrogen has a central role in the story of the universe itself and also in the story of our efforts to understand it. "( Isotopes and analogs of hydrogen--from fundamental investigations to practical applications.
Macrae, RM, 2013)		2.14
"Biohydrogen gas has enormous potential as a source of reductant for the microbial production of biofuels, but its low solubility and poor gas mass transfer rates are limiting factors. "( Engineering hydrogen gas production from formate in a hyperthermophile by heterologous production of an 18-subunit membrane-bound complex.
Adams, MW; Kelly, RM; Lipscomb, GL; Nixon, WJ; Schut, GJ; Thorgersen, MP, 2014)		1.4
"Hydrogen has shown enormous potential to be an alternative fuel of the future. "( Trends in biohydrogen production: major challenges and state-of-the-art developments.
Bux, F; Gupta, SK; Kumari, S; Reddy, K, )		1.94
"Hydrogen has been reported to relieve damage in many disease models, and is a potential additive in drinking water to provide protective effects for patients as several clinical studies revealed. "( Dose-dependent inhibition of gastric injury by hydrogen in alkaline electrolyzed drinking water.
Hou, L; Liu, W; Lu, Y; Saihara, Y; Shang, G; Tanaka, Y; Velasquez, N; Xue, J, 2014)		2.1
"Hydrogen has the potential for application in clean fuel technologies."( Gas separation using porous cement membrane.
Behrendt, F; Gaggl, M; Gluth, GJ; Zhang, W, 2014)		1.12
"Hydrogen has been deemed as a novel antioxidant."( Molecular hydrogen suppresses reactive astrogliosis related to oxidative injury during spinal cord injury in rats.
Li, J; Li, XN; Liu, FT; Sun, XJ; Xiang, ZH; Xu, SM; Yuan, HB, 2014)		1.53
"Hydrogen has been identified as a novel antioxidant which could selectively scavenge hydroxyl radicals."( Oral intake of hydrogen-rich water ameliorated chlorpyrifos-induced neurotoxicity in rats.
Li, J; Liu, M; Liu, Y; Ma, X; Wang, M; Wang, T; Xie, F; Yang, Z; Zhang, Y; Zhao, L; Zhao, P, 2014)		1.48
"Hydrogen has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury when it is inhaled by donor or/and recipient. "( Lung inflation with hydrogen during the cold ischemia phase decreases lung graft injury in rats.
Fang, X; Li, W; Liu, J; Liu, R; Meng, C; Xing, J; Yang, W; Zhou, H, 2015)		2.18
"Hydrogen has been confirmed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties."( Lactulose accelerates liver regeneration in rats by inducing hydrogen.
Lu, B; Ren, P; Ruan, X; Yu, J; Zhang, R; Zhang, W, 2015)		1.38
"Hydrogen has potential as an effective and safe therapeutic agent in aGVHD."( Administration of hydrogen-rich saline in mice with allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation.
Cai, J; Chen, X; Qian, L; Shen, J; Yuan, L, 2015)		2.19
"Hydrogen (H2) has anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-oxidative stress effects."( H2 Treatment Attenuated Pain Behavior and Cytokine Release Through the HO-1/CO Pathway in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain.
Chen, H; Chen, Y; Li, Y; Liu, L; Wang, G; Xie, K; Yu, Y, 2015)		1.14
"Hydrogen has been reported to alleviate injury triggered by ischaemia/reperfusion and burns in various organs by selectively quenching oxygen free radicals."( Beneficial effects of hydrogen-rich saline on early burn-wound progression in rats.
Fang, Q; Guo, SX; Han, CM; Hu, XL; Jin, YY; Wang, XG; You, CG, 2015)		1.45
"Hydrogen gas (H2) has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects and may have beneficial effects in severe sepsis. "( Hydrogen Gas Alleviates the Intestinal Injury Caused by Severe Sepsis in Mice by Increasing the Expression of Heme Oxygenase-1.
Chen, H; Li, Q; Li, Y; Liu, L; Wang, G; Wang, T; Xie, K; Yu, Y, 2015)		3.3
"Hydrogen (H2) has attracted worldwide attention as a secondary energy carrier, since it is the lightest carbon-neutral fuel rich in energy per unit mass and easy to store."( Photobiological hydrogen production and artificial photosynthesis for clean energy: from bio to nanotechnologies.
Allakhverdiev, SI; Balaghi, SE; Eaton-Rye, JJ; Najafpour, MM; Nam, HG; Nath, K; Nishihara, H; Ramakrishna, S; Shen, JR; Timilsina, R; Tomo, T; Tyystjärvi, E; Voloshin, RA, 2015)		1.48
"Hydrogen has been reported to alleviate organ injury via selective quenching of reactive oxygen species."( Effects of hydrogen-rich saline on early acute kidney injury in severely burned rats by suppressing oxidative stress induced apoptosis and inflammation.
Fang, Q; Guo, SX; Han, CM; Hu, XL; Jin, YY; Wang, XG; You, CG, 2015)		1.53
"Hydrogen has been demonstrated to have effective protection against tissue injuries caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis."( Hydrogen water alleviates lung injury induced by one-lung ventilation.
Fu, J; Liu, C; Song, S; Wan, Y; Wu, Q; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2015)		2.58
"Hydrogen has emerged as a promising alternative since it does not produce CO2 during combustion and also has the highest calorific value."( Biohythane production from organic wastes: present state of art.
Das, D; Roy, S, 2016)		1.16
"Hydrogen (H2) has been proved effective on reducing oxidative stress or improving HDL functionalities in animal models or metabolic syndrome volunteers."( Cigarette smoke exposure impairs reverse cholesterol transport which can be minimized by treatment of hydrogen-saturated saline.
Guo, S; Guo, Z; Qin, S; Song, G; Yang, N; Yao, S; Yu, Y; Zong, C, 2015)		1.35
"Biohydrogen production has received widespread attention from researchers in industry and academic fields. "( Biohydrogen Production from Hydrolysates of Selected Tropical Biomass Wastes with Clostridium Butyricum.
Chin, SX; Fang, Z; Su, TC; Tian, XF, 2016)		1.68
"Hydrogen has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and potential therapeutic value."( Intraperitoneally administered, hydrogen-rich physiologic solution protects against postoperative ileus and is associated with reduced nitric oxide production.
Aoyama-Ishikawa, M; Fujisaki, N; Iida, A; Kohama, K; Kotani, J; Naito, H; Nakao, A; Nosaka, N; Okamoto, A; Sato, K; Tsukahara, K; Yamada, T; Yamashita, H; Yumoto, T, 2016)		1.44
"Hydrogen has been shown to be effective not only through intake as a gas, but also as a liquid medication taken orally, intravenously, or locally."( The Clinical Application of Hydrogen as a Medical Treatment.
Iida, A; Knaup, E; Naito, H; Nakao, A; Nishiyama, C; Nosaka, N; Sato, K; Terado, M; Tsukahara, K; Ugawa, T; Yamakawa, Y; Yumoto, T, 2016)		1.45
"Hydrogen has potential for preventive and therapeutic applications as an antioxidant. "( Hydrogen Treatment Protects against Cell Death and Senescence Induced by Oxidative Damage.
Han, AL; Park, MS; Park, SH, 2017)		3.34
"The hydrogen molecule has been studied by means of a semiclassical formalism."( Semiclassical study of the one-dimensional hydrogen molecule.
López-Castillo, A, 2008)		1.09
"Hydrogen has potential for improving the quality of life of patients during chemotherapy by efficiently mitigating the side effects of cisplatin."( Molecular hydrogen alleviates nephrotoxicity induced by an anti-cancer drug cisplatin without compromising anti-tumor activity in mice.
Asoh, S; Mori, T; Nakashima-Kamimura, N; Ohsawa, I; Ohta, S, 2009)		2.2
"Hydrogen gas (H(2)) has been shown to ameliorate brain injury in experimental adult rat focal ischemia and in a mild neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI, 90 min hypoxia) rat model. "( Hydrogen gas is ineffective in moderate and severe neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat models.
Dorotta, IR; Fathali, N; Hasegawa, Y; Jadhav, V; Martin, RD; Matchett, GA; Ostrowski, RP; Sun, X; Zhang, JH, 2009)		3.24
"Hydrogen has been reported to selectively reduce the hydroxyl radical, the most cytotoxic of reactive oxygen species. "( Hydrogen-rich saline reduces lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats.
Cai, JM; Deng, XM; Jiang, L; Mao, YF; Sun, XJ; You, XM; Zhang, JH; Zheng, XF, 2009)		3.24
"Hydrogen bonding has a ubiquitous role in electron transport and in molecular recognition, with DNA base pairing being the best-known example. "( Tunnelling readout of hydrogen-bonding-based recognition.
Chang, S; He, J; Kibel, A; Lee, M; Lindsay, S; Sankey, O; Zhang, P, 2009)		2.11
"Hydrogen effects have been solely ascribed to exclusive removal of hydroxyl radical."( Molecular hydrogen suppresses FcepsilonRI-mediated signal transduction and prevents degranulation of mast cells.
Fujita, Y; Ichihara, M; Ito, M; Itoh, T; Kojima, T; Masuda, A; Nozawa, Y; Ohno, K, 2009)		1.48
"Hydrogen has been considered as a novel antioxidant that prevents injuries resulted from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in various tissues. "( The effects of hydrogen-rich saline on the contractile and structural changes of intestine induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats.
Chen, H; Hu, PF; Li, Y; Liu, WW; Ruan, CP; Su, N; Sun, XJ; Sun, YP; Wang, Q; Xiang, HG; Yan, RL, 2011)		2.16
"Hydrogen (H₂) has an important role in the anaerobic degradation of organic carbon and is the basis for many syntrophic interactions that commonly occur in microbial communities. "( [FeFe]-hydrogenase in Yellowstone National Park: evidence for dispersal limitation and phylogenetic niche conservatism.
Boyd, ES; Hamilton, TL; Lavin, M; Peters, JW; Spear, JR, 2010)		2.26
"Hydrogen molecules have been shown to exert organ protective effects through selective reduction of hydroxyl radicals."( Hydrogen gas treatment prolongs replicative lifespan of bone marrow multipotential stromal cells in vitro while preserving differentiation and paracrine potentials.
Guan, J; Kawasaki, H; Tamama, K, 2010)		2.52
"Hydrogen (H2) has been reported to neutralize toxic reactive oxygen species. "( Hydrogen is neuroprotective and preserves cerebrovascular reactivity in asphyxiated newborn pigs.
Bari, F; Domoki, F; Hugyecz, M; Németh, I; Oláh, O; Temesvári, P; Tóth-Szuki, V; Zimmermann, A, 2010)		3.25
"Biohydrogen has several potential advantages over other biofuels."( Improvements in fermentative biological hydrogen production through metabolic engineering.
Ghosh, D; Hallenbeck, PC, 2012)		1.16
"Hydrogen has been inferred to occur in enhanced concentrations within permanently shadowed regions and, hence, the coldest areas of the lunar poles. "( Hydrogen mapping of the lunar south pole using the LRO neutron detector experiment LEND.
Boynton, WV; Chin, G; Evans, LG; Garvin, JB; Golovin, D; Harshman, K; Kozyrev, AS; Litvak, ML; Malakhov, A; Mazarico, E; McClanahan, T; Milikh, G; Mitrofanov, IG; Mokrousov, M; Nandikotkur, G; Neumann, GA; Nuzhdin, I; Sagdeev, R; Sanin, AB; Shevchenko, V; Shvetsov, V; Smith, DE; Starr, R; Tretyakov, VI; Trombka, J; Usikov, D; Varenikov, A; Vostrukhin, A; Zuber, MT, 2010)		3.25
"Hydrogen gas has potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties and has been recently used in number of experimental and clinical studies."( Inhaled hydrogen gas therapy for prevention of lung transplant-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
Billiar, TR; Huang, CS; Kawamura, T; Lee, S; Nakao, A; Okumura, M; Shigemura, N; Tochigi, N; Toyoda, Y, 2010)		1.52
"Hydrogen has been proven to be a novel antioxidant through its selectively reducing of the hydroxyl radical. "( Hydrogen-rich saline provides protection against hyperoxic lung injury.
Cai, J; Liu, S; Liu, Y; Sun, Q; Sun, X; Tao, H; Xu, W, 2011)		3.25
"Hydrogen saline has potentials as a novel and alternative therapy for severely CO-poisoned patients with delayed neurologic sequelae."( Hydrogen-rich saline reduces delayed neurologic sequelae in experimental carbon monoxide toxicity.
Cai, J; Sun, Q; Sun, XJ; Tao, H; Zhang, JH; Zhang, W; Zhou, J, 2011)		2.53
"Hydrogen has been reported to selectively quench detrimental reactive oxygen species, particularly hydroxyl radical, and to prevent myocardial or hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in multiple models. "( Hydrogen-rich saline protects against acute lung injury induced by extensive burn in rat model.
Fang, Y; Fu, XJ; Gu, C; Sun, Q; Sun, XJ; Wang, Y; Xu, P; Yao, M; Yu, WR, )		3.02
"Hydrogen has many advantages for therapeutic and preventive applications, and shows not only anti-oxidative stress effects, but also has various anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects."( Molecular hydrogen is a novel antioxidant to efficiently reduce oxidative stress with potential for the improvement of mitochondrial diseases.
Ohta, S, 2012)		1.5
"Hydrogen has biological benefits toward preventive and therapeutic applications; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the marked effects of small amounts of hydrogen remain elusive."( Molecular hydrogen is a novel antioxidant to efficiently reduce oxidative stress with potential for the improvement of mitochondrial diseases.
Ohta, S, 2012)		2.22
"Hydrogen (H2) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of oxidative injury, which plays an important role in the process of decompression sickness (DCS). "( Protective effect of hydrogen-rich saline on decompression sickness in rats.
Cai, ZY; Fan, DF; Kang, ZM; Li, RP; Liu, K; Liu, SL; Liu, Y; Ni, XX; Sun, XJ; Xu, WG; Zhang, RJ, 2011)		2.13
"Hydrogen has been reported as a novel antioxidant to selectively reduce levels of toxic reactive-oxygen species (ROS). "( Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline in preeclampsia rat model.
Chen, X; Guo, L; Sun, X; Tong, X; Yang, X, 2011)		2.13
"Hydrogen gas has been demonstrated to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress recently. "( Hydrogen gas ameliorates oxidative stress in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats.
Chen, C; Hu, Q; Suzuki, H; Zhan, Y; Zhang, JH; Zhi, X, 2012)		3.26
"Hydrogen gas (H(2)) has been considered as a novel antioxidant to selectively reduce the toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radical (•OH) without affecting the other signal ROS. "( Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline in a rat model of traumatic brain injury via reducing oxidative stress.
Fei, Z; Ji, X; Liu, W; Qu, Y; Tian, Y; Xie, K, 2012)		2.14
"Hydrogen has been reported to selectively reduce hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite anion in many pathologic processes. "( Effects of hydrogen-rich saline treatment on polymicrobial sepsis.
Fan, YX; Ji, MH; Li, GM; Li, N; Li, WY; Sun, XJ; Tian, M; Yang, JJ; Zeng, QT, 2013)		2.22
"Hydrogen has antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects. "( Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline against erectile dysfunction in a streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model.
Chao, Z; Chen, L; Fan, M; He, X; Liu, J; Qian, L; Qing, J; Sun, X; Xu, X, 2013)		2.15
"Hydrogen-rich saline has been reported to prevent neointimal hyperplasia induced by carotid balloon injury. "( Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and inactivating the Ras-ERK1/2-MEK1/2 and Akt pathways.
Chen, X; Chen, Y; Jiang, J; Li, Y; Miao, H; Sun, X, 2013)		3.28
"Hydrogen in silicon has been widely applied in semiconductor fields. "( Biomimetic growth of apatite on hydrogen-implanted silicon.
Chen, P; Chu, PK; Ding, C; Fu, RK; Liu, X; Poon, RW, 2004)		2.05
"Hydrogen emission has been studied in laser plasmas by focusing a TEA CO(2) laser (10.6 microm, 500 mJ, 200 ns) on various types of samples, such as glass, quartz, black plastic sheet, and oil on copper plate sub-target. "( Atomic hydrogen emission induced by TEA CO(2) laser bombardment on solid samples at low pressure and its analytical application.
Idris, N; Kagawa, K; Kobayashi, T; Kurniawan, H; Lie, TJ; Maruyama, T; Terai, S, 2005)		2.23
"Hydrogen gas has been produced by reforming glucose in a hybrid photoelectrochemical cell that couples a dye-sensitized nanoparticulate wide band gap semiconductor photoanode to the enzyme-based oxidation of glucose. "( Enzyme-assisted reforming of glucose to hydrogen in a photoelectrochemical cell.
Brune, A; Gust, D; Hambourger, M; Moore, AL; Moore, TA, )		1.84
"Hydrogen has had an important and evolving role in Earth's geo- and biogeochemistry, from prebiotic to modern times. "( Biogeochemistry of dihydrogen (H2).
Hoehler, TM, 2005)		2.09
"Hydrogen has the potential to provide for energy in transportation, distributed heat and power generation and energy storage systems with little or no impact on the environment, both locally and globally."( Hydrogen energy.
David, WI; Edwards, PP; Kuznetsov, VL, 2007)		2.5
"Hydrogen gas has tremendous potential as an environmentally acceptable energy carrier for vehicles, but most hydrogen is generated from nonrenewable fossil fuels such as natural gas. "( Sustainable and efficient biohydrogen production via electrohydrogenesis.
Cheng, S; Logan, BE, 2007)		2.07
"Hydrogen has not been detected in the effluent gas of these cultures, which may point to reoxidation of the hydrogen formed at nitrogen fixation."( Hydrogen oxidation and nitrogen fixation in rhizobia, with special attention focused on strain ORS 571.
de Vries, W; Stam, H; Stouthamer, AH, 1984)		2.43
"Hydrogen exchange has been studied in a single crystal of RNase A [ribonuclease (pancreatic), EC 3.1.27.5] in the course of a neutron structure investigation. "( Hydrogen exchange in RNase A: neutron diffraction study.
Sjölin, L; Wlodawer, A, 1982)		3.15
"The hydrogen breath test has been used to investigate the incidence of small-bowel bacterial overgrowth in 45 chronic alcoholics and in 60 controls with no history of alcohol abuse. "( Breath hydrogen excretion in patients with alcoholic liver disease--evidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
Bode, C; Bode, JC; Kolepke, R; Schäfer, K, 1993)		1.3
"Hydrogen tunnelling has increasingly been found to contribute to enzyme reactions at room temperature."( Enzyme dynamics and hydrogen tunnelling in a thermophilic alcohol dehydrogenase.
Bartolucci, S; Cannio, R; Klinman, JP; Kohen, A, 1999)		1.35
"Hydrogenase II has an M(r) of 320,000 +/- 20,000 and contains four different subunits with M(r)s of 52,000 (alpha), 39,000 (beta), 30,000 (gamma), and 24,000 (delta)."( Characterization of hydrogenase II from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus and assessment of its role in sulfur reduction.
Adams, MW; Ma, K; Weiss, R, 2000)		1.35
"Hydrogen accumulation has been widely reported to inhibit growth of Thermotogales."( Hydrogen production by the thermophilic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana.
Beer, SK; Van Ooteghem, SA; Yue, PC, 2002)		2.48
"The hydrogenase has a molecular weight of 205 000 and is composed of two subunits with a molecular weight of 63 000 and two of 33 000."( Purification and properties of the membrane-bound hydrogenase from Proteus mirabilis.
Oltmann, LF; Schoenmaker, GS; Stouthamer, AH, 1979)		0.99
"A hydrogenase has been purified to homogeneity from the soluble fraction of the rumen bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii, the overall purification is 200 times with a yield of 14%. "( Purification and properties of hydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii.
Grande, HJ; Mayhew, SG; Van Dijk, C; Veeger, C, 1979)		1.27
"Hydrogen exchange has been used to test for the presence of nonrandom structure in thermally denatured ribonuclease A (RNase A). "( Hydrogen exchange in thermally denatured ribonuclease A.
Baldwin, RL; Robertson, AD, 1991)		3.17
"The hydrogen breath test has been introduced as a non-invasive and reproducible test for the detection of milk intolerance, bacterial overgrowth and intestinal motility disorders. "( [Possibilities and limits of the H2 breath test].
Hay, U; Renner, F, 1987)		0.83

Actions

Hydrogen sulfide displays a dual role in the mechanism of AP according to its concentration in the system. A hydrogen concentration lower than 20 p.p.m. is ideal for NMR imaging.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Hydrogen plays a more important role in the inflammatory and anti-apoptosis mechanisms, while oxygen improves hypoxia of the body, and thus, its molecular mechanism may be closely associated to the hypoxia pathways."( Hydrogen-rich and hyperoxygenate saline inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury through mediating NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in C57BL/6 mice.
Cao, K; Fan, Y; Feng, Z; Liu, J; Wang, J; Xu, H, 2022)		3.61
"Hydrogen plays a protective role in different diseases; however, the detailed mechanism of hydrogen-treated disease remains unclear."( Hydrogen regulates mitochondrial quality to protect glial cells and alleviates sepsis-associated encephalopathy by Nrf2/YY1 complex promoting HO-1 expression.
Bao, J; Chen, J; Lai, K; Li, L; Wu, H; Xie, K; Yang, X; Yu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2023)		3.07
"Hydrogen could inhibit the upregulation of autophagy in the present rodent model."( Hydrogen alleviates acute lung injury induced by limb ischaemia/reperfusion in mice.
Liu, B; Liu, L; Qi, X; Qiu, T; Shen, X; Song, G; Yang, C, 2021)		2.79
"Hydrogen plays a key role in many microbial metabolic pathways in the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that have an impact on human nutrition, health and wellbeing. "( Hydrogen cross-feeders of the human gastrointestinal tract.
Altermann, EH; McNabb, WC; Roy, NC; Shorten, PR; Smith, NW, 2019)		3.4
"Hydrogen gas (H2) plays an important role in plant development and stress responses. "( Hydrogen gas promotes the adventitious rooting in cucumber under cadmium stress.
Bian, B; Fang, H; Huang, D; Huo, J; Li, C; Liao, W; Wang, B; Wang, C; Zhang, J, 2019)		3.4
"Hydrogen metabolism plays a central role in sulfate-reducing bacteria of the Desulfovibrio genus and is based on hydrogenases that catalyze the reversible conversion of protons into dihydrogen. "( Hydrogenases and H
Avilan, L; Baffert, C; Brugna, M; Kpebe, A, 2019)		3.4
"Hydrogenases catalyze the formation of hydrogen. "( Spontaneous activation of [FeFe]-hydrogenases by an inorganic [2Fe] active site mimic.
Adamska-Venkates, A; Artero, V; Berggren, G; Esselborn, J; Fontecave, M; Happe, T; Hemschemeier, A; Lambertz, C; Lubitz, W; Noth, J; Reijerse, E; Siebel, J; Simmons, T, 2013)		2.11
"Hydrogenases catalyze the reversible oxidation of H(2) into protons and electrons and are usually readily inactivated by O(2). "( Reversible [4Fe-3S] cluster morphing in an O(2)-tolerant [NiFe] hydrogenase.
Bittl, R; Friedrich, B; Frielingsdorf, S; Fritsch, J; Hammer, M; Hildebrandt, P; Jaenicke, T; Kalms, J; Kaupp, M; Lendzian, F; Lenz, O; Löwenstein, J; Pelmenschikov, V; Rippers, Y; Scheerer, P; Schmidt, A; Siebert, E; Teutloff, C; Zebger, I, 2014)		2.08
"Hydrogen sulfide displays a dual role in the mechanism of AP according to its concentration in the system."( From nitric oxide to hyperbaric oxygen: invisible and subtle but nonnegligible gaseous signaling molecules in acute pancreatitis.
Dong, DL; Iv, JC; Li, L; Sun, B; Wang, G; Wu, LF, 2014)		1.12
"Hydrogen can inhibit neuronal apoptosis and attenuate EBI following SAH."( Neuroprotective effect of hydrogen-rich saline against neurologic damage and apoptosis in early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage: possible role of the Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway.
Chen, S; Hong, Y; McBride, DW; Shao, A; Sun, X; Wang, J; Wu, H; Wu, Q; Zhang, J, 2014)		1.42
"hydrogenigenes could increase removal rates of cellulose and hemicelluloses in corn straw residue by 12% and 5%, respectively."( Bioaugmentation with an acetate-type fermentation bacterium Acetobacteroides hydrogenigenes improves methane production from corn straw.
Guo, RB; Qiao, JT; Qiu, YL; Shi, XS; Wang, CS; Yuan, XZ; Zhang, J, 2015)		1.37
"Hydrogen-saline may increase expression of HO-1 and alleviate oxidative stress damage in lung."( [Effect of hydrogen-saline on lung injury and heme oxygenase-1 expression in the lung tissue of acute paraquat-intoxicated mice].
Ge, Y; Jiang, Y; Liu, G; Song, D, 2015)		1.53
"Hydrogenases catalyze the reversible formation of H2 from electrons and protons with high efficiency. "( Isotopic fractionation associated with [NiFe]- and [FeFe]-hydrogenases.
Cornish, AJ; Gandhi, H; Hegg, EL; Kreuzer, HW; Moran, JJ; Ostrom, NE; Yang, H, 2016)		2.12
"Hydrogen-rich saline plays a protective role in ANP-induced AHI through inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis, involving JNK and p38 MAPK-dependent reactive oxygen species."( Hydrogen-Rich Saline Attenuates Acute Hepatic Injury in Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis by Inhibiting Inflammation and Apoptosis, Involving JNK and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-dependent Reactive Oxygen Species.
Chen, C; Deng, WH; Li, C; Mei, FC; Shi, Q; Wang, GR; Wang, P; Wang, WX; Yu, J; Zhao, KL; Zhao, L; Zuo, T, 2016)		3.32
"Hydrogen bond plays a unique role in governing macromolecular interactions with exquisite specificity. "( Quantum mechanical electronic structure calculation reveals orientation dependence of hydrogen bond energy in proteins.
Datta, S; Mondal, A, 2017)		2.12
"Hydrogenases, which catalyze H(2) to H(+) conversion as part of the bioenergetic metabolism of many microorganisms, are among the metalloenzymes for which a gas-substrate tunnel has been described by using crystallography and molecular dynamics. "( Experimental approaches to kinetics of gas diffusion in hydrogenase.
Bertrand, P; Burlat, B; Champ, S; Cournac, L; Dementin, S; Fontecilla-Camps, J; Guigliarelli, B; Léger, C; Leroux, F; Martin, L; Rousset, M; Volbeda, A, 2008)		2.03
"Hydrogenases catalyze the oxidation and production of H(2). "( "Two-step" chronoamperometric method for studying the anaerobic inactivation of an oxygen tolerant NiFe hydrogenase.
Bertrand, P; Fourmond, V; Giudici-Orticoni, MT; Infossi, P; Léger, C, 2010)		2.02
"Hydrogen plays important, different roles in a variety of photosynthetic prokaryotes. "( Hydrogenases and hydrogen metabolism in photosynthetic prokaryotes.
Appel, J; Hoffmann, D; Poss, Z; Schwarz, C, 2010)		3.25
"Hydrogenases catalyze reversible reaction between hydrogen (H2) and proton. "( Production of biohydrogen by recombinant expression of [NiFe]-hydrogenase 1 in Escherichia coli.
Cha, HJ; Jo, BH; Kim, JY, 2010)		2.14
"Hydrogenases catalyze the reversible reaction 2H(+) + 2e(-) ↔ H(2) with an equilibrium constant that is dependent on the reducing potential of electrons carried by their redox partner. "( Rewiring hydrogenase-dependent redox circuits in cyanobacteria.
Ducat, DC; Sachdeva, G; Silver, PA, 2011)		2.23
"Hydrogenases catalyze the interconversion of protons and hydrogen according to the reversible reaction: 2H(+) + 2e(-) ⇆ H(2) while using only the earth-abundant metals nickel and/or iron for catalysis. "( Catalytic turnover of [FeFe]-hydrogenase based on single-molecule imaging.
Brown, KA; Díez-Pérez, I; Gust, D; King, PW; Madden, C; Moore, AL; Moore, TA; Vaughn, MD, 2012)		2.11
"Hydrogenases catalyze the activation or production of molecular hydrogen. "( NAD(H)-coupled hydrogen cycling - structure-function relationships of bidirectional [NiFe] hydrogenases.
Hildebrandt, P; Horch, M; Lauterbach, L; Lenz, O; Zebger, I, 2012)		2.17
"Hydrogen plays a significant role in various industrial applications, but careful handling and continuous monitoring are crucial since it is explosive when mixed with air. "( A finite element model of a MEMS-based surface acoustic wave hydrogen sensor.
El Gowini, MM; Moussa, WA, 2010)		2.04
"Hydrogenases catalyze the reversible formation of H(2), and they are key enzymes in the biological cycling of H(2). "( Using gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine the fractionation factor for H2 production by hydrogenases.
Gandhi, H; Hegg, EL; Kreuzer, HW; Ostrom, NE; Shi, L; Yang, H, 2012)		2.03
"Hydrogenases which catalyze the H(2)↔ 2H(+) + 2e(-) reaction are metalloenzymes that can be divided into two classes, the NiFe and Fe enzymes, on the basis of their metal content. "( A model study on the possible effects of an external electrical field on enzymes having dinuclear iron cluster [2Fe-2S].
Türker, L, 2012)		1.82
"Hydrogenase proteins catalyze the reversible conversion of molecular hydrogen to protons and electrons. "( [NiFe] hydrogenases: a common active site for hydrogen metabolism under diverse conditions.
Lubitz, W; Ogata, H; Rüdiger, O; Shafaat, HS, )		2.03
"Hydrogenosomes catalyze the enzymatic assembly and insertion of FeS centers into apoproteins, as shown by the reconstruction of the apoform of [2Fe-2S]ferredoxin and the incorporation of 35S from labeled cysteine."( Mitochondrial-type assembly of FeS centers in the hydrogenosomes of the amitochondriate eukaryote Trichomonas vaginalis.
Dancis, A; Delgadillo-Correa, M; Dolezal, P; Fiumera, HL; Hrdy, I; Johnson, PJ; Müller, M; Sutak, R; Tachezy, J, 2004)		1.3
"Hydrogenases catalyze the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen (H(2)), but little is known about the diffusion of H(2) toward the active site. "( Pathways of H2 toward the active site of [NiFe]-hydrogenase.
Baptista, AM; Soares, CM; Teixeira, VH, 2006)		2.03
"Hydrogen therefore plays a decisive role in stabilizing and manipulating the processes of different surface reactions by facilitating different surface structures of Si."( Thermal chemistry of styrene on Si(100)2x1 and modified surfaces: electron-mediated condensation oligomerization and posthydrogenation reactions.
Leung, KT; Li, Q, 2005)		1.26
"A hydrogen concentration lower than 20 p.p.m."( [Validity of the H2 breath test and limits of blood xylose in the evaluation of malabsorption in children].
Borzani, M; Careddu, P; Galli, D; Longoni, R; Mangiaterra, V; Mosca, F; Offredi, ML; Perazzani, M; Roggero, P, )		0.69
"Hydrogen because it is the most sensitive of the stable nuclei to NMR and because it is also the most abundant nucleus in the body, is ideally suited for NMR imaging."( Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.
Arakawa, M; Crooks, L; Herfkens, R; Hoenninger, J; Kaufman, L; McRee, R; Watts, J, 1981)		0.98
"Fe-hydrogenase-specific degenerate primers were used in polymerase chain reactions with single-stranded Scenedesmus obliquus cDNA as template. "( Molecular evidence for a Fe-hydrogenase in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus.
Schulz, R; Senger, H; Stangier, K; Wünschiers, R, 2001)		1.23

Treatment

Hydrogen treatment could potentially be a future therapeutic strategy for ischemia and its derived neurodegenerative diseases. Both hydrogen gas treatment regimens significantly improved spatial learning function and attenuated neuronal degeneration within hippocampal CA1 regions at 18 days post-resuscitation.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Hydrogen treatment could potentially be a future therapeutic strategy for ischemia and its derived neurodegenerative diseases by improving cognitive abilities and inducing antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects. "( Hydrogen-Rich Water Improves Cognitive Ability and Induces Antioxidative, Antiapoptotic, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in an Acute Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Mouse Model.
Choi, JI; Lee, D, 2021)		3.51
"Hydrogen treatment also reduced the levothyroxine-induced increase in cardiac malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and serum hydrogen peroxide levels and upregulated superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity."( Hydrogen Attenuates Thyroid Hormone-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats by regulating angiotensin II type 1 receptor and NADPH oxidase 2 mediated oxidative stress.
Bai, J; Chi, J; Gao, Y; Liu, J; Liu, S; Lv, Y; Yang, H; Yang, W; Yang, X; Zhan, C; Zhong, L, 2022)		2.89
"Both hydrogen gas treatment regimens significantly improved spatial learning function and attenuated neuronal degeneration within hippocampal CA1 regions at 18 days post-resuscitation."( Inhalation of high-concentration hydrogen gas attenuates cognitive deficits in a rat model of asphyxia induced-cardiac arrest.
Applegate Ii, RL; Applegate, PM; Boling, W; Gong, L; Huang, L; Ocak, U; Zhang, JH, )		0.87
"Hydrogen treatment could alleviate hyperpathia by autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inactivation."( Hydrogen-rich Saline Alleviated the Hyperpathia and Microglia Activation via Autophagy Mediated Inflammasome Inactivation in Neuropathic Pain Rats.
Chen, H; Meng, X; Wang, Y; Xie, K; Yu, Y; Zhou, C, 2019)		2.68
"Hydrogen treatment can prevent LPS-induced junctional injury and cell death by inhibiting the activity of RhoA."( Hydrogen treatment prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary endothelial cell dysfunction through RhoA inhibition.
Chen, H; Li, Y; Liu, X; Shu, R; Xu, K; Yu, Y; Zhang, X, 2020)		2.72
"Hydrogen pretreatment upregulated ROS and the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins, and increased the number of PI- and TUNEL-positive cells, as well as the release of LDH and IL-1β, however, GSDMD depletion reduced their release."( Hydrogen inhibits endometrial cancer growth via a ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptotic pathway.
Bao, W; Chen, SJ; Liu, PY; Wu, FS; Yang, Y; Zhu, PY, 2020)		2.72
"Hydrogen treatment decreased the ratio of p-mTOR/mTOR and the expression of p62 and increased the ratio of p-AMPK/AMPK, LC3II/LC3I and the expression of TREM-2 and Beclin-1 in LPS-treated BV-2 cells."( Molecular hydrogen attenuates sepsis-induced neuroinflammation through regulation of microglia polarization through an mTOR-autophagy-dependent pathway.
Jiang, Y; Lu, Y; Lv, G; Su, L; Wang, Y; Xie, K; Yu, Y; Zhao, S; Zhuang, X, 2020)		1.68
"Hydrogen water treatment significantly increased the expression of Nrf2 and promoted the production of the antioxidants in PQ-exposed lung fibroblasts."( [Hydrogen water alleviates paraquat-induced lung fibroblast injury
Deng, S; Dong, Z; Lei, W; Li, T; Li, Z; Wu, W; Zhang, T, 2020)		2.19
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment at doses of 2.5, 5, or 10 ml/kg significantly attenuated LPS-induced pulmonary fibrosis."( Protective Effects of Hydrogen-Rich Saline Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Alveolar Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Dong, WW; Jiang, L; Liu, YJ; Mao, YF; Sun, XJ; Zhang, YQ; Zhu, XY, 2017)		1.49
"Hydrogen treatment showed reliable benefits in controlling the severity of chronic pancreatitis. "( Hydrogen Treatment Protects Mice Against Chronic Pancreatitis by Restoring Regulatory T Cells Loss.
Bian, Y; Chen, L; Li, J; Lu, J; Ma, C; Su, L; Wang, T, 2017)		3.34
"Hydrogen treatment significantly reduced the level of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and apoptosis-related genes."( Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen inhalation in an experimental rat intracerebral hemorrhage model.
Choi, KS; Do, SH; Hwang, SJ; Kim, HJ; Yi, HJ, 2018)		1.5
"Hydrogen treatment downregulated the expression of necroptosis-related proteins, such as MLKL, phosphorylated-MLKL, and RIPK3 in hippocampus, and further protected neurons and astrocytes from necroptosis which was here first verified to occur in status epilepticus."( Hydrogen Alleviates Necroptosis and Cognitive Deficits in Lithium-Pilocarpine Model of Status Epilepticus.
Gao, F; Jia, N; Jia, R; Jiang, W; Jiang, Y; Li, R; Liu, Z; Wang, L; Wu, S; Yang, F; Zhang, H; Zhang, S; Zhang, Z; Zhao, J, 2019)		2.68
"Hydrogen-treated TiO2 nanotube (H-TNT) arrays serve as highly ordered nanostructured electrode supports, which are able to significantly improve the electrochemical performance and durability of fuel cells. "( Supported noble metals on hydrogen-treated TiO2 nanotube arrays as highly ordered electrodes for fuel cells.
Gao, Y; Li, Y; Shao, Z; Song, W; Yi, B; Yu, H; Zhang, C; Zhao, Y, 2013)		2.13
"Hydrogen treatment during exposure to hyperoxia significantly improved blood oxygenation, reduced inflammatory events, and induced HO-1 expression."( Hydrogen gas reduces hyperoxic lung injury via the Nrf2 pathway in vivo.
Billiar, TR; Huang, CS; Kawamura, T; Kensler, TW; Masutani, K; Nakao, A; Noda, K; Okumura, M; Peng, X; Shigemura, N; Takahashi, T; Tanaka, Y; Toyoda, Y; Wakabayashi, N, 2013)		2.55
"The hydrogen gas treatment had no significant effect on vital signs or CBF values."( The effect of hydrogen gas on a mouse bilateral common carotid artery occlusion.
Fujita, M; Kobayashi, H; Nagatani, K; Nawashiro, H; Otani, N; Shima, K; Tachibana, S; Takeuchi, S; Wada, K, 2013)		1.23
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment also significantly decreased mucus index, collagen deposition, and expression of MUC5AC, collagen III and VEGF."( Hydrogen-rich saline reduces airway remodeling via inactivation of NF-κB in a murine model of asthma.
Wang, T; Wen, FQ; Xiao, M; Zhu, T, 2013)		2.55
"Hydrogen treatment can alleviate acute lung injury as a result of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation."( [The effect of hydrogen on hemorrhagic shock induced acute lung injury in rats].
Jia, YR; Liu, JF; Shi, HM; Wang, Y; Zhou, HC, 2013)		2.19
"The hydrogen treatment was performed once every 2 d and lasted 2 wk."( Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline on ulcerative colitis rat model.
He, J; Mei, X; Sun, A; Sun, X; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Xiong, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2013)		1.19
"Hydrogen treatment was recently associated with down-regulation of the expression of HMGB1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines during sepsis and myocardial IRI, but it is not known whether hydrogen has an effect on HMGB1 in liver IRI."( Protective effects of hydrogen enriched saline on liver ischemia reperfusion injury by reducing oxidative stress and HMGB1 release.
Irwin, MG; Liu, Y; Lloyd, DM; Ma, D; Sun, X; Tao, K; Vizcaychipi, MP; Yang, L; Yu, W, 2014)		1.44
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment dose dependently improved survival and neurological function after cardiac arrest/resuscitation. "( Hydrogen-rich saline improves survival and neurological outcome after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats.
Chen, HG; Dong, HL; Han, HZ; Huang, Y; Huo, TT; Liu, XN; Lu, ZH; Nie, H; Sun, L; Xie, KL; Xiong, LZ; Zeng, Y, 2014)		3.29
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment improved survival and neurological outcome after cardiac arrest/resuscitation in rats, which was partially mediated by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis."( Hydrogen-rich saline improves survival and neurological outcome after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats.
Chen, HG; Dong, HL; Han, HZ; Huang, Y; Huo, TT; Liu, XN; Lu, ZH; Nie, H; Sun, L; Xie, KL; Xiong, LZ; Zeng, Y, 2014)		3.29
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment significantly improved the amount of surviving cells (P < 0.05). "( Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates neuronal ischemia--reperfusion injury by protecting mitochondrial function in rats.
Chen, H; Cui, Y; Duan, M; Ji, M; Jia, M; Yang, J; Zhang, H, 2014)		3.29
"Hydrogen-treated materials caused negligible destruction and possible generation of PCDD/Fs, with total mass balances between 100% and 107%."( Adsorption and destruction of PCDD/Fs using surface-functionalized activated carbons.
Atkinson, JD; Chang, MB; Hung, PC; Rood, MJ; Yan, Z; Zhang, Z, 2015)		1.14
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment significantly attenuated lung injury as indicated by significantly improved gas exchange and histological changes in the lung and significantly reduced lung water content (LWC) and neutrophil infiltration 8h after CLP."( Hydrogen-rich saline ameliorates lung injury associated with cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis in rats.
Dai, Q; Fan, Y; Huang, X; Zhai, Y; Zhou, X, 2015)		2.58
"Hydrogen treatment significantly reduced H/R-caused cell death."( Hydrogen Suppresses Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Cell Death in Hippocampal Neurons Through Reducing Oxidative Stress.
Chen, F; Shen, L; Wei, R; Xie, Y; Zhang, R, 2015)		2.58
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment exerts protective effects in acute lung injury induced by inhalation injury, at least in part through the activation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways and inhibition of apoptosis."( Protective Effects of Hydrogen-Rich Saline on Rats with Smoke Inhalation Injury.
Chen, X; Feng, S; Liu, Q; Shi, Y; Wang, D; Zhao, Y, 2015)		2.17
"Hydrogen treatment also blocked Ang II-induced phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK, c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK) and the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) in vitro."( Inhibitory Effects of Hydrogen on Proliferation and Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Down-Regulation of Mitogen/Activated Protein Kinase and Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin Signaling Pathways.
Li, P; Sun, P; Wang, C; Wang, L; Wang, TH; Xu, JT; You, XC; Zhang, YX; Zhou, KW, 2016)		1.47
"Hydrogen treatment was performed for 3 days."( Hydrogen does not Exert Neuroprotective Effects or Improve Functional Outcomes in Rats After Intracerebral Hemorrhage.
Mori, K; Nagatani, K; Otani, N; Takeuchi, S; Wada, K, 2016)		2.6
"Hydrogen treatment resulted in significantly improved gastrointestinal transit, as well as jejunal smooth muscle contractility in response to bethanechol."( Hydrogen inhalation ameliorates oxidative stress in transplantation induced intestinal graft injury.
Bauer, AJ; Billiar, TR; Buchholz, BM; Kaczorowski, DJ; McCurry, KR; Nakao, A; Sugimoto, R; Wang, Y; Yang, R, 2008)		2.51
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment decreased the neutrophil infiltration, the lipid membrane peroxidation, NF-kappaB activation and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in the lung tissues compared with those in saline-treated rat."( Hydrogen-rich saline reduces lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats.
Cai, JM; Deng, XM; Jiang, L; Mao, YF; Sun, XJ; You, XM; Zhang, JH; Zheng, XF, 2009)		3.24
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment significantly attenuated the severity of intestinal I/R injury, with inhibiting of I/R-induced apoptosis, and promoting enterocytes proliferation. "( The effects of hydrogen-rich saline on the contractile and structural changes of intestine induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats.
Chen, H; Hu, PF; Li, Y; Liu, WW; Ruan, CP; Su, N; Sun, XJ; Sun, YP; Wang, Q; Xiang, HG; Yan, RL, 2011)		2.16
"Hydrogen treatment alone significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels and serum high-mobility group box 1 protein levels as compared with air-treated controls."( Amelioration of rat cardiac cold ischemia/reperfusion injury with inhaled hydrogen or carbon monoxide, or both.
Billiar, TR; Buchholz, BM; Cardinal, JS; Kaczorowski, DJ; Lee, S; McCurry, KR; Nakao, A; Sugimoto, R; Tobita, K; Toyoda, Y; Wang, Y, 2010)		1.31
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment significantly attenuated the severity of l-Arg-induced AP by ameliorating the increased serum amylase activity, inhibiting neutrophil infiltration, lipid oxidation and pancreatic tissue edema."( Hydrogen-rich saline ameliorates the severity of l-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in rats.
Cai, JM; Chen, H; Fan, LY; Li, Y; Liu, WW; Ruan, CP; Su, N; Sun, Q; Sun, XJ; Sun, YP; Wang, Q; Xiang, HG; Xu, XY; Yan, RL, 2010)		2.52
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment improved Morris Water Maze and enhanced LTP in hippocampus blocked by Abeta1-42."( Hydrogen-rich saline improves memory function in a rat model of amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer's disease by reduction of oxidative stress.
Cai, JM; Cao, YP; Li, J; Sun, XJ; Wang, C; Zhang, JH, 2010)		2.52
"Hydrogen pretreatments alone at 525 K proved sufficient to expose the metal nanoparticles to the gas adsorbents and to activate the catalyst for hydrocarbon conversion reactions."( Adsorption properties of supported platinum catalysts prepared using dendrimers.
Albiter, MA; Zaera, F, 2010)		1.08
"Hydrogen treatment was given by exposure to 2% H(2) from 5 min to 5h after sham or TBI operation, respectively."( Beneficial effects of hydrogen gas in a rat model of traumatic brain injury via reducing oxidative stress.
Chao, X; Chen, T; Fei, Z; Ji, X; Liu, W; Qu, Y; Xie, K; Zhou, J, 2010)		1.4
"Hydrogen gas treatment increased the 7-d survival rate of severe CLP mice to 60 % (Compared with severe sepsis group, P <0.05) and significantly reduced the serum HMGB1 levels at different time points (Compared with severe sepsis group, P <0.05)."( [Effects of hydrogen gas inhalation on serum high mobility group box 1 levels in severe septic mice].
Hou, LC; Wang, GL; Xie, KL; Xiong, LZ, 2010)		1.46
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment provides protection against HALI by inhibiting lipid, DNA oxidation, and tissue edema."( Hydrogen-rich saline provides protection against hyperoxic lung injury.
Cai, J; Liu, S; Liu, Y; Sun, Q; Sun, X; Tao, H; Xu, W, 2011)		2.53
"Hydrogen treatment significantly inhibited upregulation of the mRNAs for pro-inflammatory mediators and induced antiapoptotic genes."( Hydrogen inhalation ameliorates ventilator-induced lung injury.
Billiar, TR; Buchholz, BM; Huang, CS; Kawamura, T; Kloke, JD; Lee, S; Nakao, A; Shigemura, N; Tochigi, N; Toyoda, Y, 2010)		2.52
"Hydrogen-rich saline treatment significantly reduced the level of degraded myelin basic protein, decreased the expression of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, Iba1, a microglial marker, reduced DNA oxidation, and suppressed proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the cortex and hippocampal tissues when compared with those in normal saline-treated rats."( Hydrogen-rich saline reduces delayed neurologic sequelae in experimental carbon monoxide toxicity.
Cai, J; Sun, Q; Sun, XJ; Tao, H; Zhang, JH; Zhang, W; Zhou, J, 2011)		2.53
"Hydrogen-treated rutile TiO(2) (H:TiO(2)) nanowires were prepared by annealing the pristine TiO(2) nanowires in hydrogen atmosphere at various temperatures in a range of 200-550 °C."( Hydrogen-treated TiO2 nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting.
Fitzmorris, RC; Li, Y; Ling, Y; Tang, Y; Wang, C; Wang, G; Wang, H; Yang, X; Zhang, JZ, 2011)		2.53
"Hydrogen treatment inhibited LPS/IFNγ-induced phosphorylation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and its downstream signaling molecules, p38 MAP kinase and JNK, as well as IκBα, but did not affect activation of NADPH oxidase and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)."( Molecular hydrogen inhibits lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ-induced nitric oxide production through modulation of signal transduction in macrophages.
Hamada, N; Ichihara, M; Ito, M; Itoh, T; Nozawa, Y; Ohno, K; Terazawa, R, 2011)		1.49
"Hydrogen treatment improved the body-righting reflex and negative geotropism (P<0.05 vs."( Protective effects of hydrogen on fetal brain injury during maternal hypoxia.
Chen, C; Chen, O; Liu, W; Tang, J; Wu, B; Zhang, JH, 2011)		1.41
"Hydrogen gas treatment inhibited LPS-induced pulmonary early and late NF-κB activation."( Molecular hydrogen ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice through reducing inflammation and apoptosis.
Chen, H; Gong, G; Han, H; Hou, L; Huang, Y; Li, J; Wang, G; Xie, K; Yu, Y; Zheng, L, 2012)		1.5
"Hydrogen production of treated sludges was studied from glucose by means of batch test at different pH values."( Effects of heat treatment on microbial communities of granular sludge for biological hydrogen production.
Alibardi, L; Basaglia, M; Casella, S; Favaro, L; Lavagnolo, MC, 2012)		1.32
"Hydrogen treatment was also associated with increased graft ATP levels and increased activity of the enzymes in mitochondrial respiratory chain."( Hydrogen-supplemented drinking water protects cardiac allografts from inflammation-associated deterioration.
Bermudez, CA; Kawamura, T; Masutani, K; Nakao, A; Noda, K; Shigemura, N; Sun, X; Tanaka, Y; Toyoda, Y; Wang, Y, 2012)		2.54
"Hydrogen treatment induced several lung surfactant-related genes, ATP synthase genes and stress-response genes."( Profiling molecular changes induced by hydrogen treatment of lung allografts prior to procurement.
Bermudez, CA; Billiar, TR; Isse, K; Kawamura, T; Lyons-Weiler, J; Nakao, A; Noda, K; Shigemura, N; Stolz, DB; Tanaka, Y; Toyoda, Y, 2012)		1.37
"Hydrogen treatment diminished phosphorylation of Lyn kinase and release of tryptase, decreased accumulation and degranulation of mast cells, attenuated blood-brain barrier disruption, and improved neurobehavioral function."( Hydrogen inhalation ameliorated mast cell-mediated brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice.
Lekic, T; Ma, Q; Manaenko, A; Tang, J; Zhang, JH, 2013)		2.55
"Pretreatment with hydrogen might be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention of morphine tolerance."( Hydrogen enriched saline alleviates morphine tolerance via inhibiting neuroinflammation, GLT-1, GS nitration and NMDA receptor trafficking and functioning in the spinal cord of rats.
Jia, Z; Li, Q; Li, Y; Wang, C; Xu, R; Yu, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, L, 2021)		2.39
"Pre-treatment with hydrogen could improve the liver injury caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia, and reducing oxidative stress level for protecting the liver cells damage."( [Improvement of hydrogen on liver oxidative stress injury in chronic intermittent hypoxia rats].
Chen, LL; Fu, T; Ji, ES; Li, WY; Yang, SC, 2018)		1.16
"Treatment with hydrogen-rich saline reduced the weight loss and diarrhea and alleviated the colonic mucosal damage in the UC rats."( Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline on ulcerative colitis rat model.
He, J; Mei, X; Sun, A; Sun, X; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Xiong, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2013)		1.04
"Treatment with hydrogen molecule attenuated cardiac dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, which was independent of glycemic control."( Treatment with hydrogen molecule attenuates cardiac dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
Feng, J; Jiang, J; Luo, H; Qiu, Y; Wu, F; Ye, G; Yu, F; Zhang, S; Zhou, W, )		0.84
"Treatment with hydrogen molecule attenuated cardiac dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice. "( Treatment with hydrogen molecule attenuates cardiac dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
Feng, J; Jiang, J; Luo, H; Qiu, Y; Wu, F; Ye, G; Yu, F; Zhang, S; Zhou, W, )		0.84
"Treatment with hydrogen reduced Ang II- or AAC-induced oxidative stress, which was reflected by diminishing the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Ang II-stimulated VSMCs, inhibiting the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in vascular and serum malondialdehyde (MDA)."( Inhibitory Effects of Hydrogen on Proliferation and Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Down-Regulation of Mitogen/Activated Protein Kinase and Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin Signaling Pathways.
Li, P; Sun, P; Wang, C; Wang, L; Wang, TH; Xu, JT; You, XC; Zhang, YX; Zhou, KW, 2016)		1.09
"Dual treatment with hydrogen and CO significantly attenuated I/R graft injury, reducing the infarcted area and decreasing in serum troponin I and creatine phosphokinase (CPK)."( Amelioration of rat cardiac cold ischemia/reperfusion injury with inhaled hydrogen or carbon monoxide, or both.
Billiar, TR; Buchholz, BM; Cardinal, JS; Kaczorowski, DJ; Lee, S; McCurry, KR; Nakao, A; Sugimoto, R; Tobita, K; Toyoda, Y; Wang, Y, 2010)		0.91
"Treatment with hydrogen reduced LPS/IFNγ-induced NO release, which was associated with a diminished induction of inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)."( Molecular hydrogen inhibits lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ-induced nitric oxide production through modulation of signal transduction in macrophages.
Hamada, N; Ichihara, M; Ito, M; Itoh, T; Nozawa, Y; Ohno, K; Terazawa, R, 2011)		1.11
"Treatment of hydrogenase with CO caused no change in EPR spectra."( The iron-sulphur centres of soluble hydrogenase from Alcaligenes eutrophus.
Cammack, R; Hall, DO; Schlegel, HG; Schneider, K, 1979)		0.89

