beta-lactams profile

2-azetidinone: structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	136721
CHEMBL ID	344042
CHEBI ID	327119
CHEBI ID	35627
MeSH ID	M0012144

Synonym
azetidinone
2-azetdinone
beta-propiolactam
inchi=1/c3h5no/c5-3-1-2-4-3/h1-2h2,(h,4,5
2-azetidinone
azetidin-2-one
beta-lactam
2-azetidinone, 98%
CHEMBL344042
beta-lactams ,
FT-0650338
930-21-2
chebi:327119 ,
propiolactam
AKOS005255094
EPITOPE ID:141488
MNFORVFSTILPAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
azetidine-2-one
mfcd00013328
STR01840
PS-9375
J-519610
DTXSID30239225
STL511031
CHEBI:35627
CS-W011364
BCP28406
Q21099588
AMY18291
BBL100059
SB50691
2-azetidinone; 2-azacyclobutanone
LCZC2198
EN300-70816

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The therapeutic regimen was well tolerated and adverse drug reactions did not occur."	( A clinical trial on efficacy and safety of teicoplanin in combination with beta-lactams and aminoglycosides in the treatment of severe sepsis of patients undergoing allogeneic/autologous bone marrow transplantation. Fauser, AA; Lang, E; Schmid, J, 1990)	0.51
" Data from experimental studies, revealing the possibility of long-term adverse effects of repeated injections of convulsants, have been emphasized, and the absence of relevant clinical studies has been pointed out."	( [Neurotoxicity of penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics--importance in clinical practice]. Gralewicz, S; Walusiak-Stankiewicz, J, 1997)	0.3
" Both treatment regimens were generally well tolerated; the most common drug-related adverse events reported were diarrhea (2."	( A study evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ertapenem versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Caballero-Lopez, J; Carides, A; Friedland, IR; Ortiz-Ruiz, G; Woods, GL, 2002)	0.31
" Clinical drug-related adverse events were reported during IM therapy in 14 patients (16."	( Safety and local tolerability of intramuscularly administered ertapenem diluted in lidocaine: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study versus intramuscular ceftriaxone. Friedland, I; Jiang, Q; Legua, P; Lema, J; Moll, J; Woods, G, 2002)	0.31
" The frequencies of drug-related adverse events, most commonly diarrhea and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels, were similar in both treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of ertapenem versus piperacillin-tazobactam for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections requiring surgical intervention. Asperger, W; Chan, CY; Dela Pena, AS; DiNubile, MJ; Giezek, H; Kafka, R; Köckerling, F; Raz, R; Shivaprakash, M; Vrijens, F; Warren, B, 2006)	0.33
" There were no statistical differences between the groups in serious drug-related clinical adverse events, drug-related clinical adverse experiences leading to study discontinuation, or mortality."	( Randomized, multicenter, double-blind study of efficacy, safety, and tolerability of intravenous ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam in treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in hospitalized adults. Abramson, MA; Jensen, EH; Namias, N; Solomkin, JS; Tomassini, JE, 2007)	0.34
" No special measures were required to treat the adverse events observed in approximately one-third of the patients."	( Efficacy and safety of faropenem in eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori. Hirata, Y; Kawabe, T; Maeda, S; Mitsuno, Y; Ogura, K; Ohmae, T; Omata, M; Shibata, W; Yanai, A; Yoshida, H, 2007)	0.34
" pylori in about two-thirds of the patients although the incidence of adverse events was high."	( Efficacy and safety of faropenem in eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori. Hirata, Y; Kawabe, T; Maeda, S; Mitsuno, Y; Ogura, K; Ohmae, T; Omata, M; Shibata, W; Yanai, A; Yoshida, H, 2007)	0.34
" The primary outcome was the incidence of clinical and laboratory drug-related serious adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety and tolerability of ertapenem versus ceftriaxone in a double-blind study performed in children with complicated urinary tract infection, community-acquired pneumonia or skin and soft-tissue infection. Arguedas, A; Blumer, J; Botet, FA; Cespedes, J; Gesser, R; Snyder, T; Wang, J; West, J; Wimmer, W; Yogev, R, 2009)	0.35