Toxicity

Hydrogen molecules have attracted attention as a new antioxidant. Hydrogen gas did not appear to cause significant adverse effects when administered to healthy mice for 72 hours.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Approaching half a century of stable-isotope usage in human metabolic studies has been without documented significant adverse effect."( Stable isotopes in clinical research: safety reaffirmed.
Jones, PJ; Leatherdale, ST, 1991)		0.28
" Both metals became less toxic at higher DOM, Ca, and H concentrations."( Rhizotoxicity of cadmium and copper in soil extracts.
Hendershot, WH; Sunahara, GI; Voigt, A, 2006)		0.33
" Comparing with terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs), however, research on fermentation processes has to some extent been ignored in the past decades, particularly on the persistence of fermentation process in the presence of toxic organic pollutants."( Persistence of fermentative process to phenolic toxicity in groundwater.
Banwart, SA; Lerner, DN; Pickup, RW; Thornton, SF; Wu, Y, )		0.13
" Size-dependent toxicity of LDH was examined in cultured human lung cells; 50 nm particles were determined to be more toxic than larger particles, while LDHs within the size range of 100 to 200 nm exhibited very low cytotoxicity in terms of cell proliferation, membrane damage, and inflammation response."( Safety aspect of inorganic layered nanoparticles: size-dependency in vitro and in vivo.
Choi, SJ; Choy, JH; Oh, JM, 2008)		0.35
" It represents a practical and safe cyanation method."( The palladium-catalyzed cyanation of indole C-H bonds with the combination of NH4HCO3 and DMSO as a safe cyanide source.
Chen, F; Chen, J; Cheng, J; Ren, X, 2011)		0.37
" Extracts diluted less than 20 times would cause adverse effects on cell proliferation, likely due to excessive ions and gas release."( Cytotoxicity studies of AZ31D alloy and the effects of carbon dioxide on its biodegradation behavior in vitro.
Li, W; Li, Y; Qin, L; Tang, J; Wang, J; Wang, K; Yue, Y, 2013)		0.39
" In this study, a (1)H NMR based metabolomics approach combined with histopathological examination and biochemical assays was applied to comprehensively investigate the toxic effects of butachlor on four important organs (gill, brain, liver and kidney) of goldfish (Carassius auratus) for the first time."( (1)H NMR based metabolomics approach to study the toxic effects of herbicide butachlor on goldfish (Carassius auratus).
Chen, T; Jia, AQ; Li, MH; Liu, Y; Wang, JS; Xu, HD, 2015)		0.42
" In the present study, the toxic effects of V(V) were examined in a sulfur and hydrogen based autotrophic denitrification system."( Toxic effects of vanadium (V) on a combined autotrophic denitrification system using sulfur and hydrogen as electron donors.
Chen, D; Wang, H; Xiao, Z; Yang, K, 2018)		0.93
"There were no reported adverse events."( The safety and sensitivity of a telemetric capsule to monitor gastrointestinal hydrogen production in vivo in healthy subjects: a pilot trial comparison to concurrent breath analysis.
Berean, KJ; Burgell, RE; Chrimes, AF; Gibson, PR; Grando, D; Ha, N; Kalantar-Zadeh, K; Muir, JG; Ou, JZ; Ward, SA; Yao, CK, 2018)		0.71
" Hydrogen gas did not appear to cause significant adverse effects when administered to healthy mice for 72 hours, with the possible exception of decreased spontaneous locomotor activity."( Safety of inhaled hydrogen gas in healthy mice.
Ahmed, H; Andrews, N; Cole, AR; Kheir, JN; Padera, RF; Polizzotti, BD; Raza, A, )		1.38
" As work with the virus is recommended to be performed at biosafety level 3, validated methods to effectively inactivate the virus to enable the safe study of RNA, DNA, and protein from infected cells are also needed."( Propagation, Inactivation, and Safety Testing of SARS-CoV-2.
Basler, CF; Jureka, AS; Silvas, JA, 2020)		0.56
" A clinically efficacious method for relieving the adverse events associated of such therapies is lacking."( Hydrogen therapy can be used to control tumor progression and alleviate the adverse events of medications in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
Chen, JB; Kong, XF; Lu, TY; Lu, YY; Mu, F; Xu, KC, )		1.57
"Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a organophosphate insecticide widely used in agriculture with attendant adverse health outcomes."( Protective effects of molecular hydrogen on hepatotoxicity induced by sub-chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos in rats.
Kong, XM; Li, XY; Li, ZY; Liu, MY; Ma, XM; Song, JM; Xie, F; Xun, ZM; Zhao, PX, 2020)		0.84
"Hydrogen molecules have attracted attention as a new antioxidant, but are left to be confirmedly verified whether the oral administration is highly safe or not, concurrently with retention of abundant hydrogen."( Electrolytic hydrogen-generating bottle supplies drinking water with free/combined chlorine and ozone repressed within safety standard under hydrogen-rich conditions.
Hatae, T; Miwa, N, )		1.94
"The quantitative adverse outcome pathway (qAOP) is proposed to inform dose-responses at multiple biological levels for the purpose of toxicity prediction."( High throughput data-based, toxicity pathway-oriented development of a quantitative adverse outcome pathway network linking AHR activation to lung damages.
Chen, N; Chen, S; Guan, H; Jin, Y; Li, C; Li, D; Liu, Y; Luo, J; Ma, W; Qi, G; Shou, Y; Xu, L; Yu, D; Zhang, Q; Zheng, Y, 2022)		0.72
" It is critical to fully understand the efficacy of new methods to directly target the toxic effect of CO, such as conditioning agents, which are currently under development."( The effect of preconditioning agents on cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity of carbon monoxide poisoning in animal studies: a systematic review.
Arasteh, O; Baharara, H; Ghasemi, H; Jomehzadeh, V; Mohammadpour, AH; Ravankhah Moghaddam, K; Roohshad, B; Samadi, S, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Postprandial serum glucose concentration was measured at predetermined times after each morning dose to assess pharmacodynamic activity."( Effects of beano on the tolerability and pharmacodynamics of acarbose.
Dain, B; Lettieri, JT, )		0.13
" Such analyses provide the half-life for the cooperative unfolding event and the relative number of residues involved."( Identification and characterization of EX1 kinetics in H/D exchange mass spectrometry by peak width analysis.
Engen, JR; Hotchko, M; Ten Eyck, LF; Wales, TE; Weis, DD, 2006)		0.33
" In this commentary, the molecular characteristics and pharmacokinetic roles of mammalian MATEs are critically overviewed focusing on the renal secretion of cationic drugs."( Physiological and pharmacokinetic roles of H+/organic cation antiporters (MATE/SLC47A).
Inui, K; Terada, T, 2008)		0.35
"Peptide drugs have traditionally suffered from poor pharmacokinetic properties due to their conformational flexibility and the interaction of proteases with backbone amide bonds."( Hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry measures stapled peptide conformational dynamics and predicts pharmacokinetic properties.
Annis, DA; Elkin, C; Engen, JR; Kawahata, N; Shi, XE; Wales, TE, 2013)		1.83
"A series of in vitro dissolution and clinical pharmacokinetic studies were performed to support the design and introduction of a new formulation, understand the impact of changes in in vitro dissolution on in vivo performance for two fostamatinib formulations, to characterize the effects of food and ranitidine on exposure, and determine the absolute oral bioavailability."( Effects of ranitidine (antacid), food, and formulation on the pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib: results from five phase I clinical studies.
Flanagan, T; Gillen, M; Kruusmägi, M; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D, 2017)		0.46
" We show that the human monoclonal antibody, MEDI1912, selected against nerve growth factor binds with picomolar affinity, but undergoes reversible self-association and has a poor pharmacokinetic profile in both rat and cynomolgus monkeys."( Engineering the surface properties of a human monoclonal antibody prevents self-association and rapid clearance in vivo.
Aagaard, A; Arnold, J; Ashcroft, AE; Buchanan, A; Devine, PW; Dobson, CL; Goodman, J; Higazi, DR; Iadanza, MG; Karamanos, TK; Kippen, AD; Lewis, A; Lloyd, C; Lowe, DC; Lowne, D; Olsson, LL; Pashley, CL; Phillips, JJ; Popovic, B; Radford, SE; Ranson, NA; Ridderstad Wollberg, A; Thornton, P; van der Walle, CF; Vaughan, TJ; Vinall, L; Welsh, F, 2016)		0.43
"The clearance, by renal elimination or hepatic metabolism, is one of the most important pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug."( Predicting the Drug Clearance Pathway with Structural Descriptors.
Kaboudi, N; Shayanfar, A, 2022)		0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

The dilute acid pretreatment combined with ultrasound was applied to improve fermentative hydrogen production from grass. After 21 days of probiotics combined with prebiotics, the incidence of pure methane positivity in the methane-hydrogen breath test in the G21 group was significantly reduced.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The analysis of the NOE spectra are consistent with a distribution over two or three of these conformations; by combination with the energy diagram for this linkage the existence of onyl a single conformation can be excluded."( Conformational analysis of the sialyl alpha(2----3/6)N-acetyllactosamine structural element occurring in glycoproteins, by two-dimensional NOE 1H-NMR spectroscopy in combination with energy calculations by hard-sphere exo-anomeric and molecular mechanics
Breg, J; Kroon-Batenburg, LM; Montreuil, J; Strecker, G; Vliegenthart, JF, 1989)		0.28
" In the putative penumbra, glutamate synthesis was improved compared with the ischemic core, the difference appeared to be brought on by better neuronal de novo glutamate synthesis, combined with normal levels of glutamate formed from astrocytic glutamine."( In vivo injection of [1-13C]glucose and [1,2-13C]acetate combined with ex vivo 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a novel approach to the study of middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat.
Håberg, A; Haraldseth, O; Qu, H; Sonnewald, U; Unsgård, G, 1998)		0.3
"An improved method for sulfur chemiluminescence detection in combination with capillary gas chromatography was established."( Determination of a sulfur-containing drug in human plasma by an improved method for sulfur chemiluminescence detection in combination with capillary gas chromatography.
Kitagawa, T; Matsubara, T; Okamoto, J; Umeda, T, 2000)		0.31
"Three differently metabolically engineered strains, 2 single PHA- and Hup- mutants and one double PHA-/Hup- mutant, of the purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides RV, were constructed to improve a light-driven biohydrogen production process combined with the disposal of solid food wastes."( Metabolically engineered Rhodobacter sphaeroides RV strains for improved biohydrogen photoproduction combined with disposal of food wastes.
Franchi, E; Pedroni, PM; Penna, GD; Rodriguez, F; Scolla, G; Tosi, C, )		0.54
" In combination with principal component-based methods, process analysis of three separate phases of high shear wet granulation (mixing, spraying, and wet massing) was facilitated."( Use of in-line near-infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for improved understanding of pharmaceutical processes.
Rantanen, J; Taylor, LS; Turner, R; Wikström, H, 2005)		0.33
" LC-MS combined with LC-CD analysis permitted chiral purity determinations of O-methylated metabolites of nine phenolic 1-benzyl-N-methyltetrahydroisoquinolines in cell cultures of Corydalis, Macleaya, and Nandina species."( Enantiomeric separation of racemic 1-benzyl-N-methyltetrahydroisoquinolines on chiral columns and chiral purity determinations of the O-methylated metabolites in plant cell cultures by HPLC-CD on-line coupling in combination with HPLC-MS.
Cui, W; Doi, Y; Ikezawa, N; Iwasa, K; Minami, H; Moriyasu, M; Nishiyama, Y; Sato, F; Takahashi, T; Takeda, K; Tode, C, 2009)		0.35
"The dehydriding reaction of single-phase alpha- AlH3 was investigated by in situ microscopic observations combined with thermal and surface analyses."( Dehydriding reaction of AlH3: in situ microscopic observations combined with thermal and surface analyses.
Bielmann, M; Ikeda, K; Jensen, CM; Kato, S; Menjo, M; Muto, S; Orimo, S; Tatsumi, K; Züttel, A, 2009)		0.35
" Selected examples demonstrate the use of this technique for structural studies on membrane proteins, and the combination with rapid mixing devices for characterizing the properties of short-lived protein (un)folding intermediates."( Mass spectrometry combined with oxidative labeling for exploring protein structure and folding.
Konermann, L; Pan, Y; Stocks, BB; Tong, X, )		0.13
" The results should improve using extremely high frequency EMI in combination with antibiotics in biotechnology, therapeutic practice, and food industry."( Extremely high frequency electromagnetic irradiation in combination with antibiotics enhances antibacterial effects on Escherichia coli.
Tadevosyan, H; Torgomyan, H; Trchounian, A, 2011)		0.37
"Scope of the study was (1) to develop a lean quantitative calibration for real-time near-infrared (NIR) blend monitoring, which meets the requirements in early development of pharmaceutical products and (2) to compare the prediction performance of this approach with the results obtained from stratified sampling using a sample thief in combination with off-line high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and at-line near-infrared chemical imaging (NIRCI)."( Assessment of powder blend uniformity: Comparison of real-time NIR blend monitoring with stratified sampling in combination with HPLC and at-line NIR Chemical Imaging.
Bakri, B; Hauck, G; Reich, G; Weimer, M, 2015)		0.42
" Therefore, anaerobic fermentation combined with low-temperature thermal pretreatment can facilitate the recovery of carbon and phosphorus as well as producing hydrogen from PGS."( Anaerobic fermentation combined with low-temperature thermal pretreatment for phosphorus-accumulating granular sludge: Release of carbon source and phosphorus as well as hydrogen production potential.
Li, Y; Zou, J, 2016)		0.83
" The present study investigated the effect of hydrogen‑rich saline alone and in combination with the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, on the proliferation, oxidative stress and apoptosis of NSCLC A549 cells."( Therapeutic efficacy of hydrogen‑rich saline alone and in combination with PI3K inhibitor in non‑small cell lung cancer.
Cheng, S; Guo, S; Jiang, Y; Liao, Y; Liu, G; Luo, C; Zhang, L, 2018)		1.05
" CPF combined with bacterial infection is a potential problem for children during their childhood development."( Evaluation of the effects of chlorpyrifos combined with lipopolysaccharide stress on neuroinflammation and spatial memory in neonatal rats.
Bing, G; Dai, H; Deng, Y; Tian, J; Wang, P; Zhang, C; Zhao, L; Zhao, M, 2018)		0.48
"In this study, the dilute acid pretreatment combined with ultrasound was applied to improve fermentative hydrogen production from grass."( Ultrasound combined with dilute acid pretreatment of grass for improvement of fermentative hydrogen production.
Wang, J; Yang, G, 2019)		0.95
" PICRUSt analysis showed that MJ2 combined with biochar promoted metabolic pathways related to substrate degradation and microbial metabolism."( Bioaugmentation combined with biochar to enhance thermophilic hydrogen production from sugarcane bagasse.
Chen, X; Cheng, JR; Hu, BB; Huang, JR; Zhu, MJ, 2022)		0.96
"To explore the effect of probiotics combined with prebiotics on clinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy combined with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth."( Efficacy evaluation of probiotics combined with prebiotics in patients with clinical hypothyroidism complicated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during the second trimester of pregnancy.
Ban, Y; Cai, Y; Hao, Y; Li, J; Ouyang, Q; Sun, Z; Wang, M; Wang, W; Wu, B; Xu, Y; Zhang, M, 2022)		0.72
" (2) SIBO-positive patients in the clinical hypothyroidism group during pregnancy (n=112) were treated with probiotics combined with prebiotics based on conventional levothyroxine sodium tablets treatment."( Efficacy evaluation of probiotics combined with prebiotics in patients with clinical hypothyroidism complicated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during the second trimester of pregnancy.
Ban, Y; Cai, Y; Hao, Y; Li, J; Ouyang, Q; Sun, Z; Wang, M; Wang, W; Wu, B; Xu, Y; Zhang, M, 2022)		0.72
" (4) After 21 days of probiotics combined with prebiotics, the incidence of pure methane positivity in the methane-hydrogen breath test in the G21 group was significantly reduced, and the average abundance of hydrogen and methane at each time point in the G21 group was lower than that in the G0 group."( Efficacy evaluation of probiotics combined with prebiotics in patients with clinical hypothyroidism complicated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during the second trimester of pregnancy.
Ban, Y; Cai, Y; Hao, Y; Li, J; Ouyang, Q; Sun, Z; Wang, M; Wang, W; Wu, B; Xu, Y; Zhang, M, 2022)		0.93
"Probiotics combined with prebiotics are effective in the treatment of pregnant patients with clinical hypothyroidism complicated with SIBO, providing a new idea to treat pregnant patients with clinical hypothyroidism complicated with SIBO."( Efficacy evaluation of probiotics combined with prebiotics in patients with clinical hypothyroidism complicated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during the second trimester of pregnancy.
Ban, Y; Cai, Y; Hao, Y; Li, J; Ouyang, Q; Sun, Z; Wang, M; Wang, W; Wu, B; Xu, Y; Zhang, M, 2022)		0.72
"This study sought to investigate therapeutic effects of hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) combined with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) in an experimental rat model of acute lung injury (ALI)."( Hyperbaric oxygen combined with hydrogen-rich saline protects against acute lung injury.
Bao, X; Chang, Y; Fang, Y; Han, Q; Jin, Y; Wang, M; Xue, L; Zhang, S; Zhao, X, )		0.66
" HRS combined with HBO2 treatment was superior to single treatment (p≺0."( Hyperbaric oxygen combined with hydrogen-rich saline protects against acute lung injury.
Bao, X; Chang, Y; Fang, Y; Han, Q; Jin, Y; Wang, M; Xue, L; Zhang, S; Zhao, X, )		0.41
" Furthermore, HBO2 combined with HRS treatment presented a synergy effect on cell apoptosis decrease and a decline in inflammatory cytokine release and related inflammatory product generation, compared with a single treatment."( Hyperbaric oxygen combined with hydrogen-rich saline protects against acute lung injury.
Bao, X; Chang, Y; Fang, Y; Han, Q; Jin, Y; Wang, M; Xue, L; Zhang, S; Zhao, X, )		0.41

Bioavailability

Hydrogen reduced iron powder (HRIP) may be an efficient, non-toxic, highly bioavailable and low-cost antioxidant supplement.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Due primarily to the broad lineshape of the intended saturation spin pool and the use of off-resonance irradiation, high specific absorption rate and an auxiliary RF amplifier have been necessary to produce these images."( Pulsed saturation transfer contrast.
Conolly, SM; Hu, BS; Macovski, A; Nishimura, DG; Wright, GA, 1992)		0.28
" In young subjects, the larger test meal of control group B appeared to increase the rate of absorption of BC."( Beta-carotene serum response in young and elderly females.
Bowen, P; Ceccanti, M; De Lorenzo, A; Ferro-Luzzi, A; Friedman, H; Gettner, S; Maiani, G; Mobarhan, S; Ranaldi, L, 1989)		0.28
" Rate of starch digestion was studied in vitro in 37 foods (20 Australian Aboriginal bushfoods, 10 Pacific island foods, and 7 western foods), and rate of absorption of 9 foods (8 bushfoods and 1 western food) was studied in human volunteers."( Slowly digested and absorbed carbohydrate in traditional bushfoods: a protective factor against diabetes?
Brand, JC; Thorburn, AW; Truswell, AS, 1987)		0.27
" Factors associated with unprocessed wheat flour, such as the natural starch-protein interaction, may therefore be important in wheat products in reducing both their rate of absorption and glycemic response."( The effect of starch-protein interaction in wheat on the glycemic response and rate of in vitro digestion.
Jenkins, AL; Jenkins, DJ; Rao, AV; Thompson, LU; Thorne, MJ; Wolever, TM, 1987)		0.27
"During perfusion of a plasma-like solution, colonic absorption rate of chloride was much higher than the secretion rate of bicarbonate (34 vs."( Evaluation of chloride/bicarbonate. Exchange in the human colon in vivo.
Davis, GR; Fordtran, JS; Morawski, SG; Santa Ana, CA, 1983)		0.27
" A key advantage of the method is that it maintains the specific absorption rate (SAR) within FDA limits of 5 W/kg by reducing power deposition during decoupling."( In vivo selective measurement of (1-13C)-glucose metabolism in tumors by heteronuclear cross polarization.
Artemov, D; Bhujwalla, ZM; Glickson, JD, 1995)		0.29
"The relative bioavailability of a 200 mg film-coated tablet of [12C]moricizine."( Moricizine bioavailability via simultaneous, dual, stable isotope administration: bioequivalence implications.
Adams, MP; Barrett, JS; Mayersohn, M; Pieniaszek, HJ; Reinhart, RJ, 1999)		0.3
" The oral bioavailability in dogs was 16-44%."( New highly potent dipeptidic growth hormone secretagogues with low molecular weight.
Ankersen, M; Hansen, BS; Hansen, TK; Lau, J; Nielsen, KK; Peschke, B; Raun, K, 2000)		0.31
" A nasal spray formulation of ketorolac tromethamine showed the highest absorption with an absolute bioavailability of 91%."( Development and evaluation of nasal formulations of ketorolac.
Needham, TE; Quadir, M; Zia, H, )		0.13
"In 25 patients with untreated celiac disease and 23 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers, breath H(2) excretion was measured after ingestion of a 250-ml solution containing sorbitol, a poorly absorbed alcohol sugar."( Mixing of the intestinal content and variations of fermentation capacity do not affect the results of hydrogen breath test.
Corazza, GR; Di Stefano, M; Malservisi, S; Miceli, E; Missanelli, A; Strocchi, A, 2003)		0.53
"To develop high bioavailability preparations without irritation for Panax notoginsenosides."( [Studies on formulations of Panax notoginsenosides for intranasal administration].
Chen, DF; Fang, XL; Li, JC; Xu, QF, 2003)		0.32
"Saponins of Panax notoginseng (PNS) was absorbed in rabbits more when administered intranasally than through other routines, and the formulations including MCC both gave high bioavailability and low irritation."( [Studies on formulations of Panax notoginsenosides for intranasal administration].
Chen, DF; Fang, XL; Li, JC; Xu, QF, 2003)		0.32
" The research presented herein examined the effect of iron bioavailability on H2 concentrations during iron reduction in flow-through column experiments filled with soil obtained from the uncontaminated background area of the Field Research Center (FRC), Oak Ridge, TN and amended with acetate as the electron donor."( Effect of iron bioavailability on dissolved hydrogen concentrations during microbial iron reduction.
Jaffé, PR; Komlos, J, 2004)		0.58
"Oral solid rapidly-disintegrating dosage form has aroused general concern increasingly because of its characteristics about convenient taking, rapid absorption, high bioavailability and not serious adverse drug reaction."( [Research progress on the oral solid rapidly disintegrating dosage form].
Feng, Y; Lin, X; Shen, L; Xu, DS, 2005)		0.33
"Micronization is a commonly used enabling technology to improve the bioavailability of compounds where absorption is dissolution rate limited."( Increased dissolution rate and bioavailability through comicronization with microcrystalline cellulose.
Babu, SR; Bhattachar, SN; Martin, PJ; Spence, JK; Wesley, JA, 2005)		0.33
" The pellets are capable of transfering lipophilic compounds into the aqueous phase and have a high potential to increase the bioavailability of lipophilic drugs."( Preparation and characterization of a self-emulsifying pellet formulation.
Abdalla, A; Mäder, K, 2007)		0.34
"Carbamazepine is a poor water soluble drug and its bioavailability is limited by dissolution rate."( Evaluation of in vitro-in vivo correlation and anticonvulsive effect of carbamazepine after cogrinding with microcrystalline cellulose.
Adibkia, K; Anoush, M; Barzegar-Jalali, A; Barzegar-Jalali, M; Hanaee, J; Nayebi, AM; Sistanizad, M; Valizadeh, H, 2006)		0.33
" We tested the hypothesis that a low dose of acarbose delays the rate of digestion of rapidly digestible starch without reducing its bioavailability and thereby increasing resistant starch flux into the colon."( Low-dose acarbose does not delay digestion of starch but reduces its bioavailability.
Elzinga, H; Heimweg, JA; Heiner, AM; Priebe, MG; Stellaard, F; Vonk, RJ; Wachters-Hagedoorn, RE, 2007)		0.34
" Reduced bioavailability seems to contribute to this decrease to a greater extent than delay of digestion."( Low-dose acarbose does not delay digestion of starch but reduces its bioavailability.
Elzinga, H; Heimweg, JA; Heiner, AM; Priebe, MG; Stellaard, F; Vonk, RJ; Wachters-Hagedoorn, RE, 2007)		0.34
" The equilibrium biotic ligand paradigm of metal bioavailability predicts that two distinct phenomena of antipathetic effect will influence uranium availability as pH is varied."( Metal-phytoplankton interactions: modeling the effect of competing ions (H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) on uranium uptake.
Denison, FH; Fortin, C; Garnier-Laplace, J, 2007)		0.34
" While comparing the results to those previously obtained from the bioavailability studies it could be concluded that it is possible to develop colon specific drug products that begin releasing the drug in the ileo-caecal junction or at the beginning of the ascending colon and spread the drug dose to a larger surface area by using enteric coats and hydrophilic polymers."( Neutron activation based gamma scintigraphic evaluation of enteric-coated capsules for local treatment in colon.
Ahonen, A; Kanerva, H; Lindevall, K; Marvola, J; Marvola, M; Marvola, T, 2008)		0.35
" The relative bioavailability of the sustained-release pellets was studied in six beagle dogs after oral administration in a fast state using a commercially available immediate release tablet as a reference."( Preparation and bioavailability of sustained-release doxofylline pellets in beagle dogs.
He, HB; Huang, HF; Lu, Y; Tang, X, 2008)		0.35
"Liposomal entrapment of L-cysteine (L-CySH) could be a solution to enhance its oxidative stability and its intracellular bioavailability for glutathione (GSH) synthesis."( L-cysteine encapsulation in liposomes: effect of phospholipids nature on entrapment efficiency and stability.
Chaumeil, JC; Cynober, L; Dumortier, G; El Kateb, N, 2008)		0.35
" The relative bioavailability of darunavir versus the reference tablet (F(rel)) was 155% with kappa-carrageenan pellets and 2% with MCC pellets without ritonavir, while 78% and 9%, respectively, in presence of ritonavir."( Improved bioavailability of darunavir by use of kappa-carrageenan versus microcrystalline cellulose as pelletisation aid.
Baert, L; Geldof, M; Kleinebudde, P; Rosier, J; Schueller, L; Thommes, M; van 't Klooster, G, 2009)		0.35
" In addition, the relative bioavailability of the tablets in comparison to solid-state Vitamin A oily solution (SSVAOS) tablets was investigated in rats."( Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of solid-state self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of vitamin A acetate.
Al-Suwayeh, SA; Anwer, MK; Taha, EI, 2009)		0.35
" The developed floating tablets of Silymarin may be used in clinic for prolonged drug release for at least 24 h, thereby improving the bioavailability and patient compliance."( Preparation and evaluation of gastroretentive floating tablets of Silymarin.
Garg, R; Gupta, GD, 2009)		0.35
"Vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) is known to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs via solubility and permeability enhancement."( Tabletability assessment of conventional formulations containing Vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate.
Jin, F; Tatavarti, A, 2010)		0.36
"Reduction of short-chain poorly absorbed carbohydrates (FODMAPs) in the diet reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)."( Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome.
Barrett, JS; Biesiekierski, JR; Gibson, PR; Irving, PM; Mitchell, SB; Muir, JG; Ong, DK; Shepherd, SJ; Smith, S, 2010)		0.36
" Through the use of highly compressible microcrystalline cellulose grades such as Ceolus(™) KG-802 and UF-711, it may be possible to maximize the bioavailability benefit of amorphous solid dispersions administered as tablet dosage forms."( Use of highly compressible Ceolus™ microcrystalline cellulose for improved dosage form properties containing a hydrophilic solid dispersion.
Coney, AW; Dinunzio, JC; Hughey, JR; Kaneko, N; McGinity, JW; Schilling, SU, 2012)		0.38
"This paper report the development of a new dosage form - self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films, which can improve the oral bioavailability of water insoluble drugs and have good compliance."( [Optimization of novel self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films by response surface methodology].
He, JK; Huan, D; Liu, Y; Xiao, L; Yi, T, 2011)		0.37
" This model construct, which defines the free metal ion and the first hydrolysis product (but not metal carbonate complexes) as being bioavailable, provides an alternative means of defining the binding surface in bioavailability models, whereby a heterogeneous mixture of ligands collectively influence root-metal sorption and toxicity."( Copper toxicity to Lemna minor modelled using humic acid as a surrogate for the plant root.
Antunes, PM; Roshon, HD; Scornaienchi, ML, 2012)		0.38
" Electrolytically hydrided materials have the same high level magnetic properties as in high temperature gas-phase processed materials and offer an advantage of higher hydrogen absorption rate in the ferromagnetic state."( Electrolytic hydriding of LaFe(13-x)Si(x) alloys for energy efficient magnetic cooling.
Cohen, LF; Hannemann, U; Lyubina, J; Ryan, MP, 2012)		0.57
"Gastric retention is postulated as an approach to improve bioavailability of compounds with narrow absorption windows."( Decoupling the role of image size and calorie intake on gastric retention of swelling-based gastric retentive formulations: pre-screening in the dog model.
Elkes, R; Jin, L; Lalloo, AK; McConnell, EL; Seiler, C; Wu, Y, 2012)		0.38
" These findings suggest that the SMMDF is a new promising dosage form, showing notable characteristics of convenience, quick onset of action and enhanced oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."( A new self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving film to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs.
Liu, Y; Xiao, L; Yi, T, 2013)		0.39
" This result was obtained even though the bioavailability of Fe was maintained at a constant level by increasing the total Fe concentration at low pH."( Ocean acidification slows nitrogen fixation and growth in the dominant diazotroph Trichodesmium under low-iron conditions.
Kim, JM; Kranz, SA; Morel, FM; Shi, D, 2012)		0.38
" In conclusion, extrusion/spheronization could be a suitable technique to prepare PC loaded pellets, which could effectively preserve the properties of PC to improve the permeability and bioavailability of highly water-soluble drug."( Bioavailability and foam cells permeability enhancement of Salvianolic acid B pellets based on drug-phospholipids complex technique.
Cui, Y; Fan, YQ; Kan, SL; Li, J; Liu, JP; Liu, P; Yang, JK; Zhang, WJ; Zhang, WL, 2013)		0.39
"Solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) have been used increasingly for improving the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs."( Effects of spray-drying and choice of solid carriers on concentrations of Labrasol® and Transcutol® in solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS).
Lam, CW; Li, L; Yi, T, 2013)		0.39
" However, its poor water solubility and low bioavailability in vivo severely restrict the clinical application."( Solid dispersion tablets of breviscapine with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 for improved dissolution and bioavailability to commercial breviscapine tablets in beagle dogs.
Cong, W; Feng, Y; Ruan, K; Shen, L; Xu, D; Zhao, L, 2014)		0.4
" Moreover, the deconvolution analyses demonstrated that a prolonged high absorption rate could be achieved in vivo best with Tablet B/MC."( Preparation and evaluation of ritodrine buccal tablets for rational therapeutic use.
Onishi, H; Sakata, O; Yumoto, K, 2014)		0.4
"The aims of this study were to choose a suitable adsorbent of self-microemulsion and to develop a fine solid self-microemulsifying dispersible tablets for promoting the dissolution and oral bioavailability of celastrol."( Solid self-microemulsifying dispersible tablets of celastrol: formulation development, charaterization and bioavailability evaluation.
Chou, X; Ma, N; Qi, X; Qin, J; Wu, Z, 2014)		0.4
"Amorphous drugs are used to improve the solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability of drugs."( A method to evaluate the effect of contact with excipients on the surface crystallization of amorphous drugs.
de Villiers, MM; Derdour, L; Huang, J; Hussain, MA; Qian, F; Yu, L; Zhang, SW, 2014)		0.4
"The aim of this study was to prepare a disintegrating gastric floating tablet composed of floating pellets coated with acrylic resin to prolong the gastric residence time and increase the oral bioavailability of famotidine."( Tablets compressed with gastric floating pellets coated with acrylic resin for gastro retention and sustained release of famotidine: in-vitro and in-vivo study.
Jiang, Y; Qi, X; Wu, Z; Zhang, H, 2015)		0.42
"43 h ng/ml), while the relative bioavailability was 187."( Tablets compressed with gastric floating pellets coated with acrylic resin for gastro retention and sustained release of famotidine: in-vitro and in-vivo study.
Jiang, Y; Qi, X; Wu, Z; Zhang, H, 2015)		0.42
"According to our findings, hydrogen may be an efficient, non-toxic, highly bioavailable and low-cost antioxidant supplement for patients with pathological conditions involving ROS-induced oxidative stress."( The Evaluation and Quantitation of Dihydrogen Metabolism Using Deuterium Isotope in Rats.
Galkin, A; Hyspler, R; Schierbeek, H; Ticha, A; Zadak, Z, 2015)		0.99
" More importantly, the relative bioavailability of the sustained-release matrix pellets was studied in fasted rabbits after oral administration using free capsaicin and solid dispersion as references."( Preparation and In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation of Sustained-Release Matrix Pellets of Capsaicin to Enhance the Oral Bioavailability.
Huang, Z; Jiang, D; Lu, S; Omari-Siaw, E; Wang, M; Xu, X; Yu, J; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zhu, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Metformin hydrochloride (Met), an antidiabetic drug, has poor bioavailability due to its high solubility and low permeability."( Development of polymer-bound fast-dissolving metformin buccal film with disintegrants.
Haque, SE; Sheela, A, 2015)		0.42
" The increasing diffusion distances of toluene or ethylbenzene to the solid Mn(IV) most likely caused limited bioavailability and hence resulted in the observed masking effect."( Characterization of toluene and ethylbenzene biodegradation under nitrate-, iron(III)- and manganese(IV)-reducing conditions by compound-specific isotope analysis.
Dorer, C; Neu, TR; Richnow, HH; Stryhanyuk, H; Vogt, C, 2016)		0.43
" The absolute oral bioavailability of fostamatinib was 54."( Effects of ranitidine (antacid), food, and formulation on the pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib: results from five phase I clinical studies.
Flanagan, T; Gillen, M; Kruusmägi, M; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D, 2017)		0.46
"The absolute oral bioavailability of fostamatinib was ~55 %."( Effects of ranitidine (antacid), food, and formulation on the pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib: results from five phase I clinical studies.
Flanagan, T; Gillen, M; Kruusmägi, M; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D, 2017)		0.46
"The oral bioavailability of felodipine very low, nearly just 15% due to its limited solubility and high first pass metabolism."( Formulation, evaluation and optimization of the felodipine nanosuspension to be used for direct compression to tablet for in vitro dissolution enhancement.
Chavda, J; Makwana, J; Mori, D; Parmar, R; Patel, K, 2016)		0.43
" Novel low-density lattice internal structure gastro-floating tablets of dipyridamole were developed to prolong the gastric residence time in order to improve drug release rate and consequently, improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy."( Preparation and investigation of novel gastro-floating tablets with 3D extrusion-based printing.
Chen, K; Cui, M; Guan, X; Hou, J; Jia, D; Li, Q; Pan, W; Wen, H; Xu, W; Yang, X; Zhu, Z, 2018)		0.48
" The developed drug delivery system possessed the profound significance in improving pharmacodynamics and bioavailability of drugs."( Cellulose-based film modified by succinic anhydride for the controlled release of domperidone.
Cui, Y; Shi, C; Tao, F, 2018)		0.48
" Fluorine substitution may increase a molecule's lipophilicity, thereby enabling its diffusion across cell membranes to enhance bioavailability or to exert a direct physiological effect from within the lipid bilayer."( Average orientation of a fluoroaromatic molecule in lipid bilayers from DFT-informed NMR measurements of
Coogan, MP; Griffin, JM; Hughes, E; Middleton, DA, 2018)		0.48
" This correlation was explained by the increased bioavailability of the organic matter and possible negative effects of digestate disintegration on the microorganisms."( Effect of digestate disintegration on anaerobic digestion of organic waste.
Appels, L; Azman, S; Ghyselbrecht, K; Meers, E; Meesschaert, B; Sigurnjak, I; Somers, MH, 2018)		0.48
" The main objective of the current study was to overcome these drawbacks via improved bioavailability by nanoencapsulated emulsions."( Pickering emulsions stabilized nanocellulosic-based nanoparticles for coumarin and curcumin nanoencapsulations: In vitro release, anticancer and antimicrobial activities.
Asabuwa Ngwabebhoh, F; Ilkar Erdagi, S; Yildiz, U, 2018)		0.48
" Meanwhile, the oral test showed that bioavailability of eugenol in pellets was highly improved 23."( Self-Micro-Emulsifying Controlled Release of Eugenol Pellets: Preparation, In vitro/In vivo Investigation in Beagle Dogs.
Adu-Frimpong, M; Cao, X; Guo, M; Ji, H; Toreniyazov, E; Wang, Q; Xu, X; Yang, Q; Yu, J; Zhang, K, 2019)		0.51
"33 T) = 340 s-1 mM-1 and specific absorption rate SAR > 370 W g-1 at high field amplitudes (B0 = 55 mT)."( Elongated magnetic nanoparticles with high-aspect ratio: a nuclear relaxation and specific absorption rate investigation.
Arosio, P; Avolio, M; Brero, F; Gavilán, H; Lascialfari, A; Mazario, E; Puerto Morales, M, 2019)		0.51
"The aim of this study was to solidify a ticagrelor loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (TCG-SM) with enhanced dissolution and bioavailability of ticagrelor (TCG) for developing TCG-SM granules and tablets."( Statistical approach for solidifying ticagrelor loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system with enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability.
Bang, KH; Byeon, JJ; Cho, CW; Han, MG; Huh, HW; Kim, MK; Lee, HK; Na, YG; Wang, M, 2019)		0.51
" Moreover, the biosafety of the ternary formulation was the same as that of IBR while the in vitro performance advantage of the ternary formulation was converted into higher bioavailability in vivo experiments."( Microcrystalline cellulose as an effective crystal growth inhibitor for the ternary Ibrutinib formulation.
Gan, N; Li, H; Peng, X; Suo, Z; Tang, P; Wei, X; Zhang, M; Zhao, L, 2020)		0.56
" The drug exhibits low bioavailability (about 49%) which is ascribed to its dissolution rate-limited absorption."( Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Febuxostat Using Co-Processed Excipients.
Gulati, M; Kaur, M; Kumar, R; Mittal, A; Sharma, D, 2020)		0.56
"The current work is aimed to provide a novel strategy to improve the dissolution profile and thus, the bioavailability of Febuxostat."( Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Febuxostat Using Co-Processed Excipients.
Gulati, M; Kaur, M; Kumar, R; Mittal, A; Sharma, D, 2020)		0.56
"Liquisolid technology, as a promising approach for bioavailability enhancement, has received increasing attention in recent years."( An Investigation into the Influence of Process Parameters and Formulation Variables on Compaction Properties of Liquisolid Systems.
Aleksić, I; Cvijić, S; German Ilić, I; Parojčić, J, 2020)		0.56
" In this study, a recently patented green biopolymer (Prosopis africana gum, PG) was compatibilized with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a conventional polysaccharide, via thermo-regulated coacervation to obtain PG-MCC (1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, and 0:1) rational blends and the nanoparticles developed with optimized (1:1) biocomposites (termed "prosopisylated cellulose") by combined homogenization-nanoprecipitation technique was engineered as a high circulating system for improved oral bioavailability of griseofulvin (GF), a model Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class-II drug."( Biodegradable nanoparticles from prosopisylated cellulose as a platform for enhanced oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Dias, ML; Kenechukwu, FC; Ricci-Júnior, E, 2021)		0.62
"Ranitidine HCl, a selective, competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist with a short biological half-life, low bioavailability and narrow absorption window, is an ideal candidate for gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)."( Design, development and optimization of sustained release floating, bioadhesive and swellable matrix tablet of ranitidine hydrochloride.
Belete, A; Gebre-Mariam, T; Nigusse, B, 2021)		0.62
"The bioavailability of iron from elemental iron powders, including hydrogen reduced iron powder (HRIP), is influenced by particle size and surface area."( Bioavailability of iron from novel hydrogen reduced iron powders: Studies in Caco-2 cells and rat model.
Boiroju, NK; Dwarapudi, S; Jyrwa, YW; Madhari, RS; Palika, R; Pullakhandam, R; Sinha, GR; Yaduvanshi, PS, 2021)		1.13
"Despite being a first-line clinical drug, thienopyridines have many unsatisfactory aspects, including the low bioavailability of clopidogrel(CLP) and the high bleeding risk of prasugrel."( Evaluation of efficacy and safety after replacement of methyl hydrogen with deuterium at methyl formate of Clopidogrel.
Cai, D; Cao, X; Chen, C; Chen, L; Gao, M; Gu, J; Li, X; Liu, S; Liu, Y; Miao, Y; Niu, J; Sun, Y; Wu, T; Xu, Z, 2022)		0.96
" It can protect the active substance from environmental damage, enhance water solubility and stability, and improve the bioavailability of the active substance."( Effect of microcrystalline cellulose under different hydrolysis durations on the stability of thyme oil emulsion.
Du, Y; Feng, ZJ; Hu, D; Ma, S; Niu, F; Pan, W; Zhang, B; Zhang, Y, 2022)		0.72
"Famotidine (FMT) an anti-ulcer drug, recently being repurposed in COVID-19 treatment, suffers from poor aqueous solubility and restricted bioavailability (<40%)."( Pharmaceutical Cocrystals of Famotidine: Structural and Biopharmaceutical Evaluation.
Chadha, K; Chadha, R; Dhingra, N; Dureja, J; Jindal, A; Karan, M; Prashar, M, 2022)		0.72
" However, such large molecules usually do not cross cell membranes and cannot access intracellular targets or be developed as orally bioavailable drugs."( Membrane Permeating Macrocycles: Design Guidelines from Machine Learning.
Barlow, N; Chalmers, DK; Le, TC; Norton, RS; Sadek, MM; Speer, MN; Thompson, PE; Williams-Noonan, BJ; Yarovsky, I; Yuriev, E, 2022)		0.72
" Based on the composition of FW, several pretreatment methods can be adapted to improve the bioavailability of the organics."( Dark fermentative hydrogen production: Potential of food waste as future energy needs.
Mohanakrishna, G; Rafi, SM; Sarkar, O; Sneha, NP, 2023)		1.24

Dosage Studied

A hydrogen-substituted polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (1H-6:2 PFESA) identified as the predominant product by a nontarget screening workflow. Dosage dependency studies revealed the maximum biohydrogen production characteristics for 1. The critical bio- processes involved in hydrogen production were disturbed by PE-MPs.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" A dose-response analysis was performed and the results indicate that 1 mug/ml of parathyroid hormone was the minimal effective dose."( Effects of parathyroid hormone on H+ and NH+4 excretion in toad urinary bladder.
Frazier, LW, 1976)		0.26
" A dose-response correlation was indicated."( Effect of nicotine on gastric acid secretion: evidence of electrogenic pump theory.
Ando, M; Dinno, FH; Dinno, MA; Huang, KC; Rehm, WS, 1977)		0.26
"The effects of atropine on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion of water, H, Cl, Na, K, and pepsin were determined by kinetic analysis of dose-response studies in 5 dogs with esophagostomy and gastric cannula."( Kinetics of atropine inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated H+, electrolyte, and pepsin secretion in the dog.
Hirschowitz, BI; Hutchison, GA, 1977)		0.26
" dosage form."( H+ coupled active transport of bestatin via the dipeptide transport system in rabbit intestinal brush-border membranes.
Hori, R; Inui, K; Katsura, T; Okano, T; Takano, M; Tomita, Y, 1992)		0.28
" Side-effects with acute D dosing are transitory with no demonstrated evidence of permanent deleterious action."( Stable isotopes in clinical research: safety reaffirmed.
Jones, PJ; Leatherdale, ST, 1991)		0.28
" Detailed dose-response curves for the different agonists, given either alone or in combination, suggest that the two regulatory cascades (kinase A and kinase C) are operating independent of each other and reach a common final target, resulting in 40-50% inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange."( Regulation of Na+/H+ exchange in opossum kidney cells by parathyroid hormone, cyclic AMP and phorbol esters.
Helmle-Kolb, C; Montrose, MH; Murer, H; Stange, G, 1990)		0.28
" Baseline pH measurements were recorded for 60 min prior to dosing with 10 g of lactulose in three of the periods."( New methods to detect the effect of alteration in gastric pH and intestinal transit by metoclopramide and propantheline using a continuous gastric pH probe and hydrogen breath analysis.
Bays, M; Bohan, DF; Francom, SF; Hughes, GS; VanderLugt, JT, 1990)		0.48
" Monoiodoacetic acid was given to rabbits via an ear vein at a dosage of 40 mg/kg."( [Choroidal blood flow in chronic stage of selective retinal damage after monoiodoacetic acid injection].
Nasu, K, 1990)		0.28
" For evaluating the better dosage of lactulose in gastroenterological routine diagnostic we designed a prospective study."( [The H2-lactulose breath test in the diagnosis of intestinal transit time].
Malfertheiner, P; Pieramico, O; Wilberg, S, 1990)		0.28
"We studied the dose-response of focal gastric mucosal blood flow measured simultaneously by laser-Doppler flowmetry and hydrogen gas clearance in the canine chambered gastric segment to topical misoprostol (0."( The dose-response of canine focal gastric mucosal blood flow to misoprostol.
Gana, TJ; Koo, J; MacPherson, BR, 1989)		0.49
" Five of the nine patients (56%) whose hydrogen excretion normalized with the addition of Lactrase at either dosage became asymptomatic after milk ingestion; in addition, three patients who did not normalize their hydrogen also became asymptomatic."( Does oral enzyme replacement therapy reverse intestinal lactose malabsorption?
Curtis, C; Gavaler, J; Moskovitz, M, 1987)		0.54
"The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of lysophosphatidylcholine on the guinea pig stomach after dosing the animal with 20% ethanol by orogastric intubation."( Gastric mucosal damage induced by combination of ethanol and lysophosphatidylcholine.
Maksem, J; Neiderhiser, DH, 1987)		0.27
"94, respectively) to neonatal mouse calvaria maintained in a chemically defined medium in tissue culture for 1 wk increased calcium release in a dose-response fashion."( H+ stimulation of cell-mediated bone resorption in tissue culture.
Goldhaber, P; Rabadjija, L, 1987)		0.27
" The (3)H/(14)C ratios in these four radioactive components were the same as that of the dosed material (4."( Metabolism of vitamin D. A new cholecalciferol metabolite, involving loss of hydrogen at C-1, in chick intestinal nuclei.
Kodicek, E; Lawson, DE; Wilson, PW, 1969)		0.48
" The dose-response analysis indicates that the concentration of epinephrine used (50 microM) is at or near the maximal effective dose."( The effect of catecholamines on H+ and NH+4 excretion in toad urinary bladder.
Frazier, LW, 1983)		0.27
" A dose-response study of RPS, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g was performed."( Intestinal transport and fermentation of resistant starch evaluated by the hydrogen breath test.
Gudmand-Høyer, E; Olesen, M; Rumessen, JJ, 1994)		0.52
" The dose-response study with RPS showed that even 5 g of RPS resulted in a measurable increase in end-expiratory H2, and increasing doses from 5 g to 100 g resulted in a seemingly exponential increase in H2 production."( Intestinal transport and fermentation of resistant starch evaluated by the hydrogen breath test.
Gudmand-Høyer, E; Olesen, M; Rumessen, JJ, 1994)		0.52
" Bile acid inhibited methanogenesis in a dose-response fashion in the in vitro 'non-methanogenic' and methanogenic faecal cultures."( A possible role for bile acid in the control of methanogenesis and the accumulation of hydrogen gas in the human colon.
Florin, TH; Jabbar, IA, )		0.35
" To determine whether it is a specific fraction defined by the structure of the starch molecule or a variable amount--which depends on the individual, the amount ingested, and other components of the meal--we performed a dose-response study on wheat bread in healthy human volunteers."( Maldigestion and colonic fermentation of wheat bread in humans and the influence of dietary fat.
Gudmand-Høyer, E; Olesen, M, 1997)		0.3
" Consistent with its action as a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, daily dosing with RS-102221 (2 mg/kg intraperitoneal) increased food-intake and weight-gain in rats."( RS-102221: a novel high affinity and selective, 5-HT2C receptor antagonist.
Bonhaus, DW; Dawson, MW; DeSouza, A; Eglen, RM; Flippin, LA; Fontana, DJ; McNeeley, PM; Rocha, CL; Szczepanski, K; Taylor, M; Trinh, J; Weinhardt, KK, )		0.13
"Twenty-eight children (aged 5 months to 11 years) underwent a randomized, double-blind trial consisting of two phases: 1) three sucrose breath H2 tests with three single-dose treatments (placebo, sacrosidase, and sacrosidase plus milk), and 2) a dose-response phase consisting of four multidose treatments, each for 10 days of full-strength sacrosidase, 1:10 dilution, 1:100 dilution, and 1:1000 dilution."( Sacrosidase therapy for congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency.
Hyams, J; Justinich, C; Kastoff, G; McAdams, L; Stanford, L; Treem, WR, 1999)		0.3
" Overall, these results confirm that ranitidine can be formulated into pellet dosage forms with little or no MCC by the extrusion-spheronization process."( Formulation of ranitidine pellets by extrusion-spheronization with little or no microcrystalline cellulose.
Basit, AW; Lacey, LF; Newton, JM, 1999)		0.3
" 4) The pectin-induced increase of gastric lesions (number) showed a dose-response effect."( Effects of pectin-induced passive linkage of gastric H+ on the gastric acid secretion on the development of ethanol- and salicylate-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats.
Figler, M; Mózsik, G; Szabó, I, 1999)		0.3
" In both cases no dose-response relation was observed."( Variations in colonic H2 and CO2 production as a cause of inadequate diagnosis of carbohydrate maldigestion in breath tests.
de Bruijn, S; Koetse, HA; Pal, J; Pasterkamp, S; Stellaard, F; Vonk, RJ, 2000)		0.31
" The Cr (III) dosage of 5 mg/l reduced overall volatile fatty acid and alcohol generation, degree of acidification, conversions of lactose, lipid and protein, and total biogas production, with the exception of accumulation of hydrogen and propionate."( Inhibition by chromium and cadmium of anaerobic acidogenesis.
Fang, HH; Yu, HQ, 2001)		0.49
" Quantum yield in solution with surfactant Brij 35 and optimum ACE dosage is about 25 times higher than that in Brij 35 alone."( The study of rate improvement of trichloroethene (TCE) decay in UV system with hydrogen source.
Choy, WK; Chu, W, 2001)		0.54
" A KD50 of 102 ppm hydrogen phosphide for 1 h was estimated from the probit regression line developed from dose-response data at 21 degrees C in basic laboratory tests."( Bale compression and hydrogen phosphide fumigation to control cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in exported rye straw.
Miller, GT; Yokoyama, VY, 2002)		0.96
" Urinary excretion in bile-cannulated animals was similar to that found in studies using non-cannulated animals dosed at 100mg kg(-1)."( Application of (1)H- and (19)F-NMR spectroscopy in the investigation of the urinary and biliary excretion of 3,5-, 2,4-ditrifluoromethylbenzoic and pentafluorobenzoic acids in rat.
Blackledge, CA; Evans, JA; Nicholson, JK; Rodgers, C; Wilson, ID, 2002)		0.31
" flexibility in dosage form design and drug efficacy improvement."( Some variables influencing rotoagglomeration in the multiprocessor MP-1.
Rabisková, M; Vetchý, D, 2002)		0.31
" A biphasic dose-response curve for HOE-694 and N-methylisopropylamiloride (MIA) suggested that two isoforms (putatively NHE1 and NHE3) are active in the oocyte, 1-cell, and 2-cell stages."( Developmental changes in the management of acid loads during preimplantation mouse development.
Cook, DI; Day, ML; Gibb, CA; Harding, EA; Johnson, MH, 2002)		0.31
" The major metabolites excreted into the urine for both compounds were a labile N-conjugated metabolite (a postulated N-glucuronide) and a sulphated ring-hydroxylated metabolite (a postulated 4-amino-5-trifluoromethylphenyl sulphate) following dosing of 2-TFMA."( The metabolism of 2-trifluormethylaniline and its acetanilide in the rat by 19F NMR monitored enzyme hydrolysis and 1H/19F HPLC-NMR spectroscopy.
Hofmann, M; Lenz, EM; Lindon, JC; Nicholson, JK; Spraul, M; Tugnait, M; Wilson, ID, 2003)		0.32
" Compared to conventional tablets, release of the model drug from these HPMC matrix tablets was prolonged; as a result, an oral release dosage form to avoid the gastrointestinal adverse effects was achieved."( In-vitro studies of diclofenac sodium controlled-release from biopolymeric hydrophilic matrices.
Bravo, SA; Lamas, MC; Salamón, CJ, )		0.13
" Since a vast amount of organic matters had been released to water after hydrogen fermentation, we externally dosed methanogenic bacteria to the fermented liquor to produce methane."( Hydrogen production from wastewater sludge using a Clostridium strain.
Chang, BV; Chang, CW; Chu, CP; Lee, DJ; Liao, CS; Wang, CC, 2003)		1.99
" The improved material efficiency and product transfer methods could enable formulation of tablet dosage forms earlier in drug product development."( Simulation of roller compaction using a laboratory scale compaction simulator.
Hancock, BC; Mullarney, MP; Zinchuk, AV, 2004)		0.32
" Results showed the specific hydrogen production rate was enhanced by the dosage of Cu at 50-100 mg/dm3 or the dosage of Zn at 10-250 mg/dm3, but was inhibited by Cu over 200 mg/dm3 or Zn at 500 mg/dm3."( Biological hydrogen production by enriched anaerobic cultures in the presence of copper and zinc.
Yu, HQ; Zheng, XJ, 2004)		1
" The electrochemical dosing system provides a powerful paradigm for reproducible gas delivery to high-density arrays of microreactors."( Microbioreactor arrays with parametric control for high-throughput experimentation.
Holtz, WJ; Howe, RT; Keasling, JD; Maharbiz, MM, 2004)		0.32
" A dosing interval of 48 h prevented piroxicam accumulation following multiple dose administration."( Compaction of enteric-coated pellets: influence of formulation and process parameters on tablet properties and in vivo evaluation.
Debunne, A; Mangelings, D; Remon, JP; Vervaet, C, 2004)		0.32
"Percolation theory has been used with great interest in understanding the design and characterization of dosage forms."( Comparison studies on the percolation thresholds of binary mixture tablets containing excipients of plastic/brittle and plastic/plastic deformation properties.
Amin, MC; Fell, JT, 2004)		0.32
" No generally accepted real-time in-line tools are available to gain insight into this process, and in practice, a highly experienced process formulator and operator are needed to develop a wet granulated solid dosage form."( Use of in-line near-infrared spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for improved understanding of pharmaceutical processes.
Rantanen, J; Taylor, LS; Turner, R; Wikström, H, 2005)		0.33
"Oral solid rapidly-disintegrating dosage form has aroused general concern increasingly because of its characteristics about convenient taking, rapid absorption, high bioavailability and not serious adverse drug reaction."( [Research progress on the oral solid rapidly disintegrating dosage form].
Feng, Y; Lin, X; Shen, L; Xu, DS, 2005)		0.33
" Anaerobic microcosms, prepared from freshly collected lagoon slurries, were amended with individual antibiotics at 10 mg/L for the initial screening study and at 1, 5, and 25 mg/L for the dose-response study."( Inhibition of microbial metabolism in anaerobic lagoons by selected sulfonamides, tetracyclines, lincomycin, and tylosin tartrate.
Adams, CD; Henny, C; Loftin, KA; Mormile, MR; Surampali, R, 2005)		0.33
", until approximately day 80), the H(2)-fed bioreactor showed the best ability to completely dechlorinate the dosed PCE (0."( Comparative study of methanol, butyrate, and hydrogen as electron donors for long-term dechlorination of tetrachloroethene in mixed anerobic cultures.
Aulenta, F; Gossett, JM; Majone, M; Papini, MP; Rossetti, S, 2005)		0.59
" The first, the maximum permissive dosage of lactose not to induce transitory diarrhea was estimated based on the oral ingestion of lactose at several dose levels in all the subjects, and compared with that of lactitol which is not hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes."( Maximum permissive dosage of lactose and lactitol for transitory diarrhea, and utilizable capacity for lactose in Japanese female adults.
Ichinose, M; Nakamura, S; Oku, T, 2005)		0.33
"The interaction of moisture with pharmaceutical solids is highly crucial to an understanding of water-based processes, for example, manufacturing processes or prediction of solid dosage form stability and shelf life."( Role of water in the physical stability of solid dosage formulations.
Airaksinen, S; Karjalainen, M; Leppänen, E; Rantanen, J; Shevchenko, A; Westermarck, S; Yliruusi, J, 2005)		0.33
"Nowadays, oral dosage forms with controlled release kinetics have known an increasing interest."( Performance of multilayered particles: influence of a thin cushioning layer.
Chambin, O; Pourcelot, Y; Rochat-Gonthier, MH; Rota, A, 2005)		0.33
" When compared to other fast disintegrating dosage forms (e."( Modified conventional hard gelatin capsules as fast disintegrating dosage form in the oral cavity.
Bodmeier, R; Ciper, M, 2006)		0.33
" Lithium phthalocyanine crystals (LiPC) were placed inside the dosage forms."( A nondestructive technique to determine the rate of oxygen permeation into solid dosage forms.
Felton, LA; Timmins, GS, 2006)		0.33
" Conductivity measurements are used to monitor the drug release from the dosage form."( Comparative drug release measurements in limited amounts of liquid: a suppository formulation study.
Ek, R; Strømme, M; Welch, K, 2006)		0.33
" This study was carried out to investigate the solid phase transformation of ciprofloxacin during conventional formulation processing that impacts the performance of solid dosage forms."( Investigation of excipient and processing on solid phase transformation and dissolution of ciprofloxacin.
Hu, Y; Li, X; Zhi, F, 2007)		0.34
" Thus, the formulation approach offers the possibility of formulating and controlling the in vitro release of water-insoluble drugs from solid oral dosage forms."( Controlled drug release from pellets containing water-insoluble drugs dissolved in a self-emulsifying system.
Booth, S; Clarke, A; Newton, M; Serratoni, M, 2007)		0.34
"Defined mechanical properties are an essential requirement for any pharmaceutical dosage form and this is particularly important in the case of liquid-filled capsules."( Time domain 1H NMR as a new method to monitor softening of gelatin and HPMC capsule shells.
Kuentz, M; Rothenhäusler, B; Röthlisberger, D, )		0.13
"Patients undergoing a colonoscopy received Visicol (n = 34) or 1 of 6 RF-NaP regimens administered as either split (S) dosing (the evening before and the day of colonoscopy) or evening-only (E) dosing."( Residue-free sodium phosphate tablets (OsmoPrep) versus Visicol for colon cleansing: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial.
Bernstein, J; Dalke, D; Demicco, M; Ettinger, N; Karlstadt, RG; Medoff, J; Rose, M; Safdi, A; Wruble, L; Zhang, B, 2007)		0.34
"Split dosing with RF-NaP was associated with high OCC and achieved response rates of 90%, 97%, and 100% for 28, 32, and 40 tablets, respectively, compared with 86% for Visicol."( Residue-free sodium phosphate tablets (OsmoPrep) versus Visicol for colon cleansing: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial.
Bernstein, J; Dalke, D; Demicco, M; Ettinger, N; Karlstadt, RG; Medoff, J; Rose, M; Safdi, A; Wruble, L; Zhang, B, 2007)		0.34
" Split dosing and 32-tablet evening-only dosing of RF-NaP tablets were efficacious and well tolerated, and split dosing of RF-NaP tablets is recommended."( Residue-free sodium phosphate tablets (OsmoPrep) versus Visicol for colon cleansing: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial.
Bernstein, J; Dalke, D; Demicco, M; Ettinger, N; Karlstadt, RG; Medoff, J; Rose, M; Safdi, A; Wruble, L; Zhang, B, 2007)		0.34
"In our study we investigated the release mechanisms of coated oral dosage forms more deeply."( Monitoring of dissolution induced changes in film coat composition by 1H NMR spectroscopy and SEM.
Mäder, K; Metz, H; Strübing, S; Syrowatka, F, 2007)		0.34
" Dosage forms and the solid-state properties of drugs and excipients in a formulation may be influenced by the processing conditions used."( Characterization of prednisolone in controlled porosity osmotic pump pellets using solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
Haslam, JL; Lubach, JW; Munson, EJ; Sotthivirat, S; Stella, VJ, 2007)		0.34
"It is generally accepted, that crystalline solids representing a low energy polymorph should be selected for development of oral dosage forms."( A potentiometric titration method for the crystallization of drug-like organic molecules.
Du-Cuny, L; Fischer, H; Huwyler, J; Kansy, M, 2007)		0.34
" We performed a dose-response study of fructose absorption in healthy subjects to develop a breath test to distinguish normal from abnormal fructose absorption capacity."( Ability of the normal human small intestine to absorb fructose: evaluation by breath testing.
Anderson, L; Attaluri, A; Rao, SS; Stumbo, P, 2007)		0.34
"The dissolution characteristics of melt granulations of paracetamol in capsule and tablet dosage form were compared to determine whether the dissolution characteristics of the granules can be actualized by formulating them as rapidly disintegrating tablets."( A comparative study of the dissolution characteristics of capsule and tablet dosage forms of melt granulations of paracetamol--diluent effects.
Okor, RS; Uhumwangho, MU, )		0.13
" Besides, the present analyses also suggest that the clinical usage and dosage of currently prescribed catecholic drugs are of importance in designing or screening catecholic antioxidants."( How many drugs are catecholics.
Ji, HF; Ren, W; Tang, GY; Yang, DP; Zhang, HY, 2007)		0.34
"Pellets are currently a very popular dosage form for oral application."( Differences in characteristics of pellets prepared by different pelletization methods.
Häring, A; Janovská, L; Krejcová, K; Rabisková, M; Vetchý, D, 2008)		0.35
" This result suggests that blending these two-part pellets (SR and ER) can provide an alternative to preparing a controlled-release dosage form, instead of blending of the coating polymer."( Development of a tamsulosin hydrochloride controlled-release capsule consisting of two different coated pellets.
Tang, X; Yang, R; Zhang, X, 2009)		0.35
"Tablets are by far the most common solid oral dosage forms, and many drugs need to be granulated before they can be tableted."( Simulation of roller compaction with subsequent tableting and characterization of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose.
Hein, S; Langridge, J; Picker-Freyer, KM, 2008)		0.35
" A 2(4) full factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of the operational parameters (impeller speed, chopper speed, dosing speed and wet massing time) on the granulation process."( Evaluation of the composition of the binder bridges in matrix granules prepared with a small-scale high-shear granulator.
Bajdik, J; Baki, G; Kleinebudde, P; Knop, K; Pintye-Hódi, K; Szent-Királlyi, Z, 2008)		0.35
" The uniformity of dosage units of the preparation was acceptable according to the criteria of JP15 or USP27."( In vitro and in vivo characteristics of prochlorperazine oral disintegrating film.
Inagaki, N; Itoh, Y; Matsuura, K; Nishimura, M; Sugiyama, T; Tsukioka, T; Yamashita, H, 2009)		0.35
" The mechanism for zero-order release of these dry-coated tablets was solvent penetration into the dosage form and dissolving the drug, the dissolving core formed an apex in the center of the tablets and the drug diffused out."( A novel zein-based dry coating tablet design for zero-order release.
Guo, HX; Shi, YP, 2009)		0.35
"Multiparticulate drug delivery systems, such as pellets, are frequently used as they offer therapeutic advantages over single-unit dosage forms."( Porous pellets as drug delivery system.
Cosijns, A; De Beer, T; Evrard, B; Nikolakakis, I; Nizet, D; Remon, JP; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J; Vervaet, C, 2009)		0.35
" A three-factor, five-level central composite design (CCD) with temperature (X(1)), compound enzyme dosage (X(2)) and time (X(3)) as the independent variables was applied to optimizing technological parameters of solid-state enzymatic hydrolysis of cornstalk for cellulosic ethanol and hydrogen production."( Production of cellulosic ethanol and hydrogen from solid-state enzymatic treated cornstalk: a two-stage process.
Fan, Y; Hou, H; Pan, C; Xing, Y; Zhang, M, 2009)		0.8
"During the development of a tablet dosage form of an investigational compound, R411, several aspects were identified as critical quality attributes that required optimization."( Functional performance of silicified microcrystalline cellulose versus microcrystalline cellulose: a case study.
Aljaberi, A; Chatterji, A; Sandhu, HK; Shah, NH, 2009)		0.35
", disintegration profiles) of solid oral dosage forms."( Non-destructive determination of anisotropic mechanical properties of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms.
Akseli, I; Cetinkaya, C; Hancock, BC, 2009)		0.35
" Since parenteral administration requires medical assistance and is not the most convenient route of application, the development of an oral dosage form of heparin would improve patients' comfort and replace vitamin K antagonists."( Granules in the improvement of oral heparin bioavailability.
Bonneaux, F; Lecompte, T; Maincent, P; Rabiskova, M; Scala-Bertola, J, 2009)		0.35
" The changes in metabolic pathways impacted upon the dosage of buffer that was required to achieve maximum hydrogen generation."( Buffer requirements for enhanced hydrogen production in acidogenic digestion of food wastes.
Basnar, R; Béland, M; Falletta, P; Parker, W; Proracki, A; Seto, P; Zhu, H, 2009)		0.85
"The aim of this study was to investigate the use of liquisolid technique in improving the dissolution profiles of naproxen in a solid dosage form."( Effects of liquisolid formulations on dissolution of naproxen.
Elkordy, AA; Tiong, N, 2009)		0.35
" The treatments include heating (H), ozonation (O), drug (D) application using fluvastatin, Na2SO4(S) dosing and their combinations to make up for the total of 9 pretreatment methods."( Pretreatment evaluation and its application on palm oil mill effluent for bio-hydrogen enhancement and methanogenic activity repression.
Nitisoravut, S; Wimonsong, P, 2009)		0.58
"A monocentric, open, randomised, single-dose, six-period crossover trial was carried out in healthy volunteers under fasting conditions to establish the most appropriate study design for a pivotal bioequivalence trial with acarbose (CAS 56180-94-0) regarding a) dosage of the drug, b) type of carbohydrate load, c) type of primary endpoint, and d) sample size."( Influence of acarbose on blood glucose and breath hydrogen after carbohydrate load with sucrose or starch.
Dimitrova, V; Erkent, U; Kirkov, V; Koytchev, R; Kunter, U; Nern, A; Richter, W, 2009)		0.61
" Few studies have evaluated feasibility of formulating TPGS in conventional solid dosage forms such as tablets due to processing challenges resulting from its waxy nature and low melting point (approximately 37 degrees C)."( Tabletability assessment of conventional formulations containing Vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate.
Jin, F; Tatavarti, A, 2010)		0.36
" Dosage experiments suggest a primary role is played by spillover of atomic H onto the defect site."( Hydrogen sensing and sensitivity of palladium-decorated single-walled carbon nanotubes with defects.
Collins, PG; Kane, AA; Khalap, VR; Sheps, T, 2010)		1.8
"Designing quality into dosage forms should not be only based on qualitative or purely heuristic relations."( Validity of a power law approach to model tablet strength as a function of compaction pressure.
Henschel, P; Kloefer, B; Kuentz, M, 2010)		0.36
"The inclusion of hyperspectral imaging systems in the manufacturing and development of pharmaceutical products is allowing a successful improvement in the quality control of solid dosage forms."( Fast assessment of the surface distribution of API and excipients in tablets using NIR-hyperspectral imaging.
Amigo, JM; Coello, J; Franch-Lage, F; Maspoch, S; Skibsted, E, 2011)		0.37
"Conventional solid oral dosage forms are unsuitable for children due to problems associated with swallowing and unpleasant taste."( Use of the direct compression aid Ludiflash(®) for the preparation of pellets via wet extrusion/spheronization.
Griesbacher, M; Khinast, J; Radl, S; Roblegg, E; Schrank, S; Zimmer, A, 2011)		0.37
" Similar rates of cholesterol synthesis were estimated when comparing data in the group over the different weeks, but better reproducibility was observed when comparing replicate determinations of cholesterol synthesis in the same nonhuman primate during the respective dosing periods."( Quantifying cholesterol synthesis in vivo using (2)H(2)O: enabling back-to-back studies in the same subject.
Andrews-Kelly, G; Azer, K; Bhat, G; Dunn, K; Herath, K; Hubbard, BK; Johns, DG; Johnson, C; Kulick, A; Mahsut, A; Miller, PL; Previs, SF; Roddy, TP; Wang, SP; Xu, J, 2011)		0.37
" Signature biomarker analysis of the microbial community present in all three sediments revealed the enrichment of Dehalococcoides species, the population of which was sustained for a longer period of time when the sediment microcosms were amended with the lower dosage of iron (0."( Effect of biostimulation on the microbial community in PCB-contaminated sediments through periodic amendment of sediment with iron.
Brenner, RC; Khodadoust, AP; Srinivasa Varadhan, A, 2011)		0.37
" For example, we could determine that the frequently observed three protrusions within the pore appearing in STM images obtained after dosing small amounts of water, are most likely determined by water hexamers."( Investigation of h-BN/Rh(111) nanomesh interacting with water and atomic hydrogen.
Ding, Y; Hutter, J; Iannuzzi, M, 2011)		0.6
" The dosage forms were designed to release the drug above the minimum inhibitory concentration for prolonged period of time so as to reduce the frequency of administration and to overcome the side effects of systemic treatment."( Preparation of fluconazole buccal tablet and influence of formulation expedients on its properties.
Mohamed, SP; Muzzammil, S; Pramod, KT, 2011)		0.37
"The development of amorphous solid dispersions containing poorly soluble drug substances has been well-documented; however, little attention has been given to the development of the finished dosage form."( Use of highly compressible Ceolus™ microcrystalline cellulose for improved dosage form properties containing a hydrophilic solid dispersion.
Coney, AW; Dinunzio, JC; Hughey, JR; Kaneko, N; McGinity, JW; Schilling, SU, 2012)		0.38
"This paper report the development of a new dosage form - self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films, which can improve the oral bioavailability of water insoluble drugs and have good compliance."( [Optimization of novel self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving films by response surface methodology].
He, JK; Huan, D; Liu, Y; Xiao, L; Yi, T, 2011)		0.37
"An ultrasonic non-destructive technique for the microstructure length-scale characterization of solid dosage pharmaceutical tablets is presented."( Acoustic assessment of mean grain size in pharmaceutical compacts.
Cetinkaya, C; Hancock, BC; Smith, CJ; Stephens, JD; Vahdat, AS, 2011)		0.37
"Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) may entail tailor-made dosage form design to exploit their solubility advantage."( Barrier coated drug layered particles for enhanced performance of amorphous solid dispersion dosage form.
Bansal, AK; Dantuluri, AK; Puri, V, 2012)		0.38
"Bearing in mind the present scenario of the increasing biological tolerance of bacteria against antibiotics, a time controlled two pulse dosage form of amoxicillin was developed."( A two pulse drug delivery system for amoxicillin: an attempt to counter the scourge of bacterial resistance against antibiotics.
Akhter, H; Ali, J; Baboota, S; Faisal, S; Saigal, N, 2011)		0.37
" Low water solubility and large therapeutic doses constitute the main problems to overcome in the development of dosage forms of this drug."( Fast dissolving β-lapachone particles and tablets: an approach using surface adsorption technique.
Cunha-Filho, MS; Landin, M; Martínez-Pacheco, R, 2012)		0.38
"There is a need for an improved process understanding of solid dosage pharmaceuticals."( Role of excipients on solid-state properties of piroxicam during processing.
Christensen, NP; Cornett, C; Rantanen, J, 2012)		0.38
"The aim of this study was to develop a multiple-unit dosage system that released model drug into the colon, and also to evaluate the efficiency of the dosage form in human volunteers."( The development and in vivo evaluation of a colon drug delivery system using human volunteers.
Muselík, J; Štembírek, J; Vetchý, D; Zimová, L, 2012)		0.38
"The aim of this study was to investigate the use of liquisolid technique in improving the dissolution of glyburide in a solid dosage form."( Influence of formulation parameters on dissolution rate enhancement of glyburide using liquisolid technique.
Gaikwad, NB; Gowthamarajan, K; Prakash, D; Singare, DS; Singh, SK; Srinivasan, KK, 2012)		0.38
" There remains however a paucity of literature describing the effects on such solid dispersions of subsequent processing into solid dosage forms such as tablets."( Formulation and process design for a solid dosage form containing a spray-dried amorphous dispersion of ibipinabant.
Brown, A; Dennis, AB; Haddadin, R; Leane, MM; Qian, F; Sinclair, W; Tobyn, M, )		0.13
" The oral delivery of antihypertensive propranolol HCl was facilitated by preparing an effervescent floating dosage form which could increase its absorption in the stomach by increasing the drug's gastric residence time."( Design and in vitro evaluation of effervescent gastric floating drug delivery systems of propanolol HCl.
Battu, JR; Kolapalli, VR; Meka, VS; Nali, SR; Songa, AS, 2012)		0.38
" Comparable pharmacokinetic profiles were observed for the two formulations, corroborating the imaging data and providing evidence of similar in vivo dissolution rates and dosage form integrity in the dog."( Decoupling the role of image size and calorie intake on gastric retention of swelling-based gastric retentive formulations: pre-screening in the dog model.
Elkes, R; Jin, L; Lalloo, AK; McConnell, EL; Seiler, C; Wu, Y, 2012)		0.38
" First, no dose-response effect is observed."( Molecular hydrogen as an emerging therapeutic medical gas for neurodegenerative and other diseases.
Ichihara, M; Ito, M; Ohno, K, 2012)		0.78
" In this work we demonstrate the transition from the biomass growth phase to the hydrogen production phase in a single batch culture only by exact dosage of sulfur."( Process development for hydrogen production with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii based on growth and product formation kinetics.
Kruse, O; Lehr, F; Morweiser, M; Posten, C; Rosello Sastre, R, 2012)		0.91
" SDCII and MCCII offer potential for use as a disintegrant in the design and development of solid dosage forms."( Evaluation of the disintegration properties of microcrystalline cellulose II and commercial disintegrants.
Kumar, V; Rojas, J, 2012)		0.38
"Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs), which disintegrate rapidly (<1 min) in the mouth and do not require water for administration, have become a very popular dosage form."( Development and optimization of dextromethorphan hydrobromide oral disintegrating tablets: effect of formulation and process variables.
Ibrahim, MA; Mostafa, HF; Sakr, A, )		0.13
" The selection of drug-excipient blends with inadequate powder flow can lead to quality issues of the final dosage form."( Toward better understanding of powder avalanching and shear cell parameters of drug-excipient blends to design minimal weight variability into pharmaceutical capsules.
Kuentz, M; Nalluri, VR; Puchkov, M, 2013)		0.39
"Ammonio methacrylate copolymers Eudragit(®) RS PO and Eudragit® RL PO have found widespread use as key components in various types of extended release solid dosage forms."( Investigation of the physical-mechanical properties of Eudragit(®) RS PO/RL PO and their mixtures with common pharmaceutical excipients.
Dave, VS; Fahmy, RM; Hoag, SW, 2013)		0.39
" The uniformity of dosage units of the preparation was acceptable according to the criteria of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010."( A new self-microemulsifying mouth dissolving film to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs.
Liu, Y; Xiao, L; Yi, T, 2013)		0.39
" The development of drug-CD complexes as solids allows for potential advantages in dosage form design, such as the preparation of layered formulations, and it also can yield improvements in chemical and physical stability."( 2D solid-state NMR analysis of inclusion in drug-cyclodextrin complexes.
Strohmeier, M; Vogt, FG, 2012)		0.38
"To determine the effect of chitosan, starch powder, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Avicel PH 101 powder, Avicel PH 102 granules as a function of different concentrations on the solubility, disintegration and hence dissolution of furosemide from immediate release tablet dosage forms."( Impact of chitosan as a disintegrant on the bioavailability of furosemide tablets: in vitro evaluation and in vivo simulation of novel formulations.
Fahmy, SA; Galeel, OW; Rasool, BK, 2012)		0.38
" Effects of the four factors (shape of trough, circulating speed, TiO(2) dosage and dilution multiple of WAS) on the photocatalytic degradation of WAS were examined."( Photocatalytic degradation of waste activated sludge using a circulating bed photocatalytic reactor for improving biohydrogen production.
Kim, M; Li, D; Liu, C; Wang, Q; Yang, Y; Zhang, Z; Zhu, Q, 2012)		0.59
"Self-emulsifying oil/surfactant mixtures can be incorporated into pellets that have the advantages of the oral administration of both microemulsions and a multiple-unit dosage form."( The influence of surfactant HLB and oil/surfactant ratio on the formation and properties of self-emulsifying pellets and microemulsion reconstitution.
Barmpalexis, P; Matsaridou, I; Nikolakakis, I; Salis, A, 2012)		0.38
"This study evaluated the mechanical properties, uniformity of dosage units and drug release from the tablets prepared by continuous direct compression process."( Continuous direct tablet compression: effects of impeller rotation rate, total feed rate and drug content on the tablet properties and drug release.
Järvinen, K; Järvinen, MA; Juuti, M; Leiviskä, K; Muzzio, F; Paaso, J; Paavola, M, 2013)		0.39
"Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a valuable tool in the pharmaceutical industry, presenting opportunities for online analyses to achieve real-time assessment of intermediates and finished dosage forms."( Effect of experimental design on the prediction performance of calibration models based on near-infrared spectroscopy for pharmaceutical applications.
Anderson, CA; Bondi, RW; Drennen, JK; Igne, B, 2012)		0.38
"Laminar extrusion of wet masses was studied as a novel technology for the production of dosage forms for oral drug delivery."( Production of dosage forms for oral drug delivery by laminar extrusion of wet masses.
Müllers, KC; Pinto, JF; Wahl, MA, 2013)		0.39
"Risedronate, an anti-osteoporotic drug, is associated with low patient compliance due to the upper gastrointestinal side-effects and stringent dosing regimes."( Risedronate-loaded Eudragit S100 microparticles formulated into tablets.
Cruz, L; Ferreira, LM; Mattiazzi, J; Pohlmann, L; Rolim, CM; Silva, CB; Velasquez, AA, 2014)		0.4
" The new insight into chitosan-alginate matrix tablets can help to broaden the application of this type of dosage forms."( Drug release characteristics from chitosan-alginate matrix tablets based on the theory of self-assembled film.
Li, L; Mao, S; Ni, R; Shao, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, T, 2013)		0.39
"Design of a new dosage form manufactured by laminar extrusion for oral administration of drugs."( Multilayer laminar co-extrudate as a novel controlled release dosage form.
Müllers, KC; Pinto, JF; Wahl, MA, 2013)		0.39
" Urine was collected daily before and during dosing and 6 days after the final dose."( Pattern recognition analysis for hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen using plasma and urinary 1H NMR-based metabolomics in humans.
Kim, JW; Kim, KB; Kim, S; Lee, HW; Lim, MS; Ryu, SH; Seong, SJ; Yoon, YR, 2013)		0.39
"Tablets are the most common form of solid oral dosage produced by pharmaceutical industries."( Quantitative analysis of visible surface defect risk in tablets during film coating using terahertz pulsed imaging.
Hiraishi, Y; Niwa, M, 2014)		0.4
" However, the absence of a dose-response relationship in the application of hydrogen is puzzling."( Dose-dependent inhibition of gastric injury by hydrogen in alkaline electrolyzed drinking water.
Hou, L; Liu, W; Lu, Y; Saihara, Y; Shang, G; Tanaka, Y; Velasquez, N; Xue, J, 2014)		0.89
" The reason behind this may be that hydrogen-rich water directly interacted with the target tissue, while the hydrogen concentration in blood was buffered by liver glycogen, evoking a suppressed dose-response effect."( Dose-dependent inhibition of gastric injury by hydrogen in alkaline electrolyzed drinking water.
Hou, L; Liu, W; Lu, Y; Saihara, Y; Shang, G; Tanaka, Y; Velasquez, N; Xue, J, 2014)		0.93
" marked tensile strength and porosity), FCC promises to be suitable for the preparation of solid dosage forms."( Compaction of functionalized calcium carbonate, a porous and crystalline microparticulate material with a lamellar surface.
Alles, R; Atria, S; Gane, PA; Huwyler, J; Puchkov, M; Schoelkopf, J; Stirnimann, T, 2014)		0.4
"Ritodrine hydrochloride (RD-HCl) tablets containing alginate (AL) and lactose (LC) with or without microcrystalline cellulose (MC) as excipients were produced as a buccal dosage form."( Preparation and evaluation of ritodrine buccal tablets for rational therapeutic use.
Onishi, H; Sakata, O; Yumoto, K, 2014)		0.4
" The findings suggest that the propensity for particles to undergo process induced attrition should be taken into consideration when designing a manufacturing process and/or relating initial particle properties to the performance of intermediate or final dosage forms."( Monitoring process induced attrition of drug substance particles within formulated blends.
Gamble, JF; Hoffmann, M; Hughes, H; Hutchins, P; Tobyn, M, 2014)		0.4
" Six powders were characterized and filled into size-3 capsules in three volumes of dosing chambers and at two filling speeds."( The effects of material attributes on capsule fill weight and weight variability in dosator nozzle machines.
Biserni, S; Calzolari, V; Faulhammer, E; Khinast, JG; Lawrence, S; Llusa, M; Radeke, C; Scheibelhofer, O, 2014)		0.4
"The purpose of this research was to develop an orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) dosage form containing taste-masked beads of clindamycin HCl."( Development and optimization of taste-masked orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) of clindamycin hydrochloride.
Cantor, SL; Gupta, A; Khan, MA, 2015)		0.42
" A suitable CaO dosage of 125 mg/g dry sludge (DS) could further decrease the moisture content of sludge from 82."( Integrated treatment of municipal sewage sludge by deep dewatering and anaerobic fermentation for biohydrogen production.
Jiang, W; Sun, C; Wei, H; Yu, L; Yu, Y, 2015)		0.63
" Although addition of zero valent iron (ZVI) to anaerobic system was not new, the study of dosing it to enhance the biohydrogen yield might be the first attempt."( Effects of dilution ratio and Fe° dosing on biohydrogen production from dewatered sludge by hydrothermal pretreatment.
Jiang, W; Sun, C; Yu, L; Yu, Y, )		0.6
" However, constant drug release rates are difficult to achieve with this type of dosage forms if the drug is freely water-soluble."( How to easily provide zero order release of freely soluble drugs from coated pellets.
Dekyndt, B; Neut, C; Siepmann, F; Siepmann, J; Verin, J, 2015)		0.42
" In one prominent example illustrating the importance of incorporating nitrogen-based functionality, the conversion of the ketone of erythromycin to the -N(Me)CH2- group in azithromycin leads to a compound that can be dosed once daily with a shorter treatment time."( Metal-catalysed azidation of tertiary C-H bonds suitable for late-stage functionalization.
Hartwig, JF; Sharma, A, 2015)		0.42
"296 g/gTVS was achieved at optimal hydrolysis conditions (microwave temperature = 190°C, time = 10 min, and cellulase dosage = 5 wt%)."( Characterisation of water hyacinth with microwave-heated alkali pretreatment for enhanced enzymatic digestibility and hydrogen/methane fermentation.
Cen, K; Cheng, J; Ding, L; Lin, R; Song, W; Xie, B; Zhou, J, 2015)		0.63
" Diluent in direct compression formulation has a dual role: it increases bulk of the dosage form and it promotes binding of the constituent particles of the formulation."( [Application of β-cyclodextrin in the formulation of ODT tablets containing ibuprofen].
Kasperek, R; Poleszak, E; Zimmer, Ł, )		0.13
" However, less information is available concerning its medicinal properties, such as dosage and administration, or adverse reactions and use in specific populations."( Molecular hydrogen: An inert gas turns clinically effective.
Ostojic, SM, 2015)		0.82
"Fracture strength of pharmaceutical compacts varies even for nominally identical samples, which directly affects compaction, comminution, and tablet dosage forms."( Effect of Porosity on Strength Distribution of Microcrystalline Cellulose.
Barcenas, NP; Bowman, KJ; Keleṣ, Ö; Sprys, DH, 2015)		0.42
"In the pharmaceutical field, tablets are the most common dosage forms for oral administration."( Predictive model for tensile strength of pharmaceutical tablets based on local hardness measurements.
Briancon, S; Hoc, T; Juban, A; Nouguier-Lehon, C; Puel, F, 2015)		0.42
" Meanwhile, the hydrolysate can be extracted and reused for cellulose hydrolysis for three runs, which was effective in saving the dosage of chemicals and reducing the pollution of the environment without affecting the properties of hydrocellulose."( Joint action of ultrasonic and Fe³⁺ to improve selectivity of acid hydrolysis for microcrystalline cellulose.
Li, J; Qiang, D; Xiu, H; Zhang, M; Zhang, X, 2015)		0.42
" We have demonstrated that TPI can be used to non-invasively analyse the complex disintegration kinetics of formulations that take place on timescales of seconds and is a promising tool to better understand the effect of dosage form microstructure on its performance."( The Disintegration Process in Microcrystalline Cellulose Based Tablets, Part 1: Influence of Temperature, Porosity and Superdisintegrants.
Anderson, A; Gladden, LF; Goodwin, DJ; Sibik, J; Wilson, DI; Yassin, S; Zeitler, JA, 2015)		0.42
" Moreover, the utility of prodrug 8t was demonstrated through similar exposure of the parent compound when the prodrugs were dosed in vivo."( Design and synthesis of imidazole N-H substituted amide prodrugs as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus replication.
Cai, J; Chen, B; Chen, J; Ji, M; Li, W; Wang, P; Zhou, G; Zong, X, 2015)		0.42
" Low-density lipoprotein receptor-knockout (LDLR(-/-)) mice fed an atherogenic diet were dosed daily with H(2) and/or simvastatin."( Molecular hydrogen stabilizes atherosclerotic plaque in low-density lipoprotein receptor-knockout mice.
Jiao, P; Qin, S; Song, G; Sun, X; Tian, H; Tian, S; Wu, Y; Yao, S; Yu, Y; Zhai, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhao, H; Zong, C, 2015)		0.82
" The simulation results further suggest a NZVI dosing strategy (3-6 mmol/L in temperature range of 30-40 °C, 6-10 mmol/L in temperature range of 15-30 °C and 10-14 mmol/L in temperature range of 5-15 °C) during groundwater remediation to make sure a low ammonium yield and a high nitrogen removal efficiency."( Evaluation on the Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron Based Microbial Denitrification for Nitrate Removal from Groundwater.
Chen, X; Dai, X; Gao, SH; Liu, Y; Ni, BJ; Peng, L; Xin, P, 2015)		0.42
" The effects of reaction temperature, time, hydrogen pressure and catalyst dosage on the catalytic performance of lignin species were investigated."( Investigation on the structural effect of lignin during the hydrogenolysis process.
Long, J; Ma, L; Shu, R; Wang, C; Wang, T; Wu, Q; Xu, Y; Yuan, Z; Zhang, Q, 2016)		0.94
"Fast-dissolving drug-delivery systems are considered advantageous over the existing conventional oral dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and syrups for being patient friendly."( Development of polymer-bound fast-dissolving metformin buccal film with disintegrants.
Haque, SE; Sheela, A, 2015)		0.42
" This altogether demonstrated that the technique provides the pharmaceutical developer with a reliable, quantitative response parameter for visual appearance of solid dosage forms, which may be used for process and ultimately product optimization."( Quantitative surface topography assessment of directly compressed and roller compacted tablet cores using photometric stereo image analysis.
Allesø, M; Carstensen, JM; Holm, P; Holm, R, 2016)		0.43
" The critical attributes of the pellet dosage forms (dependent variables); disintegration time, sphericity and yield were predicted with adequate accuracy based on the regression model."( Design and optimization of disintegrating pellets of MCC by non-aqueous extrusion process using statistical tools.
Gandra, S; Gurram, RK; Shastri, NR, 2016)		0.43
"The capsule is one of the most important solid dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry."( Influence of Polymer Type on the Physical Properties and Release Profile of Papaverine Hydrochloride From Hard Gelatin Capsules.
Iwaniak, K; Kasperek, R; Modrzewska, J; Poleszak, E; Polski, A; Sobótka-Polska, K; Sławińska, K, )		0.13
"Multiparticulate formulations are composed of multiple solid dosage units which can be administered directly to the mouth or sprinkled on food."( Effect of formulation variables on oral grittiness and preferences of multiparticulate formulations in adult volunteers.
Bowles, A; Clapham, D; Ernest, TB; Gul, MO; Lopez, FL; Tuleu, C, 2016)		0.43
" By combining the advantages of thermally stable pharmaceutically approved polymers and fillers, this unique approach provides a low cost production method for on demand manufacturing of individualised dosage forms."( Adaptation of pharmaceutical excipients to FDM 3D printing for the fabrication of patient-tailored immediate release tablets.
Ahmed, W; Alhnan, MA; Arafat, B; Isreb, A; Kelarakis, A; Sadia, M; Sośnicka, A, 2016)		0.43
"The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of process parameters during dry coating on particle and dosage form properties upon varying the surface adsorbed moisture of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a model filler/binder for orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs)."( Microparticle surface layering through dry coating: impact of moisture content and process parameters on the properties of orally disintegrating tablets.
Alyami, H; Bowen, J; Dahmash, EZ; Koner, J; Mohammed, AR; Terry, D, 2017)		0.46
" In compounding, the choice of excipients should be considered as they can affect conformity of the dosage form or its usability in practice."( Challenge of paediatric compounding to solid dosage forms sachets and hard capsules - Finnish perspective.
Eränen, T; Hepojoki, T; Isokirmo, S; Juppo, AM; Kovanen, S; Laihanen, N; Pellinen, J; Siirola, O; Sivén, M, 2017)		0.46
"Fostamatinib is an orally dosed phosphate prodrug that is cleaved by intestinal alkaline phosphatase to the active metabolite R406."( Effects of ranitidine (antacid), food, and formulation on the pharmacokinetics of fostamatinib: results from five phase I clinical studies.
Flanagan, T; Gillen, M; Kruusmägi, M; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D, 2017)		0.46
"Dry granulation using roll compaction is a typical unit operation for producing solid dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry."( Effect of roll compaction on granule size distribution of microcrystalline cellulose-mannitol mixtures: computational intelligence modeling and parametric analysis.
Jachowicz, R; Kazemi, P; Khalid, MH; Kleinebudde, P; Mendyk, A; Pérez Gago, A; Szlęk, J, 2017)		0.46
"There has been limited research done on the downstream processing of nanosuspensions into solid oral dosage forms."( Downstream drug product processing of itraconazole nanosuspension: Factors influencing tablet material properties and dissolution of compacted nanosuspension-layered sugar beads.
Low, A; Möschwitzer, JP; Parmentier, J; Tan, EH, 2017)		0.46
"Continuous manufacturing of solid oral dosage forms is promising for increasing the efficiency and quality of pharmaceutical production and products."( Provoking an end-to-end continuous direct compression line with raw materials prone to segregation.
Abrahmsén-Alami, S; Ervasti, T; Folestad, S; Fransson, M; Karttunen, AP; Ketolainen, J; Korhonen, O; Lakio, S; Tajarobi, P; Wikström, H, 2017)		0.46
" A rapid transformation of dosed Cl-6:2 PFESA was observed, with a hydrogen-substituted polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (1H-6:2 PFESA) identified as the predominant product by a nontarget screening workflow."( Identification of Novel Hydrogen-Substituted Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonates in Environmental Matrices near Metal-Plating Facilities.
Jiang, G; Lin, Y; Liu, A; Ruan, T, 2017)		1
"To ensure robust manufacturing of unit-based oral solid dosage forms with minimal structural imperfections and high mechanical reliability across subsequent processing unit operations (e."( Mechanics of Pharmaceutical Pellets-Constitutive Properties, Deformation, and Breakage Behavior.
Dreu, R; Müller, P; Russell, A; Šibanc, R, 2018)		0.48
" Contrary to the anaerobic floc, insignificant inhibition of nZVI at dosage lower than 30 mmoL/L on the activity of AGS was observed."( Impact of zero-valent iron nanoparticles on the activity of anaerobic granular sludge: From macroscopic to microcosmic investigation.
He, CS; He, PP; Li, LL; Lin, Y; Mu, Y; Yang, HY; Yu, HQ, 2017)		0.46
"Despite the increasing importance of mini-tablet for its advantages as pediatric formulations and in modified-release applications, its popularity is limited due to the lack of formulation and processing knowledge in developing such dosage forms."( Understanding the Factors That Control the Quality of Mini-Tablet Compression: Flow, Particle Size, and Tooling Dimension.
Badawy, S; Nikfar, F; Pandey, P; Rowe, J; Yin, D; Zhao, J, 2018)		0.48
"Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) emerged as dosage forms recommended for special groups of patients like pediatrics or geriatrics, due to their multiple advantages."( Assessment of oral formulation-dependent characteristics of orodispersible tablets using texture profiles and multivariate data analysis.
Bogdan, C; Casian, T; Iurian, S; Moldovan, M; Tarta, D; Tomuta, I, 2018)		0.48
"In this study, the effect of mixing on volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and composition was investigated through running five identical bench-scale reactors that were filled with primary solid and dosed with either pure glycerol or biodiesel waste."( The effect of mixing on fermentation of primary solids, glycerol, and biodiesel waste.
Ghasemi, M; Randall, AA, 2018)		0.48
"To evaluate parameters about wettability, water absorption or swelling of excipients in forms of powders or dosage through various methods systematically and explore its correlation with tablet disintegration."( Evaluation about wettability, water absorption or swelling of excipients through various methods and the correlation between these parameters and tablet disintegration.
Li, S; Wang, Q; Wei, C; Yang, B; Yang, Y, 2018)		0.48
" However, their versatility is limited since the powder component is present throughout the dosage forms fabricated by binder jet 3D printing and material extrusion 3D printing requires high operating temperatures."( Photocurable poly(ethylene glycol) as a bioink for the inkjet 3D pharming of hydrophobic drugs.
Acosta-Vélez, GF; Linsley, CS; Wu, BM; Zhu, TZ, 2018)		0.48
"The objective of this study was to evaluate non-crystalline cellulose (NCC) as a novel tablet excipient in solid oral dosage forms in comparison with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and silicified microcrystalline cellulose (Prosolv®, SMCC)."( Evaluation of non-crystalline cellulose as a novel excipient in solid dose products.
Babu, RJ; Lee, Y; Pawar, K; Rangari, V; Render, D, 2018)		0.48
"Based on the data, it can be concluded that NCC can serve as a cheaper and better alternative to MCC as excipient in solid dosage forms."( Evaluation of non-crystalline cellulose as a novel excipient in solid dose products.
Babu, RJ; Lee, Y; Pawar, K; Rangari, V; Render, D, 2018)		0.48
"Mannitol is commonly used as a pharmaceutical excipient for tablets; the most widely used oral dosage form for drug delivery."( Deformation behavior of crystallized mannitol during compression using a rotary tablet press simulator.
Aubert, A; Bataille, B; Baylac, G; Lefevre, P; Sanchez-Ballester, N; Sharkawi, T; Soulairol, I; Tarlier, N, 2018)		0.48
" This means that having developed a printable formulation, printed pharmaceutical dosage forms can be obtained on any pharmaceutical grade substrate, such as polymer-based films."( Pharmaceutical-grade oral films as substrates for printed medicine.
Hsiao, WK; Markl, D; Paudel, A; Pichler, H; Planchette, C; Stegemann, S; Wimmer-Teubenbacher, M, 2018)		0.48
" The main observations from this review are that cell immobilization assists in optimizing the biomass fermentation performance by enhancing bead size, providing for adequate cell loading and improving mass transfer; there are novel and more potent bacterial and fungal strains which improve the fermentation process and impact on hydrogen yields positively; application of microwave irradiation and sonication and the use of ionic liquids in biomass pretreatment bring about enhanced delignification, and that supercritical water biomass processing and dosing with metal-based nanoparticles also assist in enhancing the kinetics of hydrogen synthesis."( A review of research trends in the enhancement of biomass-to-hydrogen conversion.
Forster-Carneiro, T; Komilis, D; Kumar, G; Mudhoo, A; Sánchez, A; Sivagurunathan, P; Torres-Mayanga, PC, 2018)		0.89
"The manufacture of oral dosage form may induce changes in the physical form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient."( Effect of processing conditions and excipients on dehydration kinetics of sodium naproxen hydrate in formulation.
Garcia-Barriocanal, J; Thakral, NK; Thakral, S, 2019)		0.51
" The model is applicable to the handling and dosing of fine and cohesive powders where small differences in air pressure have a significant impact on the powder flow process."( Powder die filling under gravity and suction fill mechanisms.
Baserinia, R; Sinka, IC, 2019)		0.51
" The results of this study confirmed that a simple method of extrusion-spheronization can be employed to enhance the dissolution of simvastatin in multi particulates dosage form which can also be employed for other poorly water-soluble drugs."( Synergistic effect of polyethylene glycol and superdisintegrant on dissolution rate enhancement of simvastatin in pellet formulation.
Afrasiabi Garekani, H; Aftabi, SF; Javidi, M; Nia, FF; Nokhodchi, A; Sadeghi, F, 2019)		0.51
" Formulating nanoparticles into a solid dosage form may overcome such challenges and thus unlock the potential benefits of nanosizing."( Engineering of solidified glyburide nanocrystals for tablet formulation via loading of carriers: downstream processing, characterization, and bioavailability.
Ali, HSM; Alqurshi, A; Hanafy, AF, 2019)		0.51
"The current work investigates the possibility of developing a novel solid dosage form, with enhanced dissolution rate, whereby nanocrystals (~400 nm) of the class II Biopharmaceutical Classification System drug, glyburide (GBD) were fabricated through combined precipitation and homogenization procedures."( Engineering of solidified glyburide nanocrystals for tablet formulation via loading of carriers: downstream processing, characterization, and bioavailability.
Ali, HSM; Alqurshi, A; Hanafy, AF, 2019)		0.51
" The novel tablet dosage form met US Pharmacopeia specifications, including drug content, hardness, and friability."( Engineering of solidified glyburide nanocrystals for tablet formulation via loading of carriers: downstream processing, characterization, and bioavailability.
Ali, HSM; Alqurshi, A; Hanafy, AF, 2019)		0.51
"Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be prepared in many different solid forms and phases that affect their physicochemical properties and suitability for oral dosage forms."( Rapid Characterization of Formulated Pharmaceuticals Using Fast MAS
Carnahan, SL; Hirsh, DA; Hung, I; Lubach, JW; Nagapudi, K; Rossini, AJ; Wijesekara, AV, 2019)		0.51
"Film tablets are a common oral dosage from."( Effect of coating time on inter- and intra-tablet coating uniformity.
Kleinebudde, P; Radtke, J; Wiedey, R, 2019)		0.51
" The robust, scalable technology presented in this study offers an important solution to the long-standing challenges of formulating sustained-release dosage forms suitable for children and older people with swallowing difficulties."( Wurster Fluidised Bed Coating of Microparticles: Towards Scalable Production of Oral Sustained-Release Liquid Medicines for Patients with Swallowing Difficulties.
Liu, F; Mohylyuk, V; Murnane, D; Patel, K; Richardson, C; Scott, N, 2019)		0.51
"7 mg COD (chemical oxygen demand)/g VSS when the dosage of thiosulfinate increased from 0 to 12."( The inhibitory effect of thiosulfinate on volatile fatty acid and hydrogen production from anaerobic co-fermentation of food waste and waste activated sludge.
Chen, S; Du, M; Huang, X; Li, X; Liu, X; Tao, Z; Wang, D; Wu, Y; Yang, Q; Yao, F, 2020)		0.8
" The developed quercetin nanorod/MCC formulation could be used for further pharmaceutical dosage or food supplements processing."( Preparation of quercetin nanorod/microcrystalline cellulose formulation via fluid bed coating crystallization for dissolution enhancement.
Cheng, S; Chow, PS; Dong, Y; Guo, L; Hu, J; Sheng, F, 2020)		0.56
" In current study, a design space of the compaction pressure, compaction speed and head flat types is introduced for solid dosage compacts prepared from pure silicified microcrystalline cellulose, a popular tableting excipient."( Effects of compaction pressure, speed and punch head profile on the ultrasonically-extracted physical properties of pharmaceutical compacts.
Cetinkaya, C; Coskunturk, Y; Dave, RH; Dave, VS; Kuriyilel, JV; Wright, MF; Xu, X, 2020)		0.56
" The fast-dissolving mannitol-based granules containing danazol nanocrystals and docusate sodium were compressed into a tablet dosage form."( Role of wetting agents and disintegrants in development of danazol nanocrystalline tablets.
Bowen, W; Gong, Y; Karki, S; Kumar, S; Meruva, S; Thool, P, 2020)		0.56
" The objective of this study was to develop a tunable extruded 3D printing platform based on thermo-sensitive gelatin pastes to meet the needs of achieving different drug release characteristics with flexible dosing and design."( A tunable extruded 3D printing platform using thermo-sensitive pastes.
Ivone, R; Lin, X; Shen, J; Wang, X; Xie, L; Yang, G; Yang, Y, 2020)		0.56
" In the tabletting process using a rotary press, rotary die filling is one of critical process steps, as powder behaviour during die filling dictates the quality of final products, such as dosage and weight variations."( Flow behaviour of pharmaceutical powders during rotary die filling with a paddle feeder.
Sun, P; Tang, X; Wu, CY; Wu, ZF; Zakhvatayeva, A; Zhang, L, 2020)		0.56
" With increasing ZVI dosage to 10 g/L, the performances of digestion systems were improved to maintain the systems stable."( Dual roles of zero-valent iron in dry anaerobic digestion: Enhancing interspecies hydrogen transfer and direct interspecies electron transfer.
Yang, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Z; Zhu, Y, 2020)		0.78
" The powdered drug can alter the specified dosage and it is also difficult to dispense the powdered formulation because of its bulky and sticky nature."( Evaluation of Dantrolene Granules Extemporaneously Reformulated from Capsules in a Pharmacy.
Aoshima, H; Kagawa, Y; Maruyama, S; Miyazaki, Y; Tsuboi, A; Uchino, T, 2020)		0.56
"AS (Aquasolv) Lignin produced via Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis has shown potential as an active pharmaceutical ingredient and/or excipient in solid dosage forms."( Application of Aquasolv Lignin in ibuprofen-loaded pharmaceutical formulations obtained via direct compression and wet granulation.
Gil-Chávez, J; Leopold, CS; Padhi, SSP; Smirnova, I, 2021)		0.62
"1% mercury dichloride solution at a dosage of 5 mg/kg with a study after 72 hours, which corresponded to the early polyuric stage of acute kidney injury and the development of no-reflow syndrome."( [THE USE OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN IN CORRECTION OF NO-REFLOW SYNDROME IN THE POLYURIC STAGE OF SUBLIMATE NEPHROPATHY].
Arkchipova, L; Bilookyi, V; Kolesnik, O; Rohovyi, Y; Tsitrin, V, 2021)		0.94
"The North American Consensus guidelines for glucose breath testing (GBT) for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) incorporated changes in glucose dosing and diagnostic cutoffs."( How the North American Consensus Protocol Affects the Performance of Glucose Breath Testing for Bacterial Overgrowth Versus a Traditional Method.
Armstrong, M; Baker, JR; Chey, WD; Collins, K; Dupati, A; Harer, K; Hasler, WL; Lee, AA; Menees, S; Saad, RJ; Watts, L, 2021)		0.62
"Liquisolid compact is a novel dosage form in which a liquid medication (liquid drug, drug solution/dispersion in non-volatile solvent/solvent system) is converted to a dry, free flowing powder and compressed."( Evaluation of the effect of carrier material on modification of release characteristics of poor water soluble drug from liquisolid compacts.
Ali, B; Alyami, HS; Badshah, M; Khan, A; Naz, A; Ullah, M; Wahab, A, 2021)		0.62
" The corncob ash dosage and the fermentative hydrogen production was positively correlated, and the maximum production of hydrogen reached up to 46."( Corncob ash boosts fermentative hydrogen production from waste activated sludge.
Dai, X; Ni, BJ; Wang, Y; Wei, W, 2022)		1.26
" The results suggest that biochar dosing shows better environmental performance for all impact categories, especially in the consolidate bioprocessing case."( Comparative life cycle assessment of biochar-based lignocellulosic biohydrogen production: Sustainability analysis and strategy optimization.
Chen, C; Li, LQ; Ren, NQ; Wang, ZH; Yang, SS; Zhao, L, 2022)		0.96
" Due to difficulties in measuring hydrogen concentration in vivo after intake and high explosive risks of hydrogen, studies about dose-response relationships and tissue concentrations of hydrogen are few."(
Gu, QQ; Liu, BY; Qin, SC; Wang, MY; Wang, Y; Xue, JL; Zhang, MY; Zhao, M, )		0.41
"Due to significant safety tolerances on maximum levels of visible and sub-visible particles in parenterally dosed drug products like monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), particle formation rates must be determined during development and minimized."( Identification of Agitation-Induced Unfolding Events Causing Aggregation of Monoclonal Antibodies Using Hydrogen Exchange-Mass Spectrometry.
Gamage, CLD; Walters, BT; Weis, DD, 2022)		0.94
" The critical bio-processes involved in hydrogen production were disturbed by PE-MPs, with the extent of negative impacts depending on the dosage and size of PE-MPs."( Microbial and physicochemical responses of anaerobic hydrogen-producing granular sludge to polyethylene micro(nano)plastics.
Ni, BJ; Wang, C; Wei, W; Zhang, YT, 2022)		1.24
"Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a diluent for oral solid dosage forms."( Studies on the influence of high-shear granulation process on the compressibility of microcrystalline cellulose.
Geng, L; Gou, J; He, H; Tang, X; Wang, Y; Xiao, B; Yin, T; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2022)		0.72
" Perchlorate was mainly removed in the heterotrophic part (H-part) at a sufficient HRT (6 h) and acetate dosage (14."( Perchlorate removal by a combined heterotrophic and bio-electrochemical hydrogen autotrophic system.
Niu, Z; Qu, D; Wan, D; Zhang, J, 2022)		0.95
" The preparation ratio, pH, and adsorbent dosage influencing absorption by PDA/MgAl-LDH were systematically investigated."( Synthesis of polydopamine modified MgAl-LDH for high efficient Cr(VI) removal from wastewater.
Cui, C; Han, Z; Ren, S; Wang, Y; Zhang, Q, 2022)		0.72
"5% (v/v) dosage of fungal enzyme in to the algal consortium of cathodic chamber, a maximum of 79."( Enzymatic cell disruption followed by application of imposed potential for enhanced lipid extraction from wet algal biomass employing photosynthetic microbial fuel cell.
Das, S; Ghangrekar, MM, 2022)		0.72
" We conclude that understanding the exact molecular target, finding novel routes, and determining the optimal dosage for hydrogen administration is critical for future studies and applications."( Molecular Hydrogen: an Emerging Therapeutic Medical Gas for Brain Disorders.
Duan, R; Feng, S; Li, F; Liu, TC; Wu, C; Yang, L; Zhu, L; Zou, P, 2023)		1.52
" Interestingly, N dosage had little effect on reactivity if NG was produced at PT of 950 °C, while a positive correlation was observed for NG produced at PT of 600 °C."( Nitrogen amended graphene catalyses fast reduction of vinyl chloride by nano zerovalent iron.
Hansen, HCB; Ouyang, Q; Thygesen, LG; Tobler, DJ, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (14 Items)

ItemProcessFrequency
Sweet snackscore-ingredient3
Snackscore-ingredient3
Cakescore-ingredient2
Biscuits and cakescore-ingredient2
Cheesecakescore-ingredient1
Frozen dessertscore-ingredient1
Frozen foodscore-ingredient1
Dessertscore-ingredient1
Protein barscore-ingredient1
Bodybuilding supplementscore-ingredient1
Dietary supplementscore-ingredient1
Barscore-ingredient1
en:open-beauty-factscore-ingredient1
Bakingcore-ingredient1

Roles (5)

RoleDescription
antioxidantA substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
electron donorA molecular entity that can transfer an electron to another molecular entity.
fuelAn energy-rich substance that can be transformed with release of usable energy.
human metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
food packaging gasA food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
elemental moleculeA molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
elemental hydrogen
gas molecular entityAny main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (42)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Metabolism14961108
Biological oxidations150276
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds69175
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type30110
Xenobiotics450
CYP2E1 reactions019
hydrogen production II04
hydrogen oxidation II (aerobic, NAD)04
Aerobic glycolysis020
superpathway of fermentation (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)717
superpathway of photosynthetic hydrogen production5610
hydrogen production VIII42
hydrogen to trimethylamine N-oxide electron transfer916
L-glutamate degradation VII (to butanoate)1036
hydrogen oxidation III (anaerobic, NADP)05
hydrogen oxidation I (aerobic)58
hydrogen oxidation II (aerobic, NAD)815
reductive acetyl coenzyme A pathway II (autotrophic methanogens)622
superpathway of fermentation (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)917
coenzyme B/coenzyme M regeneration IV (H2-dependent)65
coenzyme B/coenzyme M regeneration I (methanophenazine-dependent)1310
mixed acid fermentation3276
gluconeogenesis II (Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum)1542
sulfur reduction II (via polysulfide)69
sulfur reduction I34
nitrogen fixation II (flavodoxin)1012
nitrogen fixation I (ferredoxin)619
Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum biosynthetic metabolism2279
hydrogen production II35
hydrogen production VI87
hydrogen production III114
hydrogen production I37
hydrogen production VIII32
hydrogen production IV25
superpathway of hydrogen production35
superpathway of photosynthetic hydrogen production547
hydrogen production V74
hydrogen to fumarate electron transfer816
methanogenesis from H2 and CO2322
hydrogen to dimethyl sulfoxide electron transfer1015
respiration (anaerobic)026
glutamate degradation VII (to butanoate)125
respiration (anaerobic)-- electron donors reaction list014
nitrogen fixation07
coenzyme B/coenzyme M regeneration107
Anaerobic respiration07
Serotonin biosynthesis112

Research

Studies (27,788)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19905354 (19.27)18.7374
1990's3102 (11.16)18.2507
2000's6842 (24.62)29.6817
2010's9375 (33.74)24.3611
2020's3115 (11.21)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 109.51

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index109.51 (24.57)
Research Supply Index10.28 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.76 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index265.76 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.54 (0.95)