" No serious adverse drug reactions were observed."	( [Efficacy and safety of faropenem in pediatric patients with bacterial infectious diseases]. Abe, T; Azagami, S; Bamba, M; Cho, H; Hojo, H; Jozaki, K; Koizumi, Y; Nakao, A; Nonoyama, M; Ojima, T; Ozaki, A; Sunakawa, K; Yokota, T, 2008)	0.35
"Recent data suggest that adverse events (AEs) associated with the use of antimicrobial drugs are a major safety concern, with antibiotics implicated in a significant proportion (approximately 20%) of all drug-related emergency department visits in the United States."	( Safety and tolerability of commonly prescribed oral antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Lode, H, 2010)	0.36
" Based on these results, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level was 600 mg/kg-d."	( Juvenile toxicity study of faropenem medoxomil in beagle puppies. Colagiovanni, DB; Faqi, AS; Gill, S; Lanphear, C, 2010)	0.36
"To report stroke-like symptoms and unusual central nervous system adverse effects in 2 elderly patients receiving ertapenem."	( Central nervous system toxicity associated with ertapenem use. Duquaine, S; Kitchell, E; Tannen, RC; Tate, T; Wickremasinghe, IM, 2011)	0.37
" When applied to our patients, the Naranjo probability scale indicated a highly probable relationship for patient 1 and a probable relationship for patient 2 between the adverse effects and ertapenem use."	( Central nervous system toxicity associated with ertapenem use. Duquaine, S; Kitchell, E; Tannen, RC; Tate, T; Wickremasinghe, IM, 2011)	0.37
" Patients were observed for 72 hours for cholangitis or drug-related adverse events."	( Prophylaxis with ertapenem in patients with obstructive jaundice undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: safety, efficacy, and biliary penetration. Abdul-Baki, H; Aoun, E; Chaar, HF; El Hajj, II; Hashash, JG; Kanj, SS; Kyriacos, SB; Mansour, NM; Mroueh, M; Sharara, AI, 2011)	0.37
" No drug-related adverse events were noted."	( Prophylaxis with ertapenem in patients with obstructive jaundice undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: safety, efficacy, and biliary penetration. Abdul-Baki, H; Aoun, E; Chaar, HF; El Hajj, II; Hashash, JG; Kanj, SS; Kyriacos, SB; Mansour, NM; Mroueh, M; Sharara, AI, 2011)	0.37
"Ertapenem appears to be a safe and effective prophylaxis in patients with obstructive jaundice undergoing ERCP despite a limited biliary penetration in patients with high-grade obstruction."	( Prophylaxis with ertapenem in patients with obstructive jaundice undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: safety, efficacy, and biliary penetration. Abdul-Baki, H; Aoun, E; Chaar, HF; El Hajj, II; Hashash, JG; Kanj, SS; Kyriacos, SB; Mansour, NM; Mroueh, M; Sharara, AI, 2011)	0.37
" The incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events were 35."	( Phase 2, randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of two dose regimens of eravacycline versus ertapenem for adult community-acquired complicated intra-abdominal infections. Cesnauskas, G; Horn, PT; Novikovs, N; Ramesh, MK; Solomkin, JS; Stefanova, P; Sutcliffe, JA; Walpole, SM, 2014)	0.4
" Of the 6 patients who experienced clinical failure, 2 had adverse events leading to discontinuation of therapy and 4 required additional source control for clinical success."	( Safety and efficacy of long-term outpatient ertapenem therapy. Doi, Y; Qureshi, ZA; Syed, A, 2014)	0.4
" The primary outcome was 'residual neurological symptoms' whilst the secondary outcomes were disability, quality of life, pain, fatigue, depression, cognition, sleep, adverse events and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis."	( Efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for acute Lyme neuroborreliosis - a systematic review. Dersch, R; Freitag, MH; Meerpohl, JJ; Rauer, S; Schmidt, S; Sommer, H, 2015)	0.42