This Compound (109.51)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials399 (1.39%)5.53%
Reviews1,826 (6.34%)6.00%
Case Studies102 (0.35%)4.05%
Observational19 (0.07%)0.25%
Other26,435 (91.85%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		3.1150O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		7.5320C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
9-ethyladenine
[no description available]		7.3520
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		3.4370chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.		2.3920dihydroxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
chloroacetaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0310organochlorine compound
alpha-hydroxyglutarate
2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.		3.58202-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.		2.6930bisphosphoglyceric acid;
tetronic acid derivative		human metabolite
2-keto-4-methylvalerate
alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.		2.39202-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
branched-chain keto acid		algal metabolite;
human metabolite
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		4.9421catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
acetoacetic acid
acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.		4.55803-oxo fatty acid;
ketone body		metabolite
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		7.8940non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
3-phenylpropionic acid
3-phenylpropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-phenylpropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.		2.7330benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid		antifungal agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid
cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids		1.9910
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		8.7302amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		3.2760monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		3.51204-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		6.89201ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		10.441481monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		5.82300aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		3.4570acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetoin
[no description available]		2.0210methyl ketone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		metabolite
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		7.87581ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
acetyl phosphate
acetyl dihydrogen phosphate : An acyl monophosphate in which the acyl group specified is acetyl.		7.3420acyl monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
adenine
[no description available]		8.28316-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid
adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.		2.7330alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		food acidity regulator;
human xenobiotic metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		6.9410imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
curdlan
D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.		7.7620hexose
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		14.334224azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
anthranilic acid
anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.		2.0510aminobenzoic acidhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		3.73100arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		3.0550acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		9.5151amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		3.92120benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		7.381390aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		8.9120benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		9.18160benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.4370amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
betaine aldehyde
betaine aldehyde : A quaternary ammonium ion that is nitrogen substituted by three methyl groups and a 2-oxoethyl group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of amino acids like glycine, serine and threonine.		2.1510quaternary ammonium ionAspergillus metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		5.04410halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid
Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.		4.2650gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
butyraldehyde
[no description available]		2.0710butanalsbiomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2,3-butylene glycol
2,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-2,3-diol : A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.		3.2860butanediol;
glycol;
secondary alcohol
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		7.43610alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		5.1420fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		4.56240amino-acid anion
carbamic acid
carbamic acid : A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.		2.7530carbon oxoacid;
one-carbon compound;
organonitrogen compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
carbamyl phosphate
Carbamyl Phosphate: The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).		3.4620acyl monophosphate;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		13.156020carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		10.192740monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		1.9510amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
carnitine
[no description available]		8.0650amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		4.03140catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		23.061,75548alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		11.27943cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		9.35331tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		13.093471halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		7.39880chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coproporphyrinogen iii
[no description available]		2.4920coproporphyrinogenEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		3.94120coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-cresol
2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.		2.4320cresolhuman xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		10.06130monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
octane
Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.		3.3260alkanexenobiotic
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		8.1550benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
sym-homospermidine
sym-homospermidine: analog of spermidine isolated from sandal leaves (Santalum album L.); structure. sym-homospermidine : A polyazaalkane comprising undecane with three aza groups placed at the 1-, 6- and 11-positions.		1.9610polyazaalkane;
triamine
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		3.6790trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-butynedioic acid
2-butynedioic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. butynedioic acid : An acetylenic compound that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by carboxy groups.		2.4110acetylenic compound;
C4-dicarboxylic acid
4-nitrophenylphosphate
nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.		2.110aryl phosphatemouse metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		3.1250medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
beta-lysine
beta-lysine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3920
indoleacetamide
indoleacetamide: article does not mention position of acetamide group; amide of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the natural auxin found in plants. indole-3-acetamide : A member of the class of indoles that is acetamide substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2. It is an intermediate in the production of plant hormone indole acetic acid (IAA).		2.110indoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia		bacterial metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		13.331633gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol
4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.		2.0610aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
dihydrolipoic acid
dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.		2.0710thio-fatty acidantioxidant;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		4.88110(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
3-chlorobenzoic acid
[no description available]		2.4620monochlorobenzoic aciddrug metabolite
caprylic aldehyde
caprylic aldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1765. octanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid).		2.0510medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
n-alkanal;
saturated fatty aldehyde		plant metabolite
n(1)-methylnicotinamide
N(1)-methylnicotinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinium ion comprising nicotinamide having a methyl group at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of nicotinamide which was initially considered to be biologically inactive but has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent.		2.4220pyridinium ionalgal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		8.0240guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
hippuric acid
hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.		4.6921N-acylglycinehuman blood serum metabolite;
uremic toxin
methylmalonic acid
Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		3.3611C4-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
trithionic acid
trithionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9510sulfur oxoacid
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		4.452202-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde
propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.		2.4820alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen selenide
hydrogen selenide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4920mononuclear parent hydride;
selenium hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.		2.2510amino acid zwitterion;
monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		ethylene releasers;
plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.1110monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		1.9610catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		3.1650dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
creatine
[no description available]		16.16834glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		5.45630aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		14.43265102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate: isomeric with isopentenyl pyrophosphate. prenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol.		2.0510prenol phosphateepitope;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
phosphoantigen
dihydrouracil
hexahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 5,6-dihydrouracil : A pyrimidine obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of uracil.		2.4110pyrimidoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		2.7130alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.. dihydroxyacetone phosphate : A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.		2.8940glycerone phosphates;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydroxyacetone
[no description available]		3.1450ketotriose;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antifungal agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		2.0410methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.		2.7130dimethylbenzimidazoleEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		8.86661sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		3.5580ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		7.1650aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide
formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.		3.3260carboximidic acid;
formamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		solvent
glutaric acid
glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.		210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		8.171370alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		3.3970aldotriosefundamental metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		11.572092alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid
[no description available]		2.6830glycerol monophosphatealgal metabolite;
human metabolite
glycolaldehyde
[no description available]		3.1650glycolaldehydesfundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
glycolic acid
glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.		4.18502-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alcohol		keratolytic drug;
metabolite
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		3.11502-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycocyamine
glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine.		2.0210guanidinoacetic acids;
zwitterion		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
carbonic acid
Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		9.87110carbon oxoacid;
chalcocarbonic acid		mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		7.17370hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		15.413194carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.6830
histamine
[no description available]		14.45462aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
homogentisic acid
Homogentisic Acid: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring.. homogentisic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions.		1.9610dihydroxyphenylacetic acid;
hydroquinones		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		3.76100benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		8.88120hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		4.55230imidazole
indole
[no description available]		4.56240indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.420indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		8.73451diatomic iodinenutrient
itaconic acid
itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		7.7330dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
olefinic compound		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		4.3460hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		7.4220aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal
[no description available]		2.1710hydroxyaldehyde;
pentose;
polyol
lipoamide
Lipozyme: lipase from Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on anion exchange resin		2.1310dithiolanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		3.0850dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
malonic acid
malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.		2.6530alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
methylmercaptan
methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.3970alkanethiolhuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.02102-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		10.723040alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		2.3110inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		9.6452cyclitol;
hexol
methyl coenzyme m
methyl coenzyme M: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.0850S-substituted coenzyme M
melatonin
[no description available]		12.391acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.4720acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
naphthalene
[no description available]		4.47220naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		12.464301metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		8.05370pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.9940pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		11.172481monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		3.4270nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		4.5570nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		10.11981monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		7.13490gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylaniline
N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.7430dimethylaniline;
tertiary amine
dimethylaniline n-oxide
dimethylaniline N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxide : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline in which the tertiary amino group has been oxidised to give the corresponding N-oxide.		2.0510dimethylaniline;
tertiary amine oxide
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		7.5920octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		12.35570oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		2.6430pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid
Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.		2.7930C4-dicarboxylic acid;
oxo dicarboxylic acid		geroprotector;
metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		3.1650alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxamic acid
Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoamideEscherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		4.4951aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		1.96102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		human metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		3.11504-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.6630acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		5.2111long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		7.3720C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		3.3970aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene
phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'		7.830ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon;
phenanthrenes		environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		6.41520phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylpyruvic acid
phenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenylpyruvate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of either keto- or enol-phenylpyruvic acid.. keto-phenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway.		7.6102-oxo monocarboxylic acidchromogenic compound;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.9740benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
2-hydroxyphenethylamine
2-amino-1-phenylethanol: structure in first source		2.2110phenylethanolamineshuman metabolite
phenethylamine
phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.4620alkaloid;
aralkylamine;
phenylethylamine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		4.42200phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.		4.7470carboxyalkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		4.52240phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine
phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.		3.1350phosphoethanolamine;
primary amino compound		algal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		8.97130benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		9.2550pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
diphosphoric acid
diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.		3.0640acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid		Escherichia coli metabolite
pqq cofactor
PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.		3.5120orthoquinones;
pyrroloquinoline cofactor;
tricarboxylic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		6.92211glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.19170propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		4.88330saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pteridines
[no description available]		4.87110azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		3.4880purine
putrescine
[no description available]		2.9140alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		2.9540monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyrazinoic acid
pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.		2.7230pyrazinecarboxylic acidantitubercular agent;
drug metabolite
pyrazole
1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.		8.6590pyrazole
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		6.84790azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal
[no description available]		8.0650hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		11.52260methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		8.2460aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine phosphate
pyridoxamine phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate : A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine.		3.150aminoalkylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6 phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.0850hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 5-phosphate
pyridoxine 5-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110vitamin B6 phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		3.0850benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		12.768902-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.3720pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide
dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.		2.7330aliphatic sulfidealgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
marine metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		5.3540divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
dithionite
Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.		4.53250sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		2.730N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenic acid
Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.		3.88110selenium oxoacid
selenious acid
Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.		2.8830selenium oxoacid
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		9.56761divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		9.3260polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		3.7730polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		5.21490alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		11.14390sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		7.66281sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		10.16180amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		8.74110primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		6.45580pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		7.91591methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine
trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.		4.91110tertiary amine oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
osmolyte
trimethylamine
[no description available]		8.71100methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptamine
[no description available]		2.9740aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tungstic(vi) acid
tungstic(VI) acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210tungsten coordination entity
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		7.86591pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		10.26170uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		12.021393isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uroporphyrinogen iii
Uroporphyrinogens: Porphyrinogens which are intermediates in heme biosynthesis. They have four acetic acid and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Uroporphyrinogen I and III are formed from polypyrryl methane in the presence of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase and uroporphyrin I synthetase, respectively. They can yield uroporphyrins by autooxidation or coproporphyrinogens by decarboxylation.		2.3920uroporphyrinogenEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		4.6270benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		2.9540xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.		2.7230prenol phosphateantigen;
antioxidant;
epitope;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
phosphoantigen
isocitric acid
isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.		1.9310secondary alcohol;
tricarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		2.6730non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		1.9810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		1.9410catecholamine
huperzine a
huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.		2.4420quinolone
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		3.150p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
mandelic acid
SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer		3.22502-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
benzenes		antibacterial agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		3.1650phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		1.9410hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets		2.6830
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		6.12230aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		2.9440methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
edelfosine
edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.		1.9810glycerophosphocholine
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		4.77290bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		7.4620chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		3.2560dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline n-oxide
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide: structure. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide : An inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain at cytochrome bc1 and of photosynthetic electron flow immediately before cytochrome b559.		3.2260monohydroxyquinoline
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		4.03150alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		2.0510amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		1.9310aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
3-methoxytyramine
3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.		2.1510monomethoxybenzene;
phenols;
phenylethylamine;
primary amino compound		biomarker;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		1.9410ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.4220C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
4-aminobenzamidine
4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source		2.0810
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.9140aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.		1.9710chlorine molecular entity;
mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.1510guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		4.46701-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.4520imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5-dimethylamiloride
5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity		3.5990
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride
5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.		3.2360aromatic amine;
azepanes;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
odorant receptor antagonist;
sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		4.43220aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-hydroxydecanoate
5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd		2.0710medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		210indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine
5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.		210aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
tryptamines		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
serotonergic agonist
phenanthridone
phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.		2.0610lactam;
phenanthridines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mutagen
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.0110
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		11.1151monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0110acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator		3.2660monoazo compound
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		7.4110aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		10.48753acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		8.11461monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
n-acetylphenylalanine
N-acetylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. N-acetylphenylalanine : The N-acetyl derivative of phenylalanine.		2.3820N-acetyl-amino acid;
phenylalanine derivative		antidepressant;
metabolite
acridone
acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.		2.0810acridines;
cyclic ketone
tyrphostin a23
tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source		1.9910catechols
albendazole
[no description available]		2.6920aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		2.41201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alpha-methyl-dl-aspartate
2-methylaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
tocopheroxy radical
tocopheroxy radical: RN given refers to radical ion (1+), (2R-(2R*(4R*,8R*)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/90		2.0510tocopherol
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.7730adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.9740acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.4620N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		5.49630dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		2.48201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.3520carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		3.6520dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		3.1960barbiturates
amprolium
Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.		2.4110pyridinium ioncoccidiostat
9-anthroic acid
9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.		210anthroic acid
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		5.44120pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		8.88541benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.4110benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		210ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
atrazine
[no description available]		3.1350chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
azobenzene
azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.		7.8740azobenzenes
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		1.9710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bencyclane
Bencyclane: A vasodilator agent found to be effective in a variety of peripheral circulation disorders. It has various other potentially useful pharmacological effects. Its mechanism may involve block of calcium channels.		6.9510benzenes
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		2.0310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		8.0340benzamides
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.6920ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		1.9610benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		5.6551benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		1.9810pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		2.5720alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
diminazene
Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.		2.4120carboxamidine;
triazene derivative		antiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
propiolactone
Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.		2.2510propan-3-olide
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		1.9610carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone
2,5-di-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.		2.0310hydroquinones
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		2.0610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		2.0610diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		2.9140bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		1.9710secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.1110organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		2.110aromatic ketone
bumetanide
[no description available]		3.69100amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
cacodylic acid
dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.		2.7330organoarsenic compoundxenobiotic metabolite
caffeine
[no description available]		9.49220purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		4.95120aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
calmagite
calmagite: indicator used to measure free magnesium &/or calcium in biological systems; structure		2.610
calmidazolium
calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.		2.0310imidazolium ionapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		3.82110bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.5780dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		1.9710N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		2.110carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		4.78320hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.2350organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cefixime
Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.		2.730
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		3.0750quaternary ammonium ion
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		2.0110pyridinium ion
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.4320benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		8.4580aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.3870aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		2.3520benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.7290monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		3.4680organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		3.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		3.0340chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		210isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.52201,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		3.85120aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		2.4820
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		3.1450aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cirazoline
cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710aromatic ether
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		3.7721benzamides
platinum tetrachloride
platinum chloride: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF; structure in first source: K2PtCl; see also platinum tetrachloride. platinum dichloride : A platinum coordination entity consisting of platinum(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.		2.0510platinum coordination entitycatalyst;
reagent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.7321monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		3.38111,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		9.4551clonidine;
imidazoline
4-cresol
4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.		2.7730cresolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
cx546
1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source		2.110
cyclocreatine
cyclocreatine: structure given in first source		210
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		2.3920piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cystamine
[no description available]		2.6430organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate
dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate: structure		2.5720diester;
methyl ester
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		2.2510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.0610indolesfluorochrome
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		3.3811carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		1.9910acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		2.3620dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		2.6430primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.44201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.0510benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene
dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.4820dibenzothiophenes;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		keratolytic drug
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.3420aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		1.9910diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		4.19160amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		7.9240benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
diethyl pyrocarbonate
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.		3.0750acyclic carboxylic anhydride
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.77110pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		2.0710monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		1.9510dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		3.0750oxazolidinone
dm-nitrophen
DM-nitrophen: photolabile chelator for the rapid photorelease of divalent cations; also called caged calcium (liberates Ca2+ photolytically)		1.9810
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.6730ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0710organic cation
benzophenone
benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		3.96120benzophenonesphotosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		1.9710ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		2.8940piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
stallimycin
[no description available]		1.9610
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.3520organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
ditercalinium
ditercalinium: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		4.131603-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.9540branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.1710benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		2.4120aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		1.9710dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		2.4110oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		1.9810benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		3.2310trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		1.9610cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		1.9710ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
eperisone
eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.		2.3110aromatic ketone;
piperidines
epirizole
Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.		1.9810aromatic ether
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		8.42611
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		6.9610triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		2.6430aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethenzamide
ethenzamide: structure		2.1510organic molecular entity
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		3.6190ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.6630aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		2.9740alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		2.79301,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		2.1510monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		3401,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		4.46230aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.7430dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbufen
fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.02104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
biphenyls		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		1.9810monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		7.610anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		2.110carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		210aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		7.4820conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		2.0210aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.2510aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.0610ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		6.191nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		7.5820(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		1.98101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		2.6930fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		210carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		10.83180chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.2510aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		7.9140
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.		2.4720dihydroxybenzoic acidEC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
MALDI matrix material;
mouse metabolite
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.2110N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.7330aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		4.6361dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		3.0340monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		7.4320glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		7.3620
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		6.04200methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		2.3720azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		6.56620carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		3.3770isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.1110isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		2.940aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		4.12160haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		1.9610quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol
[no description available]		7.8640stilbenoid
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		6.9210resorcinols
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		7.8840phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.71100benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.7530one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hypericin
[no description available]		210
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		5.11410monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		8.0950benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.420dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		2.4620indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indolepropanol phosphate
indolepropanol phosphate: binds specifically to the alpha subunit, but not to the beta subunit of tryptophan synthase. 3-(indol-3-yl)propyl phosphate : An monoalkyl phosphate compound having an O-3-(indol-3-yl)propyl substituent.		2.0510indoles;
monoalkyl phosphate
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		4.73300aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		6.9910
iodoquinol
Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.		2.5720monohydroxyquinoline;
organoiodine compound		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.0410benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
indolepropionic acid
indolepropionic acid: structure in third source. 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid : An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.		1.9710indol-3-yl carboxylic acidauxin;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		2.6120azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		3.37703-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		4.6111organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.8330carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		5.93310secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		5.5161catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
staurosporine aglycone
staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor		1.9810
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		5.2231cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		1.9710aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.7230dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.5780benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		1.9610furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
3-phenyllactic acid
3-phenyllactic acid: alpha-hydroxy analog of phenylalanine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-phenyllactic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
benzylsuccinic acid
benzylsuccinic acid: inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A. 2-benzylsuccinic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of succinic acid carrying a 2-benzyl substituent.		2.0210dicarboxylic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
2-phenylglycine
2-phenylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. alpha-phenylglycine : An amino acid with a structure in which a phenyl ring is bonded to the alpha-carbon of glycine.		2.1110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidhuman metabolite
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		3.3611benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lapachol
lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.		7.0210
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.0710benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		2.4320medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
lithium hydroxide
lithium hydroxide: used for tryptophan determinations in proteins & foods; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-OH		2.0310alkali metal hydroxide
lomustine
[no description available]		2.1310N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		10.0152monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		2.0810benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		2.0610benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		2.2510biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		6.9710cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.5320chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.3720diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
manidipine
[no description available]		3.2310diarylmethane
edaravone
[no description available]		2.0110pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		2.6320aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		1.9510primary aliphatic amine
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4920aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		5.832adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.04101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.76100amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline
Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.		2.0210methoxybenzenes;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
primary amino compound		hallucinogen
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		9.13140guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methacrylic acid
methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.		2.4820alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		5.7531benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		210sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.7730polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.1510C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		6.351benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.4220methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		10.3172benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		3.6280aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		9.25296C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		1.9910aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		2.2110aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
n-methyl-d-glucamine dithiocarbamate
N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate: antidote for cadmium intoxication; repeated administration can result in reduction in cadmium levels of kidney & liver; structure given in first source		210
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		7.6830dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		1.9910imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
milrinone
[no description available]		2.1110bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		2.8940dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.4110naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide
n-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		9.6270maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		1.94101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.3620quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
netropsin
Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.		2.940
ubiquinone q1
Ubiquinone Q1: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex. ubiquinone-1 : A compound composed of the standard 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone nucleus common to ubiquinones; and a side chain of a single isoprenoid unit.		210ubiquinones
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.110cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		6.9410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		1.9710benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		2.110benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		11.37121C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		210aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		7.7330aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.41202-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.4120C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitr 5
nitr 5: photosensitive Ca++ chelator; structure given in first source		1.9810
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		4.7221fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.6830nitrobenzoic acid
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		11.3143aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.4120carbazoles
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.6830benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		2.6920acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		1.9510phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		4.141501,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
p-fluorophenylalanine
p-Fluorophenylalanine: 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.. 4-fluorophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.0210fluoroamino acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine derivative
pamidronate
[no description available]		2.0410phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		2.0810aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		2.3520benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol
4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.		2.7230monochlorophenol
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		3.1750aromatic amine
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.3520barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		7.3720oxopurine
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.4620acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		4.3160barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		4.26412,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		2.3520aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		1.9410primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
oxophenylarsine
oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.		2.4220arsine oxidesantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0110guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		3.0550pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin
[no description available]		2.420dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.		2.5520benzaldehydes;
dialdehyde		epitope
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.7830aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piperazine
[no description available]		7.4620azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		6.9710organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		2.0510pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		1.9710aromatic ether
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		6.86370inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		2.5220potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid
para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.		2.420aminobenzoate;
aromatic amino-acid anion		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		1.9510acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.8940aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.1110amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		1.9810aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.3520benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		3.0650benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		1.9610benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		1.9910phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.110aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		8.7721xanthenes
propiverine
propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome		2.0510diarylmethane
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.821phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		7241naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
propyl gallate
Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.		2.730trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		8.470
proxyphylline
[no description available]		7.4110oxopurine
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.1110aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		1.9710aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		7.6930benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		2.4320alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		2.05101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		1.9710organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		2.05102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
safrole
Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.		2.7730benzodioxolesflavouring agent;
insecticide;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
sebacic acid
sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.		1.9910alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		1.9410barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		4.4980ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		10.231pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		3.1150fluoride saltmutagen
fluoroacetic acid
fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.		1.9410haloacetic acid;
organofluorine compound		EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		2.4520inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		2.3820haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		2.7730pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.1510ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		6.151170long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sulfabenzamide
sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.		7.0510benzenes;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial drug
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.0210pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		2.0510sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.7921isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		5.7642pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		5.7642
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		1.9910pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		1.9510isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		7.1110isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
tempol-h
TEMPOL-H: hydroxylamine (protonated, reduced) form of TEMPOL; a N-hydroxyl form of LASTAR A; TEMPOL is paramagnetic radical used in NMR as SPIN LABELS whereas TEMPOL-H is not. 4-hydroxy-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4. It is a radical scavenger which exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.		2.4420
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0110phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		7.6930benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		3.580quaternary ammonium ion
krypton
Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.		6.71200monoatomic krypton;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		1.9410phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		2.8940dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		2.0210sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		1.9410phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiothixene
Thiothixene: A thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. Its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.		1.9510thioxanthenes
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		6.9710imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.2110dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		2.1110benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.1310pyridinecarboxamide
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		1.9410N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		2.0210aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.		2.0510N-substituted diamine;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		apoptosis inducer;
chelator;
copper chelator
triacetin
Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.. triacetin : A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.		2.9140triglycerideadjuvant;
antifungal drug;
food additive carrier;
food emulsifier;
food humectant;
fuel additive;
plant metabolite;
solvent
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		4.1650pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
bromoform
bromoform: structure		2.4620bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes
triclosan
[no description available]		6.0631aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.8840N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trigonelline
trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.0110alkaloid;
iminium betaine		food component;
human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		9.2941aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		2.0210dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		1.9810aromatic amine
tyramine
[no description available]		3.0750monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
urethane
[no description available]		8.0750carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
vigabatrin
[no description available]		5.2141gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		1.9810
wb 4101
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		1.9910aromatic ether;
benzodioxine;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0710nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
fr 74366
[no description available]		210
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		2.7330inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0110cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		5.0911mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium
Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.		1.9410acylcholine
corticosterone
[no description available]		3.83011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		3.7711011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.643016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		7.610ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.6530alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.4990imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		10.94508glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		7.2110pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		6.49360pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzimidazole
1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.		7.9640benzimidazole;
polycyclic heteroarene
2-aminophenol
[no description available]		2.4620aminophenolbacterial metabolite
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.8740nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		7.89404-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		8.681002-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		1.94101-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		3.85120ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		5.22413-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		7.1924011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.0650non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
tetrahydrocortisol
[no description available]		1.951011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		6.095111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.478017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
androsterone
[no description available]		3.055017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
etiocholanolone
Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.		2.081017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.733017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene
1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3420ortho-fused polycyclic arenemutagen
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		2.3320indoles
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.8740penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		7.2110pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.3520organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine
Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.		1.9710aminopyridine
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		7.65302-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		2.3720guanidines
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		4.49240chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		7.651431alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		6.62680L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benz(a)anthracene
benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.		2.6530ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		9.16170C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		12.041693aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		9.02620amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		7.47680aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		8.811430pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
dimazine
dimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,1-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine substituted by two methyl groups at position 1.		2.3720hydrazinescarcinogenic agent;
fuel;
teratogenic agent
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		2.8840carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sulfamic acid
sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.		3.0840sulfamic acids
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		14.8216314glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.432017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.8640bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		1.9510aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		6.15180pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		1.941017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		12.71680adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0710azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		4.44210tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		4.59270uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine monophosphate
Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.		3.1250pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		2.4110pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		2.7330kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.3720pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		10.77564D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		7.07131monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.3770phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		5.6263amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		5.19490ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tributyrin
tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.		2.0110butyrate ester;
triglyceride		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
protective agent
p-aminoazobenzene
p-Aminoazobenzene: Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.. 4-(phenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.		7.6330
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)		1.9210azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		3.6690benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		8.221120amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		8.2160amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
phlorhizin
[no description available]		3.0550aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		1.9910aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		1.9710amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		5.7270adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		1.97101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		5.02410organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
4-toluenesulfonic acid
4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.7430arenesulfonic acid;
toluenes
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		5.23510amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.2510quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		5.53210anilines;
primary arylamine
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		2.4420calcium saltchelator
2-aminoisobutyric acid
2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.		1.97102,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion;
2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.9640nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		8.377017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0210carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate
Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		1.9510cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9710pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		19.0646441lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		8.3551aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		3.7100
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		5.5660amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.683020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		3.0950alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cytidine
[no description available]		4.6280cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-hexanal
[no description available]		2.0810medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
n-alkanal;
saturated fatty aldehyde		human urinary metabolite
1-naphthaldehyde
1-naphthaldehyde: structure. naphthaldehyde : An aldehyde in which the organyl group is a naphthyl group.. 1-naphthaldehyde : A naphthaldehyde with a formyl group at position 1.		2.4520naphthaldehydemouse metabolite
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		2.2510penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		1.9510antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		3.93130diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
barbituric acid
barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.		7.0510barbituratesallergen;
xenobiotic
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		6.28480chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone
[no description available]		2.110sulfone
hexachloroethane
[no description available]		2.1710chlorocarbon;
chloroethanes		carcinogenic agent;
refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.3620organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		3.94130formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		1.971017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		2.63304-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.2960beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		10.37876mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.3920beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		2.9340nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		5.0911nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		8.83120non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		4.63270amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		10.471591amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		3.150pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.		8.4170chloroethanespolar solvent
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		5.09440L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		4.66280amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alizarin
[no description available]		2.610dihydroxyanthraquinonechromophore;
dye;
plant metabolite
chlorquinaldol
Chlorquinaldol: Local anti-infective agent used for skin, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections with fungi, protozoa, and certain bacteria. In animals, it causes central nervous system damage and is not administered parenterally. It is also used as antiseptic, fungistat, or deodorant.. chlorquinaldol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by chlorine at positions 5 and 7. An antifungal and antibacterial, it was formerly used for topical treatment of skin conditions and vaginal infections.		5.0911monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		9.721251erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		4.3190aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		8671arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
methyl bromide
methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.		2.0810bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes;
methyl halides		algal metabolite;
fumigant insecticide;
marine metabolite
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		6.14410alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		8.77591alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		8.121310alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
methyl chloride
Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.		2.8940chloromethanes;
methyl halides		marine metabolite;
mutagen;
refrigerant
methyl iodide
methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.		2.7730iodomethanes;
methyl halides		fumigant insecticide
methylamine
methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.		3.96130methylamines;
one-carbon compound;
primary aliphatic amine		mouse metabolite
boranes
Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.		8.52740boranes;
mononuclear parent hydride
bromoethane
bromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying a bromo substituent. It is an alkylating agent used as a chemical intermediate in various organic syntheses.		3.2310bromoalkane;
bromohydrocarbon;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
refrigerant;
solvent
bromochloromethane
bromochloromethane: inhibitor of ruminal methane production. bromochloromethane : A halomethane that is chloromethane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a bromine atom.		2.0710halomethane
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		4.83320alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
methylacetylene
methylacetylene: structure		2.9340alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
systhane
systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.		2.110monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
triazoles
ethyl chloride
Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.		2.7230chloroethanesantipruritic drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
local anaesthetic
vinyl chloride
Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.		9.28180chloroethenes;
gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene		carcinogenic agent
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.4720primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		6.63380aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
ethanethiol
ethanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ethanethiol : An alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks.		2.0210alkanethiolrodenticide
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		3.5480chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
difluoromethane
difluoromethane: structure given in first source		7.0310fluoromethanesrefrigerant
isocyanic acid
isocyanic acid: structure. isocyanic acid : A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.		2.110hydracid;
one-carbon compound
carbon disulfide
Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.		2.8840one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
cyclopropane
cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.		8.3870cycloalkane;
cyclopropanes		inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		3.7830gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
boron trifluoride
[no description available]		2.1110boron fluorideNMR chemical shift reference compound
2-propylamine
2-propylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2510alkylamines;
primary aliphatic amine
vinylidene chloride
vinylidene chloride: potent hepatotoxin. 1,1-dichloroethene : A member of the class of chloroethenes that is ethene in which both of the hydrogens attached to one of the carbons are replaced by chlorines.		2.0310chloroethenescarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
phosgene
Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.		3.0650acyl chloride
fluoroform
fluoroform: structure		7.0210fluoromethanesrefrigerant
iodoform
[no description available]		2.1110iodomethanes
propylene oxide
propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.520epoxide
tetramethylammonium
tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.		2.940quaternary ammonium ion
bromotrifluoromethane
[no description available]		2.0310
tert-butylamine
tert-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. tert-butylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that is ethylamine substituted by two methyl groups at position 1.		7.0510primary aliphatic amine
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.940tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
tetrafluoromethane
tetrafluoromethane: structure in first source		2.4520fluorocarbon;
fluoromethanes		refrigerant
methanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.7130alkanesulfonic acid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
methyltrichlorosilane
[no description available]		2.9540
tert-amyl alcohol
2-methylbutan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is propan-1-ol in which both of the hydrogens at position 1 have been replaced by methyl groups.		2.0210aliphatic alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		protic solvent
trichloroacetaldehyde
trichloroacetaldehyde : An organochlorine compound that consists of acetaldehyde where all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.		1.9210aldehyde;
organochlorine compound		mouse metabolite
trifluoroethanol
Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.		4.08150fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		3.6390alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
pinacolone
pinacolone: a metabolite of soman. 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one : A methyl ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 3.		7.1110dialkyl ketone;
methyl ketone
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.6930monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		4130fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
chloropicrin
chloropicrin: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED (66-85); Index Medicus search CHLOROPICRIN (66-85). chloropicrin : A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.		2.0210C-nitro compound;
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antifungal agrochemical;
fumigant insecticide;
nematicide
gibberellic acid
gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		2.3110C19-gibberellin;
gibberellin monocarboxylic acid;
lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		5.09140benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
dimethyl sulfate
dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.		2.4320alkyl sulfatealkylating agent;
immunosuppressive agent
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.67100primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
ethyl citrate
ethyl citrate: structure		2.0810carbonyl compound
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		2.1310
3-mercaptopropionic acid
3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.		3.0340mercaptopropanoic acidalgal metabolite
tetraethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.0610
pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.		3.1650pentaerythritol nitrateexplosive;
vasodilator agent
isopentane
[no description available]		210alkanerefrigerant
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		4.53230alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
isobutyl alcohol
isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.9460alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isobutyraldehyde
isobutyraldehyde : A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.03102-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde;
propanals		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
propylene dichloride
propylene dichloride: Russian drug; structure. 1,2-dichloropropane : A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines.		210chloroalkane;
volatile organic compound
2-butanol
2-butanol: RN given is for parent cpd without isomeric designation. butan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.7430secondary alcohol
methylethyl ketone
methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.		210butanone;
dialkyl ketone;
methyl ketone;
volatile organic compound		bacterial metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
1,1,2-trichloroethane
1,1,2-trichloroethane: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified. 1,1,2-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1 and 2.		2.0510chloroethanes
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		5.46590chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
propionamide
[no description available]		2.110monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary fatty amide
acrylamide
[no description available]		3.0140acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
chloroacetamide
[no description available]		1.9910
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		4.3180alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
n-methylacetamide
N-methylacetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-methylacetamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the N-methyl derivative of acetamide.		3.74100acetamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		metabolite
methyl acetate
methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.		2.9640acetate ester;
methyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
fragrance;
polar aprotic solvent
peracetic acid
Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.		2.8220a peroxy aciddisinfectant;
oxidising agent
nitroethane
nitroethane : A nitroalkane that is ethane substituted by a nitro group.		7.7430primary nitroalkane
methacrylamide
[no description available]		2.0510acrylamides;
primary carboxamide
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.420monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		7.3520pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.4110bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide
cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.		7.4220peroxolenvironmental contaminant;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
oxidising agent
dicumyl peroxide
[no description available]		2.3110
alpha-pinene
[no description available]		2.7830pineneplant metabolite
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		2.420enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		4.17170amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		9.4960organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
1-aminoanthraquinone
[no description available]		2.1110
visnagin
visnagin: from Musineon divaricatum. visnagin : A furanochromone that is furo[3,2-g]chromen-5-one which is substituted at positions 4 and 7 by methoxy and methyl groups, respectively. Found in the toothpick-plant, Ammi visnaga.		1.9610aromatic ether;
furanochromone;
polyketide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.1.1.37 (malate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
phytotoxin;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
skatole
[no description available]		3.3970methylindolehuman metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		2.4206-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		9.35210organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher		2.9640
9,10-anthraquinone
9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.		2.9740anthraquinone
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		1.9410organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
phthalimide
phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.		7.4920phthalimides
1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol
[no description available]		2.0210
1-naphthoic acid
naphthoic acid : An aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of a naphthalene skeleton substituted by one or more carboxy groups.		2.0510naphthoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
fungal xenobiotic metabolite
fluorene
[no description available]		3.4370ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
carbazole
carbazole: structure in first source		3.2250carbazole
1-naphthaleneacetic acid
1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.		2.4520naphthylacetic acidsynthetic auxin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		2.0810glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
phthalide
2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one : A gamma-lactone that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran in which the hydrogens at position 1 are replaced by an oxo group.. isobenzofuranone : A 2-benzofuran containing one or more oxo groups.		2.46202-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene
trichlorobenzene: commercial grade of trichlorobenzene containing 70% 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene & 30% 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene; see also record for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. trichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.. 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.		2.9940trichlorobenzene
hexabromobenzene
[no description available]		7.0710
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		10.52120
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		7.52920pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthranilamide
[no description available]		2.0210substituted aniline
2-nitrophenol
nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.		2.05102-nitrophenols
dinoseb
dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.		1.9710dinitrophenol
picric acid
picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		7.7430C-nitro compoundantiseptic drug;
explosive;
fixative
pyromellitic acid
pyromellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyromellitic acid : A tetracarboxylic acid that is benzene substituted by four carboxy groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5 respectively.		2.0210benzoic acids;
tetracarboxylic acid
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		8.0140monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source		3.1650hydroxybenzaldehydenematicide;
plant metabolite
1-naphthol
1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.		2.2110naphtholgenotoxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite
anthrone
anthrone: used in colorimetric determination of sugar & animal starch in body fluids; structure. anthrone : A member of the class of anthracenes that is 9,10-dihydroanthracene carrying an oxo group at C-9.		7.3110anthracenoneradical scavenger
aminacrine
Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.		1.9510aminoacridines;
primary amino compound		acid-base indicator;
antiinfective agent;
antiseptic drug;
fluorescent dye;
MALDI matrix material;
mutagen
xanthone
xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.		2.5820xanthonesinsecticide
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.		2.4520aldono-1,5-lactone;
gluconolactone		animal metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone
4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone: structure in first source		2.0610
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether: structure. 2,6-dimethoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.0610dimethoxybenzene;
phenols		plant metabolite
decalin
decalin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; don't confuse with decaline which has a nitrogen at the juncture of the two rings;. trans-decalin : The trans-stereoisomer of decalin.. decalin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is the decahydro- derivative of naphthalene.		7.5320ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbonsolvent
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		6.82191mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified		2.0510isoquinolines
quinoline
[no description available]		3.77110azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
isatin
tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;		2.7430indoledioneEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
2-methylnaphthalene
2-methylnaphthalene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylnaphthalene : A methylnaphthalene carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.		2.1310methylnaphthalene
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		8.1150naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
2-methylquinoline
2-methylquinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylquinoline : Any member of the class of quinolines carrying at least one methyl substituent.. quinaldine : A quinoline compound in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a methyl group.		1.9210quinolines
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		3.1850aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
proflavine
Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.		2.0510aminoacridinesantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
chromophore;
intercalator
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		3.98130xanthene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		7.0510phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
thianthrene
thianthrene: in its electron deficient state, effects formation of high-energy phosphate bonds in process of oxidative phosphorylation; structure. thianthrene : The organosulfur heterocyclic compound that is the parent compound of the thianthrenes, a tricyclic structure comprising two benzene rings fused to the b and e sides of 1,4-dithin.		2.3110mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
thianthrenes
veratryl alcohol
(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 of the phenyl group are substituted by methoxy groups.		1.9710benzyl alcohols;
dimethoxybenzene;
primary alcohol		fungal metabolite
2-naphthoic acid
2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.		2.0210naphthoic acidmouse metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
1-phenylpropanol
1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source		2.0210organic molecular entity
methyl benzoate
methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.		2.7230benzoate ester;
methyl ester		insect attractant;
metabolite
benzoic anhydride
[no description available]		6.9410acyclic carboxylic anhydride
benzanilide
[no description available]		2.110
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		3.5180benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
butylparaben
[no description available]		210organic molecular entity
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		7.4820carbonyl compound
indene
indene: structure in first source. 1H-indene : An ortho-fused bicyclic arene comprising of benzene and cyclopentene rings.		2.9540indene;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene
benzotriazole
benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.		2.9740benzotriazolesenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
benzothiophene
[no description available]		4.81501-benzothiophenes;
benzothiophene
benzothiazole
benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.		2.4620benzothiazolesenvironmental contaminant;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
2-dichlorobenzene
2-dichlorobenzene: structure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzenehepatotoxic agent;
metabolite
1,2-diaminobenzene
1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.		2.4620phenylenediaminehydrogen donor
2-bromophenol
bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.		2.0210bromophenolmarine metabolite
2-chlorophenol
chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.		3.27602-halophenol;
monochlorophenol
durene
durene: structure. durene : A tetramethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.		1.9910tetramethylbenzene
dilactide
dilactide: structure given in first source		2.1110dioxanes
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for bromine & chlorine moieties		2.0310organochlorine compound
thioglycerol
thioglycerol: potentiates action of bradykinin in guinea-pig ileum; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. monothioglycerol : A thiol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups is replaced by a thiol group.		2.1110propane-1,2-diols;
thiol		reducing agent;
vulnerary
methyl acrylate
[no description available]		7.0510enoate ester
2-methyltetrahydrofuran
2-methyltetrahydrofuran: structure in first source		7.5220
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.5680butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
n-methylpyrrole
[no description available]		2.0210pyrroles
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		2.4720phosphonic ester
sulfosalicylic acid
5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.		2.0110arenesulfonic acid;
benzoic acids;
phenols		metabolite
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.		2.37205-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
ethylene dimethacrylate
ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.		2.1710enoate esterallergen;
cross-linking reagent;
polymerisation monomer
furfuryl alcohol
furfuryl alcohol: structure. furfuryl alcohol : A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.7730furans;
primary alcohol		Maillard reaction product
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		6.74390aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
3-aminobenzotrifluoride
[no description available]		2.0310
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		3.25605-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
methylphenyl carbinol
1-phenylethanol : An aromatic alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 1.. methylbenzyl alcohol : Members of the class of benzyl alcohols substituted by at least one methyl group.		2.0410aromatic alcoholmouse metabolite
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		3.2860acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
benzoyl chloride
benzoyl chloride: potential carcinogens in manufacturing process. benzoyl chloride : An acyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group. It is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.		2.4920acyl chloride;
benzenes		carcinogenic agent
cyclohexanecarboxylic acid
cyclohexanecarboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. cyclohexanecarboxylic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of cyclohexane substituted by a carboxy group.		210monocarboxylic acid
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		8.4170nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
3-toluic acid
3-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0110methylbenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		9.07140trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl gallate
methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.		2.110gallate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
carvone
carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.		2.0110botanical anti-fungal agent;
carvones		allergen
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.4220parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
gamma-terpinene
gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.		7.420cyclohexadiene;
monoterpene		antioxidant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
4-cymene
4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.		2.7730monoterpene;
toluenes		human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
4-toluic acid
4-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. p-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid in which the methyl substituent is located at position 4.		2.4620methylbenzoic acid
4-chloronitrobenzene
[no description available]		2.7730C-nitro compound
4-nitroanisole
4-nitroanisole: dye intermediate; organic synthesis; structure. 4-nitroanisole : A member of the class of 4-nitroanisoles that is anisole in which one the hydrogen meta to the methoxy group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.05104-nitroanisoles
4-nitroacetophenone
4-nitroacetophenone : A member of the class of acetophenones that is acetophenone substituted at the para-position by a nitro group.		1.9810acetophenones;
C-nitro compound
terephthalic acid
terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.		4.5570benzenedicarboxylic acid
2-diethylaminoethanol
2-diethylaminoethanol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 2-diethylaminoethanol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.		2.0110ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
benzyl bromide
benzyl bromide: structure given in first source. benzyl bromide : A member of the class of benzyl bromides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with bromine.		2.0310benzyl bromideslachrymator
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		3.4370alkylbenzene
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		4.3180styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
4-vinylpyridine
4-vinylpyridine: reagent for blocking cysteine function in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220
benzyl chloride
benzyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. chlorophenylmethane : A chlorohydrocarbon that is phenylmethane substituted by a chloro group at unspecified position.. benzyl chloride : A member of the class of benzyl chlorides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with chlorine.		2.1110benzyl chlorides
benzylamine
aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.		8.4370aralkylamine;
primary amine		allergen;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
benzonitrile
benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.7930benzenes;
nitrile
methylaniline
methylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylaniline : A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.		3.1350methylaniline;
phenylalkylamine;
secondary amine
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		1.9810phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		3.1350monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
methylphenylsulfide
thioanisole : An aryl sulfide that is thiophenol in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.6920aryl sulfide;
benzenes
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.5820quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
triclocarban
triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.		7.6120dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.0810pyridinium salt
barban
barban: selective herbicide for wild oats; structure. barban : A carbamate ester that is 4-chlorobut-2-yn-1-yl ester of N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamic acid. A herbicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Community.		2.0610acetylenic compound;
carbamate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
phenyl ether
diphenyl ether : An aromatic ether in which the oxygen is attached to two phenyl substituents. It has been found in muscat grapes and vanilla.		7.4720aromatic etherplant metabolite
acetoacetanilide
N-phenylacetoacetamide: structure in first source		2.0710
1,3-cyclopentadiene
1,3-cyclopentadiene: structure		2.0610cycloalkadiene
triethanolamine
triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		8.3360amino alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
triol		buffer;
surfactant
boric acid
[no description available]		2.4620boric acidsastringent
4-methyl anisole
[no description available]		210methoxybenzenes
anisyl alcohol
anisyl alcohol: structure given in first source		2.0710benzyl alcohols
betazole
Betazole: A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.. betazole : Pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.		2.8840primary amino compound;
pyrazoles		diagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
histamine agonist
ethyl cyanoacetate
ethyl cyanoacetate: affect muscarinic and nicotinic receptors; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.110
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		5.2631caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
citronellal
citronellal: aldehyde of citronellol; found in citronella oil. citronellal : A monoterpenoid, the main component of citronella oil which gives it its distinctive lemon aroma.		2.4620aldehyde;
monoterpenoid		antifungal agent;
metabolite
quinhydrone
quinhydrone: structure		7.4110addition compound
4-xylene
p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.6920xylene
glycidyl methacrylate
glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.		2.4220enoate ester;
epoxide
butane
butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.		4.1150alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant;
refrigerant
1-butene
but-1-ene : A butene with unsaturation at position 1.		2.520butene
1,3-butadiene
buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.		8.0240butadienecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
acrolein
[no description available]		3.4670enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
2-bromoethylamine
[no description available]		2.3820
allylamine
Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.		2.7430alkylamine
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		2.4420aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
glycolonitrile
glycolonitrile : An cyanohydrin that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9810cyanohydrin
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		3.78100primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
propargyl alcohol
propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		3.3160propynol;
terminal acetylenic compound;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glyoxal
[no description available]		3.1450dialdehydeagrochemical;
allergen;
pesticide;
plant growth regulator
methyl formate
methyl formate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl formate : A formate ester resulting from the formal condensation of formic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (31.5 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it has been used as a fumigant and larvicide for tobacco and food crops.		7.5820formate ester;
methyl ester;
volatile organic compound		fumigant;
insecticide;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
sarin
Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.		8.250fluorine molecular entity;
phosphinic ester
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		4.17160alkane
1,3-butylene glycol
1,3-butylene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. butane-1,3-diol : A butanediol compound having two hydroxy groups in the 1- and 3-positions.		2.5120butanediol;
glycol
3-hydroxybutanal
[no description available]		3.4770
3-chloropropionic acid
3-chloropropionic acid: structure		2.0510
malonamide
malonamide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is malonic acid in which both carboxy groups have been replaced by carbamoyl groups.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid diamide
acetic anhydride
acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.		6.9310acyclic carboxylic anhydridemetabolite;
reagent
gamma-valerolactone
gamma-valerolactone: metabolite of n-hexane; RN given refers to cpd with methyl moiety in position 5. gamma-valerolactone : A butan-4-olide that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 5. It has been found in the urine samples of humans exposed to n-hexane.		4.670butan-4-olideflavouring agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
succinic anhydride
[no description available]		2.4720cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
tetrahydrofurandione
maleic anhydride
Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.		2.940cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
furans		allergen
propylene carbonate
4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one: structure in first source		2.0510
3-xylene
m-xylene : A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.		2.1310xylene
3-chlorophenol
3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.		2.0110monochlorophenol
2,6-lutidine
2,6-dimethylpyridine : A member of the class of methylpyridines that is pyridine carrying methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.110methylpyridines
mesitylene
mesitylene: structure. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.		2.0810trimethylbenzene
gamma-collidine
gamma-collidine: structure		2.0810methylpyridines
melamine
melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.		8.4860triamino-1,3,5-triazinexenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene
[no description available]		2.0510bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
methylcyclohexane
methylcyclohexane: structure in first source. methylcyclohexane : A cycloalkane that is cyclohexane substituted by a single methyl group.		7.7730cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		aprotic solvent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
chlorobenzene
[no description available]		3.5580monochlorobenzenessolvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		5.13101cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
cyclohexanone
[no description available]		2.7930cyclohexanoneshuman xenobiotic metabolite
thiophenol
thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.		7.9540aryl thiol
2-picoline
2-picoline: structure in first source. 2-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.		2.0810methylpyridine
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
[no description available]		2.420
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		2.4820short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		9.25170alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
2-hydroxyethylhydrazine
2-hydroxyethylhydrazine: inhibitor of phospholipid methylation in yeast		210hydrazinesherbicide
vinyl ether
vinyl ether: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search VINYL COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search VINYL ETHER (65-85)		2.4520ether
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		9.11651pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		4.3180cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		4.98110furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		8.68411mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
di-tert-butyl peroxide
tert-butyl peroxide: structure in first source		2.6730
succinamide
[no description available]		2.2110
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine : An ethylenediamine derivative in which each nitrogen carries two methyl substituents. It is widely employed both as a ligand for metal ions and as a catalyst in organic polymerisation.		2.4320ethylenediamine derivativecatalyst;
chelator
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide
[no description available]		2.520
isopropyl myristate
isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure		4.6111fatty acid ester
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		8.150alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
1,4-butanediol
butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).		7.0810butanediol;
glycol		neurotoxin;
prodrug;
protic solvent
1,2-dimethoxyethane
1,2-dimethoxyethane: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties. 1,2-dimethoxyethane : A diether that is the 1,2-dimethyl ether of ethane-1,2-diol.		2.4920diethernon-polar solvent
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		4.05140cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
cyclohexene
cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.		7.7430cycloalkene
piperidine
[no description available]		8.2560azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
morpholine
[no description available]		3.2960morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
hexylamine
hexylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-hexanamine : A 6-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.0310primary aliphatic aminemetabolite
1-hexanol
1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		3.1350hexanol;
primary alcohol		alarm pheromone;
antibacterial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
diethanolamine
diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.		2.5220ethanolamineshuman xenobiotic metabolite
diethylene glycol
glycol ether : A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.		1.9710hydroxyether
ethyl stearate
stearic acid ethyl ester: structure in first source. ethyl octadecanoate : An octadecanoate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of octadecanoic (stearic) acid and the hydroxy group of ethanol.		2.0510long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester;
octadecanoate ester		plant metabolite
heptanol
Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.		1.9610heptanol;
primary alcohol		flavouring agent;
fragrance;
gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
plant metabolite
heptanal
heptanal : An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.		2.1310medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
n-alkanal;
saturated fatty aldehyde		biomarker
nonane
iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.		2.0310alkaneplant metabolite;
volatile oil component
octylamine
octylamine: RN given refers to 1-octylamine. octan-1-amine : An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.0610primary aliphatic aminemetabolite
carbitol
carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.		2.0810diether;
glycol ether;
hydroxypolyether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent
dodecyltrimethylammonium
dodecyltrimethylammonium: used to determine thermal stability of DNA; RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one dodecyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.0510quaternary ammonium ion
octadecyltrichlorosilane
[no description available]		2.0710
n-dodecane
dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).		2.7230alkaneplant metabolite
dodecylmercaptan
dodecylmercaptan: used in polymerization of neoprenes; structure		2.1510
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		6.9310peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		1.9510biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
propylene
propylene: structure		3.6790alkene;
gas molecular entity		refrigerant;
xenobiotic
dimethyl ether
dimethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to two methyl groups.		8.5780ether
isobutylene
2-methylprop-1-ene : An alkene that is prop-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0410alkene;
gas molecular entity
acetol
hydroxyacetone : A propanone that is acetone in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.5220methyl ketone;
primary alcohol;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
propanones		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tetrafluoroethylene
tetrafluoroethylene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4320fluorocarbon
2-methylbutanoic acid
2-methylbutanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2-methylbutyric acid : A methylbutyric acid comprising a butyric acid core carrying a 2-methyl substituent. Produced from amino acid leucine during nutrient starvation in bacteria.		2.0510methylbutyric acidbacterial metabolite;
human metabolite
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		3.9330diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
maltol
maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure		2.04104-pyranonesmetabolite
chloranil
Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.		7.96401,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
2-toluic acid
2-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. o-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0110methylbenzoic acidxenobiotic metabolite
2-chlorobenzoic acid
2-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. chlorobenzoic acid : Any member of the class of benzoic acids in which the benzene ring is substituted by at least one chloro group.. 2-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid having the chloro group at the 2-position.		7.03102-halobenzoic acid;
monochlorobenzoic acid		plant hormone;
plant metabolite
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		8.2960trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		5.761aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin
[no description available]		2.0610benzoins;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
tetralin
tetralin: structure given in first source. tetralin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.		2.110ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon;
tetralins
isoquinoline
[no description available]		3.1550azaarene;
isoquinolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
anthracene
acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.		3.5780acene;
anthracenes;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
sulfoxide
sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).		2.7730benzodioxoles
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.		7.9540dichlorophenol
cyclopentanone
[no description available]		7.4820cyclopentanonesMaillard reaction product
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.7730methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
triethylamine
[no description available]		8.1850tertiary amine
2,5-norbornadiene
[no description available]		2.4820
cyclonite
cyclonite: explosive & convulsant; structure. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane : An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.		3.12501,3,5-triazinanes;
N-nitro compound		explosive
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		210anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
iodoantipyrine
[no description available]		9.3260
1,4-naphthoquinone
naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.		2.43201,4-naphthoquinones
dimethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure		2.110diester;
methyl ester;
phthalate ester
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		3.2460hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		6.9310quinolines
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. naptalam : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide which results from addition of one equivalent of 1-naphthylamine to phthalic anhydride.		2.110carboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
N-(1-naphthyl)carboxamide		herbicide
uridine diphosphate glucose
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.		2.6930UDP-D-glucosefundamental metabolite
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		3.1850naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
fluorodeoxyuridylate
Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.		1.9610pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
syringaldehyde
syringaldehyde: isolated from nonfermented fiber fractions of oat hulls and cottonseed hulls. syringaldehyde : A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. Isolated from Pisonia aculeata and Panax japonicus var. major, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.8530dimethoxybenzene;
hydroxybenzaldehyde		hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		5.41190naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
pentacene
[no description available]		2.110acene;
pentacenes
2-aminothiophenol
2-aminothiophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-aminothiophenol : An aryl thiol that is thiophenol substituted at position 2 by an amino group.		2.1510aryl thiol;
substituted aniline		plant metabolite
2,5-dimethyl-4-benzoquinone
[no description available]		1.9610
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		5.441alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		4.5170NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
n-(hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid
N-(hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
dodecyl sulfate
dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE		2.6930alkyl sulfate
diphenylcarbazide
Diphenylcarbazide: Used as an indicator in titrating iron and for the colorimetric determination of chromium and the detection of cadmium, mercury, magnesium, aldehydes, and emetine.		1.9710phenylhydrazines
4-tert-octylphenol
4-tert-octylphenol: structure given in first source		2.4110alkylbenzene
citronellol
citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.		2.0310monoterpenoidplant metabolite
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		8.5680acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mesityl oxide
mesityl oxide: solvent for extraction of nitrocellulose, many resins, & tellurium; structure		2.4420olefinic compound
ethyl acetoacetate
ethyl acetoacetate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. ethyl acetoacetate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid with ethanol.		2.1110ethyl esterantibacterial agent;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine
hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		8.3460monohydroxypyridineplant metabolite
diallyl glycol carbonate
CR 39: plastic used as a charged particle detector for superimposed autoradiography tissue images		2.0210
hexanoic acid
hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.9540medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		2.110amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
n-heptane
Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).		2.7330alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite
decylamine
decylamine: structure		2.0310alkylamine
hexadecylamine
[no description available]		2.1110alkylamine
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		3.0950cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
tetraphenylborate
Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.		1.9710
monomethylarsonic acid
monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source		2.4820arsonic acids;
one-carbon compound;
organoarsonic acid
pregnenolone
[no description available]		2.874020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.3720methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose
3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.		210D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		1.9710purine nucleoside
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6.		1.9710organosulfur compound;
sulfonic acid derivative
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		3.84120cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
aziridine
[no description available]		2.4620azacycloalkane;
aziridines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		alkylating agent
hydroxytryptophol
Hydroxytryptophol: 5-Hydroxy-indole-3-ethanol.		210indoles
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		3.6180catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		3.0750organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
coronene
coronene: structure. coronene : A ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene that consists of six peri-fused benzene rings.		2.7330ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		3.4670ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
chrysene
chrysene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2252. chrysene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene found commonly in the coal tar.		2.2110ortho-fused polycyclic areneplant metabolite
benzo(h)quinoline
[no description available]		2.1110
phthalazine
phthalazine : An azaarene that is the 2,3-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of phthalazines.		2.0310azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines
cinnoline
cinnoline: structure in first source. cinnoline : An azaarene that is the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of cinnolines.		2.4820azaarene;
cinnolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		3.360azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		5.72270acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
dibenzo(1,4)dioxin
dibenzo(1,4)dioxin: structure		2.7630dibenzodioxine;
heteranthrene;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
oxacycle;
polycyclic heteroarene
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		4.2750indazole
benzofuran
benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.		2.77301-benzofurans;
benzofuran
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		5.93711,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
azulene
[no description available]		2.0310azulenes;
mancude carbobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
triethylenediamine
triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.		2.5220bridged compound;
diamine;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent;
tertiary amino compound		antioxidant;
catalyst;
reagent
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		9.7161adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		5.68250cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.6830isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		11.032711,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		13.042911,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole
1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole		2.49201,2,4-triazole
pyridazine
pyridazine: structure given in first source		2.0210diazine;
pyridazines
pyrimidine
pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.		8.72100diazine;
pyrimidines		Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		4.21170diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		2.7130organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		2.4120organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.		2.8840azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
phenazines
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		2.6530phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
allylisopropylacetamide
Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.		6.9510
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		6.91530azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate
thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.		8.3570pseudohalide anion;
sulfur molecular entity		human metabolite
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		3.3511nitrile
stibine
[no description available]		2.4720antimony hydride;
mononuclear parent hydride
perfluorodecalin
perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute.		1.9610fluorocarbonblood substitute;
solvent
paraoxon
[no description available]		2.110aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		1.9710organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.520pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		2.6530mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
methyl triflate
[no description available]		2.0410
flurothyl
Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.		1.9910ether
diazomethane
Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.		2.9640diazo compoundalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
poison
perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.		2.0510fluoroalkanoic acidcarcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic
bromochlorodifluoromethane
bromochlorodifluoromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by two fluorines, a bromine, and a chlorine. Widely used in 'vapourising liquid'-type fire extinguishers, its use is now generally banned under the Montreal Protocol (ozone-depleting substances), although it is still used in certain applications (e.g. aviation).		2.0210one-carbon compound;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		2.0310benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phenylbenzoquinone
phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1710
thymidine monophosphate
Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).		2.8940thymidine 5'-monophosphatefundamental metabolite
2-fluorophenol
fluorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded fluorine atoms.		2.0310
benzenediazonium
benzenediazonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzenediazonium : The aromatic diazonium ion formed from diazotisation of aniline.		2.0110aromatic diazonium ionhapten
4-fluorophenol
4-fluorophenol: structure given in first source. 4-fluorophenol : A fluorophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogen para- to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a fluorine.		2.0310fluorophenol;
monofluorobenzenes
2-fluoroethanol
[no description available]		2.610
3-fluorophenol
3-fluorophenol: structure in first source		2.0310
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.4120amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nickel acetate
[no description available]		2.0410
difluoroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0810monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound
hexafluorobenzene
[no description available]		2.4820fluorobenzenes;
fluorocarbon		NMR chemical shift reference compound
2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetic acid
2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetic acid: a positron emitting tumor imaging agent; structure in first source		2.0310
trifluoroacetic anhydride
[no description available]		2.0710
silicon carbide
silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses		4.7270organosilicon compound
cyanamide
Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.		3.2660nitrile;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
ethylene sulfide
[no description available]		2.0310organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.610haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		1.941011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.2110bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		1.951017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
phenyl trifluoromethyl ketone
phenyl trifluoromethyl ketone: converted to trifluoroacetic acid in water		2.0210
2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl alcohol
2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl alcohol : An organofluorine compound that is benzyl alcohol substituted by fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.		2.4110benzyl alcohols;
organofluorine compound
2-aminopurine
2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.		2.02102-aminopurines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
4-methylcatechol
[no description available]		2.4820methylcatecholantioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-fluorobenzoic acid
[no description available]		2.5820fluorobenzoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
cyanogen
cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.		6.17370dinitrile;
pseudohalogen
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.6530imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		3.4170monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
3-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.0410
propadiene
[no description available]		4.86100allenes
ketene
ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.		2.9640ketene
carbonyl sulfide
carbonyl sulfide: structure. carbonyl sulfide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds.		9.0440one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
propiolic acid
propiolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propynoic acid : A terminal acetylenic compound that is a 3-carbon, straight-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid having one acetylenic bond.		2.0310acetylenic fatty acid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
monounsaturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenobiotic metabolite
methylguanidine
Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.		1.9510guanidinesEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
uremic toxin
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		10.62230calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9510bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		4.3260bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
naphthazarin
naphthazarin: fish toxin; isolated for first time from the walnut onigurmi, Juglans mandshurica maxim var. Sieboldiana Makino; structure. naphthazarin : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 8 are replaced by hydroxy groups.		1.9510hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinoneacaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		2.3620
funiculosin (anthraquinone)
funiculosin (anthraquinone): see also a pyridone cpd called funiculosin; structure		1.9610trihydroxyanthraquinone
nitramine
nitramine : Amines substituted at N with a nitro group (a contracted form of N-nitroamines); they are thus amides of nitric acid, and the class is composed of nitramide, O2NNH2, and its derivatives formed by substitution.. N-methyl-N-picrylnitramine : A nitramine that is methylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a nitro group while the other is substituted by a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl group. A yellow crystalline powder, it is a high explosive, capable of being detonated by friction, shock, or a spark.		2.0510nitramineexplosive
epitestosterone
Epitestosterone: The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.. epitestosterone : An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.		2.061017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen antagonist;
human metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		1.9410isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
9-phenanthrol
9-phenanthrol: an inhibitor of AMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit; structure in first source. 9-phenanthrol : A phenanthrol that is phenanthrene in which a hydrogen attached to a carbon in the central ring has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.4110phenanthrolTRPM4 channel inhibitor
ninhydrin
Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.		2.0710aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone;
indanones;
ketone hydrate		colour indicator;
human metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.8840benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
adenosine phosphosulfate
Adenosine Phosphosulfate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS.. 5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine 5'-phosphate having a sulfo group attached to one the phosphate OH groups.		3.0510acyl monophosphate;
acyl sulfate;
adenosine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lumazine
lumazine: structure. 2,4-dihydroxypteridine : Any dihydroxypteridine in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 2 and 4.. lumazine : A 2,4-dihydroxypteridine.		2.01102,4-dihydroxypteridine
flavanone
flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.		2.0610flavanones
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		3.0850dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
thioxanthone
thioxanthone: structure in first source		7.4110
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.420amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
benzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.420
fenazox
fenazox: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. trans-azoxybenzene : An azoxybenzene with a trans-configuration.. cis-azoxybenzene : An azoxybenzene with a cis-configuration.		2.0810azoxy compound
indoline
indoline: structure given in first source		8.680indoles
dithiol
dithiol: structure		7.4420
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		2.7330carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
butenolide
butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.4920butenolide
2-norbornene
norbornene : A bridged compound that is cyclohexane with a methylene bridge between carbons 1 and 4 and a double bond at position 2.		3.2550
isomaltose
[no description available]		5.441
carvacrol
carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).		7.7630botanical anti-fungal agent;
p-menthane monoterpenoid;
phenols		agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
flavouring agent;
TRPA1 channel agonist;
volatile oil component
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.730pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
indophenol
Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.		8.1960quinone iminedye
biphenylacetylene
biphenylacetylene : An arylacetylene that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		2.4620arylacetylene;
benzenes		fluorochrome
azomethane
azomethane: structure		1.9910
oxetane
oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.		2.6320oxetanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
isovaleric acid
isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.0210branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
methylbutyric acid;
short-chain fatty acid		mammalian metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		5.31121
1,3-propanediol
propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.		4.1140propane-1,3-diolsmetabolite;
protic solvent
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.7430thiazolidine
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.0210ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.		2.4120
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.5320hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
tetranitromethane
[no description available]		1.9710organonitrogen compound
2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene
2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene: structure in first source		2.1110
abietic acid
abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.		1.9710abietane diterpenoid;
monocarboxylic acid		plant metabolite
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		2.7330organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.0410furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		2.884017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		5.4921
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		2.1710diarylmethane
1,2-naphthoquinone
naphthalene-1,2-dione: structure given in first source. 1,2-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.		2.03101,2-naphthoquinonesaryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
2,7-fluorenediamine
2,7-fluorenediamine: peroxidase reagent for blood smears; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9210
flavone
flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.		2.0810flavonesmetabolite;
nematicide
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		8.3870gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		5.37190organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		3.2660C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
cellobiose
beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.		4.87330cellobioseepitope
3',5'-dichloromethotrexate
3',5'-dichloromethotrexate: structure		1.9710
syringic acid
syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.		2.9430benzoic acids;
dimethoxybenzene;
phenols		plant metabolite
tropolone
Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.		7.7330alpha-hydroxy ketone;
cyclic ketone;
enol		bacterial metabolite;
fungicide;
toxin
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.		4.7940dinitrophenol acaricide;
hydroxytoluene;
nitrotoluene		dinitrophenol insecticide;
fungicide;
herbicide
2-n-butylmalonate
2-n-butylmalonate: structure		1.9810
phenylacetylene
phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS		2.9940benzenes
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		7.5120amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		5.91330carbodiimideATP synthase inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
peptide coupling reagent
tropone
[no description available]		2.0310
ethyl levulinate
ethyl levulinate: structure in first source		7.610oxo carboxylic acid
1-chloropropane
1-chloropropane: structure in first source		2.0710
1,2-dichloroethylene
1,2-dichloroethylene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.1450chloroethenes
aminoacetonitrile
Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.		2.4820
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
2,2,4-trimethylpentane: nephrotoxic. isooctane : An alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4.		2.0310alkane;
volatile organic compound		fuel additive;
nephrotoxin;
non-polar solvent
hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane
[no description available]		2.1110organosilicon compound
maleimide
[no description available]		2.0410dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
1,3-dichlorobenzene
1,3-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3.		2.4620dichlorobenzene
muscone
muscone: structure in first source		4.6111
1-iodobutane
[no description available]		2.0210
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		13.38820dialdehydebiomarker
aceturic acid
aceturic acid: structure. N-acetylglycine : An N-acylglycine where the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.7330N-acetyl-amino acid;
N-acylglycine		human metabolite
n-hexadecane
n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.		2.9640long-chain alkanenon-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
dotriacontane
dotriacontane: A 32-carbon linear hydrocarbon		2.0610long-chain alkane
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		2.5520carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
methyl lactate
methyl lactate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. methyl 2-hydroxypropionate : A lactate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid with methanol.		1.9710lactate ester;
methyl ester		metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.5820arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		3.3260organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		3.4570organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
paeonol
paeonol: structure		2.110methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
2-nitrobenzaldehyde
2-nitrobenzaldehyde: structure given in first source. 2-nitrobenzaldehyde : Benzaldehyde substituted at the ortho-position with a nitro group.		2.4720benzaldehydes;
C-nitro compound
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		3.3460hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl
4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.		2.7530bipyridine
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate
4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.		2.3720arenesulfonic acid;
arylmercury compound
3-nitrophenol
[no description available]		2.02103-nitrophenols
trimesic acid
trimesic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that consists of benzene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5.		2.0510benzoic acids;
tricarboxylic acid
beta-phellandrene
[no description available]		2.4320phellandreneplant metabolite
tristearin
tristearoylglycerol : A triglyceride that is glycerol in which all three hydroxy groups have been formally esterified with stearic acid.		2.110triacylglycerol 54:0Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzylhydrazine
benzylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2510
glycyl-glycyl-glycine
glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.		2.9940tripeptide zwitterion;
tripeptide
glycylglycine
[no description available]		8.5280dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		human metabolite
glycidol
glycidol: structure given in first source		7.1510epoxide;
primary alcohol
glycerylphosphorylcholine
Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)		3.150glycerophosphocholine
siderite
ferrous carbonate : A carbonate salt in which the counter-ion is iron in the +2 oxidation state.		7.0810carbonate mineral;
carbonate salt;
iron molecular entity;
one-carbon compound
phenindamine
phenindamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		6.9210indene
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.9940bis(azo) compound
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		2.4920diester;
organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		4.5770flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
8-aminoquinoline
[no description available]		9.350
1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione
1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione: an oxoglutarate carrier antagonist. 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione : An alpha-diketone that consists of 1-phenylpropane bearing keto substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is found in coffee.		7.4420alpha-diketone;
aromatic ketone		plant metabolite
alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910thia fatty acid
potassium carbonate
potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.		2.0610carbonate salt;
potassium salt		catalyst;
fertilizer;
flame retardant
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		2.1510aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
angelica lactone
angelica lactone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.1310angelica lactone;
butenolide
iodobenzene
iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.4720
levulinic acid
levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.		4.8690oxopentanoic acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
allyl acetate
allyl acetate: potential fumigant for treating stored grains		7.5520
1-hexene
1-hexene: structure in first source. 1-hexene : An alkene that is hexane carrying a double bond at position 1.		2.4320alkene
fluoromethane
fluoromethane: RN given refers to parent cpd. fluorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.. fluoromethane : A member of the class of fluoromethanes that is methane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a fluorine atom.		3.3260fluorohydrocarbon;
fluoromethanes;
methyl halides		refrigerant
vinyl bromide
vinyl bromide: structure		2.4220bromoalkene;
monohaloethene
chlorofluoromethane
[no description available]		2.0610hydrochlorofluorocarbon
n-methylhydroxylamine
[no description available]		2.0810
dimethylselenide
dimethylselenide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. dimethylselenide : An organoselenium compound of two methyl groups covalently bound to a selenium.		2.0510organoselenium compoundbacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
ethane sulfonate
[no description available]		1.9910alkanesulfonic acid
2-hydroxyisobutyric acid
2-hydroxyisobutyric acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is a metabolite of methyl tertiary-butyl ether.		2.11102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
methyl carbamate
methyl carbamate : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of carbamic acid with methanol.		2.0310carbamate ester
manganese carbonate
[no description available]		2.610
2-chloropropionic acid
2-chloropropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified chlorine locant; structure		7.0710
2,3-dinitrotoluene
dinitrotoluene : Any nitrotoluene carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,3-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene that is toluene in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 have been replaced by nitro groups.		2.0210dinitrotolueneexplosive
(s)-binol
(1,1'-binaphthalene)-2,2'-diol: structure in first source		2.0610naphthols
pentafluorobenzoic acid
[no description available]		2.0110perfluorinated compound
triphenylphosphine
triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		2.7330benzenes;
tertiary phosphine		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reducing agent
alpha-naphthoflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).		7.0510extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
2,6-dinitrotoluene
2,6-dinitrotoluene: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for nitrogen moieties. 2,6-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene carrying nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6.		210dinitrotoluenegenotoxin
5-nitroquinoline
[no description available]		2.1110
galactitol
[no description available]		2.4420hexitolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorobenzene
pentachlorobenzene: structure. pentachlorobenzene : A member of the class of pentachlorobenzenes that is benzene in which five of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. Now classed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention.		1.9910pentachlorobenzenespersistent organic pollutant
2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol
2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol: structure in first source		2.0310
2,4-dichloro-1-nitrobenzene
[no description available]		2.2510
3-methylquinoline
[no description available]		7.1510methylquinolinexenobiotic
1,2,4-tribromobenzene
[no description available]		1.9910
1-methyluracil
1-methyluracil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group substituent at position 1.		7.4420nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		metabolite
2-pyrrolidone
2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).		210pyrrolidin-2-onesmetabolite;
polar solvent
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.5480acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
ethyl pyruvate
[no description available]		7.920oxo carboxylic acid
triethylsilane
[no description available]		7.0310organosilicon compoundreducing agent
4-cyanobenzoic acid
[no description available]		2.4420
4-ethyltoluene
[no description available]		2.2110
methyl butyrate
[no description available]		2.1110fatty acid ester
diazoacetic ester
diazoacetic ester: structure		2.0510
dimethyl disulfide
[no description available]		2.4620organic disulfidexenobiotic metabolite
2,5-dimethylfuran
2,5-dimethylfuran: metabolite of n-hexane. 2,5-dimethylfuran : A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl groups.		3.6320furansantifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel;
fumigant;
human urinary metabolite;
Maillard reaction product;
plant metabolite
propylurea
[no description available]		7.0410
1,4-cyclohexadiene
[no description available]		3.2960cyclohexadiene
hexamethylene glycol
hexane-1,6-diol : A diol that is hexane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6.		2.110diol;
primary alcohol
pentadecane
pentadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 15 carbon atoms. It is a component of volatile oils isolated from plants species like Scandix balansae.		2.0810long-chain alkaneanimal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea
1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea: structure. 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 1, 3 and 3 respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.		2.0310ureashuman metabolite
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.3820
1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene : A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 5.		2.0510tetrachlorobenzene
ethyl tert-butyl ether
ethyl tert-butyl ether: gasoline additive. tert-butyl ethyl ether : An ether having ethyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components. It is used as an engine fuel additive to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide and soot.		2.7730ether;
volatile organic compound		fuel additive
phytane
[no description available]		1.9810diterpene
glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.		2.3720bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		3.7521cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
nitrohexane
nitrohexane: formed by deliberate nitrosation of corn; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified nitro locant; RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index. 1-nitrohexane : A primary nitroalkane that is hexane substituted by a nitro group at position 1.		2.0510primary nitroalkanehuman urinary metabolite
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		2.8130organic molecular entity
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.		2.02102'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		fundamental metabolite
docosanol
Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.		2.0310docosanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		antiviral drug;
plant metabolite
tetracyanoethylene
tetracyanoethene: structure in first source		2.0410
homoserine
homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.		710amino acid zwitterion;
homoserine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrosoguanidines
Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.		2.3520
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.9840delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
2,2-dichloroacetamide
[no description available]		2.0210
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		2.5920N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
pyridine n-oxide
pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.		2.5520pyridine N-oxidesdrug metabolite
2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone
2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 have been replaced by chlorines. A highly toxic and carcinogenic disinfection by-product found in drinking water.		2.6101,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
poison
diphenyliodonium
diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined		2.0710
2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol
[no description available]		2.4220
dimethyl methylphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0510
n-cyclohexylformamide
[no description available]		210alicyclic compound;
formamides		mouse metabolite
9,10-dimethylanthracene
9,10-dimethylanthracene: RN given refers to parent ion		2.0510
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		1.971017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norflurane
norflurane: may replace R 12 as air-conditioning refrigerant; structure given in first source		2.0210
dimethyl phosphate
dimethyl phosphate: excreted in urine after exposure to mevinphos; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4620dialkyl phosphate
2-hydroxyethyl acrylate
[no description available]		2.0510
4-methylimidazole
4-methylimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylimidazole : Imidazole substituted at position 4 by a methyl group.		7.4820imidazolescarcinogenic agent;
reaction intermediate
4-nitrophenyl acetate
[no description available]		1.9310C-nitro compound;
phenyl acetates
malononitrile dimer
Malononitrile dimer: has antithyroid activity; inhibits conversion of monoiodotyrosine to diiodotyrosine		2.610
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.		3.8221enoate esterallergen;
polymerisation monomer
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		1.9610ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
amaranth dye
Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0310
methacryloyl chloride
methacryloyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0210
hexafluoroisopropanol
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.		2.5120organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol		drug metabolite
dodecylamine
dodecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1110primary aliphatic amine
3,4-epoxy-1-butene
3,4-epoxy-1-butene: RN given refers to monomer		2.0310
cyclopentenone
2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.		7.4320alicyclic ketone;
enone		Hsp70 inducer
2-cyclohexen-1-one
2-cyclohexen-1-one: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with specified locant for double bond. cyclohexenone : The parent compound of the cyclohexenones, composed of cyclohexanone having one double bond in the ring.. cyclohex-2-enone : A cyclohexenone having its C=C double bond at the 2-position.		2.4220cyclohexenone
1-methylpyridinium
1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4120methylpyridines
5-aminouracil
[no description available]		2.110
2-aminobenzimidazole
2-aminobenzimidazole: metabolite of benomyl; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-aminobenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.		7.0510benzimidazolesmarine xenobiotic metabolite
2-phenoxypropanoic acid
2-phenoxypropanoic acid: structure in first source		2.0310aromatic ether;
carboxylic acid
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		6.6792pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		4.360pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol
2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.		3.2260dichlorobenzene;
quinone imine
2'-deoxyadenosine
2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source		2.1510purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine diphosphate choline
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.		1.9610nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylphosphonic acid
methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.		2.5520one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids
2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran
2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran: structure given in first source		2.4320
3-phenylpyridine
[no description available]		2.1510
2-phenylpyridine
2-phenylpyridine: structure given in first source		3.1750
deoxycytidine monophosphate
Deoxycytidine Monophosphate: Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.. 2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.41102'-deoxycytidine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quinacridone
quinacridone: structure in first source		2.2510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ammonium bicarbonate
ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)		8.1550organooxygen compound
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.110ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyanoacetylene
cyanoacetylene: structure in first source		2.4420
phenylglyoxal
[no description available]		1.9710phenylacetaldehydes
nicotinamide mononucleotide
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.		2.0810nicotinamide mononucleotideEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzyl viologen
Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.		4.02140bipyridines
1,3-propane sultone
1,3-propane sultone: sultone is usually defined as a derivative of 1,8-naphtholsulfonic acid; structure		2.0210sultone
pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde
pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-formylpyridine : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a formyl group.		2.0810pyridinecarbaldehyde
4-dimethylaminopyridine
4-dimethylaminopyridine: catalyst for acetylation of hydroxy cpds; structure		7.4420dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide
3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide : A salicylanilide derivative with chloride substituents at C-3 and C-5 of the salicylate moiety and at C-3 and C-4 of the anilide moiety.		2.6730dichlorobenzene;
salicylanilides		drug allergen
decabromobiphenyl ether
decabromobiphenyl ether: a flame retardant. decabromodiphenyl ether : A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines.		2.3110polybromodiphenyl etherneurotoxin
1,8-octanedithiol
[no description available]		2.1310alkanethiol
carmine
Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.		5.0911
gallium arsenide
[no description available]		2.7530
calcium peroxide
[no description available]		7.610calcium oxides
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		4.4200
cadmium oxide
cadmium oxide: causes severe lung damage; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		6.25410cadmium molecular entity
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		3.5780alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		4.95370alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		2.8540manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
molybdenum trioxide
[no description available]		2.0810molybdenum oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		8.61481zinc molecular entity
vanadium pentoxide
[no description available]		3.4170vanadium oxide
dioxouranium(vi)
[no description available]		7.0610uranium oxide
lead sulfide
lead sulfide: surma refers to fine powder-like mascara, applied to conjunctival surfaces of eyes; originally contained antimony sulfide (derived from Urdu word for antimony); recently lead sulfide has been used due to scarcity of antimony; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-S; galena is the principal ore of lead sulfide. Black kohl stone and red-brown kohl stone are widely used in eye cosmetics in the Middle East, Asia and Africa		2.9440
molybdenum disulfide
[no description available]		6.58340sulfide salt
ferrous sulfide
ferrous sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-S; mackinawite & troilite both have MF Fe-S		5.34100
monolaurin
monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol		2.05101-monoglyceride;
dodecanoate ester;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol
beta-pinene
beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.		2.610pineneplant metabolite
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		5.9310hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.		2.610inorganic hydroxy compoundfood acidity regulator
sorbitan monostearate
sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH		2.0410
ferrous oxide
[no description available]		2.4120iron oxide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		3.6390glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		6350alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		2.7330
lysergol
lysergol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (8beta)-isomer. lysergol : An alkaloid of the ergoline family that occurs as a minor constituent in some species of fungi and in the morning glory family of plants. Its structure is that of ergoline with a methyl group at N-6 and a beta-hydroxymethyl substituent at C-8.		2.4110ergoline alkaloid
1,2-epoxyhexane
[no description available]		4.6111
pseudouridine
[no description available]		1.9610pseudouridinesfundamental metabolite
guanazole
Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.		2.0510aromatic amine;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
selenomethionine
[no description available]		7.1510selenoamino acid;
selenomethionines		plant metabolite
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.		2.8130diarylmethane
phenylphosphonic acid
phenylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM same as N1		2.940benzenes
fenchol
fenchol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		7.3110
methyl tert-butyl ether
methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.		8.84110etherfuel additive;
metabolite;
non-polar solvent
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.0410cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid
1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.2510
decane
decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.		2.3920alkane
dichlorobenzyl alcohol
2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by chlorines.		2.0310benzyl alcohols;
dichlorobenzene		antiseptic drug
nitrofen
nitrofen: structure		7.3110organic molecular entityEC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.		2.6620aromatic fungicide;
dinitrile;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		6.42550organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
heptazine
heptazine: structure in first source		2.58201,3,5-triazines
pristane
pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.		1.9810long-chain alkane;
norterpene		biomarker;
immunological adjuvant
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		1.98102'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
orange g
orange G : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 7-hydroxy-8-[(E)-phenyldiazenyl]naphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid. It is often combined with other yellow dyes in alcoholic solution to stain erythrocytes in trichrome methods, and is used for demonstrating cells in the pancreas and pituitary.		2.0310
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		8.0640quaternary ammonium ion
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		2.6530methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		9.191800aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		1.9510aromatic ketone
perillaldehyde
perillaldehyde: from oil of Perillae herba; has neuropharmacological actions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6956. perillyl aldehyde : An aldehyde that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0410aldehyde;
olefinic compound		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
volatile oil component
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.		3.2310azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
n-isopropylacrylamide
N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands		2.3110
1-methoxynaphthalene
1-methoxynaphthalene: structure in first source. methoxynaphthalene : Any alkyloxynaphthalene bearing one or more methoxy substituents.		2.1110
1,3,5-hexatriene
1,3,5-hexatriene: structure in first source		2.0810
(nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid
(nitrilotris(methylene))triphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; an antiscalant		2.2510phosphonoacetic acid
1,5-naphthalenediamine
1,5-diaminonaphthalene: structure in first source. naphthalene-1,5-diamine : A naphthalenediamine compound having amino substituents in the 1- and 5-positions.		2.7730naphthalenediaminecarcinogenic agent
dihydroconiferyl alcohol
dihydroconiferyl alcohol: structure given in first source. dihydroconiferyl alcohol : A member of class of phenols that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a 3-hydroxypropyl group at position 4.		2.0610eugenol;
primary alcohol		plant metabolite
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		3.25602-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		2.4320organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
alpha-terpineol
terpineol : A family of monoterpenols that have a p-menthane skeleton containing one double bond and bearing a single hydroxy substituent.		2.4920terpineolplant metabolite
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		8.0950fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylimidazole
[no description available]		1.9710N-acylimidazole
sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).		3.150sulfur coordination entitygreenhouse gas;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
ultrasound contrast agent
polyethylene glycol 300
[no description available]		1.9810poly(ethylene glycol)
octogen
octogen: an explosive compound, contaminant in waste water; structure given in third source. octogen : A tetrazocane that is 1,3,5,7-tetrazocane in which the hydrogen atom attached to each of the nitrogens is replaced by a nitro group.		2.7130N-nitro compound;
tetrazocane		explosive
4-amino-2-hydroxytoluene
4-amino-2-hydroxytoluene: an ingredient in oxidative hair coloring products; structure in first source		2.0310
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source		2.0510
methyl methanethiosulfonate
S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.		210sulfonic acid derivative;
thiosulfonate ester		metabolite
uridine diphosphate galactose
Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.. UDP-alpha-D-galactose : A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.		210UDP-D-galactosemouse metabolite
glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride
glycidyl trimethylammonium: causes dermatitis on contact; structure given in first source; RN given refers to chloride		2.2110
4-nitroimidazole
5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.		2.1110C-nitro compound;
imidazoles
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		2.0310dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
beta-butyrolactone
beta-butyrolactone: structure		2.0510beta-lactone
1,4-diaminocyclohexane
1,4-diaminocyclohexane: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation		2.1710
copper(ii) nitrate
copper(II) nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having copper(2+) as the couterion.		2.0410inorganic nitrate salt
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source		2.9340primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		3.580fluorescein isothiocyanate
benzolamide
Benzolamide: Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.		1.9810
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		4.981thujeneplant metabolite
4,5-dichlorocatechol
[no description available]		2.0510
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		10.06101D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
anabaseine
anabaseine: structure given in first source		2.0310bipyridines
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		6.61611,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
zinc carbonate
[no description available]		2.2510organooxygen compound
palmatine
burasaine: structure in first source		2.0810berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		plant metabolite
ecdysone
[no description available]		8.743014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
6-oxo steroid;
ecdysteroid		prohormone
n,n-diethylhydroxylamine
N,N-diethylhydroxylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.8740antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		7.23520carbon oxoanion
l 451167
L 451167: structure given in first source		2.0510
3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate
[no description available]		210
promethazine
1,3-dimethylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1,3-dimethylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is methyl.		2.08101-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
monomethyl phthalate
monomethyl phthalate: structure in first source		2.110methyl ester;
phthalic acid monoester
5-amino-1h-tetrazole
[no description available]		2.0510
(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.0510
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		3.811
acetylthiocholine
Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.		2.1110
2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenate
tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; see also record for 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol. tetrachlorophenol : A chlorophenol that is phenol in which four of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.. 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 5.		2.0110tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0810aromatic amine
trioctylmethylammonium
trioctylmethylammonium: used in high performance liquid chromatography for the separation of tRNA; RN given refers to chloride. methyltrioctylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion with three octyl groups and one methyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.0710quaternary ammonium ion
norleucine
Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.		2.02102-aminohexanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		1.9710penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.6930beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
iprindole
Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)		1.9410indoles
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		3.260dioxolane
terbutylazine
terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		2.0210chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
3,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0310carbonyl compound
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		7.7430cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		2.1310azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
4-pentynoic acid
4-pentynoic acid: structure		2.110
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		3.3770amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.		2.7630ammonium salt;
inorganic molecular entity;
inorganic nitrate salt		explosive;
fertilizer;
oxidising agent
nimorazole
Nimorazole: An antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal.		2.3110C-nitro compound;
imidazoles
olaflur
Olaflur: cariostatic agent		1.9810
1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene
[no description available]		2.0310
dimethylpropiothetin
dimethylpropiothetin: has antineoplastic activity; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt. S,S-dimethyl-beta-propiothetin : A sulfonium betaine obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionic acid.		2.3110sulfonium betainemarine metabolite;
osmolyte
hepes
[no description available]		3.0950HEPES;
organosulfonic acid
dysprosium
Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.		2.8940f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
iridium
Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.		9.681421cobalt group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		4.54240f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		2.4620d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		9.011280elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		6.33500elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		9.571520chromium group element atommicronutrient
neptunium
Neptunium: A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, and atomic number 93.		2.3720actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		3.0950f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
neon
Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.		5.63250monoatomic neon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
niobium
Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.		4.92340vanadium group element atom
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		3.3870iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		11.435230metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		11.373390elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
plutonium
Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.		3.580actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		5.99330manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		9.751890cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		9.962320iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		8.1150f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
scandium
Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.		3.4270d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		10.09982copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		3.99130vanadium group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		4.98150manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		7.9440f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		2.4820actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
thulium
Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.		5.1731f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		11.613301titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		5.04380chromium group element atommicronutrient
americium
Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		7.7730actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		8.241160monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
arsine
arsine: structure. arsine : Arsane (AsH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. A specific arsine is preferably named as a substituted arsane.		4.3460arsanes;
arsine;
mononuclear parent hydride
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		7.14650cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		5.12420f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		6.79460chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
curium
Curium: A radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cm, and atomic number 96. Thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. Its valence can be +3 or +4. It is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission.		2.0510actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
erbium
Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.		2.0310f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		6.0681f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		4.35200f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		10.951842copper group element atom;
elemental gold
hafnium
Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.		1.9410titanium group element atom
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		12.152250monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
holmium
Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.		2.0110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		7.52241actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		6.06370elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		7.57400monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
ytterbium
Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.		2.7230f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		3.8110d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		5.36540titanium group element atom
californium
Californium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		2.8740actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		7.5420aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		3.0640copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		10.5692magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		3.1250mercury coordination entitysensitiser
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		8.3770N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		4.4851sodium phosphate
perchloric acid
[no description available]		2.2110chlorine oxoacid
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		3.1150inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
palladium chloride
palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.		2.4920palladium coordination entitycatalyst
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		1.9710inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		3.1750chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		4.0240iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.		2.4720nickel coordination entitycalcium channel blocker;
hapten
thionyl chloride
thionyl chloride: methylating agent; structure given in first source. thionyl chloride : A sulfinyl halide in which both of the halide atoms are chorines.		2.0210chlorine molecular entity;
sulfinyl halide
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		3.1150iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
phosphine
phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.		6.03360mononuclear parent hydride;
phosphanes;
phosphine		carcinogenic agent;
fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine
Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.		1.9510N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
plant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		11.74450diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate
[no description available]		2.0110
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		4.0140barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		2.4120metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		1.9710inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		3.5180inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite
[no description available]		7.5220inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		food preservative;
reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		4.7270calcium phosphate
bromic acid
[no description available]		2.1110bromine oxoacid
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		3.150calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		5.65730calcium phosphate
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		3.71100chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.9340metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
tungstate
[no description available]		3.3260divalent inorganic anion;
tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		2.9240inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9710inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		7.9540calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
calcium hypochlorite
calcium hypochlorite: structure		3.0120calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt		bleaching agent
potassium sulfate
potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4		2.4320inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt
zinc nitrate
[no description available]		2.0410
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		16.931,5441dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		9.711730diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		9.752010diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
nitrous acid
Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		4.0840nitrogen oxoacid
hydrazoic acid
[no description available]		2.0210nitrogen hydride
magnesium fluoride
[no description available]		2.0510
nitrogen trifluoride
nitrogen trifluoride: a toxic and potent greenhouse gas		2.3720nitrogen halide
silver chloride
[no description available]		3.1450inorganic chloride;
silver salt
silver iodide
silver iodide: RN given refers to silver iodide [1:1]		2.0810
beryllium chloride
beryllium chloride: RN given refers to BeCl2. beryllium dichloride : A compound of beryllium (+2 oxidation state) and chloride in the ratio 1:2.		2.110beryllium molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin
beryllium fluoride
beryllium difluoride : The fluoride salt of beryllium (+2 oxidation state). In the solid state it exists as a glass, with four-coordinate Be(2+) tetrahedral centres and two-coordinate fluoride centres. As a gas it adopts a linear triatomic structure and in the liquid state a fluctuating tetrahedral structure. In protein crystallography it is used as a mimic of phosphate.		2.110beryllium molecular entity;
fluoride salt
bromine trifluoride
bromine trifluoride: a nucleophilic fluorinating agent		2.4820
cesium iodide
cesium iodide: X-ray image intensifier		2.1310
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		12.461151deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid
perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer		3.94120sulfur oxoacidNMR solvent
cupric bromide
[no description available]		2.0510
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		3.81110divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate
Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).		2.4110calcium phosphate
sulfonyl chloride
[no description available]		2.0610sulfuryl halide
ammonium sulfate
[no description available]		2.610
sulfur trioxide
sulfur trioxide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110sulfur oxide
glycerol 1-stearate
glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.		2.95401-acylglycerol 18:0;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol		algal metabolite;
Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		8.71332
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		2.1710epoxide
sodium hydride
[no description available]		2.520
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		6.84201elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
ferric sulfate
ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.		3.7921iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		astringent;
catalyst;
mordant
hydroiodic acid
hydrogen iodide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and iodine atoms.		2.9240gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		210aluminium sulfate
radon
Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.		3.0950monoatomic radon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.4720inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
tellurous acid
tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9310tellurium oxoacid
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.6730cadmium coordination entity
calcium nitrate
calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.		2.1110calcium salt;
inorganic nitrate salt		fertilizer
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		2.3920benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		2.0110barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
camphoroquinone
camphoroquinone: a natural monoterpene, non-aromatic quinone; structure given in first source. bornane-2,3-dione : A bornane monoterpenoid that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 7 and 7 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 3.		2.0510bornane monoterpenoid;
carbobicyclic compound
magnesium nitrate
magnesium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of magnesium.		2.0410inorganic nitrate salt;
magnesium salt		fertilizer
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		1.9710
ferric nitrate
ferric nitrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3) salt		2.0710
dimethonium
dimethonium: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		1.9710
rhamnose
[no description available]		6.0691L-rhamnose
chloramine
[no description available]		210halide
chrysotile
Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)		3.1250
ammonium fluoride
ammonium fluoride : A fluoride salt having ammonium (NH4+) as the counterion.		2.7730ammonium salt;
fluoride salt
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		12.89670ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
chloropeptide
chloropeptide: hepatoxic cyclic pentapeptide of Penicillium islandicum Sopp.; structure		2.610
procion blue mx-r
procion blue MX-R: used in affinity labeling of enzymes; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
cesium fluoride
cesium fluoride: RN given refers to above cpd		1.9710
nickel carbonyl
nickel carbonyl: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-(CO)4; structure		2.1110metal carbonyl;
nickel coordination entity
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		9.32100titanium oxidesfood colouring
sodium aluminum hydride
[no description available]		3.76100inorganic sodium salt
salen
disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron		8.0840
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.5580
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0110benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		1.9810selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
2-bromoacrolein
[no description available]		2.0210
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.2510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		2.4120beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.0810glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
eedq
EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent		2.3720
ferric nitrilotriacetate
ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)		7.4420iron chelatecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		5.47210acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.		2.2510phosphonic acidsplant growth regulator
nickel sulfide
nickel sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-S; see also nickel subsulfide: 12035-72-2		3.4870
hexafluorosilicate
hexafluorosilicate: structure		2.0510silicon coordination entity
fluoroboric acid
[no description available]		2.4320boron fluoride
fluorides
[no description available]		5.75860halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
homocitric acid
[no description available]		2.7330tricarboxylic acid
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		2.251017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
18-crown-6
18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.		2.4520crown ether;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		phase-transfer catalyst
stilbene oxide
stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310epoxide
stannic oxide
tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.		4.54230tin oxide
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		10.13130chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
molybdenum dioxide
[no description available]		3.1910
1-deoxynojirimycin
1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.		11.53962-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;
piperidine alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
iodine
[no description available]		10.99350halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
osmium tetroxide
Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.		3.5420osmium coordination entityfixative;
histological dye;
oxidising agent;
poison
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		2.0710aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
aluminum phosphide
[no description available]		2.0710
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		2.0310nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		3.3970L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
tri-n-butylborane
[no description available]		7.2110
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		15.235797benzenes;
phenyl acetates
phenoxyethanol
phenoxyethanol: structure. 2-phenoxyethanol : An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0310aromatic ether;
glycol ether;
primary alcohol		antiinfective agent;
central nervous system depressant
dodecylbenzene
[no description available]		7.3110
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		2.6530chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
4-ethylphenol
4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.		7.0710phenolsfungal xenobiotic metabolite
4-anisaldehyde
4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696. p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.		2.4110benzaldehydesbacterial metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
insect repellent;
plant metabolite
methylformamide
N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.		2.7430formamides
acetylacetone
acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.		7.0710beta-diketone
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		3.1350azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,4-dioxane
1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.		8.4370dioxane;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
non-polar solvent
carbamide peroxide
Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.		2.0210mixturedisinfectant;
oxidising agent;
reagent
tributyl phosphate
tributyl phosphate: a detergent. tributyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.		7.1710trialkyl phosphate
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		4.82320chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide
hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.		3.250acetamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		1.951011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		4.6261bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		3.0840ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
2-methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone
[no description available]		2.0410anthraquinone
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.1510C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
dimethyltin
[no description available]		2.0410organotin compound
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.1110aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		3.150
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.5120benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		2.67303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		3.4880
aluminum oxide hydroxide
aluminum oxide hydroxide: RN given refers to Al2O3.xH2O		2.8230aluminium hydroxides;
aluminium oxides
nopinone
nopinone: structure in first source		2.0210monoterpenoid
androstane-3,17-diol
Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.		2.673017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid
3-nitro-1-propanol
3-nitro-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; N1 same as NM. 3-nitropropan-1-ol : The nitro compound formed from propan-1-ol by nitration at C-3.		2.4220C-nitro compound
alkenes
[no description available]		10.222790
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		7.1710organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		9.781321glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		3.9121glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.0510amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
adenylyl imidodiphosphate
Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.		2.940adenosine 5'-phosphate
allura red ac dye
Allura Red AC Dye: new monoazo dye proposed as color additive in various food products; RN given refers to di-Na salt; structure		2.1710
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		8.2460
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.7330inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		7.18510pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		2.0810ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		6.1862penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
2-bromoethanesulfonic acid
2-bromoethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a methanogenic inhibitor		4.27180
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		3.82212-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
4,5,6,7-tetrachlorophthalide
4,5,6,7-tetrachlorophthalide: a fungicide. 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one in which all or the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring are replaced by chlorines. A fungicide used for the control of rice blast, it is not approved for use within the European Union.		2.4720gamma-lactone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
propan-1-ol;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical;
melanin synthesis inhibitor
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		7.2110organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
benthiocarb
Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.		4.77310monochlorobenzenes;
monothiocarbamic ester
nigericin
Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.		4.65280polycyclic etherantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
enterobactin
[no description available]		2.0310catechols;
crown compound;
macrotriolide;
polyphenol		bacterial metabolite;
siderophore
4-ethynylbiphenyl
4-ethynylbiphenyl: structure given in first source		1.9610
dibromothymoquinone
Dibromothymoquinone: At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity.		2.36201,4-benzoquinonescytochrome-b6f complex inhibitor
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.3811carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
vidarabine phosphate
Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.		2.4320
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.420azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.		1.9610
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.9240amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		11.0581taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
15-crown-5
15-crown-5 : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is cyclopentadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 have been replaced by oxygen atoms to give a crown ether.		2.1310crown ether;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl
2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, 5, and 6.		210tetrachlorobenzene;
tetrachlorobiphenyl
etoposide
[no description available]		2.4220beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		2.6830peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
2,7-dichlorodibenzo-4-dioxin
[no description available]		2.0110
isoproturon
isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.13103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureaagrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		1.9710catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
n,n'-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-n,n'-diacetic acid
[no description available]		210
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		2.1101-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.4320alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.6730butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
fluorescamine
Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.		1.9510
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		1.9810beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
1,2,4-trichlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin
1,2,4-trichlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin: structure given in first source		2.0410
nolinium bromide
nolinium bromide: structure		1.9610
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.25605-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		1.9510aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.4220pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
n-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine
N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine: reactive arylating intermediate from acetaminophen & N-hydroxyacetaminophen; structure given in first source		2.4110ketoimine;
quinone imine
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		3.4470alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		7.2110cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		1.9710non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		3.2760chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
1-carboxyglutamic acid
1-Carboxyglutamic Acid: Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.		2.420
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.		2.0210epoxideintercalator
indacrinone
indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0510
metalaxyl
metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.		2.110alanine derivative;
aromatic amide;
carboxamide;
ether;
methyl ester
adinazolam mesylate
[no description available]		1.9810
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		3.2360
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.7230alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
arsenobetaine
[no description available]		2.1310organic salt
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0610nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acid
12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acid: structure in first source		2.0410
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		3.2460acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
doxofylline
doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.		2.0410oxopurineanti-asthmatic drug;
antitussive;
bronchodilator agent
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		3.0950aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		3.2250aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
oxmetidine
oxmetidine: specific histamine H2 receptor antagonist with MW around 1.8 times that of cimetidine; differs from cimetidine by carrying an isocytosine ring instead of a cyanoguanidine in side chain; RN given refers to parent cpd. oxmetidine : A 2-aminopyrimidin-4(1H)-one derivative bearing a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl group at the 5-position and with a 4-(5-methyl-(1H)imidazol-4-yl)-3-thiabutyl substituent attached to the 2-amino group. It is a specific histamine H2-receptor antagonist.		1.9610benzodioxoles;
imidazoles;
pyrimidone		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.0610delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.5520delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		1.9710benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.42203-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
caracemide
[no description available]		2.110
cicletanine
[no description available]		1.9810organochlorine compound
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.07103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		3.0240aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		3.2460
mk 458
MK 458: a sustained release formulation of a naphthoxazine compoud with selective D-2 dopamine receptor agonism. naxagolide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of naxagolide.		2.4220hydrochlorideanticonvulsant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		5.0911aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		7.7620methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		521organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
arbutamine
arbutamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		7.0310catecholaminebeta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		2.520alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		2.5320aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		7.02101,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.07106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
kynostatin 272
kynostatin 272: structure given in first source; contains allophenylnorstatine as a transition-state mimic		1.9810peptide
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.5911carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		9.11511adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine
hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine: structure given in first source		2.0310
trichloroacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
octyl gallate
[no description available]		2.110gallate esterfood antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
ferric citrate
ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).		2.5220iron chelateanti-anaemic agent;
nutraceutical
pyranine
pyranine: structure		3.2460organic sodium saltfluorochrome
fat red 7b
fat red 7B: lipophilic dye		2.0310
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		2.4320gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
titanium disulfide
[no description available]		2.4110
lead selenide
[no description available]		2.0310
gallium nitrate
gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		4.69280trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil
Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing		2.4720
zircon
zircon: RN given refers to Zr(+4)[1:1] salt; structure		2.4420
dolomite
calcium magnesium carbonate: mineral recommended by lay periodicals as a desirable source of calcium & magnesium, but found to be also a source of potentially toxic heavy metals		2.4920
ruthenium chloride (rucl3)
ruthenium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0410
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		2.3720
methylallyl trisulfide
methylallyl trisulfide: platelet aggregation inhibitor in garlic		2.110
edda
EDDA: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethylenediaminediacetic acid : An ethylenediamine derivative in which two of the four amine protons of ethylenediamine are replaced by carboxymethyl groups.		2.0210amino dicarboxylic acid;
ethylenediamine derivative;
glycine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
chelator
tantalum oxide
tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants		2.4820
1,3-pentadiene
1,3-pentadiene: a linear 5-carbon alkene; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. (E)-1,3-pentadiene : An alkadiene consisting of pentane with the two double bonds located at positions 1 and 3.		7.4620alkadiene
thiolactic acid
thiolactic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.420mercaptopropanoic acid
acridine orange
Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.		4.37210aminoacridines;
aromatic amine;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
barium oxide
[no description available]		2.1110
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.		3.4970one-carbon compound;
perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
4-vinylphenol
4-vinylphenol: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified. 4-hydroxystyrene : A member of the class of phenols that is styrene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.		2.0310phenolshuman urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
ethyl hydroperoxide
[no description available]		2.8440
isothiocyanic acid
[no description available]		2.4920hydracid;
one-carbon compound
ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate
ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate: structure in first source. ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate : The fatty acid ethyl ester of 3-hydroxybutyric acid.		2.1110fatty acid ethyl estermetabolite
ammonium peroxydisulfate
ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.		1.9910
cuprous chloride
cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.		2.0710copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		agrochemical;
molluscicide
sodium persulfate
sodium persulfate: RN given refers to peroxydisulfuric acid, di-Na salt		3.0340
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		2.9740inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
2-butene
2-butene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		7.0510but-2-ene
caloreen
caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.		5.7471
octyl glucoside
octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.		2.730beta-D-glucosideplant metabolite
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.0510hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		11.14759hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
aluminum phosphate
aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt		2.4420
methionine methyl ester
[no description available]		1.9310
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		5.24190D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
anisodamine
anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant		2.0510
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.05102-benzofuransfluorochrome
n-methylnicotinamide
N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		2.8910pyridinecarboxamidemetabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		7.1510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
cyclam
cyclam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		7.7630azacycloalkane;
crown amine;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
baicalin
[no description available]		4.6111dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
allicin
[no description available]		2.0610botanical anti-fungal agent;
sulfoxide		antibacterial agent
5-methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.		2.0310methylcytosine;
pyrimidines		human metabolite
thionine
thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.		7.4420
diacetylfluorescein
[no description available]		1.9710
2'-deoxyuridylic acid
2'-deoxyuridylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620deoxyuridine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		2.610flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		11.42893N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
alpha-terthienyl
[no description available]		2.610terthiophene
thiocholesterol
[no description available]		2.110
cholesteryl sulfate
cholesteryl sulfate: component of human seminal plasma & spermatozoa; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesterol sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is cholesterol substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3.		3.3420steroid sulfatehuman metabolite
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		2.7330xanthene dyefluorochrome
gallocatechol
gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.		2.0510gallocatechinantioxidant;
metabolite;
radical scavenger
25-hydroxycholesterol
[no description available]		2.021025-hydroxy steroid;
oxysterol		human metabolite
1-methylinosine
1-methylinosine : Inosine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1 on the hypoxanthine ring.		2.0410inosinesmetabolite
norvaline
norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure. L-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration.		2.02102-aminopentanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		bacterial metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent
chlorin
chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.		2.4320
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4220
salvin
salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)		2.610abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
food preservative;
HIV protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
bathocuproine
bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
nile red
nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.		7.8220aromatic amine;
cyclic ketone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		3.2160iodine oxoacid
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)
tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II): a fluorescent dye; structure in first source		8.0240ruthenium coordination entityfluorochrome
fluorophosphate
fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9210fluorine molecular entity;
phosphoric acid derivative
n,n-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide
[no description available]		2.0210
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		2.0710dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.7930glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		9.4770cephalosporinfungal metabolite
2,2'-dithiodiethanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0110
dicarbine
dicarbine: minor descriptor (77-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBOLINES (77-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210
lathosterol
lathosterol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		7103beta-sterol;
C27-steroid;
cholestanoid;
Delta(7)-sterol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
atrinositol
[no description available]		1.9710
bicozamycin
bicozamycin : A commercially important azabicyclic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces sapporonensis. It inhibits the Rho protein of E. coli.		2.1710azabicycloalkane;
bridged compound		antibacterial agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
antiinfective agent
lercanidipine
[no description available]		3.2310diarylmethane
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		1.9810sulfonamide
azelnidipine
azelnidipine: structure given in first source		3.2310isopropyl ester
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		7.4720benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
methacycline
[no description available]		3.07101,2-diglyceride
peroxyformic acid
peroxyformic acid: structure		7.3110
lumiflavin
lumiflavin : A compound showing yellow-green fluorescence, formed by a photolysis of riboflavin in alkaline solution.		7.4320flavin
silver bromide
[no description available]		2.4220
boron nitride
[no description available]		4.34180nitride
silicon monoxide
silanone: structure in first source		2.0810silicon oxide
xenon radioisotopes
Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.		3.9740
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.211017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine
[no description available]		2.110
hexaconazole
2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.		2.110dichlorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles		chelator
perylenediimide
perylenediimide: structure in first source. perylenediimide : The 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide derivative of perylene.		2.0610dicarboximide;
organic heteropolycyclic compound		fluorochrome
naphthalimides
Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.		3.3750
anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate
anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate: structure in first source. anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid : A member of the class of anthraquinones that is 9,10-anthraquinone substituted at positions 2 and 6 by sulfo groups.		3.4370anthraquinone;
arenesulfonic acid
chloranilic acid
chloranilic acid: structure		7.4110
salicylhydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0210hydroxamic acid;
phenols		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug
divinyl benzene
[no description available]		2.730styrenes
n-acetylvaline
N-acetylvaline: RN given refers to the (DL)-isomer		2.420L-valine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid
porphine
porphine: structure given in first source		2.1510
isocytosine
2-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine in which the pyrimidine ring bears amino and hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 4, respectively.		2.2510aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone
16-fluoroestradiol
16-fluoroestradiol: RN refers to (16beta,17beta)-isomer		1.9910
bromosuccinimide
Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).		1.9910dicarboximide;
organobromine compound;
pyrrolidinone		reagent
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		5.83300phenanthroline
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole
[no description available]		2.1310
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		13.013811,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole
tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
tetrazole
1,2,4-triazine
[no description available]		7.01101,2,4-triazines;
triazine
diazobenzenesulfonic acid
diazobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9810
perfluorotripropylamine
[no description available]		1.9610organofluorine compoundblood substitute
5-fluorosalicylic acid
5-fluorosalicylic acid: structure given in first source; product from action of alkaline phosphatase on 5-fluorosalicyl phosphate; forms highly fluorescent terbium ternary complex		2.0610
1,1,1-trifluoro-2-iodoethane
1,1,1-trifluoro-2-iodoethane: structure in first source		2.1110
trifluoroacetamide
[no description available]		2.1710
apaflurane
[no description available]		2.4620
bianthrone
[no description available]		2.0310
formamidine
formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.		2.0210carboxamidine;
formamidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
pinocembrin
pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.		2.4110(2S)-flavan-4-one;
dihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
vasodilator agent
hydracrylic acid
3-hydroxypropionic acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the terminal carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.51203-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
omega-hydroxy-short-chain fatty acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		2.3520anthocyanidin chloride
2-aminobenzaldehyde
2-aminobenzaldehyde: structure		2.0510
n,n-carbonyldiimidazole
[no description available]		1.9810
sesamol
sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.1710benzodioxoles
silver
[no description available]		2.5220
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		1.9910imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.98402-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		7.610dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.1710aryl sulfate;
pyridines
rilmenidine
Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.		1.9710isourea
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		2.45201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0310organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		7.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
sulfaperine
sulfaperine: structure. sulfaperin : A substituted aniline that is sulfanilamide in which on of the hydrogens of the sulfonamide group has been replaced by a 5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl group.		2.0210pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antibacterial drug
trimethyl phosphine
[no description available]		1.9710tertiary phosphine
ubiquinone-o
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-p-benzoquinone: from solid-cultured Antrodia camphorata; structure in first source. ubiquinone-0 : A derivative of benzoquinone carrying a 5-methyl substituent; and methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. The core structure of the ubiquinone group of compounds.		210ubiquinonesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