" To describe the clinical characteristics, risk markers and outcomes of β-lactam antibiotic-induced neurological adverse effects, we performed a general literature review to provide updated clinical data about the most used β-lactam antibiotics."	( Neurological Adverse Effects Attributable to β-Lactam Antibiotics: A Literature Review. Coquerel, A; Deshayes, S; Verdon, R, 2017)	0.46
"To determine the existence of concentration-toxicity relationships for common β-lactam antibiotic adverse effects and define thresholds above which toxicity is more likely."	( Too much of a good thing: a retrospective study of β-lactam concentration-toxicity relationships. Buscher, H; Gentili, S; Imani, S; Marriott, D; Sandaradura, I, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events investigated included neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and opportunistic Clostridium difficile infection."	( Too much of a good thing: a retrospective study of β-lactam concentration-toxicity relationships. Buscher, H; Gentili, S; Imani, S; Marriott, D; Sandaradura, I, 2017)	0.46
"Our data reveal an association between toxic concentrations for a number of β-lactam agents and neurotoxic/nephrotoxic effects."	( Too much of a good thing: a retrospective study of β-lactam concentration-toxicity relationships. Buscher, H; Gentili, S; Imani, S; Marriott, D; Sandaradura, I, 2017)	0.46
" Initially, TDM was developed to minimize adverse effects during use of narrow therapeutic index agents."	( Towards precision medicine: Therapeutic drug monitoring-guided dosing of vancomycin and β-lactam antibiotics to maximize effectiveness and minimize toxicity. Cusumano, JA; Huttner, A; Klinker, KP; LaPlante, KL; Luther, MK; Roberts, JA, 2020)	0.56
" Due to wide PK/PD variability in these populations, TDM is vital to maximize antimicrobial effectiveness and decrease adverse event rates."	( Towards precision medicine: Therapeutic drug monitoring-guided dosing of vancomycin and β-lactam antibiotics to maximize effectiveness and minimize toxicity. Cusumano, JA; Huttner, A; Klinker, KP; LaPlante, KL; Luther, MK; Roberts, JA, 2020)	0.56
"Single-dose DPT without previous STs is a safe and useful way to assess NIRs to BLs in children."	( Single-dose prolonged drug provocation test, without previous skin testing, is safe for diagnosing children with mild non-immediate reactions to beta-lactams. Bogas, G; Doña, I; Fernández-Santamaría, R; Mayorga, C; Muñoz, C; Palomares, F; Prieto, A; Salas, M; Torres, MJ, 2021)	0.82
" The primary endpoint was adverse events (ADE) following IVP administration of antibiotics."	( Safety of intravenous push administration of beta-lactams within a healthcare system. Ahmed, N; Chen, XJC; Decano, A; Dubrovskaya, Y; Jen, SP; Marsh, K; Merchan, C; Siegfried, J, 2020)	0.82
" Based on the Naranjo score, 1 adverse event was "probably" and 3 were "possibly" related to cefepime IVP administration."	( Safety of intravenous push administration of beta-lactams within a healthcare system. Ahmed, N; Chen, XJC; Decano, A; Dubrovskaya, Y; Jen, SP; Marsh, K; Merchan, C; Siegfried, J, 2020)	0.82
" Regarding the adverse drug reactions (ADRs), quinolones did not bring higher risks, while the incidence of ADRs in the quinolone group was also even significantly lower (P < 0."	( Efficacy and safety of quinolones vs. other antimicrobials for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cai, Y; Jia, Y; Wang, J; Yan, K; Zhu, M, 2022)	0.72
"88 μg/L), posing extremely toxic effects to Vibrio fischeri (V."	( Residual β-lactam antibiotics and ecotoxicity to Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna of pharmaceutical wastewater in the treatment process. Cui, C; Hu, Y; Lei, D; Wu, D; Xia, J; Zhou, W, 2022)	0.72
" The primary outcome was treatment success without modification; the secondary outcomes were adverse events (AEs), all-cause mortality, and new infections."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of antipseudomonal β-lactams for pediatric febrile neutropenia: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Chen, X; Guo, S; Li, Y; Liang, X; Su, H; Tan, X; Xi, J, 2021)	0.62
" Neurotoxicity is a rare adverse effect, most often associated with imipenem (0."	( Ertapenem neurotoxicity in liver transplantation. Aguilera Sancho-Tello, MV; Conde, I; García Eliz, M; Ladrón Abia, P; Martínez Delgado, S; Mínguez Sabater, A, 2022)	0.72