4-methoxybenzophenone
4-methoxybenzophenone: structure in first source		2.0610
4-benzoylbenzoic acid
4-carboxybenzophenone: a photosensitizer agent		2.0410
glycine methyl ester
glycine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl glycinate : A glycinyl ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with methanol.		2.2510glycinyl estermetabolite
dimethyl itaconate
dimethyl itaconate: structure in first source		2.0310
1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene
1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene : A methoxybenzene carrying methoxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5. It has been found to be a biomarker of flavonoid consumption in humans.		2.0210methoxybenzenesbiomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite
methyl levulinate
methyl levulinate: structure in first source		7.5220oxo carboxylic acid
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.		3.2250quinolines
phenylpropiolic acid
phenylpropiolic acid: structure. phenylpropiolic acid : An acetylenic compound that is propynoic acid in which the acetylenic hydrogen is replaced by a phenyl group.		710acetylenic compound;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
benzenes
fructose-6-phosphate
fructose-6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fructose 6-phosphate : A ketohexose monophosphate consisting of fructose having a phosphate group located at the 6-position.		2.3820D-fructose 6-phosphate
5-iodouracil
5-iodouracil: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-iodouracil : An organoiodine compound consisting of uracil having an iodo substituent at the 5-position.		7.0110organoiodine compoundantimetabolite
2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone
2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone: inhibits aminopyrine-N-demethylase in rat liver microsomal preparations		2.0610aromatic ketone
9-methyladenine
9-methyladenine : Adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-9.		2.3720methyladeninemetabolite
cyclopropylamine
cyclopropylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. cyclopropylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that consists of cyclopropane bearing a single amino substituent.		2.1110primary aliphatic aminemouse metabolite
3-chloroperbenzoic acid
3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent		2.4110monochlorobenzenes;
peroxy acid
9,10-dicyanoanthracene
9,10-dicyanoanthracene: structure in first source. anthracene-9,10-dinitrile : An anthracenedinitrile carrying cyano groups at positions 9 and 10.		2.0710acene-9,10-dinitrile;
anthracenedinitrile
bicinchoninic acid
[no description available]		2.0410
dapoxetine
[no description available]		4.6111naphthalenes
tocophersolan
tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4820tocol
trichlorosucrose
trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.		2.0210disaccharide derivative;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
2-phenylquinoline
2-phenylquinoline: structure in first source		2.110
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		4.9921conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
avilamycin
avilamycin: similar to Hygromycin B but lacking amino groups		2.1110
carazolol
carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0510carbazoles
spizofurone
[no description available]		1.9610benzofurans
aceclofenac
[no description available]		2.4920amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
olaquindox
olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure		2.0210quinoxaline derivative
indorenate
[no description available]		210
emiglitate
[no description available]		5.1943
quindoxin
quindoxin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #702		2.0310quinoxaline derivative
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		1.9810
honokiol
[no description available]		2.3110biphenyls
mesoporphyrin ix
mesoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; mesoheme is the iron salt of mesoporphyrin IX. mesoporphyrin IX : A member of the class of mesoporphyrins obtained by formal hydrogenation of the two vinyl groups in protoporphyrin.		210
uroporphyrin iii
[no description available]		1.9610
berberrubine
berberrubine: RN refers to chloride salt; a protoberberine alkaloid antitumor agent which exhibits topoisomerase II poison activity as well as catalytic inhibition activity; structure in first source		7.4110
bathophenanthroline
4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two phenyl substituents at positions 4 and 7.		2.2110benzenes;
phenanthrolines		chelator
indole-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0710indolyl carboxylic acid
neplanocin a
neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase		2.0210
serpentine (alkaloid)
serpentine (alkaloid): do not confuse with mineral serpentine; RN given refers to (19alpha)-isomer; structure		2.2510carboxylic ester;
iminium betaine;
indole alkaloid;
quinolizines;
zwitterion
beta-amyrin
beta-amyrin: alpha-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from oleanane that differs from alpha-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 20 position; RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer. beta-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.		2.1310pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
plant metabolite
bes
2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.15 at 20 degreeC.		3.01201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
amino sulfonic acid;
BES
2-chloranil
[no description available]		2.4420
5-hydroxyuracil
5-hydroxyuracil: used in treatment of colonic adenocarcinoma		2.610hydroxypyrimidine
nicosulfuron
nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.		3.87110N-sulfonylurea;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride
5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter		2.3920
xanthosine 5'-triphosphate
xanthosine 5'-phosphate : xanthosine phosphate compounds having phosphate groups at position 5'.. 5'-xanthylic acid : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having xanthine as the nucleobase.		2.0210purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
xanthosine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chrysomycin a
chrysomycin A: Streptomyces arenae; differs only in sugar moiety from gilvocarcin V		2.2510glycoside
mandelamide
mandelamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is phenylacetamide in which one of the benzylic hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		7.0410benzyl alcohols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
secondary alcohol
maslinic acid
(2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria		2.1310dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
flusilazole
flusilazole: structure given in first source. flusilazole : An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.		2.4110conazole fungicide;
monofluorobenzenes;
organosilicon compound;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		2.4220carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		4.57230cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
cupric selenide
[no description available]		2.0610
bis(diphenylphosphine)ethane
[no description available]		2.0310diphosphanes;
tertiary phosphine		allergen
triphenylmethylphosphonium
triphenylmethylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3620
5-aminopyrazole
5-aminopyrazole: structure in first source		2.2510
acetylthiocholine iodide
acetylthiocholine iodide: structure in first source		2.1110
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		2.0510hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
reuterin
[no description available]		2.0310alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde;
propanals
5-bromocytosine
[no description available]		7.3110
4-methoxybenzylamine
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)methanamine : An aralkylamino compound that is benzylamine substituted by a methoxy group at the para position.		1.9810aralkylamino compound;
aromatic ether;
primary amino compound
2-aminoethylmethacrylate
aminoethyl methacrylate: cell-adhesive dextran hydrogel		2.610enoate ester
2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid
alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group.		1.9810alanine derivative;
alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		human urinary metabolite
c.i. direct red 80
Solophenyl red 3BL: structure in first source. Sirius red F3B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Sirius red F3B (acid form) with six equivalents of sodium hydroxide. A polyazo dye used principally in staining methods for collagen and amyloid.		2.0310organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye
cyclo(phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl)
cyclo(L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalanyl) : A member of the class of 2,5-diketopiperazines that is piperazine-2,5-dione in which one hydrogen at position 3 and one hydrogen at position 6 are replaced by benzyl groups (the 3S,6S-diastereomer).		1.97102,5-diketopiperazines
g 1616
G 1616: structure in first source		2.0510
phenyliodosodiacetate
phenyliodosodiacetate: glycol-cleaving reagent used with amino alcohols in ring opening & Mannich base reactions; structure		2.0710
6-carboxyfluorescein
6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein		2.6630monocarboxylic acid
bis(phenylsulfonyl)methane
bis(phenylsulfonyl)methane: structure in first source		2.4110
3-acetylcoumarin
3-acetylcoumarin: structure given in first source. 3-acetylcoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by an acetyl group.		2.0310coumarins
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine: structure given in first source		2.4920tetramine
3-methylthiopropylamine
3-methylthiopropylamine : A derivative of propylamine having a methylmercapto group at the 3-position.		2.0310organic sulfide;
primary amino compound
ribose-5-phosphate
ribose-5-phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210D-ribose 5-phosphate
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		2.110aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
ethyl 2-butynoate
[no description available]		2.0310
quinoline-4-carbaldehyde
[no description available]		2.1110
2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid
2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.15 at 20 degreeC.		2.0610MES;
organosulfonic acid;
zwitterion
2-hydrazinopyridine
[no description available]		210
quadricyclane
quadricyclane: structure in first source		2.1310
12-hydroxydodecanoic acid
12-hydroxylauric acid : A medium-chain fatty acid that is the 12-hydroxylated derivative of lauric acid.		210omega-hydroxy-medium-chain fatty acidhuman metabolite
3-tropinone
3-tropinone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
3-methyluracil
3-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 3.		2.0310nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		metabolite
1-methylcytosine
1-methylcytosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylcytosine : A pyrimidone that is cytosine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group.		7.0710aminopyrimidine;
methylcytosine;
pyrimidone		metabolite
piperazine-n,n'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid)
piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid): RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,2'-piperazine-1,4-diylbisethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.8 at 20 degreeC.		2.3720PIPES
n-hydroxysuccinimide
N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure		2.0510
4-dimethylaminobenzylamine
[no description available]		2.0410
1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane
1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane: structure in first source		2.1110
4-methylmorpholine n-oxide
N-methylmorpholine N-oxide : A morpholine N-oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of N-methylmorpholine.		2.4920morpholine N-oxide
s20098
[no description available]		3.5611acetamides
4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.0510
iridium oxide
iridium oxide: RN given refers to Ir-O2		2.4920
ruthenium dioxide
ruthenium dioxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ru-O2		2.0110
vanadium dioxide
[no description available]		7.0810vanadium oxide
strontium titanium oxide
[no description available]		3.1950
gallium phosphide
[no description available]		7.0610
1,5-cod
1,5-cyclooctadiene: used in production of Nylon		2.4720
5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
[no description available]		2.0410
eriocitrin
eriocitrin: structure in first source. eriocitrin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of eriodictyol substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.41103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
rutinoside;
trihydroxyflavanone		antioxidant
lanthanum bromide
[no description available]		2.110
d-aspartic acid
[no description available]		2.1710aspartic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid		mouse metabolite
acetaminophen glucuronide
acetaminophen glucuronide: acetaminophen metabolite in rats. acetaminophen O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).		3.820beta-D-glucosiduronic aciddrug metabolite
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		2.1110macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		2.9840bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic) acid
diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic) acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; used with 113mIn for bone scanning		2.2510
tebuconazole
Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.		2.0610monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles
fludioxonil
fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.		2.0510benzodioxoles;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
pyrroles		androgen antagonist;
antifungal agrochemical;
estrogen receptor agonist
4-(hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
4-(hydroxyphenyl)acetamide: structure given in first source; an impurity found in the HPLC assay for atenolol; do not confuse with acetaminophen		2.110acetamides
o-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydroxylamine
O-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydroxylamine: structure given in first source		2.110
coenzyme a
[no description available]		6.36320adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydrazinium
hydrazinium: structure		2.0110nitrogen hydride
manganese sulfide
manganese sulfide: colloidal MnS used as NMR contrast material; RN given refers to cpd with MF MnS		2.0610
n-acetylalanine
N-acetylalanine: immunodominant determinant of acidic surface antigen from culture filtrate of human strain of Staph aureus. N-acetyl-L-alanine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an acetyl group.		2.3820L-alanine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valproic acid glucuronide
valproic acid glucuronide: major metabolite of valproic acid		210glucosiduronic acid
1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene
[no description available]		2.7730naphthalenes
d-glucitol, 6-o-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-, mixture with 1-o-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-d-mannitol
Palatinit: mixture of 1,6-mannitol glucopyranoside & 1,6-sorbitol glucopyranoside that affects de- and remineralization; non-cariogenic. 1-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol : A 1-O-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol that has alpha configuration at the anomeric centre.		5.3672(2xi)-6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-arabino-hexitol;
1-O-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol
o-desmethylangolensin
O-desmethylangolensin: structure given in first source		2.0210stilbenoid
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		6.681713-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
aluminum nitride
[no description available]		7.4620nitride
bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)oxide
bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)oxide: reagent fortert-butylcarbonylating amino acids		2.0210acyclic carboxylic anhydride
2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane
2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane: structure given in first source		2.0510
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		8.2660iditolfungal metabolite
2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone
[no description available]		2.0210
equol
Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.		2.4420hydroxyisoflavans
6-phosphogluconic acid
gluconic acid-6-phosphate: structure. 6-phospho-D-gluconate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of 6-phospho-D-gluconic acid.. 6-phospho-D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid phosphate having the phosphate group at the 6-position. It is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.		2.0110gluconic acid phosphatefundamental metabolite
5-bromouridine
5-bromouridine : A uridine having a bromo substituent at the 5-position.		6.9410uridinesmutagen
indium arsenide
[no description available]		2.0410
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		3.0440
goethite
[no description available]		8.0440
acid green 50
[no description available]		2.0510
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		8.4880amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methylglucoside
[no description available]		2.4420
irgarol 1051
irgarol 1051: a booster biocide; structure given in first source. irgarol 1051 : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine carrying a N-tert-butyl, N'-cyclopropyl and a methylsulfanyl group at position 6.		2.0310aryl sulfide;
cyclopropanes;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		antifouling biocide;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
thiomethylgalactoside
[no description available]		2.6530
tylophorine
tylophorine: phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid		2.0710organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
iodosobenzene
iodosobenzene: oxygen donor		2.0510
succinyl-coenzyme a
[no description available]		2.3720omega-carboxyacyl-CoAEscherichia coli metabolite;
inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
acetoacetyl coa
[no description available]		2.04103-oxo-fatty acyl-CoAEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate
[no description available]		1.9810
phenylacetylglutamine
N(2)-phenylacetyl-L-glutamine : An a N(2)-phenylacetylglutamine having L-configuration.		3.820N(2)-phenylacetylglutaminehuman metabolite
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.110
mci 9038
[no description available]		2.0410peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		4.6111amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
zymosterol
[no description available]		1.99103beta-sterol;
cholestanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
annatto
annatto: coloring matter from seeds of Bixa orellana L., Bixaceae; contains bixin and pigments that give carotene reactions; induces hyperglycemia		2.1110
16-dehydropregnenolone
16,17-didehydropregnenolone : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is pregnenolone with a double bond between positions 16 and 17.		1.981020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
enone
methyl lithocholate
methyl lithocholate: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer		2.2110
quinacillin
quinacillin: RN given refers to (2S-(2 alpha,5 alpha,6 beta))-isomer. quinacillin : A semisynthetic penicillase-resistant penicillin with antibacterial activity; it binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall.		1.9610penicillin;
quinoxaline derivative		antibacterial drug
arginine methyl ester
arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.110alpha-amino acid ester
firefly luciferin
Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.		2.35201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
benzothiazoles;
imidothioate		luciferin
alanyltyrosine
alanyltyrosine: tyrosine source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Ala-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of L-alanine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.		2.0510dipeptidemetabolite
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.7430
titanium nitride (tin)
titanium nitride: RN given refers to unspecified MF		2.5320
glycylsarcosine
glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.		3.7730dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide
dimyristoylphosphatidic acid
dimyristoylphosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		1.9810phosphatidic acid
bis(2,4,5-trichloro-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate
[no description available]		2.0310
trimethyloxonium
trimethyloxonium: active-site directed methylating agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
melamine formaldehyde
[no description available]		2.4110
arabitol
arabitol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. arabinitol : A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.. D-arabinitol : The D-enantiomer of arabinitol.		2.5120arabinitol
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		2.4620
dehydroabietic acid
dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		1.9710abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid		allergen;
metabolite
pyrroline
pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.		2.0310pyrroline
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		5.97241D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
2-chloroadenine
6-amino-2-chloropurine: RN & structure given in first source		2.1110
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether
[no description available]		2.1510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound
benzyldihydronicotinamide
benzyldihydronicotinamide: structure		2.0210
1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanol
1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanol: structure in first source		2.0310
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid: used as a substitute for amino acids in synthetic peptides		6.9810
1-methylthymine
1,5-dimethyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with methyl group substituents at positions 1 and 5.		7.3720methylthyminemetabolite
allenolic acid
allenolic acid: structure in first source		2.110naphthols
phosphoramide mustard
[no description available]		1.9910nitrogen mustard;
phosphorodiamide
1-cyclohexyluracil
[no description available]		7.3520
benzothiazoline
[no description available]		3.5920
alanyl-glycyl-glycine
[no description available]		2.0310oligopeptide
glycyl-prolyl-glycyl-glycine
[no description available]		2.1710
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.		3.1210phosphonic acids;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		GABAB receptor agonist
1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidine
[no description available]		2.0410
cellulose sulfate
cellulose sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; vaginal gel being developed as both a contraceptive and blockage to STD somewhat like nonoxynol-9		2.7830ether;
flavonoids
6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline)
6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure		1.9510
tetrathiafulvalene
tetrathiafulvalene: used in carbon paste amperometric enzyme electrode for the determination of glucose in flowing systems. tetrathiafulvalene : A member of the class of fulvalenes that is ethene substituted by 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.0710fulvalenes;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure		2.1110pyrimidine ribonucleosides
combretastatin
combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN		2.7230
enkephalinamide-leu
enkephalinamide-Leu: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		1.9710
cinchonidine
cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.		2.7530(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
16-dehydroprogesterone
[no description available]		6.961020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone
pregnanetriol
Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.		1.9510corticosteroid hormone
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		5.0911methyladenosine
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl group at C-1 and C-2 is stearoyl.		2.0410phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion;
phosphatidylethanolamine		human metabolite
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		9.862150cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		1.9910aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
hydrogen sulfite
[no description available]		3.8730sulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		2.0310polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
tritium oxide
[no description available]		7.6630tritiated compound;
water
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		3.73100chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.		1.9910heterodetic cyclic peptidedelta-opioid receptor agonist
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		2.9440oligopeptide
eudragit rl
[no description available]		2.9940
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)		4.37190calcium salt;
hydrate
wr 1065
WR-1065 : An alkanethiol that is the N-3-aminopropyl derivative of cysteamine. Used as the S-phosphorylated prodrug, amifostine, for cytoprotection in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		1.9810alkanethiol;
diamine		antioxidant;
drug metabolite;
radiation protective agent
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		2.0310
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		4.0220
cremophor el
cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A		2.110
2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid
2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid: putative toxic metabolite of valproic acid		2.110methyl-branched fatty acid
eudragit rs
Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules		4.67100
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		1.9710ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
chlorethylclonidine
chlorethylclonidine: RN refers to 2-chloroethyl derivative		1.9910
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.3920xanthene dyefluorochrome
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine
1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure		4.6111imidazo[2,1-i]purinemutagen
indolactam v
indolactam V: only the (-)-isomer of indolactam V showed carcinogenic activity; structure given in first source		210indoles
fructose 2,6-diphosphate
fructose 2,6-diphosphate: phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P. beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		1.9710D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		3.6390
indo-1
indo-1: structure given in first source		1.9910indolesfluorochrome
epibatidine
epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors		2.0810
3,4-dihydroxypyridine
3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone: structure in first source		1.98104-pyridones;
dihydroxypyridine
fumitremorgin b
fumitremorgin B: intermediary in TR-2 mycotoxin biosyn; RN given refers to (5aR-(5aalpha,6alpha,12beta,14aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. fumitremorgin B : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a mycotoxic indole alkaloid produced by several fungi via a tryptophan-proline diketopiperazine intermediate.		7.5920indole alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mycotoxin
((18)O)water
((18)O)water : A form of water consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen-18 atom.. oxygen-18 atom : The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 17.999160 and 0.205 atom percent natural abundance.		2.6320isotopically modified compound;
water
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		4.61111,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
fluorocitrate
fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		1.9710carbonyl compound
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source		2.38201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
eudragit-e
Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker		4.441
prodan
prodan: do not confuse with prodan in Chemline, RN 16893-85-9 which is disodium hexafluorosilicate		2.11102-acyl-6-dimethylaminonaphthalene
propionylcarnitine
propionylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710O-acylcarnitineanalgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cardiotonic drug;
human metabolite;
peripheral nervous system drug
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphates placed in the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-positions.		1.9610inositol phosphate
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol
[no description available]		2.4120
beta-hydroxyvaleric acid
3-hydroxypentanoic acid : A short-chain fatty acid that is valeric acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.03103-hydroxy fatty acid;
ketone body;
short-chain fatty acid
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		2.520alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
l-pyroglutamyl-l-histidyl-3,3-dimethylprolinamide
[no description available]		2.420
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		2.8330proanthocyanidin
phosphites
Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.		3.2560phosphite ion;
trivalent inorganic anion
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis		210
parinaric acid
parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15.		2.0810octadecatetraenoic acid
cobaltiprotoporphyrin
cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX		2.5520
r 56865
R 56865: prevents electrical & mechanical signs of ouabain intoxication in guinea pig papillary muscle		1.9810
proanthocyanidin
proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.		2.1510
benzamil
[no description available]		210guanidines;
pyrazines
2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate
[no description available]		1.9810deoxyaldohexose phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
sch 28080
Sch 28080: not related structurally to other known anti-ulcer agents; inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric secretion; prevents gastric lesions induced by aspirin, indomethacin & ethanol		3.3770imidazopyridine
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		4.01402-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
octopine
D-octopine : The (1R)-1-carboxyethyl derivative of L-arginine. It is a metabolite released by plant tumours.		1.9910amino acid opine;
amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
D-arginine derivative;
guanidines;
secondary amino compound		animal metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		4.07150
procion red he-3b
procion red HE-3B: structure		1.9610
tadalafil
[no description available]		7.2510benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
beta-lumicolchicine
Lumicolchicines: Three, alpha, beta, and gamma isomers of ultraviolet degradation products of colchicine that lack many of the physiological actions of the parent; used as experimental control for colchicine actions.		1.9510
prolinamide
prolinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-prolinamide : The carboxamide derivative of L-proline.		2.0710amino acid amide;
L-proline derivative;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide
anserine
Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.		8.0810beta-alanine derivative;
dipeptide;
zwitterion		animal metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5,6-dihydroxyindole
[no description available]		2.4620dihydroxyindolemouse metabolite
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart		2.3820guanidines;
pyrazines
naphthyl sulfate
naphthyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9310
valerates
Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.		2.8740short-chain fatty acid anion;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		plant metabolite
florfenicol
florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.		2.2510organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent
trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-naphthalenediol
trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-naphthalenediol: structure in first source. (1S,2S)-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol : The (1S,2S)-isomer of trans-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol.		2.0310trans-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol
3-deoxyglucosone
3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.		2.0610deoxyglucose;
deoxyketohexose
trichodiene
trichodiene: precursor of trichothecin; RN given refers to (S-(R*,R*))-isomer; structure		2.0310sesquiterpene
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		2.3820
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside
dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.		2.3110disaccharide derivative;
glycoside		detergent
tanshinone
tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent		2.0310abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
zinc coproporphyrin iii
coproporphyrin III: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; see also record for coproporphyrin I		2.0310
protoberberine
protoberberine: a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline derivative that appears as an isoquinoline annelated (adjoined) with a naphthylene; the nitrogen is typically quarternary; nitidine is annelated differently; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1510
dihydro-dids
[no description available]		2.3720
stachydrine
stachydrine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (S)-isomer; structure. L-proline betaine : An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.		2.4420alkaloid;
amino-acid betaine;
N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
plant metabolite
methyl phenylglycine
methyl phenylglycine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0110
gallium nitride
[no description available]		7.7730
2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine
[no description available]		2.0310
ruthenium tetraoxide
ruthenium tetraoxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of Ru-O4		2.0310
thiodigalactoside
thiodigalactoside: RN given refers to beta-D-galactopyranoside (D-Gal)-isomer		2.3920
7-methoxyresorufin
[no description available]		2.0210
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		3.6390fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole
1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source		7.0510thiadiazole
dopachrome
dopachrome: cyclization product of L-DOPA		2.110orthoquinones
5,6-dihydroxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acid
5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid : A dihydroxyindole that is indole-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 6.		2.110dihydroxyindolemouse metabolite
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.		2.0210phosphine derivative;
tricarboxylic acid		reducing agent
lexitropsin
lexitropsin: structure given in first source; information reading oligopeptide		2.6730
mosapride
4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.		3.9911aromatic ether;
benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
1,4-diethynylbenzene
1,4-diethynylbenzene: structure in first source		2.0710
6-deoxy-6-fluoroglucose
6-deoxy-6-fluoroglucose: RN given refers to (D)-isomer		210
lacto-n-neotetraose
lacto-N-neotetraose: binds human cold agglutinin		1.9710
n-(4-tolyl)glycine-glycidyl methacrylate
N-(4-tolyl)glycine-glycidyl methacrylate: dental bonding material; structure given in first source		1.9910
protoporphyrinogen
[no description available]		2.2110porphyrinogensEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-trans-2-carboxy-5,7-dichloro-4-phenylaminocarbonylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline
4-trans-2-carboxy-5,7-dichloro-4-phenylaminocarbonylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure given in first source; selective antagonist for the glycine site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor		210
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source		3.0340
thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate
[no description available]		2.6730
chitotriose
chitotriose : An amino trisaccharide comprising of three 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose units joined by beta-(1->4) linkages.		1.9810
n(4)-methylcytosine
N(4)-methylcytosine : A pyrimidone that is cytosine bearing an N(4)-methyl substituent.		1.9710aminopyrimidine;
methylcytosine;
pyrimidone		metabolite
beta-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)alanine
beta-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)alanine: from Streptomyces; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer		210
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetate
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate: RN refers to Na salt		1.9910
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
flavin semiquinone
flavin semiquinone: chromophore found in methanol oxidase		2.4420
magnesium pyrophosphate
magnesium pyrophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd (2:1)		210
butyryl-coenzyme a
[no description available]		2.1510butanoyl-CoAsEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
florox reagent
Florox Reagent: reagent for analysis of ketosteroids; structure		2.0210
celastrol
[no description available]		2.4420monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
benzyne
benzyne: structure in first source. benzyne : 1,2-didehydrobenzene and its derivatives formed by substitution.		7.4720aryne;
benzyne
methyleneimine
methyleneimine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		710aldimine;
one-carbon compound
phenoxy radical
phenoxy radical : An organic radical generated from phenol.		4.17160organic radical
stannane
[no description available]		2.2110mononuclear parent hydride;
tin hydride
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		7.7780carbene;
methanediyl
cyclopropene
cyclopropene: structure. cyclopropene : A cycloalkene that consists of cyclopropane having a double bond in the ring. The parent of the class of cyclopropenes.		2.2510cycloalkene;
cyclopropenes
diazene
[no description available]		7.7330nitrogen hydride
hydronium ion
[no description available]		9.6780onium cation;
oxygen hydride
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		9.33201nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate
perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.		4.48210chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
1,3-indandione
1,2-indanedione: use for detection of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces; structure in first source		2.4110
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		6.53340fullerenegeroprotector
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		5.4641methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.3110bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.6111aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
ribulose-1,5 diphosphate
ribulose-1,5 diphosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate : A ribulose phosphate that is D-ribulose attached to phosphate groups at positions 1 and 5. It is an intermediate in photosynthesis.		2.110ribulose phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
speract
speract: decapeptide associated with sea urchin eggs; activates spermatozoa		6.9610
met-enkephalinamide
[no description available]		2.3720
n,n',n''-triacetylchitotriose
N,N',N''-triacetylchitotriose: used for affinity chromatography of potato lectin when coupled to Sepharose; structure		2.6930N-acyl-hexosamine
galactosyl-(1-3)galactose
galactosyl-(1-3)galactose: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer		2.0110O-acyl carbohydrate
deltorphin ii, ala(2)-
deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors		1.9810
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine
N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.		2.0310L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antigen
heliox
heliox: mixture of above cpds		2.3820
23-seleno-25-homotaurocholic acid
[no description available]		1.9810corticosteroid hormone
2-(2-(5-carboxy)oxazole)-5-hydroxy-6-aminobenzofuran-n,n,o-triacetic acid
2-(2-(5-carboxy)oxazole)-5-hydroxy-6-aminobenzofuran-N,N,O-triacetic acid: structure given in first source		210
hoe 694
3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl guanidine: structure given in first source; a potent inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger		2.0110
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate: structure given in first source		210
6-hydroxydopa quinone
6-hydroxydopa quinone: structure given in first source; quinoid cofactor of quinoproteins; RN given refers to the 4-hydroxy-3,6-dioxo- tautomer. L-topaquinone : A topaquinone that has S configuration.		3.7930
glycerophosphoethanolamine
glycerol 3-phosphoethanolamine: a membrane lipid degradation product		2.2110phosphoethanolamine;
sn-glycerol 3-phosphates
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate: structure given on p.19451 of first source. sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate : A crown compound that is 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane in which the hydrogens of the amino groups at position 7 and 13 are replaced by 2-(2,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-1-benzofuran-6-yl groups. It is a cell-impermeant fluorescent sodium indicator.		2.4201-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
crown compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		fluorochrome
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.		4.7290dichlorobenzene;
differentiation-inducing factor;
monomethoxybenzene;
resorcinols		eukaryotic metabolite;
signalling molecule
enkephalin, met(2)-pronh2(5)-
[no description available]		1.9510
octacalcium phosphate
octacalcium phosphate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ca4-(H3PO4)3; see also record for synthos (beta-tricalcium phosphate) & calcium phosphate		1.9810
head activator peptide
head activator peptide: undecapeptide from hydra which acts as head inducing morphogen; also isolated from sea anemone, mammalian brain & intestine		1.9710
hydroxycitric acid
hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9510carbonyl compound
galactose-1-phosphate
alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate : A D-galactopyranose 1-phosphate having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.		210alpha-D-hexose 1-phosphate;
D-galactopyranose 1-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide
[no description available]		7.9340organic molecular entity
5-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)fluorescein
5-((4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)fluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810
gamma-glutamylcysteine
L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.		2.1110gamma-glutamylcysteineEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
zd 7288
ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function		2.0110
dehydroalanine
2-ammonioprop-2-enoate : An amino acid zwitterion resulting from a transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of 2-aminoacrylic acid.. 2-aminoacrylic acid : A 2,3-dehydroamino acid that is alanine which has been dehydrogenated to introduce a double bond between positions 2 and 3.		7.48202,3-dehydroamino acid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
enamine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		alkylating agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
coenzyme f420
coenzyme gamma-F420-2 : The amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of F420-0 with the amino group of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid.		3.4980
glabridin
[no description available]		2.4110hydroxyisoflavansantiplasmodial drug
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		2.0810benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
phosphonium choline
phosphonium choline: the phosphonium analog of choline where a phosphonium group replaced the natural ammonium group; structure given in first source; RN given refers to the chloride		1.9810
chloroterpyridineplatinum(ii)
[no description available]		2.0510
solutol hs 15
Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous RN 105109-85-1		3.5520aliphatic alcohol
3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid
[no description available]		1.9810
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		2.6830
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyl-tyrosyltryptophyl-lysyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyl-tyrosyltryptophyl-lysyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin analog with antagonist activity at mu opioid receptors in vitro; RN given refers to (D-Phe-L-Cys-L-Tyr-D-Trp-L-Lys-L-Thr-D-Val)		1.9710
ectoine
[no description available]		2.02101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
monocarboxylic acid;
zwitterion		osmolyte
indatraline
indatraline: RN given for (trans)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0310indanes
(hexadecanoyl)aminofluorescein
[no description available]		210
pre 084
2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.4110morpholines
methotrexate
[no description available]		8.3670dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
1-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate
1-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate: present as soluble ionic species in the cytosol of amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum); rapidly metabolized in intact cells & can by synthesized in cell lysates from myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in the presence of ATP. 1-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate : A myo-inositol pentakisphosphate that consists of myo-inositol having the five phospho groups located at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 as well as a diphospho group at position 1.		1.9910
bis(1,4)-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate
bis(1,4)-diphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate: present as soluble ionic species in the cytosol of amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum); rapidly metabolized in intact cells & can be synthesized in cell lysates from myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in the presence of ATP. 1,4-bis(diphospho)-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate : A 1D-myo-inositol bis(diphosphate) tetrakisphosphate having the two diphospho groups located at positions 1 and 4.		1.9910
brl 20627
BRL 20627: promotes gastric emptying		1.9710
porphycene
porphycene: photodynamic therapy agent; structure given in first source		8.3560
chlorolissoclimide
chlorolissoclimide: structure given in first source; a labdane cytotoxin isolated from Lissoclinum voeltzkowi Michaelson		2.1310
valanimycin
valanimycin: from a streptomycete; structure given in first source. valanimycin : An azoxy compound that is acrylic acid in which the olefinic hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by an isobutyl-ONN-azoxy group.		210
2,6-dimethyl-4-(2'-nitrosophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester
2,6-dimethyl-4-(2'-nitrosophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source		2.0710
goe 5438
Goe 5438: structure given in first source		1.9710
clausenamide
clausenamide: Chinese drug isolated from leaves of Clausena lansium (Lour) Skeels; used in treatment of viral hepatitis; structure given in first source		2.0410
ucn 1028 a
calphostin A: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		1.9710
tamsulosin
[no description available]		2.99405-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
5,5'-dihydroxy-4,4'-bitryptamine
5,5'-dihydroxy-4,4'-bitryptamine: structure given in first source		2.610
calphostin d
calphostin D: structure given in first source; isolated form Cladosporium cladosporioides; see also record for calphostin complex		1.9710
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
rupatadine
rupatadine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to trihydrochloride		2.2110benzocycloheptapyridine
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		2.25101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
carbapenems
[no description available]		2.4620
di-beta-(morpholinoethyl)selenide
di-beta-(morpholinoethyl)selenide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.610
cezomycin
cezomycin: structure given in first source		2.0810
alpha-ergocryptine
ergocryptine: a component of the ergotoxine complex; it is the main ergot alkaloid of Japanese & South American wid grasses; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (76-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). alpha-ergocryptine : Ergotaman bearing hydroxy, isopropyl, and 2-methylpropyl groups at the 12', 2' and 5' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid. Ergocryptine discussed in the literature prior to 1967, when beta-ergocryptine was separated from alpha-ergocryptine, is now referred to as alpha-ergocryptine.		210ergot alkaloid
aspartame
[no description available]		3.1650carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
calcium borate
calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7		4.6111
lanthanum hydroxide
lanthanum hydroxide: RN given refers to unspecified lanthanum hydroxide		2.0510
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		10.26851D-xylose
quinone methide
quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.		2.520quinomethane
duroquinol
durohydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol carrying four methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 5 and 6.		2.3720hydroquinones;
methylbenzene		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
volatile oil component
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		7.7430beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
borazine
borazine: structure in first source		7.4920inorganic aromatic compound;
inorganic heterocyclic compound
cyclic-2,3-diphosphoglycerate
cyclic-2,3-diphosphoglycerate: found in methanogens; has role in carbohydrate metabolism		1.9610bisphosphoglyceric acid
perrhenate
perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re		2.9940monovalent inorganic anion;
rhenium oxoanion
sperm motility inhibitor 2
[no description available]		2.1710
phytol
[no description available]		2.520
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		7.19720amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.6111secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		2.0510cyclohexenones
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		7.41109-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
3-methylaspartic acid
3-methylaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.730
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4120
vatalanib
[no description available]		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
tyrosinamide
tyrosinamide: RN given refers to (S)-isomer. L-tyrosinamide : An amino acid amide that is L-tyrosine in which the carboxy OH group is replaced by NH2.		1.9810amino acid amide;
L-tyrosine derivative
arginylarginine
Arg-Arg : A dipeptide formed from two L-arginine residues.		2.0110dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
terephthalate
terephthalate(2-) : A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid.		2.1310dicarboxylic acid dianion
hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.		2.2110tropane alkaloid
phorbols
Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).		1.9610diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.86110methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
reactive red 195
[no description available]		2.1710
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		14.591992oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
lactitol
lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.		10.1962glycosyl alditolcathartic;
excipient;
laxative
naphthalenediimide
naphthalenediimide: structure in first source		7.5820
triflimide
triflimide: structure in first source		2.4110
gallium oxide
gallium oxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		3.0240
dialuminum magnesium tetraoxide
spinell: mineral that can be colored to match dentin		2.5420
neodymium oxide
neodymium oxide: has antineoplastic activity		2.0310
calcium aluminate
[no description available]		7.4820
samarium oxide
[no description available]		2.0410
indium trichloride
indium trichloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
bismuth orthovanadate
bismuth vanadium tetraoxide: ferroelastic		3.5170
strontium phosphate
strontium phosphate: RN given refers to Sr salt without specified ratio		2.110
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		3.5880chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
5-deazariboflavin
5-deazariboflavin: deaza analog of riboflavin used to elucidate chemical role of the flavin coenzyme; structure		6.9510
metabisulfite
metabisulfite: see also related Na metabisulfite & K metabisulfite		1.9310sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
threo-pentos-2-ulose
threo-pentos-2-ulose: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. 2-keto-D-xylose : A 2-keto-xylose having D-threo configuration; a degradation product of D-ascorbic acid.		1.97102-keto-xylose
deacetoxycephalosporin c
deacetoxycephalosporin C: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(R*)))-isomer; structure given in first source		7.4110cephalosporin
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		3.85110
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		3.1350carbodiimide
isosakuranetin
isosakuranetin: structure in first source. 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a methoxy group at position 4' (the 2S stereoisomer).		2.4110(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
monomethoxyflavanone		plant metabolite
methylisopropylamiloride
[no description available]		2.0110
orotidylic acid
orotidylic acid: structure. orotidine 5'-phosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having 6-carboxyuracil as the nucleobase.		2.4520pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,2-heptanoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-heptanoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (S)-isomer		1.9710
1,3-diacetylchloramphenicol
1,3-diacetylchloramphenicol: RN given refers to (R-(R*,R*))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/92; structure given in first source		1.9810
zirconium phosphate
zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio		2.4620
zinc hematoporphyrin
[no description available]		2.4620
2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline
2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline: structure given in first source		2.1110
2'-deoxythymidylyl-(3'-5')-2'-deoxyadenosine
[no description available]		2.6830
cerous chloride
cerous chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeCl3		2.0410cerium coordination entity
pyropheophorbide a
pyropheophorbide a: RN given refers to (3S-trans)-isomer		2.2110
ampelopsin
ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0410dihydromyricetin;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone
[no description available]		2.0310ribonolactonemetabolite
lysyl-tryptophyl-alpha-lysine
lysyl-tryptophyl-alpha-lysine: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to (all-L)-isomer; KWK-CO2 is the positively charged oligopeptide		1.9710oligopeptide
potassium ferrate
potassium ferrate: oxidizing agent		2.6920
bis(1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)gold(i)
bis(1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)gold(I): RN given for parent cpd; structure given in first source		1.9710
scytolone
scytolone: intermediate in melanin biosynthesis by Verticillium dahliae. scytalone : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, and 8.		210
2-deoxy-2-fluorogalactose
2-deoxy-2-fluorogalactose: structure given in first source; used as a tracer for evaluation of liver function by PET		1.9710
3-aminopyridine-1,n(6)-ethenoadenine dinucleotide phosphate
3-aminopyridine-1,N(6)-ethenoadenine dinucleotide phosphate: fluorescent reagent for NADP-requiring enzymes		1.9910
cholecystokinin 9
cholecystokinin 9: nonapeptide		1.9710
sialyl-le(a) oligosaccharide
sialyl-Le(a) oligosaccharide: isolated from human milk		1.9910
thymidine 5'-diphosphate
thymidine 5'-diphosphate: see also record for thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate, RN 2863-04-9. dTDP : A thymidine phosphate having a diphosphate group at the 5'-position.		1.9810pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
thymidine phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		3.150
tartrazine
Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.		2.5220
cupric hydroxide
copper hydroxide: used as an antifungal agent		2.4620organic molecular entity
tetraphenylphosphonium
tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.		2.8840heteroorganic entity;
phosphorus molecular entity;
polyatomic cation
chlorzolamide
chlorzolamide: structure		1.9610
4'-galactooligosaccharide
4'-galactooligosaccharide: structure given in first source. galactooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of galactose residues.		2.1110
silver fluoride
[no description available]		2.0810fluoride salt;
silver salt
chlorosyl
chlorosyl: do not confuse with chlorsyle or chlorozil		2.1710chlorine oxide;
inorganic radical
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		3.0750
metaperiodate
metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.		2.0610iodine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
thiophosphoric acid
thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.4110phosphorothioic acid
rac 109
RAC 109: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
trimethylsilyldiazomethane
trimethylsilyldiazomethane: reagent for organic synthesis		2.1110
palladium(ii) acetate
[no description available]		2.0810
deoxythymidylyl-3'-5'-deoxyadenylate
[no description available]		1.9910
6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, (d)-isomer
6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 6,7-dimethyl-8-(1-D-ribityl)lumazine : The pteridine that is lumazine substituted with methyl groups at C-6 and -7 and with a 1-D-ribityl group on N-8.		2.0810pteridinescofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		1.9410dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		2.1310
molybdenum blue
molybdenum blue: spray reagent prepared by dissolving molybdenum trioxide in H2SO4 & adding powdered molybdenum; for staining phospholipids in thin layer chromatography		1.9310
s(8)
[no description available]		2.4110
terics
terics: medicated blocks used for control of cattle bloat; RN given is for teric N; nonylphenol ethoxylate is resistant to environmental breakdown so EPA discourages use		2.0310
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		8.76110biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		7.02270amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
palladium sulfonated alizarine
palladium sulfonated alizarine: water soluble catalyst; RN given refers to sodium salt		2.8940
gabaculine
gabaculine: potent inhibitor of aminobutyrate aminotransferase from Streptomyces toyocaensis.; also inhibits a variety of PLP-dependent aminotransferases; structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (S)-gabaculine : The (S)-enantiomer of gabaculine.		1.98105-aminocyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acidbacterial metabolite;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium: structure given in first source. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is ethyl.		3.7901-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		5.96210
galactosucrose
galactosucrose: a non-digestible trisaccharide produced from lactose and sucrose by beta-fructofuranosidase		2.0110
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		10.451780
2-hexyl-4-pentynoic acid
2-hexyl-4-pentynoic acid: has hepatoprotective activity; structure in first source		2.110
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		5.0911hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
dihydrodaidzein
dihydrodaidzein: structure in first source. dihydrodaidzein : A hydroxyisoflavanone that is isoflavanone carrying two hydroxy substituents located at positions 4' and 7.		2.0210hydroxyisoflavanonemetabolite
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		5.58220divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
antalarmin
antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).		2.0710pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
nickel monoxide
[no description available]		3.78100
thaxtomine a
thaxtomine A: a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces scabies; RN given for (3R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0210
psyllium
Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.		8.36106very long-chain fatty acid
scutellarin
scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.		2.4920glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
propargylglycine
propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		7.0810
santamarine
santamarine: sesquiterpene derivative of costunolide. santamarin : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group.		2.4110sesquiterpene lactone
isospaglumic acid
isospaglumic acid: mediator in the sensitivity of animals to hyperbaric oxygenation; Naaxia is the tradename; apparently can have both a neuroprotective and a neurotoxic effect. Ac-Asp-Glu : A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.		2.9240dipeptidehuman metabolite
dehydromethionine
dehydromethionine: structure given in first source		1.9810
epiaustraline
epiaustraline: structure in first source		210
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		3.0610corticosteroid hormone
1-oxoisoindole
1-oxoisoindole: structure		2.0810
arabinonate-5-phosphate
arabinonate-5-phosphate: competitive inhibitor of glucosephosphate isomerase		2.0110
diazoacetamide
[no description available]		2.7530
eudesmane
eudesmane: a bicyclododecane; not a napthalene		2.7430sesquiterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
glycyl-glycyl-valine
[no description available]		2.420oligopeptide
lactosylurea
lactosylurea: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		4.131
aziridine-2-carboxylic acid
aziridine-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source		3.110
difructose anhydride iii
difructose anhydride III: a non-reducing derivative of inulobiose		4.3722sugar dianhydride
dioxocyclam
[no description available]		2.0110
troeger's base
Troeger's base: structure given in first source		2.0510
chlorite
[no description available]		2.1510chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
2-deoxystreptamine
2-deoxystreptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure.. 2-deoxystreptamine : An amino cyclitol consisting of scyllo-inositol with the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 replaced by unsubstituted amino groups and that at position 2 replaced by hydrogen.		2.0210
anabasine
Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.		2.0310anabasine
muraglitazar
muraglitazar: has glucose- and lipid-lowering activities; structure in first source; molecule composed of benzyloxazole-phenoxy-oxybenzylglycine-phenoxyl having structural analogy to PHENOXYBENZAMINE		2.04101,3-oxazoles
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.58201-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lapatinib
[no description available]		2.2110furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.4311carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
sorafenib
[no description available]		2.8830(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
solifenacin succinate
Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.		2.3110isoquinolines
santonin
Santonin: Anthelmintic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia maritima and other species of Artemisia found principally in Russian and Chinese Turkestan and the Southern Ural region. (From Merck, 11th ed.)		7.3620botanical anti-fungal agent;
santonin		plant metabolite
salophen
salphen: structure in first source		2.0710
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		2.944012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
erythritol
[no description available]		5.2841butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		3.2560bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
delrin
delrin: linear polyoxymethylene type acetal resin made by polymerization of formaldehyde; RN refers to multi-polymer		3.3510
cortisone
[no description available]		2.362011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lithium fluoride
lithium fluoride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li-F; GR200-A is LiF activated by Mg, Cu, and P		2.9840
cellulose triacetate
cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration		1.9910
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		3.46702-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural
5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.		5.55190arenecarbaldehyde;
furans;
primary alcohol		indicator;
Maillard reaction product
sodium sulfide
sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae		3.580
propargylamine
propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7530
lanosterol
[no description available]		2.021014alpha-methyl steroid;
3beta-sterol;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		210monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		4.88330
sodium bromide
sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.		2.0310bromide salt;
inorganic sodium salt
telocinobufagin
telocinobufagin: structure		2.0210steroid lactone
fusicoccin
fusicoccin: phytotoxic glycoside from Fusicoccum amydali; structure		2.7330
1,3-cyclooctadiene
[no description available]		2.0510
triostin a
triostin A: RN given refers to triostin A; see also record for triostin C		1.9810
2-oxindole
2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.		4.14150gamma-lactam;
indolinone
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		4.3522
acylfulvene
acylfulvene: an antineoplastic agent; structure given in first source; an analog of illudin		2.0510
zinc tetraphenylporphyrin
[no description available]		2.110
tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine
tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine: structure in first source		2.5420
isocryptolepine
isocryptolepine: synthetic antimalarial alkaloid; structure in first source		2.0810
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		2.3720bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		5.06211,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
acetogenins
Acetogenins: Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.		2.4620
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		5.1380
permanganate
[no description available]		5.4441manganese oxoacid
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		2.1310
carboplatin
[no description available]		4.6111
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.9640inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine
S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.		2.1510adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide		cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.		2.6930glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatemouse metabolite
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		10.38334
5'-deoxyadenosine
5'-deoxyadenosine: main heading DEOXYADENOSINE refers to the 3' cpd. 5'-deoxyadenosine : A 5'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having adenosine as the nucleobase.		8.51805'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ribulose 5-phosphate
ribulose 5-phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-ribulose 5-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of ribulose 5-phosphate that is one of the end-products of the pentose phosphate pathway.. ribulose 5-phosphate : A ribulose phosphate in which the phosphate group is attached at position 5.		210ribulose 5-phosphatemouse metabolite
xylulose-5-phosphate, (d)-isomer
D-xylulose 5-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of xylulose 5-phosphate.		210xylulose 5-phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycerate 1,3-biphosphate
3-phospho-D-glyceroyl dihydrogen phosphate : The (R)-enantiomer of 3-phosphoglyceroyl dihydrogen phosphate.		2.02102,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid;
acyl monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sorbose
sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.		1.9510L-sorbose;
sorbopyranose
arabinose
[no description available]		4.01140L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		3.1150N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		7.8840peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		3.69100oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
amylopectin
Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.		4.3141
hexacyanoferrate iii
hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6630
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		11.93146D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid
galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.		2.7830D-galacturonic acid
elastin
[no description available]		3.2360oligopeptide
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		10.5851amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		6.391313,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		6.79141raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		2.0810(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		3.1750
n-acetyllactosamine
N-acetyllactosamine: RN given refers to D-isomer. N-acetyllactosamine : A beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre.		1.9710beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-D-GlcpNAc
diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.		2.4202,6-diaminopimelic acid;
amino acid zwitterion		Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		4.86110heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
d-tagatose
D-tagatopyranose : The pyranose form of D-tagatose.		8.3811D-tagatose
amylodextrins
amylodextrin : A linear dextrin or short chained amylose (DP 20-30) that can be produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of the alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds or debranching amylopectin.		1.9910maltose
dithioerythritol
[no description available]		1.97101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diolreducing agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		4.8560myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine
cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.		2.0710dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		11.2849011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
allose
[no description available]		2.0410allopyranose;
D-allose		antioxidant
puromycin
[no description available]		2.3520puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
stachyose
stachyose: RN given refers to parent cpd. stachyose : A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose.		2.4120raffinose family oligosaccharide;
tetrasaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
taxifolin
(+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0810taxifolinmetabolite
isomaltulose
6-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose : A glycosylfructose that is D-fructofuranose attached to a alpha-D-glucopyranosyl unit at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage. It is found in honey and sugarcane.		3.8321glycosylfructoseanimal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sweetening agent
desmosterol
Desmosterol: An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.. desmosterol : A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol.		6.98103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C27-steroid;
cholestanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cellotetraose
cellotetraose: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer. cellotetraose : A glucotetrose comprised of four D-glucose residues connected by beta(1->4) linkages.		2.0810glucotetraose
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		3.7100tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
alpha-aminobutyric acid
alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.		2.0810alpha-aminobutyric acid;
D-alpha-amino acid
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		210guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
dehydroascorbic acid
Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.		6.9310dehydroascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
mouse metabolite
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		1.9510deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
eriodictyol
eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.41103'-hydroxyflavanones;
tetrahydroxyflavanone
arabinofuranose
arabinofuranose: structure in first source. L-arabinofuranose : The five-membered ring form of L-arabinose.		2.0210L-arabinose
fructans
(2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.		13.3115
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		6.63630cellotriose
psicose, (d)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0510monosaccharide
iduronate
Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.		210idopyranuronic acid;
L-iduronic acid
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		9.87110monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		210cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		3.19501-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		9.06150cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		3.4620cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		5.9965piperidines
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		2.420homodetic cyclic peptide
indican
[no description available]		6.9710beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		2.6830
brucine
brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94		7.7430monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound
stevioside
stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.		2.2510beta-D-glucoside;
bridged compound;
diterpene glycoside;
ent-kaurane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sweetening agent
eremophilenolide
eremophilenolide: from Ligularia dolichobotrys; structure in first source		2.0310sesquiterpene lactone
naringin
[no description available]		2.2510(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		1.9910isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
securinine
securinine: a quinolizine pseudoalkaloid (not from amino acid) from Securinega suffurutiosa or Securinini nitras		2.0210indolizines
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		3.4370
acriflavine
Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.		1.9510
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.6830tripeptide
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		1.98101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
c(alpha)-formylglycine
C(alpha)-formylglycine: An unusual amino acid residue found at active site of sulfatases. It is created through the conversion of an active site cysteine or serine residue by C(alpha)-formylglycine (FGly)-generating enzyme. Although the term formylglycine has been used in the literature to refer to C(alpha)-formylglycine it is found in most chemical sources as a synonom for N-formyglycine.. L-3-oxoalanine : The L-enantiomer of 3-oxoalanine.		2.05103-oxoalanine;
amino acid zwitterion;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
valnemulin
valnemulin: a pleuromutilin derivative		7.1310carbotricyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
cyclic ketone
lycoramine
lycoramine: structure in first source		2.0310benzazepine
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.06103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		1.9310ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		3.3711organic molecular entity
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		5.85290cyclodextrin
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		3.2160butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		5.98340acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		3.3260cinnamic acidplant metabolite
ergosterol
[no description available]		3.13503beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		5.1931retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		4.3190icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		2.0210cyclodextrin
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		3.86120butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
desthiobiotin
desthiobiotin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (4R,5S)-dethiobiotin : The (4R,5S)-isomer of dethiobiotin.		2.0210dethiobiotin
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		1.9410farnesolplant metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		8.1750resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.91130retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		6.08281octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		3.520macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferric hydroxide
ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9		9.5170
farnesyl pyrophosphate
farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.		2.6430farnesyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.7430ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		13.93263D-galactopyranuronic acid
geranyl pyrophosphate
geranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E)-isomer. geranyl diphosphate : The diphosphate of the polyprenol compound geraniol.		2.420polyprenyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,5-dihydro-fad
1,5-dihydro-FAD: chromophore component of E coli DNA photolyase		1.9910flavin adenine dinucleotideEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		4.35180benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.4420icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		3.2560butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
tetragastrin
Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.		2.3720peptidyl amide;
tetrapeptide		anxiogenic;
human metabolite
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.1110
keratan sulfate
Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.		210
lycopene
[no description available]		8.3260acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.0810macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
phenylalaninol
phenylalaninol: inhibits intestinal absorption of phenylalanine; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified stereochemistry. L-phenylalaninol : An amino alcohol resulting from the formal reduction of the carboxy group of L-phenylalanine to the corresponding alcohol.		2.1510amino alcohol;
amphetamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound
2-butenal
crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.		2.1110enal
neocarzinostatin chromophore
neocarzinostatin chromophore: nonprotein chromophore of neocarzinostatin; antibiotic activity of Neocarzinostatin depends on wholy on chromophore interaction with DNA; Chrom A & Chrom B are separated by HPLC; Chrom C is derived from Chrom A; Chrom D is inactive minor component. neocarzinostatin chromophore : A naphthoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-methyl-1-naphthoic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of (1aS,5R,6R,6aE,9aR)-5-hydroxy-1a-[(4R)-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-2,3,8,9-tetradehydro-1a,5,6,9a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[5,6]cyclonona[1,2-b]oxiren-6-yl 2,6-dideoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-D-galactopyranoside. The chromophoric part of neocarzinostatin, it is tightly and non-covelently bound to a 113-membered apoprotein, which serves to protect it and release it to the target DNA.		7.3920cyclopentacyclononaoxirene;
D-galactosaminide;
dioxolane;
monosaccharide derivative;
naphthoate ester		antineoplastic agent
argininamide
argininamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. L-arginine amide : An amino acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-arginine with ammonia.		1.9910amino acid amide;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative
isofagomine
[no description available]		2.0710piperidines
t0901317
T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist		7.4110
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.1110aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		1.9710adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.6330olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide
benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide: structure in first source		2.4820
n-acetylmethionine
N-acetylmethionine: RN given refers to L-isomer. N-acetylmethionine : A methionine derivative that is methionine in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.		1.9510L-methionine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acetylmethionine		nutraceutical
tu-514
[no description available]		2.0210
imidazolidines
[no description available]		3.1550azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.7530
laminaran
laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan		1.9910
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.5690actinomycinmutagen
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.02103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		3.4980pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.1310amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		2.8930aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
l 743,872
[no description available]		2.0210
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		1.9810kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbobenzoxyphenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-glycine
carbobenzoxyphenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-glycine: RN given refers to (D)-Phe-(L)PheGly cpd; blocking group is on the amino-terminus		1.9810
reynosin
reynosin: sesquiterpene derivative of costunolide. reynosin : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group, found particularly in Magnolia grandiflora and Laurus nobilis.		2.4110organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		metabolite
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		4.5240flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
maltitol
maltitol : An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.		10.451alpha-D-glucoside;
glycosyl alditol		laxative;
metabolite;
sweetening agent
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide
conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source		4.6111
ammonium metavanadate
[no description available]		1.9910
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.7230
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		12.48262one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium chlorate
sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.		2.0710chlorate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		herbicide
potassium acetate
Potassium Acetate: A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.. potassium acetate : A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions		2.7830potassium saltfood acidity regulator
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.7430organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.7730organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
ammonium carbonate
ammonium carbonate: see also record for ammonium bicarbonate (mono-NH4 salt)		2.5420
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		7.9540acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
forsterite
[no description available]		3.6120
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine
[no description available]		2.610metallophthalocyanine;
zinc tetrapyrrole		fluorochrome
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl
Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl: Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent.. 4-oxo-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an oxo group at position 4.		2.4520aminoxyls;
piperidones		radical scavenger
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.0310organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
sodium perchlorate
sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.		3.1350inorganic sodium salt
potassium fluoride
potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.		2.7630fluoride salt;
potassium salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
poison
peroxybenzoic acid
peroxybenzoic acid: dentavon forms perbenzoic acid in water; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610
oxazolidine
oxazolidine: structure given in first source		2.7330oxazolidine
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		3.71002-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
di-tert-butyldiaziridinone
di-tert-butyldiaziridinone: structure in first source		2.0410
(trifluoromethyl)-trimethylsilane
(trifluoromethyl)-trimethylsilane: structure in first source		2.110
calix(4)arene
calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source		2.7230
tris(perfluorophenyl)borane
tris(perfluorophenyl)borane: structure in first source		7.4520
n-fluorobenzenesulfonimide
N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide: structure in first source		2.830
4-phenylcoumarin
4-phenylcoumarin: structure given in first source. 4-phenylcoumarin : The simplest member of the class of neoflavones that is coumarin substituted by a phenyl group at position 4.		2.0310neoflavones
xantphos
xantphos: structure in first source		7.4420
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		1.9310triterpenoid
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		7.76303-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		2.03104-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
anethole
anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.		2.0110anetholeflavouring agent
geraniol
[no description available]		2.03103,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
glycosides
[no description available]		6.68420
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.7630chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid
sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.		2.4720sinapic acidMALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		10.331062isomethyleugenol
crotononitrile
crotononitrile: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410nitrile
phenyllithium
phenyllithium: structure in first source		2.4820
citral
citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.		3.3510enal;
monoterpenoid;
polyprenal		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
retinaldehyde
Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		4.39210retinal;
vitamin A		gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
retinol acetate
retinol acetate: structure given in first source		2.0510acetate ester
bicyclo(2.2.1)heptene
bicyclo(2.2.1)heptene: structure in first source		2.0210bridged compound;
carbobicyclic compound;
cyclic olefin
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		5.06140triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		4.43220stilbene
2'-hydroxychalcone
2'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2'.		2.0810chalcones;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent
coumestan
coumestan: structure in first source. coumestan : A member of the class of coumestans that is 6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene substituted by an oxo group at position 6.		2.1310coumestans;
delta-lactone		phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		1.9710
antofine
antofine: structure in first source. (-)-antofine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is (13aR)-9,11,12,13,13a,14-hexahydrodibenzo[f,h]pyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinoline substituted at positions 2, 3 and 6 by methoxy groups. It is an alkaloid produced by relatives of the milkweed family and exhibits antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiadipogenic and antitumorigenic activities.		2.0710alkaloid antibiotic;
alkaloid;
aromatic ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
phytotoxin;
plant metabolite
prolinol
prolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. prolinol : An amino alcohol formed by reduction of the amino acid proline.		2.0210
dibenzylidene acetone
dibenzylidene acetone: structure in first source		2.0710
thiopyran
thiopyran: structure in first source		2.4720
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		2.9940alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
citraconic acid
citraconic acid: was MH 1975-92 (see under MALEATES 1975-90); METHYLMALEIC ACID was see CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; use MALEATES to search CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; SO refers to (E)-isomer. citraconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		5.91330flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme a
3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA : A hydroxybutanoyl-CoA having 3-hydroxybutanoyl as the S-acyl component.		1.98103-hydroxyacyl-CoA;
hydroxybutanoyl-CoA		mouse metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a
Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.		3.7730malonyl-CoAsEC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		3.5420morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.2460vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		4.34200diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a
Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.		2.392011,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA;
3-substituted propionyl-CoA;
long-chain fatty acyl-CoA;
palmitoyl bioconjugate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dodecylphosphocholine
dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine		3.4980phosphocholinesdetergent
azidopine
azidopine: structure given in first source		1.9810benzamides
canrenoic acid
Canrenoic Acid: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.		2.01103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.110indolyl carboxylic acid
benidipine
benidipine: RN refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer		3.2310
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		5.0911inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
isopropyl thiogalactoside
Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.		5.0911S-glycosyl compound
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.0210purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		1.9510pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.0710
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		1.9910
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		5.72260
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		1.9510ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		2.3920aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		1.9510pyrimidone
sch-202676
SCH-202676: An allosteric modulator of both agonist and antagonist binding to G protein-coupled receptors; structure in first source		3.1210
1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid
1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.0110
3,4'-dihydroxyflavone
3,4'-dihydroxyflavone: an antioxidant; structure in first source		2.0710
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		3.4470caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-beta-d-glycero-hex-3-enopyran-2-ulose
1,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhex-3-enopyran-2-ulose: structure in first source		2.0710anhydrohexose;
deoxyketohexose
2-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenol
2-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenol: structure in first source		2.110
n-benzamidothiourea
N-benzamidothiourea: structure in first source		2.0310benzoic acids
cyclouridine
cyclouridine: structure given in third source		6.9410
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		7.6630diarylmethane
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		5.61161aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		7.8740nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
thiohydantoins
Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.		2.0710
p-cyanophenylalanine
p-cyanophenylalanine: structure in first source		2.5220
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		1.9610diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		6.3111capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
metiamide
Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.		2.3520imidazoles
terbinafine
[no description available]		210acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
coniferyl alcohol
coniferyl alcohol: structure. coniferol : A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring.		7.4420guaiacols;
phenylpropanoid		animal metabolite;
monolignol;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
pyrimidine-2-thiol
pyrimidine-2-thiol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrimidine-2-thiol : Pyrimidine substituted at C-2 by a sulfanyl group.		2.0310aryl thiol;
pyrimidines		allergen;
corrosion inhibitor
cinnamonitrile
cinnamonitrile: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		2.4420
2,4-dithiouracil
2,4-dithiouracil: inhibitor of aspergillin biosynthesis		2.110
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.1310cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
longifolene
longifolene: from plant products; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,3abeta,4alpha,8abeta))-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0310longifolene
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		2.4110barbituratesallergen;
reagent
thiosemicarbazide
thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.		2.7830hydrazines;
thiocarboxamide;
thioureas
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		9.25180one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
safranine t
safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.		1.9610organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
histological dye
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		1.9710organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
indigo carmine
Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.		5.6351
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		15.5111921cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
4-thiopyridine
4-thiopyridine: RN given refers to 4-thiopyridine cpd		210
sodium ethoxide
sodium ethoxide : An organic monosodium salt that has ethoxide as the counterion.		2.1510organic sodium saltnucleophilic reagent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.4110thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
diaminomaleonitrile, (z)-isomer
diaminomaleonitrile: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4110
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		4.31180aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
2-thiocytosine
4-amino-2-mercaptopyrimidine: structure in first source		7.0710
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		2.610
tungsten carbide
tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		4.2750
5-doxylstearate
[no description available]		1.9810aminoxyls
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		1.9810cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
meso-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine, (r-(r*,s*))-isomer
diphenylethylenediamine: structure in first source		2.0710
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.0110benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source		2.4420benzoic acid;
imidazolines;
organic radical		apoptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
tamoxifen
[no description available]		1.9710stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		2.3720bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
methyltrioxorhenium
methyltrioxorhenium VII: reagent used as an oxidation catalyst for a wide range of materials		2.0510
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source		3.4670
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is butyl.		8401-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-hexylpyridinium
[no description available]		2.0810
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
[no description available]		2.4920
nadp
[no description available]		10.022010
galactal
galactal: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		2.110anhydrohexose;
glycal
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		10.24150
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.0210pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
8-azidoethidium
8-azidoethidium: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.9820
3-(4-acetylphenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid
3-(4-acetylphenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid: structure in first source		2.1110
3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione
3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione: structure in first source		2.8220
glucosylurea
glucosylurea: RN given refers to (D-Glc)-isomer		210
kl001
KL001: inhibits degradation of the cryptochrome; structure in first source		2.1110
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		7.352011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		2.3720carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		11.94570cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		4.7871C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		3.1750
glycylproline
Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.		1.9910dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1,2,3-hexadecanetriol
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1,2,3-hexadecanetriol: structure in first source. phytantriol : A triol that consists of 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecane bearing three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.		2.0710triol
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		9.521610alkali metal atom
thiamylal
Thiamylal: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919). thiamylal : A member of the class of barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.		1.9410barbiturates;
organosulfur compound		sedative
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.7730cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		8.61292nitrogen oxide
thiouridine
Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.		2.6430nucleoside analogue;
thiouridine		affinity label;
antimetabolite
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		2.7230amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
quinine
[no description available]		3.690cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
4,6-cholestadien-3-one
[no description available]		2.03103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cholestanoid
dimethylarsine
dimethylarsine: structure given in first source		2.610
methyl radical
[no description available]		3.75100organic radical
glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.		1.9910bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source		2.0310
tryptophan tryptophylquinone
tryptophan tryptophylquinone: prosthetic group of the quinoprotein methylamine dehydrogenase; structure given in first source		3.110
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate
[no description available]		210
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide
2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source		2.0410
cystine
[no description available]		4.36210
methenolone
Methenolone: A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action.		1.94103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
freedom
Freedom: The rights of individuals to act and make decisions without external constraints.		7.4110
2,2,3,3-tetrafluoroputrescine
2,2,3,3-tetrafluoroputrescine: structure given in first source		2.0610
chitotetrose
chitotetrose: isolated from acid hydrolysates of chitin		2.0110
calcium ammonium nitrate
calcium ammonium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. calcium ammonium nitrate : A mixture obtained by combining ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and water. It is widely used as a nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture.		2.1310
5-nitroso-salicylate
5-nitroso-salicylate: metabolite of 5-aminosalicylic acid		2.0610hydroxybenzoic acid
4-(2-(4-isopropylbenzamido)ethoxy)benzoic acid
4-(2-(4-isopropylbenzamido)ethoxy)benzoic acid: structure given in first source		2.0310
preussin
preussin: from Aspergillus ochraceus		210
sk&f-96356
1-(2-methylphenyl)-4-methylamino-6-methyl-2,3-dihydropyrrolo(3,2-c)quinoline: a K+-competitive fluorescent inhibitor of the H,K-ATPase; structure given in first source		1.9710
dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine
[no description available]		2.0110phosphatidyl-L-serine
ferrocenium
ferrocenium: structure given in first source		2.110
nitinol
nitinol: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Ti; do not confuse with titanium nickelide; other nitinols (nitinol SE and nitinol 55) are Co-Ni-Ti alloys		2.4110
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		3.6590
hexacyanocobaltate (iii)
hexacyanocobaltate (III): sensitive probe of protein interactions with anions; RN given for (60)Co-labeled cpd		2.0310
n,n'-bis(dodecyldimethyl)-1,2-ethanediammonium
N,N'-bis(dodecyldimethyl)-1,2-ethanediammonium: inhibits germination of bacterial spores; RN given refers to dibromide		1.9610
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.0210
silicon nitride
[no description available]		2.4320
phosphonic acid
phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.		2.5120
metaphosphoric acid
metaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to cpd with structure HPO3. phosphonate(1-) : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the two OH groups in phosphonic acid.		2.0310
salinomycin
salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.420polyketide;
spiroketal		animal growth promotant;
potassium ionophore
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		2.9540
1,4-benzothiazine
[no description available]		2.0210
phosphothreonine
Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.		8.2760L-threonine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		6.06200
anthraquinone sulfonate
anthraquinone sulfonate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified acid locant		2.1310
epoxiconazole
epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.		2.4110epoxide;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
triazoles
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		7.16281organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
galactomannan
galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.		2.0110oligosaccharide
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.0210
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		2.3920quinoxaline derivative
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.		2.1710C-nitro compound;
phenylhydrazines		reagent
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		3.2150
homoserine lactone
homoserine lactone: a putative signal for starvation in E. coli; structure in first source. homoserinium lactone : The conjugate acid of homoserine lactone; major species at pH 7.3.. homoserine lactone : A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.		2.0110ammonium ion derivative;
organic cation
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		6.18331
ferrostatin-1
ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.		2.2510ethyl ester;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		antifungal agent;
antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
7-deazapurine
7-deazapurine: structure in first source		7.4110
thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