"Beta-lactam neurotoxicity is a relatively uncommon yet clinically significant adverse effect in critically ill patients."	( Incidence and Predictive Factors Associated with Beta-Lactam Neurotoxicity in the Critically Ill: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Barreto, EF; Fugate, JE; Gajic, O; Haddad, NA; Hocker, SE; Ice, CJ; Leung, SB; Mara, KC; Rabinstein, AA; Rule, AD; Schreier, DJ, 2022)	0.72
" Patients were screened for beta-lactam neurotoxicity by using search terms and diagnosis codes, followed by clinical adjudication using a standardized adverse event scoring tool."	( Incidence and Predictive Factors Associated with Beta-Lactam Neurotoxicity in the Critically Ill: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Barreto, EF; Fugate, JE; Gajic, O; Haddad, NA; Hocker, SE; Ice, CJ; Leung, SB; Mara, KC; Rabinstein, AA; Rule, AD; Schreier, DJ, 2022)	0.72
" Our findings support direct DPT as a safe and effective delabeling tool in children with suspected nonsevere BL-HSR."	( The Safety of the Direct Drug Provocation Test in Beta-Lactam Hypersensitivity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chiriac, AM; Kulalert, P; Phinyo, P; Saokaew, S; Srisuwatchari, W, 2023)	0.91
" The outcomes were all-cause mortality, clinical success, microbiological eradication and adverse events."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of prolonged versus intermittent administration of antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotics in adults with severe acute infections: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gencer, S; Kıran, P; Nadir, Y, 2023)	0.91
" This infusion strategy may result in little to no difference in microbiological eradication and is probably not associated with a rise in any adverse events."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of prolonged versus intermittent administration of antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotics in adults with severe acute infections: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gencer, S; Kıran, P; Nadir, Y, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The pharmacodynamic effects of subinhibitory concentrations of different beta-lactam antibiotics were investigated."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of subinhibitory concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics in vitro. Cars, O; Löwdin, E; Odenholt-Tornqvist, I, 1991)	0.28
" However, in the case of cephradine and cephalexin, the increase of Cmax for neonatal rats was small."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of five beta-lactam antibiotics between neonatal and adult rats. Miyake, K; Mizuno, N; Morita, E; Nishikata, M, 1990)	0.28
" Calculation of free tissue concentrations allows more secure interpretation of pharmacokinetic data with respect to in-vitro MICs for the comparison of different antibiotics or of the same antibiotic in different patient populations."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of beta-lactam antibiotics. Derendorf, H, 1989)	0.28
"In this review we analyzed the pharmacokinetic basis for high dose treatment with antibiotics of patients with cystic fibrosis."	( High dose treatment with antibiotics in cystic fibrosis--a reappraisal with special reference to the pharmacokinetics of beta-lactams and new fluoroquinolones in adult CF-patients. Böwing, HB; Dominick, HC; Geldmacher von Mallinckrodt, M; Gottschalk, B; Rey, M; Sörgel, F; Stehr, C; Stephan, U; Wiesemann, HG, 1987)	0.48
"The therapeutic effects of seven antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotics on experimental urinary tract infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa P 9 in mice were compared, and the results were analyzed in relation to their in vitro antibacterial activities and pharmacokinetic properties."	( Relevance of in vitro antibacterial activities and pharmacokinetic properties of antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotics to their therapeutic effects on urinary tract infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa P 9 in mice. Fugono, T; Imada, A; Kondo, M; Nakao, M; Nishi, T; Tsuchiya, K, 1984)	0.27