[no description available]		2.0310
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		3.89130
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		3.93130
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.34190inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
hydroxyethylcellulose
hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.		2.2510
idd 594
Idd 594: structure in first source		2.0210
triacetone triperoxide
triacetone triperoxide: very sensitive explosive		2.7430
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		1.9710organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		2.4420
sodium niobate
[no description available]		2.1710
palladium oxide
palladium oxide: RN given refers to PdO		2.830
ex 527
6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.		2.1510carbazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound
2-nitrobenzoate
2-nitrobenzoate: structure in first source		2.610nitrobenzoate
3-(trimethylsilyl)propanesulfonic acid
3-(trimethylsilyl)propanesulfonic acid: used as a hydrophobic probe for proton magnetic resonance studies of apolar sites on proteins; RN given refers to Na salt		2.4420organosulfonic acidNMR chemical shift reference compound
tetrathiomolybdate
tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure		2.110
9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium
9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium: structure in first source		2.5220
methanethiosulfonate
methanethiosulfonate: used for measurement of rhodanese activity; RN given refers to parent cpd		210
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.9240sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		9.381907-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2
Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.7430ubiquinones
bilirubin
[no description available]		3.3770biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		6.07162prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		5.0190monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene a4
Leukotriene A4: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta(1E,3E,5Z,8Z)))-3-(1,3,5,8-Tetradecatetraenyl)oxiranebutanoic acid. An unstable allylic epoxide, formed from the immediate precursor 5-HPETE via the stereospecific removal of a proton at C-10 and dehydration. Its biological actions are determined primarily by its metabolites, i.e., LEUKOTRIENE B4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Alternatively, leukotriene A4 is converted into LEUKOTRIENE C4 by glutathione-S-transferase or into 5,6-di-HETE by the epoxide-hydrolase. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene A4 : A leukotriene that is the (5S,6S)-epoxy derivative of (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid.		7.6530epoxy fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid;
oxylipin;
polyunsaturated fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
vitexin
[no description available]		2.0710C-glycosyl compound;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.9840trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.75303'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		4.48220octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.2760D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
quercitrin
[no description available]		2.5320alpha-L-rhamnoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antileishmanial agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		4.11160
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		4.790carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		4.86340retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		1.9710dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		1.9810leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		1.9710epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
glutaconic acid
glutaconic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. glutaconic acid : A pentenedioic acid that is pent-2-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1 and 5.. (E)-glutaconic acid : The (E)-isomer of glutaconic acid.		1.9910glutaconic acid
maleoylacetic acid
maleoylacetic acid: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer. maleylacetic acid : A 4-oxohex-2-enedioic acid with a Z-configuration.. 4-oxohex-2-enedioate : An oxo dicarboxylate that is the conjugate base of 4-oxohex-2-enedioic acid.. maleylacetate : A 4-oxohex-2-enedioate that is the conjugate base of maleylacetic acid.		2.01104-oxohex-2-enedioic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
sinapyl alcohol
sinapyl alcohol: has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties; structure in first source. trans-sinapyl alcohol : Sinapyl alcohol in which the configuration of the propenyl double bond is E. It is one of the main monolignols.. sinapyl alcohol : A primary alcohol, being cinnamyl alcohol hydroxylated at C-4 and methoxylated at C-3 and -5.		7.0710sinapyl alcoholmonolignol
coniferaldehyde
coniferaldehyde: from aqueous extract of Senra incana. coniferyl aldehyde : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0710cinnamaldehydes;
guaiacols;
phenylpropanoid		antifungal agent;
plant metabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.4620hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
vitamin k1 hydroquinone
vitamin K1 hydroquinone: metabolite of vitamin K1 & vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide		1.9710naphthohydroquinone;
polyprenylhydroquinone
rosin
rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.		6.9710
dienelactone
dienelactone: structure given in first source		2.01104-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.8940prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.		210HETEhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		2.1510hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
stigmasterol
stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.		1.95103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		plant metabolite
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		10.441D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.9430disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
vitamin k1 oxide
vitamin K1 oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for 2,3-epoxymenaquinone		1.9710
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.73307-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
prostaglandin a2
prostaglandin A2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer		1.9610prostaglandins Ahuman metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		1.9710prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.		2.0310carotenolantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
cofactor
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		3.1450linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		2.0610harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		2.46207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.4470antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		4.311oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.061011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		2.1710
previtamin d(3)
previtamin D3 : A hydroxy seco-steroid which is an intermediate in the production of vitamin D3 in human skin.		2.0310D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol		human metabolite
petroselinic acid
petroselinic acid: isomer of oleic acid in parsley seeds; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; NM refers to (Z)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6974. petroselinic acid : The cis-isomer of octadec-6-enoic acid, a long-chain fatty acid.		1.9810octadec-6-enoic acidplant metabolite
tentoxin
tentoxin: cyclic peptide from fungus Alternaria tenuis Auct.; structure		1.9610lactam
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		2.4620carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
norbixin
norbixin: an annatto compound; RN given refers to all-trans-norbixin (beta-norbixin); 9-cis-norbixin is alpha-norbixin		2.1110diterpenoid
torulene
torulene : A carotene that is beta,psi-carotene which has been been dehydrogenated to introduce an (E)-double bond at the 3'-4' position.		7.0510carotene;
polyene
mezerein
mezerein: toxic component of plant Daphne mezereum with anti-leukemic activity against P-388 & P-1210 in mice; can act as a tumor promoter; RN given refers to (12beta(E,E))-isomer; structure		2.3820diterpenoid
esculin
[no description available]		2.3920beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxycoumarin		antioxidant;
metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		3.5380alpha-humulene
oleuropein
oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		210beta-D-glucoside;
catechols;
diester;
methyl ester;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
baicalein
[no description available]		4.9521trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		2.07107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
fisetin
[no description available]		2.41103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
7-hydroxyflavonol;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
hyperoside
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.		2.7220beta-D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
mangostin
mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.		2.5220aromatic ether;
phenols;
xanthones		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
norlichexanthone
norlichexanthone: isolated from fungus P16; structure in first source. norlichexanthone : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 6 and a methyl group at position 8. It has been isolated from Wardomyces anomalus.		2.2110polyphenol;
xanthones		antimalarial;
fungal metabolite
myricetin
[no description available]		2.08107-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
robinetin
robinetin: structure given in first source. robinetin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, 3, 4' and 5'.		2.41107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		plant metabolite
wogonin
wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.		2.0310dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.44207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.5220alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		2.610rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
ellagic acid
[no description available]		2.4920catechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
bacteriopheophytin
bacteriopheophytin: pigment which is the degradation product of bacteriochlorophyll; structure. bacteriopheophytin a : A bacteriopheophytin consisting of bacteriochlorophyll a with two hydrogen atoms replacing the magnesium centre.. bacteriopheophytin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole comprising any bacteriochlorophyll molecule with two hydrogen atoms replacing the magnesium centre.		2.0210
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		3.2960ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
methanophenazine
methanophenazine: structure in first source		2.0510phenazines
methymycin
methymycin: structure. methymycin : A twelve-membered macrolide antibiotic that is biosynthesised by Streptomyces venezuelae.		2.0810enone;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative		bacterial metabolite
l 683590
immunomycin: from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure given in first source		3.0810ether;
lactol;
macrolide;
secondary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
astragalin
kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.		2.0710beta-D-glucoside;
kaempferol O-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		plant metabolite;
trypanocidal drug
acetylspiramycin
[no description available]		7.0210acetate ester;
aldehyde;
disaccharide derivative;
ether;
macrolide;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
ethyl linoleate
ethyl linoleate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linoleic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.		2.0510long-chain fatty acid ethyl esteranti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite
geranylgeranylacetone
geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).		1.9810
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		2.3820cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.		4.68290stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.69304,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		4.7260F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol
[no description available]		2.2110phosphatidylglycerol
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		4.3241
fondaparinux
Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.		2.4720amino sugar;
oligosaccharide sulfate;
pentasaccharide derivative		anticoagulant
zinostatin
Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.		2.940
9,11-linoleic acid
9,11-linoleic acid: a conjugated dienoic linoleate (CLA); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline. (9E,11E)-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid having 9-trans,11-trans-stereochemistry.		2.0410octadeca-9,11-dienoic acidanti-inflammatory agent;
antiatherogenic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
human metabolite
arbaprostil
Arbaprostil: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and can inhibit the growth of experimental tumors.		1.9610prostanoid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		2.6730cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide: 5-HPETE is used inconsistently in literature as syn for cpds with various tetraene locants; RN given refers to (6,8,11,14)-isomer; RN in CA Vol 91 Form Index for (E,Z,Z,Z)-isomer: 70968-82-0; RN for (5,8,11,13)-isomer: 71133-12-5; in Merck, arachidonic acid is the (5,8,11,14)-isomer. 5-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 5.		2.3720HPETEhuman xenobiotic metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.58904-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
monolinolein
monolinolein: inactivates or inhibits African Swine Fever virus. rac-1-monolinoleoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol that is composed of equal amounts of 1-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-linoleoyl-sn-glycerol.		2.03101-acylglycerol 18:2;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol		antiviral agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
ubiquinone 6
[no description available]		210ubiquinonesSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ubiquinone 8
[no description available]		2.420ubiquinonesbiomarker
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		6.0981
codeine
[no description available]		5.0452morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
methyl linoleate
[no description available]		2.1110fatty acid methyl esterplant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		4.9931hydrochloride
beta-nitrostyrene
beta-nitrostyrene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0610
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		1.951017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		3.3911morphinane alkaloid
diminazene aceturate
diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.		1.9910N-acetylglycinate saltantiparasitic agent;
trypanocidal drug
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		10.7361morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		2.0510organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		2.6630phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		5.2531antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
menaquinone 7
menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.		4.6111menaquinonebone density conservation agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.0310macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
cellodextrin
cellodextrin: can be metabolized by some yeast species. cellooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide with between two and about 20 D-glucose residues connected by mixed alpha and beta (1->4) glycosidic linkages.. cellodextrin : A dextrin of varying length (two or more glucose monomers) resulting from cellulolysis, the breakdown of cellulose.		2.6120glucotriosebacterial xenobiotic metabolite
n-methylalanine
N-methylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd(DL-Ala)-isomer. methyl-L-alanine : Any alanine derivative that is L-alanine having one or more methyl groups attached to the amino group.. N-methyl-L-alanine : A methyl-L-alanine in which one of the the amino hydrogen of L-alanine is replaced by a methyl group.		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
methyl-L-alanine
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		5.3572morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
xylulose
[no description available]		4.4851xyluloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
denopamine
denopamine: structure given in first source		7.4220dimethoxybenzene
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		1.9710carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
lacidipine
[no description available]		3.2310cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.87401-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.3720cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
ciguatoxins
Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.		2.0510ciguatoxinmetabolite
11-dehydrocorticosterone
11-dehydrocorticosterone : An 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidised to give the corresponding ketone.		3.231011-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
calyculin a
calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R*(1S*,3S*,4S*,5R*,6R*,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R*),7beta(E(S*)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer		2.0510
s 145
S 145: TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (+)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/88; S-1452 is the calcium hydrate form of S-145		1.9710monoterpenoid
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		3.6290phosphatidylcholine(1+)
biliverdine
[no description available]		2.7430
cinnamyl alcohol
cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).		2.0610cinnamyl alcoholplant metabolite
andrographolide
[no description available]		7.5220carbobicyclic compound;
gamma-lactone;
labdane diterpenoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
trilinolein
trilinolein: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. 1,2,3-trilinoleoylglycerol : A triglyceride formed by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with linoleic acid.		2.04101,2-diacyl-3-linoleoylglycerol;
1,3-diacyl-2-linoleoylglycerol;
linoleoyl containing 1,2,3-triacyl-sn-glycerol;
TG(18:2/18:2/18:2);
triglyceride		mouse metabolite
10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridine
10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridine: structure in first source		2.4420
erbstatin
erbstatin: from actinomycetes; an inhibitor of EGF-receptor kinase & other protein-tyrosine kinases; structure in first source		1.9910
fosbretabulin
fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source		2.0510
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		8.74462carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		6.05210carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210
5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given is for cpd without isomeric designation; an arachidonate metabolite which stimulates neutrophils to mobilize Ca and promotes PMN degranulation responses		210
6,7-dihydroxyflavone
6,7-dihydroxyflavone: intensifies effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source		2.0710
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.02101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone
methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710hydroxycinnamic acid
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		4.51230metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		4.78320alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		4.86350alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
oleylamine
oleylamine: promotes fusion of mouse A(9) fibroblasts; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		2.0610
triphenyltin
triphenyltin: triphenyltin derivatives widely used as pesticides; all of first source is triphenyltin cpds		2.3920
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		6.13250alkali metal atom
trimethyltin
trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.		2.0410
ethyl fumarate
[no description available]		2.3920
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		7.78910boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		5.71260alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		4.78290metal atom;
pnictogen
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		9.3360boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		8.91551metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		4.84310boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		5.7632cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		5.91310boron group element atom
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		4.3422phenanthrenes
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.0310benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		11.614250chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
glyceryl behenate
1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.		4.84711-monoglyceride;
fatty acid ester		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
ethyl oleate
[no description available]		2.0510long-chain fatty acid ethyl esteracaricide;
plant metabolite
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.0310
2,3-oxidosqualene
2,3-oxidosqualene: an oxidized derivative of SQUALENE that can fold in several ways: chair-boat-chair-boat to LANOSTEROL; chair-chair-chair-boat to dammarane; or all chair to hopane and on to cycloartenol; RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer. 2,3-epoxysqualene : A squalene triterpenoid obtained by formal epoxidation across the 2,3 C=C bond of squalene.		2.1310epoxide;
squalene triterpenoid
rhodovibrin
rhodovibrin: structure in first source		2.1510xanthophyll
ethyl arachidonate
ethyl arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.		2.0510long-chain fatty acid ethyl esterhuman blood serum metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
alpha-bromocinnamaldehyde
alpha-bromocinnamaldehyde: anti-mildew agent; structure given in first source on page 29		2.0310
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		2.7330benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
lewisite
lewisite: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210
plastoquinone
[no description available]		3.6590plastoquinone
jaceosidin
jaceosidin : A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone with hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' and methoxy groups at positions 3' and 6. Isolated from Salvia tomentosa and Artemisia asiatica, it exhibits anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis inducing activties.		2.2510dimethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
veratrine
Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.		1.9710alkaloid
ajoene
ajoene: major antiplatelet compound in methanol extract of garlic; also inhibits trypanothione reductase.		2.4120sulfoxide
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		2.7730dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
3,7-dihydroxyflavone
3,7-dihydroxyflavone: structure in first source. 7-hydroxyflavonol : Any flavonol carrying a 7-hydroxy substituent.		2.0710hydroxyflavan
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.3420
cytochalasin e
cytochalasin E: structure		1.9710cytochalasan alkaloidmetabolite
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		4.211701,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
2,3-oxidosqualene
oxidosqualene: structure in first source. (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene : A 2,3-epoxysqualene in which the chiral centre has S configuration. It is converted into lanosterol by lanosterol synthase (EC 5.4.99.7) in a key rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of chloesterol, steroid hormones, and vitamin D.		2.13102,3-epoxysqualenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ecdysterone
Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		21014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ecdysteroid;
phytoecdysteroid		animal metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxyribose
[no description available]		4.34200deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formylmethanofuran
formylmethanofuran: proposed as intermediate in reduction of CO2 to methane		2.0610pentacarboxylic acid
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		5.56710butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-dehydroshikimate
3-dehydroshikimate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-dehydroshikimic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. 3-dehydroshikimic acid : A 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is shikimic acid in which the allylic hydroxy group has been oxidised to the corresponding keto group.		1.9910monocarboxylic acid anionSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phycocyanobilin
phycocyanobilin: tetrapyrrole prosthetic group of phycocyanin protein. phycocyanobilin : A bilin that consists of 8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-18-ethyl-3-ethylidene-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydrobilin bearing two oxo substituents at positions 1 and 19.		2.4220
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		4.57250alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
acetyl acetonate
[no description available]		2.0410
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		9.891481cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
isophthalate
isophthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.9540dicarboxylic acid dianion
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		9.822040carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate
7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate: component B of the methylcoenzyme M methylreductase system of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum; structure given in first source		2.730L-threonine derivativecoenzyme
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		12.983202monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		8.89680boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		2.0210morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
huperzine b
huperzine B: Chinese drug isolated from Huperzia serrata; structure given in first source; also isolated from Phlegmariurus fordii		2.0310phenanthrol
hexanitrostilbene
hexanitrostilbene: structure in first source		2.610
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		4.460
nitecapone
nitecapone: structure given in first source		1.9710hydroxycinnamic acid
artepillin c
artepillin C: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0110
alanyl-alanyl-alanine
alanyl-alanyl-alanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. Ala-Ala-Ala : A tripeptide composed of three L-alanine units joined by peptide linkages.		2.0810tripeptidemetabolite
pepstatin
pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin		2.4320pentapeptide;
secondary carboxamide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
phytochlorin
phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source		2.0710
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		5.0911cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
dermorphin
dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin		1.9810oligopeptide
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		2.940
3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine
3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine: potent inhibitor of endogenous respiration of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; RN given refers to iodide; RN for parent cpd not in Chemline 10/24/83; structure		1.9610
manganese(iii)tetraphenylporphine sulfonate
manganese(III)tetraphenylporphine sulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
enkephalinamide-leu, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Leu, Ala(2)-: RN given refers to (L-leucinamide)-isomer		1.9710
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		9.1531gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
uroguanylin
uroguanylin: amino acid sequence given in first source; stimulates intestinal guanylate cyclase; GenBank Z83746 (pig)		2.0310
zoanthamine
zoanthamine: heptacyclic marine alkaloid found in Zoanthus; structure in first source		2.110
vinigrol
vinigrol: structure given in first source; produced by Virgaria nigra		2.0210
crotonyl-coenzyme a
crotonoyl-CoA : The (E)-isomer of but-2-enoyl-CoA.		2.4820but-2-enoyl-CoA
triolein
Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.		2.4220triglycerideCaenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
docosapentaenoic acid
docosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid : The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.		2.3110docosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
human metabolite
bafilomycin a
[no description available]		3.7100
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		4.44502-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		3.1350cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		2.38201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cinidon-ethyl
Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.		2.7830ethyl ester;
isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins		1.9810
zosteric acid
zosteric acid: has antifouling activity; isolated from eelgrass; structure in first source. 4-(sulfooxy)-cinnamic acid : An aryl sulfate that is (2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoic acid which is substituted by a sulfooxy group at position 4. It is produced by the seagrass Zostera marina and has very promising antifouling potential against several micro- and macrofouling organisms.		2.1110aryl sulfate;
cinnamic acids		antifouling biocide;
plant metabolite
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		4.11160ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
barium titanate(iv)
barium titanate(IV): RN given refers to parent cpd		2.610
c.i. fluorescent brightening agent 28
4,4'-bis({4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid : An organosulfonic acid comprising stilbene having 4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino groups at the 4 and 4'-positions and sulfo groups at the 2- and 2'-positions.		2.2510
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		4.82330
ma-1
tipiracil: inhibits thymidine phosphorylase. tipiracil : A member of the class of pyrimidones that is uracil substituted by chloro and (2-iminopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl groups at positions 5 and 6 respectively. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) in combination with trifluridine, a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor, for treatment of advanced/relapsed unresectable colorectal cancer.		5.0911carboxamidine;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidone;
pyrrolidines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.4 (thymidine phosphorylase) inhibitor
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		1.9610acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
mastoparan
[no description available]		2.6730mastoparans;
peptidyl amide		antimicrobial agent
saralasin
Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.		1.9610oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		2.8940azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		4.46210carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		5.21480chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
phosphorus pentoxide
phosphorus pentoxide: drying agent for bacterial cultural extracts analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography; structure. diphosphonate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphonic acid.		1.9410
selenocysteine
Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.		2.4320
phenylphosphinic acid
phenylphosphinic acid: a white crystalline solid material		2.0410
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		4.08150chalcogen;
metalloid atom
allylsilane
allylsilane: structure in first source		2.1510
9-borabicyclo(3,3,1)nonane
[no description available]		2.1310
triethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.2110
polonium
Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).		2.3820chalcogen;
metal atom
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		6.9510alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		10.21160
clinoptilolite
clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF		2.4620
phillipsite
phillipsite: a carcinogenic zeolite; RN given refers to cpd with unknown molecular formula		2.4110
bismuth germanium oxide
bismuth germanium oxide: used in positron emission tomography; RN given refers to cpd with MF Bi4-Ge3-O12		1.9810
velvalloy
Velvalloy: RN refers to zinc-free version, which contains silver, tin, copper, and mercury; a zinc-containing form is also available		1.9810
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		2.7130(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
tytin
tytin: composed of Ag, Cu, Sn		1.9810
spheroidene
spheroidene: one of main carotenoids in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides; structure. spheroidene : The cartenoid ether that is the methyl ether of 3,4-didehydro-1,2,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-caroten-1-ol.		2.0310carotenoid ether
ethyl linolenate
ethyl linolenate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linolenic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.		2.0510
lead hydroxide
[no description available]		2.0510
diacetylmonoxime
diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.		2.420
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.9140maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		5.94350amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol
[no description available]		1.9410
dichlorocarbene
[no description available]		7.110carbene
oxomethylium
carbon monoxide(1+) : Conjugate acid of carbon monoxide arising from protonation of the carbon; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0610organic cation
longiborneol
longiborneol: RN given for (1alpha,3abeta,4alpha,8abeta,9S*))-isomer; structure in first source		2.4110organic molecular entity
cholestanol
Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.		2.4120cholestanoid
hygromycin a
hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B		210hydroxycinnamic acidmetabolite
simethicone
Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.		5.4544
bongkrekic acid
Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.		2.0210ether;
olefinic compound;
tricarboxylic acid		apoptosis inhibitor;
ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
toxin
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.		2.0510
luprostenol
luprostenol: RN given refers to 1S-(1alpha(Z),2beta(*R),3alpha,5alpha)-isomer		2.0710
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		3.99130
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		3.4980cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
columbianadin
columbianadin: furanocoumarin isolated from Peucedanum palustre; RN given refers to columbianadin, (S-(Z))-isomer. columbianadin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of angelic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[(8S)-2-oxo-8,9-dihydro-2H-furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-8-yl]propan-2-ol.		2.0110alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
furanocoumarin		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
rat metabolite
rhizobitoxine
rhizobitoxine: toxic substance found in extracts of R. japonicum; believed to be helpful in protecting soybean roots from M. phaseolina infection		2.0310
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.		2.6730HPETEhuman xenobiotic metabolite
myxothiazol
myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.		1.9510
pectenotoxin 2
pectenotoxin 2: isolated from the marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in first source		2.0110polycyclic ether;
spiroketal		marine metabolite
sphingosine phosphorylcholine
sphingosine phosphorylcholine: a wound healing agent		1.9910
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidine)quinolinium, tetraiodide
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN refers to the tetraiodide compound		1.9910cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
concanamycin a
concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.		2.730carbamate ester;
concanamycin		antifungal agent;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
metabolite
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials		1.9810
n-acetyl-s-farnesylcysteine
N-acetyl-S-farnesylcysteine: inhibits prenyl-cysteine carboxyl methyl transferases		1.9910sesquiterpenoid
oxonol v
oxonol V: fluorescent probe; see also record for oxonol dyes (isoxazole); structure		1.9710
n-methyl-1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
[no description available]		210phosphatidylethanolamine
n-succinyl-1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
[no description available]		2.1310
rooperol
rooperol: structure given in first source; the deglucosidated product of P2A (hypoxoside); RN given for (E)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/93		7.5520
kb 5492
[no description available]		1.9810
1,1'-(4,4,7,7-tetramethyl-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium
1,1'-(4,4,7,7-tetramethyl-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: cpd is non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN given refers to the tetraiodide cpd		1.9910cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
yo-pro 1
oxazole yellow: structure in first source. Yo-Pro-1 : An unsymmetrical C1 cyanine dye having 1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl and quinolinium-4-yl substituents.		1.9910cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		fluorochrome
bacteriochlorophylls
Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.		3.87120
protochlorophyll
protochlorophyll: RN given refers to protochlorophyll		7.0410
x 14547-a
X 14547-A: structure. indanomycin : An indene that is (3aS,7aR)-2,3,3a,4,5,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene which is substituted at the 2-pro-R position by a 1H-pyrrol-2-ylcarbonyl group, at the 9-pro-S position by an ethyl group, and at the 5-pro-R position by a hexa-1,3-dineyl group in which position 4 has been substituted by a (2R,3S,6R)-6-[(1R)-1-carboxyethyl]-3-methyltetrahydropyran-2-yl group. It exhibits activity against Gram-positive bacteria as well as antihypertensive and antitumour. It also functions as an effective growth promoter for ruminants.		1.9710
prostaglandin f2alpha 15-methyl ether
prostaglandin F2alpha 15-methyl ether: retains considerable biological activity		1.9610
dinosterol
dinosterol: major sterol with unique side chain in the toxic dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax tamarensis; structure		7.0310
rhodoquinone
rhodoquinone: methoxy group of ubiquinone substituted with amino group; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
a 201a
A 201A: from Streptomyces capreolus; structure given in first source		2.1310
colneleic acid
colneleic acid: structure. colneleic acid : A long-chain, divinyl ether fatty acid composed of 8-nonenoic acid having the E- hydrogen at position 9 substituted by a (1E,3Z)-nona-1,3,-dien-1-yloxy group.		2.0210divinyl ether fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain fatty acid
1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1-hexadecanoyl-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A phosphatidylcholine 38:6 in which the acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are specified as hexadecanoyl and (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl respectively.		210phosphatidylcholine 38:6mouse metabolite
hydroxysafflor yellow a
hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).		2.0310
presqualene pyrophosphate
[no description available]		210
dehydrobutyrine
(Z)-2-aminobutenoic acid : A 2,3-dehydroamino acid resulting from the formal elimination of water from the side-chain of threonine.. 2-aminobut-2-enoic acid zwitterion : An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 2-aminobut-2-enoic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.1102,3-dehydroamino acid;
enamine;
threonine derivative
chlorophyll
chlorophyll a': RN refers to (SP-4-2-(3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21alpha)))-isomer		2.3420
glutathionylcobalamin
glutathionylcobalamin: an intermediate in formation of cobalamin coenzymes		1.9810
trisialoganglioside gt1
[no description available]		2.0510
axitinib
[no description available]		4.6111aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
indazoles;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
salvianolic acid B
salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza		2.08101-benzofurans;
catechols;
dicarboxylic acid;
enoate ester;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide
Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.		210galactosylceramide sulfate;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
fm1 43
FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source		2.0510organic bromide salt;
pyridinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt;
tertiary amine		fluorochrome
aurone
[no description available]		2.0410aurones;
cyclic ketone
beta-escin
[no description available]		3.5180
melibiose
alpha-D-Galp-(1->6)-alpha-D-Glcp : A glycosylglucose consisting of alpha-D-galactopyranose and alpha-D-glucopyranose residues joined in sequence by a (1->6) glycosidic bond.		4.4570glycosylglucose
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.1110nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
suloctidil
Suloctidil: A peripheral vasodilator that was formerly used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is hepatotoxic and fatalities have occurred. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		1.9510
ro 25-6981
Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.		2.110benzenes;
phenols;
piperidines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
aspidospermidine
aspidospermidine: structure in first source		2.4820Aspidosperma alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		3.580gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		3.7930isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		7.9340diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
corrole
corrole: structure in first source. corrole : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is the octadehydro drivative of corrin.		3.5780
helium-3 atom
helium-3 atom : The stable isotope of helium with relative atomic mass 3.016029. The least abundant (0.000137 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring helium.		2.2110helium atom
carboxyl radical
[no description available]		2.0310carbon oxide;
organic radical anion		xenobiotic metabolite
3-nitrobenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone
3-nitrobenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone: structure in first source		7.0310
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		3.3870cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.		2.6830
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)-
enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer		2.0110
evernimicin
[no description available]		2.1110
pd 184352
2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source		2.0210aminobenzoic acid
laulimalide
laulimalide: isolated from Cacospongia mycofijiensis; structure in first source. laulimalide : A macrolide with formula C30H42O7 that is isolated from the marine sponges, Cacospongia mycofijiensis and Hyattella sp.		2.110carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
macrolide;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		animal metabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
corosolic acid
[no description available]		2.1310triterpenoidmetabolite
rebaudioside a
rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.		2.3110beta-D-glucoside;
rebaudioside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
bornyl acetate
[no description available]		2.0710acetate ester;
monoterpenoid
bentiromide
bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.		6.9610dipeptidediagnostic agent;
indicator;
reagent
phenylalanylglycine
phenylalanylglycine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Phe-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and glycine residues.		2.0710dipeptidemetabolite
7-azatryptophan
7-azatryptophan: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.1310
glycylhistidine
glycylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.		2.0410dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		3.3770ammonium ion derivative
chloralose
Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.		2.6530
aminomethyltransferase
Aminomethyltransferase: A one-carbon group transferase that transfers lipoamide-linked methylamine groups to tetrahydrofolate (TETRAHYDROFOLATES) to form methylenetetrahydrofolate and AMMONIA. It is one of four components of the glycine decarboxylase complex.		1.9610
dioleoylphosphatidic acid
dioleoylphosphatidic acid: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidic acid : A phosphatidic acid in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		1.98101,2-bis(octadec-9-enoyl)phosphatidic acid
calcitroic acid
calcitroic acid: structure. calcitroic acid : A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group and the C-23/C-27 unit is replaced by a carboxy group.		2.0510hydroxycalciol
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		10.94683phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taxane
taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae		2.0610diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
sl 327
SL 327: a MEK inhibitor. SL-327 : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen attached to the same carbon as the cyano group has been replaced by an o-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group, while the remaining hydrogens of the ethenyl group have been replaced by amino and (4-aminophenyl)sulfanyl groups. The configuration of the double bond is not specified. It is an inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2.		2.1310
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.6730biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
mannich bases
Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.		3.710
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.0210
ferrihydrite
ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O		7.9940
s-nitrosocysteine
S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.		2.0510L-cysteine derivative;
nitrosothio compound		hematologic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disilver oxide
[no description available]		2.0610
desvenlafaxine succinate
Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.1110
lipstatin
lipstatin: isolated from Streptomyces toxytricini; inhibitor of pancreatic lipase; structure given in first source		710
tabimorelin
tabimorelin: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source		210
(2s,3s)-2-phenyl-3-((5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino)piperidine
(2S,3S)-2-phenyl-3-((5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino)piperidine: structure given in first source		2.0210
pd 0325901
mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).		2.1510difluorobenzene;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monofluorobenzenes;
organoiodine compound;
propane-1,2-diols;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
slv 319
ibipinabant: structure in first source		2.1110
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		2.3820oligopeptide
5-chlorouridine
[no description available]		1.9410
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine
N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist		1.9710
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		1.9910bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
gambogic acid
gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer		2.0410pyranoxanthonesmetabolite
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		6.64171organic molecular entity
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		9.96401aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
cgp 74588
CGP 74588: a metabolite of STI-571; structure in first source		2.0810benzamides
ticagrelor
Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.		2.2110aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
calicheamicinone
calicheamicinone: structure in first source		710
cholest-5-en-3-one
cholest-5-en-3-one : A 3-oxo Delta(5)-steroid that is cholesterol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone.		1.99103-oxo-Delta(5)-steroid;
cholestanoid		metabolite
psd 502
Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination: A topical local anesthetic preparation that is composed of a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine. It is used to provide anesthesia during minor surgery and for the treatment of PREMATURE EJACULATION.		2.1110
sorbitan monooleate
[no description available]		5.4641fatty acid ester
rucaparib
AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.2110azepinoindole;
caprolactams;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
samarium
sphingomyelin 16:0 : A sphingomyelin in which the total number of carbons contained in the sphingoid base and fatty acyl groups is 16 with zero double bonds.. sphingomyelin d18:1/16:0 : A sphingomyelin d18:1 in which the fatty acyl group contains 16 carbons and is fully saturated.. N-hexadecanoylsphingosine-1-phosphocholine : A sphingomyelin 34:1 in which the N-acyl group and sphingoid base are specified as hexadecanoyl and sphingosine respectively.		2.7430sphingomyelin d18:1/16:0mouse metabolite
cc 1065
CC 1065: from Streptomyces zelensis; structure in second sourc		3.5320
zeolites
[no description available]		13.4541
pitolisant
pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source		4.6111organochlorine compound
ubiquinol
ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.		7.5520polyprenylhydroquinone;
ubiquinol		biomarker;
metabolite
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		2.4220alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		6.86800
3-nitrooxypropanol
3-nitrooxypropanol: structure in first source		3.511
hyacinthacine a2
hyacinthacine A2: structure in first source		2.0310
methionine sulfoxide
methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine S-oxide		Escherichia coli metabolite
phosphoramidite
phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.		3.360
corynoxine b
corynoxine B: structure in first source		7.110indolizinesmetabolite
tribulus
Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.		2.0210
vitamin u
Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.0210methyl-L-methionine;
sulfonium betaine
hupc protein, bacteria
hupC protein, Bacteria: from structural operon of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae; MW 27.9 kDa; has hydrogenase activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.420
fluorapatite
fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.		2.0310
ro 16-0154
iomazenil: potential benzodiazepine receptor imaging tracer for SPECT; structure given in first source; RN given refers to 123I-labeled cpd; RN for unlabeled cpd not avail 10/90		2.0610
thapsigargicin
thapsigargicin: a hexaoxygenated tetraacylated sesquiterpene lactone tetraester isolated from roots of Thapsia garganica; structure given in first source; it induces mast cell degranulation and histamine release; it (and thapsitranstagin) is an analog of thapsigargin;		1.9710
clavicipitic acid
clavicipitic acid: ergot alkaloid from Claviceps fusiformis; structure in first source		2.2110ergot alkaloid
trans-sodium crocetinate
trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma		2.0310
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		9.01120
clovanemagnolol
clovanemagnolol: has neuroregenerative activity; isolated from Magnolina obovata		2.0810
aeruginosin 298-a
aeruginosin 298-A: structure in first source		2.1110
eledoisin
Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)		2.6430peptide
angiotensin amide
Angiotensin Amide: The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.		1.9610oligopeptide
fr 900848
FR 900848: from Streptovericillium fervens; structure given in first source. jawsamycin : A polyketide that is 5'-amino-5'-deoxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-[(1R,1'R,1''R,1'''R,2S,2'R,2''R,2'''S)-2'''-{(E)-2-[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclopropyl]ethenyl}[1,1':2',1'':2'',1'''-quater(cyclopropan)]-2-yl]-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group. It is a metabolite isolated from the bacterium, Streptoverticillium fervens and targets the catalytic subunit of the fungal UDP-glycosyltransferase, the first step in the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. It exhibits broad spectrum antifungal activity against several pathogenic fungi including Mucorales.		3.3510cyclopropanes;
nucleoside analogue;
olefinic compound;
polyketide;
secondary carboxamide		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite
lepadin f
lepadin F: cis-decahydroquinoline alkaloid from the Australian ascidian Aplidium tabascum; structure in first source		2.0410
trans-delta-tocotrienoloic acid
tocotrienoloic acid: from leaves of Tovomitopsis psychotriifolia; structure given in first source		2.0210tocotrienol
corynoxine
corynoxine: structure in first source		7.110indolizinesmetabolite
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		3.1750
hongoquercin a
hongoquercin A: structure in first source		2.0810
septicine
septicine: structure in first source		2.0710
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		2.6830
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		3.3470D-ribose;
ribopyranose
molybdenum carbide
molybdenum carbide: catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils		4.7280
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		8.31202alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure in first source		2.1110purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		17.4125054
5,5'-difluoro-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
5,5'-difluoro-1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source		1.9910
idopyranose
L-idose : The L-stereoisomer of idose.. L-idopyranose : The pyranose form of L-idose.		2.0310L-idose
bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine
bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine: structure in first source		2.0610
regorafenib
[no description available]		5.4531(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.1110triterpenoid
sumanene
sumanene: structure in first source		7.1510
ptc 124
[no description available]		2.2110oxadiazole;
ring assembly
phenylnitrene
[no description available]		3.3760
1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source		2.1710
brivanib
[no description available]		2.1110aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoroindole;
pyrrolotriazine;
secondary alcohol		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.6830
procyanidin b1
procyanidin B1 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin units joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' respectively in a beta-configuration.. Procyanidin B1 can be found in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark or cortex), in Uncaria guianensis (cat's claw, in the root), and in Vitis vinifera (common grape vine, in the leaf) or in peach.		2.4110biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavan;
polyphenol;
proanthocyanidin		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
metabolite
cardanol
cardanol: from pink pepper; phenol with hydrocarbon side chain which can vary in length & unsaturation		7.0310phenols
buprenorphine, naloxone drug combination
Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an OPIOID ANALGESICS with naloxone, a NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS to reduce the potential for NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE in the treatment of pain. It may also be used for OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY.		3.3510
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		2.6430nystatins
rhazinilam
rhazinilam: tetracyclic structure comprises phenyl-pyrrole bridged by a nine-membered lactam ring; novel alkaloid isolated from Aspidosperma quebrachoblanco leaves; possesses mild analgesic activity in mice; RN given refers to (8aR-(8aR*,14aR*))-isomer; structure		7.4720
bistramide c
bistramide C: isolated from marine ascidian Lissoclinum bistratum; structure in first source		2.0510
cyclozonarone
cyclozonarone: structure in first source		3.1110
complanadine a
complanadine A: a Lycopodium alkaloid; structure in first source		2.0510
pyrazolone
pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.		2.4620
chlorophyll b
[no description available]		2.9140chlorophyllcofactor
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		2.3720
diospongin a
diospongin A: structure in first source		2.0510
fostamatinib
fostamatinib: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, metabolized to R406		3.5311
ginsenoside rd
ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.		2.0710beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunosuppressive agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
vulnerary
cyclo-tetra-glucose
cycloalternan: structure in first source. cyclobis-(1->6)-alpha-nigerosyl : A cyclic tetrasaccharide constructed from four alpha-glucopyranosyl residues joined by alternate alpha-(1->6)- and alpha-(1->3)-linkages.		3.711macrocycle;
tetrasaccharide
glyoxamide
glyoxamide : The simplest of the class of glyoxamides, with no substitution on nitrogen.		7.0410glyoxamides
serotobenine
serotobenine: isolated from Ouratea turnarea		2.110
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.4320
pristinamycin iib
virginiamycin M2: structure in first source		2.0610
zincophorin
zincophorin: 25 carbon polypropionate from Streptomyces griseus; griseochelin and M 144255 are the same monocarboxylic acid ionophore		2.0610pyransbacterial metabolite;
ionophore
granite
granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite		7.9840triazolopyrimidines
imidazolone
imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source		2.1710organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc
Sialyl Lewis X Antigen: A sialylated version of Lewis X antigen expressed on cell surfaces. It is a ligand for SELECTINS.. alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc : A branched amino tetrasaccharide consisting of a sialyl residue, linked (2->3) to a galactosyl residue that in turn is linked (1->4) to a glucosaminyl residue, which is also carrying a fucosyl residue at the 3-position.		2.0210amino tetrasaccharide;
glucosamine oligosaccharide		epitope
deoxycortone pivalate
[no description available]		2.0610mineralocorticoid;
pivalate ester
empagliflozin
[no description available]		7.610aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
tetrahydrofuryl ether		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
bacteriochlorophylls
Bacteriochlorophyll A: A specific bacteriochlorophyll that is similar in structure to chlorophyll a.. bacteriochlorophyll : Chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria.		2.7130bacteriochlorophyll;
methyl ester
bacteriochlorophyll b
bacteriochlorophyll b: a major photosynthetic pigment from Rhodospira trueperi		2.3110
technetium tc 99m exametazime
Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.		2.1510
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		4.45230benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.0510
ferryl iron
[no description available]		3.6990
perferryl iron
[no description available]		2.4820
syringomycin
syringomycin: from Pseudomonas syringae; phytotoxin; small peptide containing molecule. syringomycin : A class of cyclodepsipeptides which are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Composed from nine nonribosomally synthesised amino acids bonded to a fatty acid hydrocarbon tail.		2.1310
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		3.250
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		4.59801,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		7.6930
marinobufagenin
marinobufagenin: an endogenous digitalis-like factor; a Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitor and cardiotonic agent; structure given in first source. marinobufagenin : A cardiotonic steroid secreted by the toad Bufo rubescens and other related species such as Bufo marinus. An endogenous Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, it is a vasoconstrictor with effects similar to digitalis.		2.0210epoxy steroid;
steroid hormone		EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		6.51260
virginiamycin
Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.		2.420
pyrostatin a
pyrostatin A: inhibits N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source. 5-hydroxyectoine : A carboxamidine heterocycle which is obtained by formal condensation of 4-amino-L-allothreonine with acetic acid.		2.02101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
iminium betaine;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol
resorcinarene
resorcinarene: structure in first source		2.0310
24-hydroxycholesterol
24-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 24.		2.961024-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
oxysterol
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		4.0731
colitose
colitose: RN given refers to (L-xylo)-isomer; see also records for paratose & tyvelose		2.0210
apis
apiose: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure		1.9710carbohydrate
enerbol
Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)		4.2150
glycoursodeoxycholic acid
glycoursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.. glycoursodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycoursodeoxycholic acid. obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		1.9910bile acid glycine conjugate;
N-acylglycine		human blood serum metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rifamycins
[no description available]		9.85179
titanocene
titanocene: C10-H10-Ti. titanocene : A bis(eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)metal(II) having Ti(II) as the metal(II) species. The parent of the class of titanonocenes.		2.0510
diborane
diborane: reduces heterocyclic cpds. diborane : Boranes containing only two B atoms, linked either directly by a B-B bond or via hydrogen bridging atoms.		2.0610
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		2.0410
grisorixin
grisorixin: ionophorous antibiotic of nigericin group isolated from cultures of a strain of Streptomyces griseus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in sixth source		1.9710
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		4.86110
eosine i bluish
Eosine I Bluish: A red fluorescein dye used as a histologic stain. It may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and inhibit certain mitochondrial functions.		2.1310organic sodium saltfluorescent dye;
histological dye
erythrosine
Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.		2.9940
titanium citrate
[no description available]		210
ammonium citrate
[no description available]		2.0410ammonium salt;
citrate salt		buffer;
food emulsifier
lithium borate
lithium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li2-B4O7; structure		2.0510borate salts
3-hydroxypipecolic acid
3-hydroxypipecolic acid: glycosidase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0410
verruculogen
verruculogen: complex 6-O-methylindole cpd containing 3 nitrogens; induces tremor; tremorigenic metabolite from Penicillium verruculosum isolated from moldy peanuts; decreases GABA levels in CNS; structure. verruculogen : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is a mycotoxic indole alkaloid isolated from Penicillium and Aspergillus species.		2.1710aromatic ether;
diol;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
organic peroxide		Aspergillus metabolite;
GABA modulator;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
silver carbonate
[no description available]		2.4620
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein: nonfluorescent, reduced form of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein		2.1710
neurotensin
[no description available]		2.1510
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		10.893610organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desmosine
Desmosine: A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.		1.9510aromatic amino acid
magnesium diboride
magnesium boride: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		2.520
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		5.23480
cob(ii)alamin
cob(II)alamin : A cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +2.		2.420cobalamincofactor;
human metabolite
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		3.2860
nosiheptide
nosiheptide: from Streptomyces actuosus; structure		3.5220polyol
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		5.1941
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.7630oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
motilin
Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.		4.4650
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		4.3560polypeptide
bbm-928 a
BBM-928 A: see also BBM-928		1.9710
magainin 2 peptide, xenopus
magainin 2 peptide, Xenopus: from skin of Xenopus laevis; 23-amino acid sequence given in first source; differs from magainin 1 by substitution of Lys instead of Gly at position 10 & Asn instead of Lys at position 22; also used to prevent development of malarial oocysts in mosquito vector; Z-12 is magainin 2 with Lys and Phe residues replaced with their respective D-isomers; homologue of the Xenopus laevis cement; GenBank AF004262 (mouse), AF007791, AF038451-2 (human)		2.420
hevein
hevein: 43-amino acid residue protein from the rubber tree; homology with thionins and WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS; not strictly a lectin since it does not act as an agglutinin but has the hevein motif characteristic of lectins;		7.1110
alamethicin
Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.940
omega-conotoxin (conus magus)
Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa		1.9810
amp2 protein, amaranthus caudatus
AMP2 protein, Amaranthus caudatus: amino acid sequence given in first source; 30 amino acid residues; amino acid sequence of Ac-AMP1 and Ac-AMP2 is identical except that the latter has an additional Arg at the carboxy terminus; homologous to Cys/Gly-rich domain of chitin-binding proteins		1.9810
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		6.01220
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		5.68260
cobrotoxin
Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins: Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.		2.3620
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		12.8993peptide hormone
avoparcin
avoparcin: glycopeptide antibiotic from Streptomyces candidus; antibiotic growth promoter for improving growth rates & feed conversion efficiency of broiler chickens & pigs		1.9710
big gastrin
big gastrin: isolated from Zollinger-Ellison syndrome gastrinomas & hog antral mucosa; have encountered tetratricontapeptide & nonadecapeptide gastrin; big-big gastrin significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcers; big gastrin refers gastrin which has a longer peptide chain than the normal heptadecapeptide gastrin		210
anthopleurin-a
anthopleurin-A: cardiotonic agent from the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica		1.9710
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		7.730
emerimicins
Peptaibols: A group of peptides characterized by length of 1-2 dozen residues with a high proportion of them being non-proteinogenic, notably alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) and isovaline, and have a C-terminal amino alcohol and N terminal alkyl group. They are found in FUNGI and some are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. They form channels or pores in target organisms. The term is a contraction of peptide-Aib-alcohol.		2.730
thymosin beta(4)
thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity		2.3820
ceca1 protein, drosophila
[no description available]		1.9710
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		3.0950
iberiotoxin
[no description available]		2.420
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		2.4110
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		3.360
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		5390
anticodon
Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.		2.730
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		6.853
incretins
Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.		3.4311
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		5.3853
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		18.071,49619glycoside
perovskite
calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.		4.4180
sodium titanate
[no description available]		2.0810
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.9440
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		5.617401,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside
Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.		1.9510
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		2.081021-hydroxy steroid
vx-770
ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.		2.4110aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
phenols;
quinolone		CFTR potentiator;
orphan drug
bilirubin dimethyl ester
[no description available]		2.0310
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		6.59650chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
lumacaftor
lumacaftor: a corrector of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR); structure in first source. lumacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid with the aromatic amino group of 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.		2.4110aromatic amide;
benzodioxoles;
benzoic acids;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines		CFTR potentiator;
orphan drug
bismuth subsalicylate
bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.		7.1110
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		3.6120organotin acaricide
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		1.9710alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
adenosine kinase
Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.		1.9510
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		210
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		4.58260
palmerolide a
palmerolide A: isolated from the antarctic marine tunicate Synoicum adareanum; structure in first source		2.0710
4-o-galactopyranosylxylose
4-O-galactopyranosylxylose: used to diagnose hypolactasia via presence of D-xylose after cleavage by lactase		4.4811
1,5-benzothiazepine
[no description available]		2.4820
lithium borohydride
[no description available]		3.360
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		1.9710organic lithium saltfluorochrome
sapogenins
Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.		2.3820
guanidine isothiocyanate
[no description available]		2.0410
maoecrystal v
maoecrystal V: cytotoxic; from the leaves of a Chinese medicinal herb, Isodon eriocalyx; structure in first source		2.110
chitosan
[no description available]		8.54621
tricyanofuran
tricyanofuran: structure in first source		2.4110
octyl galactopyranoside
octyl galactopyranoside: the minimum acceptor-substrate for H transferase; structure in first source		2.0810
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		6.42180organosulfonic acid
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		3.671003',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium stearyl fumarate
sodium stearyl fumarate: an excipient		2.9940
tert-butoxide, potassium
[no description available]		2.7730
lithium perchlorate
lithium perchlorate: stabilizes DNA-polycation complex; RN given refers to parent compound		1.9810
lithium niobate
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		2.7830inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium bisulfite
sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.		2.520inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		allergen;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
mutagen;
reducing agent
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		2.4420lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.9340inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
methyl orange
methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds		3.6790
stearates
Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.		2.7530
sodium iodate
sodium iodate: RN given refers to iodic acid, Na salt		2.2110organic molecular entity
sodium glutamate
Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.		2.7430monosodium glutamateflavouring agent
merocyanine dye
merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure		1.9710
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for Na salt		2.0510
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		2.4220
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		2.4120
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		3.99140
arginine
Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.		2.1310
olaparib
[no description available]		2.110cyclopropanes;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phthalazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
thiostrepton
Thiostrepton: One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders.. thiostrepton : A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.		1.9710
hygromycin b
[no description available]		2.4420
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		7.0510
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		6.65280organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
goniomitine
goniomitine: from root bark of Gonioma malagasy; structure in first source		2.0710monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		7.0410
rosettacin
rosettacin: structure in first source		2.5120
2',3'-o-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate
2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate: analog of ATP; do not confuse with TNP-ATP record		2.0210C-nitro compound;
spiroketal		antagonist
pci 32765
ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.		2.2510acrylamides;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ponatinib
[no description available]		5.0911(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
acetylenic compound;
benzamides;
imidazopyridazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ethyl cellulose
[no description available]		5.68290glycoside
arabinogalactan
[no description available]		2.4220
clomiphene citrate
phosphomannan : A polymannosidic phosphodiester in which one secondary phosphoryl is linked as mannose 6-phosphate and the other as alpha-hemiacetal phosphate.		1.9710
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		3.76110
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		3.6580BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.6830
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		3.0950peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
fibrinopeptide a
Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.		2.0610
conotoxin gi
conotoxin GI: highly toxic; from venom of marine snail Conus geographus; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.0110
mannans
[no description available]		5.53161
bms-790052
daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.		2.1110biphenyls;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
imidazoles;
valine derivative		antiviral drug;
nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
nitrogenase
Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.		10.62310
thiopeptin
[no description available]		1.9710
dalesconol a
dalesconol A: from a culture of Daldinia eschsholzii IFB-TL01 residing inside the gut of the mantis species Tenodora aridifolia; structure in first source		2.3110
phytochromobilin
phytochromobilin: structure given in first source; this bilin is a pigment derived from phycoerythrobilin-containing proteins. phytochromobilin : A member of the class of bilins which functions as the chromophore of light-sensing phytochromes in plants.. (3Z)-phytochromobilin(2-) : Dicarboxylate anion of (3Z)-phytochromobilin.		210
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		4.19170
spirolide d
spirolide D: structure in first source		2.0510azepine
adenosine 5'-diphosphate-glycero-mannoheptose
adenosine 5'-diphosphate-glycero-mannoheptose: intermediate in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Shigella sonnei		2.0310
5,15-dihydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
[no description available]		2.0210
mlck peptide
MLCK peptide: amino acid sequence given in first source; synthetic peptide corresponding to the sequence of calmodulin-binding domain of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase which acts as calmodulin antagonist		1.9810
glycolipids
[no description available]		6.73181
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		13.61483
18-hydroxycortisol
18-hydroxycortisol: from urine of patients with primary aldosteronism. 18-hydroxycortisol : A 18-hydroxy steroid that is cortisol carrying a hydroxy group at position 18. Its urinary excretion is increased in patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma.		1.9610
bryostatin 1
bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S*-(1R*,3R*,5Z,7S*,8E,11R*,12R*(2E,4E),13E,15R*,17S*(S*),21S*,23S*,25R*))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.		2.7430
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		2.3820
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		11.5851
catharinine
catharinine: structure given in first source		2.1110
jiadifenolide
jiadifenolide: from Illicium jiadifengpi; structure in first source		2.110
nocathiacin i
nocathiacin I: structure in first source		7.0310
spirolide b
spirolide B: structure in first source		2.0510
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.3110
hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.		1.9610
tylosin
[no description available]		2.3920
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine
sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor		4.6111benzoxazole
p(1),p(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate
P(1),P(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate: structure. P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate(5-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the pentaphosphate OH groups of P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate.		2.420organophosphate oxoanion
kalata b1
kalata B1: a 29-residue cyclotide which has a cystine knot structure and beta-sheet; causes uterine contraction; the principal active component from Oldenlandia affinis; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.0310
mannosylglycerate
2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-D-glycerate : Conjugate base of 2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-D-glyceric acid		2.0510carbohydrate acid anion
6-phosphogluconolactone
6-phosphogluconolactone: an electrophilic compound. 6-O-phosphonato-D-glucono-1,5-lactone(2-) : Dianion of 6-O-phosphono-D-glucono-1,5-lactone arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.		210organophosphate oxoanionhuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylmalonyl-coenzyme a
[no description available]		2.3720
ipi-145
[no description available]		2.4110isoquinolines
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		7.6732
isoquercitrin
[no description available]		2.2510
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.		2.01101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		3.0950
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		2.830polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		10.351231
chondroitin
Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.3520
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		3.4170
crotylsilane
crotylsilane: structure in first source		2.4620
dihydronicotinamide
[no description available]		3.830
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		7.39630ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.4110carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		9.06140
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		11.0532
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.8221
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		7.2510
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		6.01150monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		3.3370hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		3.76100benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.52201,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.0610heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		9.77290benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
antimycin
[no description available]		210
tetramic acid
tetramic acid : A gamma-lactam that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. Despite its simple structure, it was not synthesised until 1972; earlier attempts were later shown to have resulted only in the formation of the isomer 5-imino-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-ol.		2.0310
2-hydroxymuconic acid
2-hydroxymuconic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. (2Z,4E)-2-hydroxymuconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid compound having a 2-hydroxy substituent and with configuration (2Z,4E).		2.02102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
hexadienedioic acid
agglomerin a
agglomerin A: isolated from Enterobacter agglomerans; MF C15-H21-O4-Na; no further info available 3/90		7.0210
GS-443902
GS-441524 triphosphate: intracellular active metabolite of remdesivir. GS-443902 : An organic triphosphate that is GS-441524 in which the 5'-hydroxy group has been replaced by a triphosphate group. It is the active metabolite of remdesivir.		2.4110aromatic amine;
C-nucleoside;
nitrile;
organic triphosphate;
pyrrolotriazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
drug metabolite
betalains
Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.		2.3110
snx 230
omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source		1.9810
toxin ii (anemonia sulcata)
toxin II (Anemonia sulcata): toxic polypeptide closely related to anthopleurin A with potent cardiac stimulant activity from Anemonia sulcata; do not confuse with altertoxin II which is also abbreviated ATX II		1.9710
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		10.9190
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		3.4670aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		3.99130
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		2.3820
lead radioisotopes
Lead Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.		210
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.6320
robustoxin
robustoxin: from venom of male Sidney spider, Atrax robustus; amino acid sequence given in first source		210
cyanophycin
[no description available]		2.0710
saxitoxin
Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.		1.9510alkaloid;
carbamate ester;
guanidines;
ketone hydrate;
paralytic shellfish toxin;
pyrrolopurine		cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
sodium channel blocker;
toxin
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.0310ketal
cyclosporine
3'-ketolactose : A keto-disaccharide that is beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 of the galactosyl moiety has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone.		1.9810keto-disaccharidemouse metabolite
indenoindole
indenoindole: structure given in first source		2.0810
brine
brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above		2.8330
thiomuracin a
thiomuracin A: isolated from Nonomurae; structure in first source		3.6920
acp-196
acalabrutinib: inhibits Bruton’s tyrosine kinase; has antineoplastic activity. acalabrutinib : A member of the class of imidazopyrazines that is imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine substituted by 4-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl, (2S)-1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl, and amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 8, respectively. It is an irreversible second-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that is approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) who have received at least one prior therapy.		2.4110aromatic amine;
benzamides;
imidazopyrazine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide;
ynone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cucurbitane
cucurbitane: structure in first source. cucurbitane : A triterpene that is an isomer of lanostane obtained by migration of the methyl group from 10 to the 9beta position.		2.0310triterpene
hippolachnin a
hippolachnin A: from the South China Sea sponge Hippospongia lachne; structure in first source		2.1310
gracilioether f
gracilioether F: structure in first source		2.110
leiodermatolide
leiodermatolide: an antimitotic agent isolated from the marine sponge Leiodermatium; structure in first source		7.1510
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		4.23180
olivine
olivine: sand of primarily magnesium iron silicate, containing low levels of free silica; suggested as a less injurious substitute for silica quartz in foundries; RN in Chemline for unspecified composition: 1317-71-1		3.1250
laponite
laponite: a synthesized hectorite; chemical formula in first source		2.1110
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		2.4420
reactive blue 21
reactive blue 21: structure in first source		2.2510
glutaminase
[no description available]		2.3620
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.5920
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		4.79120
bafilomycin b1
bafilomycin B1: structure given in first source		1.9710
cellohexaose
D-cellohexaose : A hexasaccharide consisting of five beta-D-glucopyranose residues and a D-glucopyranose residue joined in sequence by (1->4) glycosidic bonds.		2.0810glucohexaose
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid
Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.		1.9610
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		4.19180
illite
[no description available]		1.9610
asbestos, crocidolite
Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.		2.1710
phthalocyanine
phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.		4.89100phthalocyanines;
tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
tetraphenylporphine
tetraphenylporphyrin: structure in first source		2.9940
mastoparan x
mastoparan X: RN given refers to the all-(L)-isomer. mastoparan-V : A member of the class of mastopyrans that is a 14-amino acid polypeptide comprising isoleucyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, lysyl, glycyl, isoleucyl, alanyl, alanyl, methionyl, alanyl, lysyl, lysyl, leucyl, and leucinamide residues coupled in sequence. It is the major active component of the venom of the hornet Vespa velutina and causes degranulation of mast cells. It exhibits antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria as well as haemolytic activity on chicken, human and sheep erythrocytes.		1.9810mastoparans;
peptidyl amide		antibacterial agent
urethane tetramethacrylate
urethane tetramethacrylate: structure in first source		2.0210
hexaazatrinaphthylene
hexaazatrinaphthylene: organic n-type semiconductor; structure in first source		7.4110
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		4.11160
carboxypeptidase b
Carboxypeptidase B: A ZINC-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The enzyme catalyzes the preferential cleavage of a C-terminal peptidyl-L-lysine or arginine. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.2.2 and EC 3.4.12.3.		1.9710
conantokin r
conantokin R: isolated from Conus radiatus; amino acid sequence in first source		210
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		1.9910angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
adeninylpentylcobalamin
adeninylpentylcobalamin: structure in first source		210
destruxin a
destruxin A: cyclopeptide from entomopathogenic fungus Metarhyzium anisopliae; structure given in first source		2.110
zervamicin iib
zervamicin IIB: one of a family of 16 residue peptaibol channel formers; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.730
cobinamide
[no description available]		7.0810
cobamamide
cobamamide : A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12.		6.25190
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		1.9810
chloroeremomycin
chloroeremomycin: structure given in first source. chloroeremomycin : A complex glycopeptide antibiotic that is isolated from Amycolatopsis orientalis.. chloroeremomycin(2+) : An organic cation obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group and protonation of the three amino functions of chloroeremomycin; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0110organic cation
alpha-cobratoxin
alpha-cobratoxin: fron Naja nigricollis		1.9510
angiotensin iii
Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).		1.9610
gibberellins
[no description available]		3.0130
nonactin
nonactin: macrolide tetrolide antibiotic isolated from cycloheximide-producing species of Streptomyces; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ANTIBIOTICS (75-86)		6.9610
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		7.18400
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		7.8940
refludan
lepirudin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.		2.0210
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		1.9710
oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.		4.0531
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		2.3820
as 1411
AGRO 100: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation; base sequence in first source		2.110
insulin, despentapeptide(b26-b30)-
insulin, despentapeptide(B26-B30)-: human or porcine; RN given refers to porcine cpd; biologically active truncated insulin		1.9710
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		9.3760
flavin mononucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.		4.97390
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		2.0410
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		2.0210
peptide yy
Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		6.8974
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		3.4820
delta hemolysin protein, staphylococcus aureus
delta hemolysin protein, Staphylococcus aureus: membrane-damaging peptide of 26 residues from Staph aureus		1.9710
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55)
[no description available]		2.1310
crambin protein, crambe abyssinica
crambin protein, Crambe abyssinica: 44 amino acid, molecular weight 5000, water-insoluble protein found in the seed of the plant Crambe abyssinica		2.0710
cmti-iii protein, cucurbita maxima
CMTI protein, Cucurbita maxima: amino acid sequence given in first source		1.9810
factor f430
factor F430: low mol wt nickel-containing cpd from Methanobacterium. coenzyme F430 : A nickel tetrapyrrole found only in methanogenic Archaea. It is the prosthetic group of the enzyme methyl coenzyme M reductase which catalyses the release of methane in the final step of methanogenesis.		4.3460
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		2.6730
catalpol
catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		4.6111
edetic acid
solasodine: RN given refers to (3beta,22alpha,25R)-isomer; structure. solasodine : An oxaspiro compound and steroid alkaloid sapogenin with formula C27H43NO2 found in the Solanum (nightshade) family. It is used as a precursor in the synthesis of complex steroidal compounds such as contraceptive pills.		2.4110
jarosite
[no description available]		7.2110
2-hydroxyatorvastatin
2-hydroxyatorvastatin: an atorvastatin metabolite		2.0510
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		7.16801
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		3.1750
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		8.141040
chromomycins
Chromomycins: A complex of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics from Streptomyces griseus. The major component, CHROMOMYCIN A3, is used as a fluorescent stain of DNA where it attaches and inhibits RNA synthesis. It is also used as an antineoplastic agent, especially for solid tumors.. chromomycin : A family of antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces griseus.		1.9710
ribosomal protein l7-l12
[no description available]		1.9710
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		3.81110
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		4.1240
iminoquinone
iminoquinone: an electrophile; structure in first source		2.4420
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		3.8730
plicamycin
mithramycin A: structure given in first source		1.9710
narasin
narasin: related to salinomycin & A28086B; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6730
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.96402-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		4.061503',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		9.17342purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyinosine
[no description available]		2.0210purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.0310deoxyguanosine phosphate;
guanyl deoxyribonucleotide;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dihydrofolate
dihydrofolic acid : A folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division and is targeted by various drugs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis.		7.4320dihydrofolic acidsEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
deoxyinosine monophosphate
2'-deoxyinosine-5'-monophosphate : A deoxyinosine phosphate that is 5'-inosinic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2' by a hydrogen atom.		210deoxyinosine phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.4980guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate mannose
Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.. GDP-D-mannose : A GDP-mannose in which the mannose fragment has D-configuration.. GDP-alpha-D-mannose : The alpha-anomer of GDP-D-mannose.		1.9710GDP-D-mannoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.6730guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		5.12140guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		5.627402-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		5.17180guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		3.690nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid
Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.420inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		9.78100inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		5.78170folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin
[no description available]		2.940tetrahydromethanopterin
viomycin
[no description available]		6.9510heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide antibiotic		antitubercular agent
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		2.3920nucleoside triphosphate analogue
5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-methanopterin
[no description available]		1.9710tetrahydromethanopterin
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		4.31190
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		3.5790cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		2.0610benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.1110benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nolatrexed
nolatrexed: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		210
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid: RN refers to parent cpd(L-Glu)-isomer		2.3920benzamides;
methylenetetrahydrofolic acid
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		6.28110nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
azaguanine
Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		1.9410nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		2.0310nucleoside triphosphate analogue
phenylamil
phenylamil: irreversible inhibitor of sodium channels in the toad urinary bladder		210guanidines;
pyrazines
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate
(6R)-5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid : The 5,10-methenyl derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid arising from enzymatic cyclisation of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2.0210methylenetetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one
5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one: impact-insensitive explosive; structure in first source		2.5920
8-hydroxyguanosine
8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source		3.420purine nucleoside
forodesine
forodesine: structure in first source		3.1210dihydroxypyrrolidine;
pyrrolopyrimidine
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.4420aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.1710citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		2.1710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		2.9440tetrahydrofolic acid
indolmycin
indolmycin: produced by a strain of Streptomyces griseus; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. indolmycin : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted at the 2 and 5-pro-S positions by methylamino and [(1R)-1-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl] groups, respectively.		3.06101,3-oxazoles;
indoles;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 6.1.1.2 (tryptophan--tRNA ligase) inhibitor
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.67303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		2.7430oxopurine
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.4120
salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone
salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone: structure given in first source		2.0410
7-hydroxyquinoline
7-hydroxyquinoline: structure in first source. quinolin-7-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 7.		2.0710monohydroxyquinoline
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		1.9510nitroso compoundalkylating agent
cycloxydim
cycloxydim : A beta-diketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione which is substituted at position 2 by an N-ethoxybutanimidoyl group and at position 5 by a tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl group. A systemic herbicide effective against grasses, it is used in the cultivation of a variety of crops, including oil seed rape and potatoes.		7.1710
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		9.07302guanosinesbiomarker
2-naphthol orange
2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2		2.0810
6-methyltetrahydropterin
[no description available]		1.9810pterins
arsenazo iii
Arsenazo III: Metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. It is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo.		2.3720
prodigiosin
Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.		2.420
eriochrome black t
[no description available]		2.4110
phosphocreatinine
phosphocreatinine: cyclic deriv of phosphocreatine; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4120organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
undecylprodigiosin
prodigiosin 25C: red pigment produced by Streptomyces hiroshimensis; potent immunosuppressive agent with its primary effect on functions of T cells; structure given in first source. undecylprodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is 1H-pyrrole substituted by (4'-methoxy-1H,5'H-[2,2'-bipyrrol]-5'-ylidene)methyl and undecyl groups at positions 2 and 5, respectively. It is a pigment produced by Stveptomyces coelicolor.		2.420alkaloid;
aromatic ether;
tripyrrole		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
biological pigment;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		3.7320imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source		3.9840
guanosine 5'-o-(1-thiotriphosphate)
[no description available]		1.9910
methanopterin
methanopterin: isolated from Methanobacterium thermautotrophicum. methanopterin : A member of the class of methanopterins obtained by formal dehydrogenation at positions 5, 6, 7 and 8 of tetrahydromethanopterin. The parent of the class of methanopterins		1.9610methanopterins
chlorophyll d
chlorophyll d: RN given refers to the (SP-4-2-(3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta)))-isomer		2.0410
deoxyguanylyl-(3'-5')-guanosine
deoxyguanylyl-(3'-5')-guanosine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
metacycloprodigiosin
metacycloprodigiosin: a red pigment; produced by microbes including Streptomyces and Serratia		2.420
molybdenum cofactor
molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.		4.0140Mo-molybdopterin cofactor;
organophosphate oxoanion
lipoteichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.		2.3720
avermectin
avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.		2.0510
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		3.7430
l 161240
L 161240: structure in first source		2.0510
eye
[no description available]		8.0550
fructooligosaccharide
[no description available]		10.8142oligosaccharide
swinholide a
swinholide A: from Okinawan marine sponge Theonella swinhoei; structure given in first source		7.1310
chromomycin a3
Chromomycin A3: Glycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus used as a fluorescent stain of DNA and as an antineoplastic agent.		2.6730
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		8.1125
chaetomanone
chaetomanone: antimycobacterial anthraquinone-chromanone compound from the fungus Chaetomium globosum KMITL-N0802; structure in first source		2.0310
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		6.8171
pseudolaric acid b
[no description available]		2.0310
succinoglycan
succinoglycan: extracellular heteropolysaccharides from Rhizobium meliloti; polymer of octasacharide subunits, one pyruvate, one acetyl & one succinyl group per subunit		1.9810
mordenite
[no description available]		2.0510
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		3.3670
ganglioside, gm4
ganglioside, GM4: separated from a sulfoglycosphingolipid from rat kidney		1.9710
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		3.0850
factor 420
factor 420: isolated from Methanobacterium strain MOH; mol Wt. about 630; can serve as electron carrier; involved in NADP-linked hydrogenase system		6.9510
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		2.9140
formocresol
formocresol: preferred agent for performing pulpotomies in primary teeth		3.4611
2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester
2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source		2.3920
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein
[no description available]		4.84340
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		5.67150
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		5.29170
araban
araban: contains arabinose & galactose		2.0210
cochleamycin a
cochleamycin A: isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source		1.9910
destruxin b
destruxin B: cyclodepsipeptide from entomopathogenic fungus Metarhyzium anisopliae; structure given in first source		2.110
tetrafluoroaluminate
tetrafluoroaluminate: induces inositol phosphate formation		210
somatomedin b
somatomedin B: not the same as sulfation factor it is growth hormone dependent and has trypsin inhibitor activity; see also record for somatomedin A		7.0710
aluminum magnesium silicate
aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition		2.5820
filipin
Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.		210
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.75100
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Dysphagia
[description not available]		02.4120
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.4120
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		010.12129
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		012.073411
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		010.12129
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		010.12129
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		014.2511727
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		015.07892
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		021.9835186
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		02.3110
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		08.2182
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.0910
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		03.5120
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.0910
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		08.5120
Aspiration, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.1710
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		05.1131
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		05.1131
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		02.1710
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		08.19351
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		08.19351
Erysipelas
An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.		02.1710
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		012.61866
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		012.61866
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		04.34200
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.68110
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		04.34200
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		04.68110
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.6430
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		06.77141
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		06.77141
Biological Clock Disturbances
[description not available]		02.0810
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		03.5830
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		03.5830
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		08.81143
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		06.2772
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		011.381711
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		06.2772
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		011.381711
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		014.423917
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		08.81143
Anasarca
[description not available]		06.7781
Ache
[description not available]		012.562810
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		06.7781
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		012.562810
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		02.110
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		05.13170
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		05.13170
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		05.76112
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		05.5861
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		02.1110
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		05.5861
Lassitude
[description not available]		07.6154
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		07.6154
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		018.4213133
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		018.4213133
Malnourishment
[description not available]		04.9221
Factitious Disorders
Disorders characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are not real, genuine, or natural.		02.1110
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		02.1110
Asystole
[description not available]		05.87221
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		012.082916
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		05.87221
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		012.082916
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		010.32484
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.1110
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		04.9221
ADDH
[description not available]		03.5111
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		03.5111
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		011.04253
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		011.04253
Hay Fever
[description not available]		03.7921
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		03.7921
Atelectasis
[description not available]		02.6530
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		07.5180
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		07.5180
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.0610
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		02.0610
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0610
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		015.297313
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		015.297313
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		012.75112
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		07.75112
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		013.992569
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0710
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.0710
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		05.26111
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		05.26111
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		05.14110
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		05.14110
Acrania
[description not available]		02.0310
Amniotic Band Syndrome
A disorder present in the newborn infant in which constriction rings or bands, causing soft tissue depressions, encircle digits, extremities, or limbs and sometimes the neck, thorax, or abdomen. They may be associated with intrauterine amputations.		02.0310
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		02.0310
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		05.18111
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		05.18111
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		04.6532
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		09.6532
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		03.2960
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.2960
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		08.4211
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm
[description not available]		02.3110
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		02.8930
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		03.2960
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		03.2960
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital
Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.		02.3110
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.8840
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		08.9130
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		013.826310
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		016.6610545
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		016.6610545
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.97120
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		05.4251
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		03.97120
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		05.4251
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		010.55401
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		010.55401
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		06.1270
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		05.45141
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		06.1270
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		05.45141
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		06.91131
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		06.91131
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		011.84111
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		05.8680
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		05.8680
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		09.23591
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		014.761202
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		09.23591
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		08.45450
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		014.761202
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		05.66140
Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome
[description not available]		011.65441
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		08.73196
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		013.73196
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.3110
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		07.3110
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		07.3110
Wet Macular Degeneration
A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.		02.3110
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		02.9940
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		010.54202
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		02.9940
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		07.17191
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		07.17191
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		04.65100
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		04.65100
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		07.7993
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		02.6930
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		02.6930
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4110
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.4110
Flatus
[description not available]		023.2312160
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		02.6730
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		018.2312160
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		08.84204
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		08.84204
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		015.988811
Alactasia
[description not available]		019.8932863
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		014.517741
Lactose Intolerance
The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.		019.8932863
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		06.0374
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		014.517741
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		013.672614
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		05.8481
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		05.5680
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		05.8481
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		05.5680
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		013.672614
Teeth, Devitalized
[description not available]		03.3310
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		03.3310
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		07.2281
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		07.2281
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		013.526613
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		013.526613
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		03.2550
Infections, Rhabdoviridae
[description not available]		02.4110
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		08.93391
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		08.93391
Anoxemia
[description not available]		011.14832
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		011.14832
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		03.82100
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		06.87241
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.4110
Intestinal Volvulus
A twisting in the intestine (INTESTINES) that can cause INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.		07.4110
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		010.82162
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		010.82162
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		04.64100
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		04.64100
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.4110
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.4110
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		09.95115
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		09.95115
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		012.04358
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		012.04358
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		03.1150
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		03.1150
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		07.34222
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		07.34222
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		016.0110828
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		03.520
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		03.5210
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.		05.19110
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		03.5210
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		015.9114917
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		07.4110
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		014.694524
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		014.694524
Indigestion
[description not available]		08.47202
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		08.47202
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		03.8630
Abrasion, Dental
[description not available]		02.4110
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		03.3660
Apoplexy
[description not available]		06.6101
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		03.3660
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		06.6101
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		02.4110
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4320
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		02.4320
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		02.4110
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.150
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.150
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		010.6861
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.7230
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		02.7620
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.7230
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		07.2122
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		012.2122
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		02.9430
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		02.940
Eye Burns
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.		02.7220
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.3820
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		02.9430
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.6920
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.6920
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		015.69249
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		010.69249
Osteoporotic Fractures
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.		02.4110
Non-communicable Chronic Diseases
[description not available]		02.4110
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.4110
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.4110
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		07.4110
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.4110
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		09.08164
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		09.08164
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		03.0850
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		03.0850
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.4980
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		08.4980
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		03.1650
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		03.1650
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		03.1450
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		07.4131
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		05.5351
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		07.4131
Sepsis Associated Delirium
[description not available]		07.21184
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		08.29112
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		08.29112
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		06.432
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		04.8621
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		04.7521
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		05.9722
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		06.432
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.3422
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		04.9111
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		05.2321
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		06.6462
Ph 1 Chromosome
[description not available]		05.1921
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		010.521311
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		04.9111
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		012.9981
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		06.432
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		06.3422
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		04.9111
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		05.2321
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		06.6462
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		010.521311
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		04.9111
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		04.9111
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		06.432
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		04.8621
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		04.7521
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		03.6820
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		08.6820
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		03.5630
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		08.5630
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		06.44161
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		06.44161
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		04.0550
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		03.630
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		08.630
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		02.9330
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		02.9330
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9540
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		04.5680
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.610
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.9540
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		09.5680
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		02.610
Cutis Elastica
[description not available]		04.9421
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.		09.9421
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.8330
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.610
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.610
Pyrexia
[description not available]		04.0350
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		04.0350
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		09.49280
Bruise
[description not available]		02.610
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		02.610
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		02.610
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		02.610
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		04.9790
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		012.61810
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		04.9790
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		011.59295
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		016.59295
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		011.3862
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.13101
Chickungunya Fever
[description not available]		02.610
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		02.610
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		04.0250
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		04.5790
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.610
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		06.6471
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.5220
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		02.610
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.9340
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		04.0250
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		04.5790
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.610
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		06.6471
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		02.5220
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		06.3862
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.13101
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		04.9111
DDPAC
[description not available]		04.9111
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		010.231310
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		05.341
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		05.951
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		04.9111
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		08.0554
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		08.7141
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		04.7421
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		09.19185
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		06.542
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		05.2141
Exanthem
[description not available]		05.9722
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		04.8621
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		04.9111
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		08.5295
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		04.9111
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		09.35165
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		04.7621
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		06.88111
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		013.113626
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		08.31212
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		07.7354
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		04.9111
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		04.9111
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		05.2241
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		09.35112
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		04.9621
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		05.9722
Hoarseness
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.		04.9111
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		04.9111
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced
[description not available]		04.9111
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		06.5852
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		05.0731
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		010.341
Asthma, Exercise-Induced
Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).		04.9111
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		05.5661
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		05.951
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		04.9111
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		08.7141
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		04.7421
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		09.19185
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		06.542
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		05.2141
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		05.9722
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		08.03111
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		04.9111
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		08.5295
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		04.9111
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		09.35165
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		06.88111
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		013.113626
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		08.31212
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		07.7354
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		04.9111
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		04.9111
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		05.2241
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		09.35112
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		04.9111
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		05.9722
Azoospermia
A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).		04.9111
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		04.9111
Frontotemporal Dementia
The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.		04.9111
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		06.75230
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
[description not available]		02.6320
Menopause, Premature
The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.		02.610
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.		02.6320
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.5720
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.5720
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		07.69400
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		06.1771
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		014.292927
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		04.8721
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		04.8721
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.2510
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		02.2510
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		02.2510
Recrudescence
[description not available]		07.93162
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.520
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		04.73100
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		06.4992
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.2510
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		08.294
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		0531
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		013.294
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		0531
Allodynia
[description not available]		04.2860
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		05.35130
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		05.35130
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		09.84119
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		09.61251
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		09.61251
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		014.84119
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.730
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		02.3920
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		07.730
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.2560
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.3920
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		03.2560
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.3920
MODS
[description not available]		010.8570
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		05.8570
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.54160
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.		02.2110
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		05.54160
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		03.9440
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		03.3320
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		03.3320
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		03.9440
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		03.5720
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		03.5720
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		05.18180
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		010.18180
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		02.6830
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.7130
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.7130
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		08.7630
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.8940
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		07.8940
Neurogenic Inflammation
Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.		02.2510
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		04.1830
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		09.1830
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		02.8530
Impotence
[description not available]		03.9840
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		03.9840
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		02.2510
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		08.4594
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		08.4594
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		017.897258
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.5361
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		09.03476
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		04.821
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		04.4311
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		04.7721
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		04.4311
Ductal Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.4311
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.4311
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		04.8621
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		04.8321
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		08.77101
Atheroma
[description not available]		010.0931
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom
[description not available]		04.4311
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		04.4311
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		06.0933
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic
[description not available]		04.4311
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		04.4311
Amaurosis
[description not available]		04.4311
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		05.6941
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		09.14512
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		06.05111
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		05.1531
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		07.9874
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		05.531
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		07.07123
E coli Infections
[description not available]		05.6971
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		06.91261
Bleeding
[description not available]		05.97101
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		07.5544
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		07.4112
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		04.4311
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		04.4311
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		08.1494
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		04.4311
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		07.9381
Metastase
[description not available]		07.7454
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		05.8442
Prediabetes
[description not available]		04.4311
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		05.0631
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		05.6741
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		04.4311
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		07.63131
Blood Clot
[description not available]		06.2472
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		04.4311
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		05.5761
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		04.8721
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		07.8464
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		04.4311
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.4311
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		04.4311
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		010.3169
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		05.7371
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		04.4311
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		010.2341
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		04.4311
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		09.14512
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		05.1531
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		07.9874
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		05.531
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		04.4311
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		07.07123
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		05.6971
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		06.91261
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		05.97101
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		07.5544
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		07.4112
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		04.4311
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		08.1494
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		07.9381
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		07.7454
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		05.8442
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		04.4311
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		05.0631
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.6741
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		04.4311
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		06.2472
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		04.4311
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		09.8621
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		05.5761
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		04.8721
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		04.4311
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		07.8464
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		04.4311
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		04.7721
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		04.4311
Carcinoma, Ductal
Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.		04.4311
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		04.4311
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		04.8621
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		06.0933
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic
An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.		04.4311
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		09.95355
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		09.95355
Vascular Injuries
[description not available]		02.2510
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		07.830
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		05.95250
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		05.95250
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.3360
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.3360
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		03.7830
Ankle Injuries
Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.		02.2510
Osteoradionecrosis
Necrosis of bone following radiation injury.		07.2510
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		05.06101
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		010.06101
Adipocere
[description not available]		03.75100
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		02.2110
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		02.2110
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		03.9240
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		08.9240
Corneal Angiogenesis
[description not available]		02.2510
Corneal Neovascularization
New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.		02.2510
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		02.7530
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		03.6930
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.5420
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.5420
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		02.7530
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		03.5990
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.5120
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		08.5990
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.5120
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.2510
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		07.2510
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		06.5590
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		07.54111
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		012.54111
Abdominal Obesity
[description not available]		03.1710
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		03.3720
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		03.3720
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder
[description not available]		02.2510
Tourette Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)		02.2510
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		02.2510
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.2510
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		02.2510
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		010.12981
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.3470
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		03.6330
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		010.12981
Atresia, Biliary
[description not available]		02.2510
Biliary Atresia
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.		07.2510
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		07.6320
Dermatoses
[description not available]		03.840
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		08.840
Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome
A reperfusion syndrome characterized by various pathophysiological processes after CARDIAC ARREST. It may include post-cardiac arrest brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN), cardiocirculatory dysfunction, (e.g., systemic ISCHEMIA), HYPERGLYCEMIA; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE and delayed death.		03.1710
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		03.7130
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		03.7130
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		05.31210
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		05.31210
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		013.566910
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		013.566910
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		02.830
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		04.7871
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		04.7871
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		03.811
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		03.811
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.730
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.3110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		08.1400
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.730
Debility
[description not available]		02.3110
Kawasaki Disease
[description not available]		08.2310
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.		03.2310
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.1750
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		03.1750
Dry Eye
[description not available]		09.8532
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		04.8532
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		07.03190
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		07.03190
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		04.3641
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		04.3641
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.3110
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.3110
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		02.3110
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.3110
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.7771
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		02.3110
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		02.3110
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		05.4380
Pancreatic Insufficiency
[description not available]		03.690
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.		03.690
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		03.2360
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		03.2360
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.8130
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		03.2310
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		04.5430
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		04.1860
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		04.84130
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		02.1510
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		02.1510
ALDOB Deficiency
[description not available]		06.93103
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.3820
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.1510
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.1510
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.7430
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		03.0240
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		03.0240
Bends
[description not available]		05.2190
Drowning
Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.		02.1510
Air Embolism
[description not available]		02.9640
Barotrauma
Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.		02.1510
Animal Remains
[description not available]		02.5520
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		010.9351
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		015.9351
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		08.15270
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		03.4720
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		03.4720
Alcoholic Fatty Liver
[description not available]		02.1510
Autism
[description not available]		02.8130
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.8130
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.5220
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.5220
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.5220
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		09.01195
Itching
[description not available]		02.1510
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.1510
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.1510
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.1510
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		06.71131
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		04.89130
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
[description not available]		03.6190
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		06.71131
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		09.89130
Oligodendroglioma
A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)		03.6190
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.		03.5311
Hepatic Insufficiency
Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		02.5520
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		06.19240
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		06.19240
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.7430
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		07.9774
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		04.62100
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		02.1710
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		02.1710
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		06.38220
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		06.38220
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.940
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.940
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		03.5611
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		03.5611
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		013.37112
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		013.37112
Ulna Fractures
Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.		02.1710
Arthropathies
[description not available]		02.3920
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		02.3920
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		03.0750
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		03.0750
Congenital Varicella Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		08.13100
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		013.13100
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		02.1710
Familial Hibernation (Kleine-Levin) Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		02.1710
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.6830
Digitate Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Parapsoriasis
The term applied to a group of relatively uncommon inflammatory, maculopapular, scaly eruptions of unknown etiology and resistant to conventional treatment. Eruptions are both psoriatic and lichenoid in appearance, but the diseases are distinct from psoriasis, lichen planus, or other recognized dermatoses. Proposed nomenclature divides parapsoriasis into two distinct subgroups, PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES and parapsoriasis en plaques (small- and large-plaque parapsoriasis).		07.1710
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		02.6830
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		02.1710
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		02.1710
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		02.1710
Ecchymosis
Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.		02.1710
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		02.1710
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		02.4420
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		02.4420
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		03.8740
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		03.8740
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		03.0240
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		03.0240
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		03.150
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		05.0860
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		05.0860
Cacosmia
[description not available]		02.1710
Blast Injuries
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		04.3680
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		03.9820
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		08.9820
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		07.1710
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.5720
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		05.49160
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		05.49160
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		07.520
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		02.1710
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.5320
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.5320
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.730
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		02.8430
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		08.6630
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		03.6630
Acinetobacter Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.		02.2110
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		07.2110
Grippe
[description not available]		02.2110
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.2110
ADPKD
[description not available]		02.2110
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		02.2110
Atrophy, Muscular, Spinobulbar
[description not available]		02.2110
Bulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-Linked
An X-linked recessive form of spinal muscular atrophy. It is due to a mutation of the gene encoding the ANDROGEN RECEPTOR.		02.2110
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		03.9240
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		03.6630
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		03.5911
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		05.9590
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.4220
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		07.4220
Branch Vein Occlusion
[description not available]		02.4320
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.		07.4320
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		04.3820
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		04.3820
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		03.3220
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		03.3220
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		07.2110
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		02.2110
Trichomoniasis, Human
[description not available]		02.6530
Trichomonas Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.		02.6530
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.0810
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		02.0810
Mouth Breathing
Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.		03.4711
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		02.0810
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		02.0810
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		03.0950
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		03.0950
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.3920
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.7430
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.0810
Asbestosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.		02.0810
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		06.78340
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.9640
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.9640
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		03.3520
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		03.3520
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		02.4820
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		02.4820
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		05.2241
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		010.2241
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		02.9840
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		06.69130
Acute Porphyria
[description not available]		02.110
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.		02.110
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		07.110
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.110
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		07.110
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		0310
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		0310
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		0310
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		09.02223
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		05.07100
Cranial Nerve II Injuries
[description not available]		02.110
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.520
Radiodermatitis
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.		02.520
Cochlear Diseases
Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).		02.110
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		02.110
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.110
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		03.8221
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		03.8221
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		02.7930
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		02.110
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		02.1110
Arm Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.		02.1110
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		02.1110
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		02.1110
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		02.4420
Submandibular Gland Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND.		02.1110
Siamese Twins
[description not available]		02.110
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		02.1110
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		02.1110
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		08.0850
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		08.33230
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		02.1110
Inhalation Injury, Smoke
[description not available]		02.1110
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		02.4220
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		02.4220
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.4320
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.4320
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		03.0310
Autolysis
The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.		02.4220
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		02.5320
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		02.5320
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		03.1350
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		03.9950
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.4920
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		03.9950
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.4920
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.4920
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.4920
Pigmentary Retinopathy
[description not available]		02.1310
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.		07.1310
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.1310
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.1310
Halitosis
An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.		02.6630
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.5420
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		07.9440
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		02.1310
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		02.1310
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		08.99230
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		08.99230
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		02.7230
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		04.4951
Aganglionic Megacolon
[description not available]		02.1310
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		02.7230
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		04.4951
Hirschsprung Disease
Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.		02.1310
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		07.1310
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		03.2820
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		03.2820
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		04.03150
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		04.03150
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.1310
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		0840
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		03.2920
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.8840
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		02.1510
Abnormality, Torsion
[description not available]		02.1510
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.1510
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		03.5111
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.1510
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		02.1510
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		07.1510
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.1510
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		05.0140
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		02.4220
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.0410
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.0410
Emesis
[description not available]		03.320
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		03.320
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		02.0410
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		02.0410
Depth Intoxication
[description not available]		04.7270
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.4420
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		02.6930
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		02.0410
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		02.6930
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.840
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		04.660
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		02.0510
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		013.46180
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.0950
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		06.79132
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		06.79132
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		08.4311
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		02.0510
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.4220
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0510
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		02.0510
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		02.0510
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		02.0510
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		02.0510
Acute Radiation Syndrome
A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.		07.0510
4p Deletion Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		03.4311
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		03.4311
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		015.56392
Gastric Stasis
[description not available]		03.6530
Gastroparesis
Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.		08.6530
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		04.19180
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		01.9210
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.0510
Adult Periodontitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.7130
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		02.0510
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		02.0510
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		02.7130
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.9140
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		02.9140
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		02.0510
Congenital Lipomatosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.0510
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
An inherited syndrome characterized by EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; hematologic abnormalities (e.g., bone marrow hypoplasia), and skeletal abnormalities (e.g., metaphyseal chondroplasia). GERMLINE MUTATIONS in the SBDS gene are associated with Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome.		02.0510
Lipomatosis
A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.		02.0510
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		07.9240
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		02.0610
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		02.0510
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		011.361716
Common Migraine
[description not available]		02.0510
Migraine without Aura
Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.0510
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0510
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.0510
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		02.0510
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		02.6330
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.		02.0610
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.0510
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.730
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		02.9140
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		02.6530
Chondroma
A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Choroid Plexus Neoplasms, Primary
[description not available]		02.0510
Hemangiopericytoma
A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)		02.0510
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		07.730
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		02.9140
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6530
Choroid Plexus Neoplasms
Benign or malignant tumors which arise from the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain. Papillomas (see PAPILLOMA, CHOROID PLEXUS) and carcinomas are the most common histologic subtypes, and tend to seed throughout the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces. Clinical features include headaches, ataxia and alterations of consciousness, primarily resulting from associated HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2072; J Neurosurg 1998 Mar;88(3):521-8)		02.0510
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.4120
Vestibular Diseases
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.		02.0510
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced
[description not available]		06.44100
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.0610
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		02.0610
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		02.0610
Fibrosis, Radiation
[description not available]		02.0610
Radiation Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		07.0610
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		010.181212
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		010.181212
Impairment, Light Touch Sensation
[description not available]		02.0610
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease
Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.		02.0710
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		02.0610
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.0610
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.0610
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		02.9810
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		02.9810
Atrophic Muscular Disorders
[description not available]		02.0610
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.6930
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.6930
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		02.4120
Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.0610
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Aura
[description not available]		07.15130
DiGeorge Syndrome
Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.		02.0610
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		07.15130
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.4220
Neovascularization, Optic Disc
[description not available]		02.0710
Retinal Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.		02.0710
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		02.4820
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		011.8329
Central Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.0710
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		02.0710
Wounds, Stab
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.		02.0710
Spermatic Cord Torsion
The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.		02.4820
Acid-Base Imbalance
Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.		06.79130
Fructose Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Inherited abnormalities of fructose metabolism, which include three known autosomal recessive types: hepatic fructokinase deficiency (essential fructosuria), hereditary fructose intolerance, and hereditary fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency. Essential fructosuria is a benign asymptomatic metabolic disorder caused by deficiency in fructokinase, leading to decreased conversion of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate and alimentary hyperfructosemia, but with no clinical dysfunction; may produce a false-positive diabetes test.		03.4611
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		04.5190
Co-infection
[description not available]		03.420
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		02.0710
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		02.0710
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0710
Gaucher Disease
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.		02.0710
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		08.23370
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		08.23370
Carcinoma, Colloid
[description not available]		02.4120
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		02.0810
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4120
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		02.0810
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell
An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)		02.0810
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous
A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)		02.0810
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		02.6730
Far East Scarlet-like Fever
[description not available]		02.0810
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		02.7230
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		02.7230
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		02.110
Brain Dead
[description not available]		03.7940
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.110
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.110
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		02.0810
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4711
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		03.4711
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		02.9140
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		02.9140
Acidosis, Respiratory
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.		05.87170
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		02.0110
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		02.0110
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase
[description not available]		03.821
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.		03.821
Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy, Familial
[description not available]		02.9210
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		06.2190
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		06.2190
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		02.0110
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		02.0110
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		04.1360
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		04.2740
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		04.2740
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
[description not available]		03.7921
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)		03.7921
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		03.411
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		03.411
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.3920
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.0110
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.420
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		02.0110
Angiitis
[description not available]		02.420
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.420
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		04.8780
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		04.8780
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.8540
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		02.3420
Calculus, Dental
[description not available]		02.3420
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		01.9310
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.3620
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.3620
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		03.9650
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		08.9650
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.3420
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		05.56290
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		05.56290
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		02.3520
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		02.3520
Leanness
[description not available]		01.9310
Cardiac Septal Defect
[description not available]		05.57290
Parathyroid Disorders
[description not available]		01.9310
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		08.2620
Parathyroid Diseases
Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.		01.9310
Pink Eye
[description not available]		01.9310
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9310
Coronary Vessel Anomalies
Malformations of CORONARY VESSELS, either arteries or veins. Included are anomalous origins of coronary arteries; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; CORONARY ANEURYSM; MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING; and others.		02.3520
Cyst
[description not available]		03.7840
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.		01.9310
Vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.		01.9310
Gas Poisoning
Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.		08.5590
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		01.9310
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus
[description not available]		03.4580
Atrial Septal Defect
[description not available]		09.14170
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		04.14170
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent
A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.		03.4580
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		04.14170
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		02.3720
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		02.3720
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9410
Bewilderment
[description not available]		01.9410
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		01.9410
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		01.9410
Abnormalities, Urogenital
[description not available]		01.9410
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		01.9310
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		01.9310
Pyuria
The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.		01.9310
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.6530
Focal Neurologic Deficits
[description not available]		02.6330
Tricuspid Incompetence
[description not available]		02.3520
Pulmonary Stenoses
[description not available]		02.8640
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		02.6330
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		02.6330
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		03.4580
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		01.9410
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		01.9410
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		04.3980
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.3980
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		02.0110
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		02.0110
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		02.0110
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		02.0110
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		04.1660
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		09.1660
7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.9310
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder of CHOLESTEROL metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.		02.9310
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.0850
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.0850
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		03.821
Multiple System Atrophy
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)		03.821
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		06.3391
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		01.9210
Actinomycetales Infections
Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.		01.9210
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		06.9210
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		08.3770
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		02.0210
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		02.0210
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		02.0210
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		03.320
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		03.320
Megacolon
Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.		02.0210
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.0210
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		02.3920
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0210
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		02.0210
Allergy, Milk
[description not available]		02.420
Milk Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.		02.420
Empyema, Thoracic
[description not available]		01.9210
Empyema, Pleural, Tuberculous
[description not available]		01.9210
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		06.9210
Empyema, Pleural
Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.		01.9210
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component
[description not available]		02.0210
Gliosarcoma
Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)		02.0210
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.9410
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		02.9410
AIDS, Simian
[description not available]		02.0210
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.0210
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		02.0210
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		02.0210
Dissociation
[description not available]		02.0210
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus
[description not available]		02.0210
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		02.0210
Luft Disease
[description not available]		03.8610
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		05.1920
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		05.6321
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		05.1920
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		05.6321
Mitochondrial Myopathies
A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.		03.8610
Amnionitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia
[description not available]		02.4220
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Chorioamnionitis
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.		02.0310
Leukomalacia, Periventricular
Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)		02.4220
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		02.0310
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		07.0162
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		07.0162
Birth Injuries
Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.		02.0310
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.0310
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.0310
Achlorhydria
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.		04.6161
Addison's Anemia
[description not available]		03.7940
Microsatellite Instability
The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.		02.0310
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		02.0310
Infections, Trichomonas
[description not available]		02.3720
Trichomonas Infections
Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.		02.3720
Dementias, Transmissible
[description not available]		02.0310
Diverticula
[description not available]		03.4211
Experimental High Pressure Neurological Syndrome
[description not available]		05.3270
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.3720
Angiodysplasia
Acquired degenerative dilation or expansion (ectasia) of normal BLOOD VESSELS, often associated with aging. They are isolated, tortuous, thin-walled vessels and sources of bleeding. They occur most often in mucosal capillaries of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT leading to GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE and ANEMIA.		02.0310
Cecal Diseases
Pathological developments in the CECUM.		02.0310
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		02.0310
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		02.8840
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		02.8840
Bilophila Infections
[description not available]		02.0410
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9210
Otitis Media, Purulent
[description not available]		01.9210
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		06.9210
Otitis Media, Suppurative
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.		01.9210
Deficiency Disease, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase
[description not available]		02.0410
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease
An inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE, transmitted as an X-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. Clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)		02.0410
Parodontosis
[description not available]		03.9750
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		03.9750
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		03.7840
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		02.3520
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Deficiency, Vitamin K
[description not available]		01.9610
Vitamin K Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)		01.9610
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		01.9610
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		01.9610
Infections, Reoviridae
[description not available]		01.9610
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		03.3470
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		03.3470
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.8710
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.8710
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		04.6721
Angioma, Sclerosing
[description not available]		01.9610
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.		01.9610
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)		01.9610
Acetonemia
[description not available]		02.8810
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.5730
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		0552
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		01.9610
Belching
[description not available]		05.8351
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.6630
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		02.3820
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Marasmus
[description not available]		03.2820
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		03.2820
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		03.3570
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		08.3570
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		01.9610
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9610
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		01.9610
Potassium Deficiency
A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		03.7940
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		01.9610
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		01.9610
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		06.61112
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		06.61112
Hydatid Mole
[description not available]		01.9610
Hydatidiform Mole
Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.		01.9610
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		01.9610
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		01.9610
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		05.06101
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		05.06101
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis
A condition characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall, the submucosa and/or subserosa of the INTESTINE. The majority of the cysts are found in the JEJUNUM and the ILEUM.		05.15110
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		01.9610
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		03.7940
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		04.4551
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		03.3470
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		03.3470
Gastric Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.		02.8740
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.3820
Mandibular Fractures
Fractures of the lower jaw.		01.9610
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		04.9590
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		04.9590
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		04.2770
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		04.2770
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		02.3720
Finger Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.		01.9610
Bunostomiasis
[description not available]		01.9610
Hookworm Infections
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.		01.9610
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		03.3570
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		03.3570
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		01.9510
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3620
Classic Galactosemia
[description not available]		03.2720
Galactosemias
A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)		03.2720
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.3720
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		01.9510
Amentia
[description not available]		03.630
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		03.630
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		01.9810
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus
[description not available]		01.9810
AIDS-Associated Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		01.9810
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)		01.9810
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related
B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.		01.9810
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)		01.9810
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.420
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis
[description not available]		01.9810
Familial Mediterranean Fever
A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.		01.9810
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		02.3820
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		01.9810
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		01.9810
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		03.3120
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		03.3120
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		04.4551
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		03.320
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.8940
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.0850
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.0850
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9810
Carcinoma, Medullary
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		01.9810
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		03.7820
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		03.7820
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		01.9810
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		03.3120
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.3620
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.3620
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		03.320
Colon Diverticula
[description not available]		06.9810
Diverticulum, Colon
A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.		01.9810
Action Tremor
[description not available]		05.1760
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		05.1760
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		01.9810
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		01.9810
Pyloric Stenosis
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.		01.9810
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		01.9810
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		03.2820
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		03.2820
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		04.0731
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		04.0731
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		07.3820
Borrelia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BORRELIA.		01.9810
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		02.3820
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		01.9810
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		02.6530
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Adrenoleukodystrophy
An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).		01.9810
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		01.9810
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		01.9810
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.3820
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		01.9810
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		01.9810
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		03.3470
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		03.3470
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		02.6830
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		01.9810
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		01.9810
Actinomyces Infections
[description not available]		01.9810
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		02.3620
Pus
[description not available]		01.9810
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		01.9810
Fusobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.		01.9810
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		01.9810
Cancer of Muscle
[description not available]		02.910
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		05.3170
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		05.3170
Cramp
[description not available]		03.7721
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		03.7721
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		01.9910
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		01.9910
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		02.3820
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		02.3820
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		01.9910
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		01.9910
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		01.9910
Hypocapnia
Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		01.9910
Icterus
[description not available]		01.9910
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		01.9910
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		02.3920
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		01.9910
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		01.9910
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.6630
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.420
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		02.3920
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		02.3920
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.420
Favism
Hemolytic anemia due to the ingestion of fava beans or after inhalation of pollen from the Vicia fava plant by persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes.		06.9910
Glycogenosis
[description not available]		02.3920
Glycogen Storage Disease
A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.		02.3920
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		01.9910
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		01.9910
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		03.7721
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		04.0631
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		04.0631
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		01.9910
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		01.9910
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		03.0750
Rida
[description not available]		02.420
Benign Frontal Childhood Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.9110
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		02.420
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		02.420
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		01.9910
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9910
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
[description not available]		01.9910
Epidermal Cyst
Intradermal or subcutaneous saclike structure, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules.		01.9910
Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram
[description not available]		01.9910
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		01.9910
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		01.9910
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		01.9910
Palsy
[description not available]		02.3920
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		01.9910
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		02.3920
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.		01.9910
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		02.9110
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		02.9110
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		01.9910
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		01.9910
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		03.3811
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		03.3811
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		01.9910
Hereditary Optic Atrophy
[description not available]		01.9910
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		01.9910
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		01.9910
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		01.9910
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.910
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.3720
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.3920
Sprains
[description not available]		03.8310
Sprains and Strains
A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.		03.8310
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		02.8740
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		02.8740
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		0210
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		02.3720
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		0210
Friedreich Disease
[description not available]		0210
Friedreich Ataxia
An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)		0210
Brain Emboli
[description not available]		0210
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		0210
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		0210
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.6730
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.6730
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		0210
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		0210
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.6530
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.6530
Connective Tissue Disease, Mixed
[description not available]		0210
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		0210
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		0210
Dumping Syndrome
Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.		03.3911
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		0210
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		0210
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		02.3920
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		02.3920
Amyloid Neuropathies
Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)		0210
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		03.2920
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		03.2920
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		03.3120
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		03.3120
Heatstroke
[description not available]		0210
Heat Stroke
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.		0210
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		0210
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		0210
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		0210
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		0210
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1
[description not available]		02.0110
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial
Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.		02.0110
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.0110
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.0110
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		02.3520
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		01.9510
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		01.9510
Arteriovenous Malformations
Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.		01.9510
Constrictive Pericarditis
[description not available]		01.9510
Ebstein Anomaly
A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle.		01.9510
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.8710
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		02.8710
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		02.8710
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		04.0330
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		04.0330
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		03.2720
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		02.3520
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		01.9510
Gingival Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.		01.9510
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		01.9510
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		01.9510
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		06.9510
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		06.9510
Aerophagy
Spasmodic swallowing of air.		02.3520
Newcastle Disease
An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.		01.9510
Alkalosis, Respiratory
A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.4450
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		02.3520
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		01.9510
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.3520
Akinetic Autism
[description not available]		01.9510
HbS Disease
[description not available]		02.6530
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		02.6530
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		01.9810
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		01.9810
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary
[description not available]		01.9810
Carcinosarcoma
A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Infant Malnutrition
Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		03.3611
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		01.9810
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		01.9810
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		01.9810
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		01.9810
Ascariasis
Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.		02.3820
Amebiasis, Intestinal
[description not available]		01.9810
Trichocephaliasis
[description not available]		01.9810
Necatoriasis
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus NECATOR. The resulting anemia from this condition is less severe than that from ANCYLOSTOMIASIS.		01.9810
Trichuriasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.		01.9810
Neurilemoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Neurilemmoma
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)		01.9810
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		03.3611
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		03.3611
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		02.3620
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		01.9710
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing
[description not available]		01.9710
Leigh Disease
A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).		01.9710
Inner Ear Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Labyrinth Diseases
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).		01.9710
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		01.9710
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.3620
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9710
Edema, Fetal
[description not available]		01.9710
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9710
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		02.3820
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3620
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		02.3620
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		01.9710
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		01.9710
Mucopolysaccharidosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Eccentro-Osteochondrodysplasia
[description not available]		01.9710
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.		01.9710
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV
Genetic disorder of mucopolysaccharide metabolism characterized by skeletal abnormalities, joint instability, development of cervical myelopathy, and excessive urinary keratan sulfate. There are two biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.		01.9710
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9710
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		01.9710
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.8810
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		01.9710
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		01.9710
Bejel
[description not available]		01.9710
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		01.9710
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		01.9710
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		01.9710
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		01.9710
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		01.9710
Hip Dislocation
Displacement of the femur bone from its normal position at the HIP JOINT.		01.9710
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary
[description not available]		01.9610
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital
Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.		01.9610
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		03.7520
Cacchi Ricci Disease
[description not available]		02.8810
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		03.7520
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		01.9710
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		01.9710
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		01.9710
Intestinal Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		03.7521
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		01.9710
Deficiency, Muscle Phosphorylase
[description not available]		02.8810
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V
Glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise.		02.8810
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.8810
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		02.8810
Avitaminosis
A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.8810
Fractures, Ununited
A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		01.9610
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		01.9610
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum
[description not available]		01.9610
Jaundice, Neonatal
Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.		01.9610
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Cardiac Complex, Premature
[description not available]		01.9410
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		03.2620
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		01.9510
Gas Gangrene
A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.		01.9410
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9510
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		01.9510
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Vaccinia
The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.		01.9510
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		01.9510
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		01.9510
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		01.9510
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		03.0450
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		02.6430
Eisenmenger Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		03.0450
Eisenmenger Complex
A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.		01.9410
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		02.6430
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		02.8610
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		02.8610
Hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.		02.8610
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		02.8610
Cystinuria
An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.		02.8610
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		02.8610
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		02.8610
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		04.2511
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.2511
Infarct
[description not available]		06.9410
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		01.9410
Drop Attack
[description not available]		01.9410
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		01.9410
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		01.9410
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		01.9410
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		01.9410
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		01.9410
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.		01.9510
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		01.9510
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		01.9510
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		01.9410
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		01.9410
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9410
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		01.9410
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		03.2620
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		01.9410
Diaphragmatic Paralysis
[description not available]		01.9410
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		01.9410
Candida Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		01.9410
Aldrich Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Candidiasis, Cutaneous
Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.		01.9410
Embolism, Fat
Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.		01.9410
Hives
[description not available]		01.9410
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		01.9410
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		02.3520
Bacteroides Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.		01.9410
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3420
Bleeding Between Periods
[description not available]		02.3520
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.3520
Uterine Prolapse
Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.		02.3520
Metrorrhagia
Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.		02.3520
Myoma
A benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3520
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.3520
Rachitis
[description not available]		02.3520
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		01.9410
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
[description not available]		01.9410
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		06.9410
Neurodermatitis
An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.		06.9410
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9410
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		01.9410
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		01.9410
Poisoning, Fluoride
[description not available]		01.9410
Fluoride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.		01.9410
Embolus
[description not available]		01.9410
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		01.9410
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		01.9410
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		01.9410
Feminization
Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.		06.9410
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		01.9410
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		01.9410
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		01.9410
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		01.9410
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		01.9410