"Various pharmacokinetic parameters (disposition half-life, total body clearance, renal clearance, hepatic clearance, volume of distribution, intrinsic clearance and volume of distribution of unbound drug) of six beta-lactam antibiotics were compared in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, monkey, and human."	( Prediction of the disposition of beta-lactam antibiotics in humans from pharmacokinetic parameters in animals. Hanano, M; Iga, T; Sawada, Y; Sugiyama, Y, 1984)	0.27
"The disposition characteristics of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats were investigated, and a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model capable of predicting the tissue distribution and elimination kinetics of these drugs was developed."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for beta-lactam antibiotics I: Tissue distribution and elimination in rats. Kimura, M; Minami, H; Miyamoto, E; Nakashima, E; Nightingale, CH; Nishide, K; Terasaki, T; Tsuji, A; Yamana, T; Yoshikawa, T, 1983)	0.27
" Time-concentration curves were obtained for both pharmacokinetic compartments."	( Penetration of eight beta-lactam antibiotics into the peritoneal fluid. A pharmacokinetic investigation. Schassan, HH; Wittman, DH, 1983)	0.27
" Clavulanic acid is adequately absorbed after oral administration and its basic pharmacokinetic characteristics are similar to those of amoxycillin."	( Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic use. Avery, GS; Brogden, RN; Carmine, A; Heel, RC; Morley, PA; Speight, TM, 1981)	0.26
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that after oral dosing L-680,833 is bioavailable in rats and rhesus monkeys."	( Chemical, biochemical, pharmacokinetic, and biological properties of L-680,833: a potent, orally active monocyclic beta-lactam inhibitor of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase. Brause, K; Chandler, GO; Doherty, JB; Dorn, CP; Finke, PE; Hagmann, WK; Hale, JJ; Kissinger, AL; Shah, SK; Thompson, KR, 1993)	0.29
"The most important pharmacodynamic parameter for beta-lactam antibiotics has been shown to be the time above the MIC, which is used as an argument to administer beta-lactam antibiotics by continuous infusion."	( Is continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics worthwhile?--efficacy and pharmacokinetic considerations. Mouton, JW; Vinks, AA, 1996)	0.29
"The pharmacodynamic properties of faropenem, a new oral penem antibiotic, were investigated by studying time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect."	( Pharmacodynamic properties of faropenem demonstrated by studies of time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect. Andrews, JM; Boswell, FJ; Wise, R, 1997)	0.3
" The single pharmacodynamic parameter that correlates best with therapeutic efficacy for beta-lactam antibiotics is time that free serum levels stay above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)."	( Efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics: integration of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Cars, O, )	0.13
" This in vivo combined pharmacodynamic effect offers possibilities that can be used to address penicillin resistance."	( Effects of specific antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae on pharmacodynamic parameters of beta-lactams in a mouse sepsis model. Aguilar, L; Casal, J; Fenoll, A; Giménez, MJ; Jado, I; Prieto, J; Yuste, J, 2002)	0.53
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters are increasingly recognized as important determinants of the therapeutic efficacy of an antibiotic."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral beta-lactam antibiotics as a two-dimensional approach to their efficacy. Auckenthaler, R, 2002)	0.31
" Ertapenem was given subcutaneously at 50 mg/kg of body weight every 6 h, which simulates the human pharmacodynamic profile (in particular, the duration of time that the concentration of free drug remains above the MIC of 2 mg/liter)."	( Pharmacodynamic assessment of ertapenem (MK-0826) against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a murine neutropenic thigh infection model. Banevicius, M; Capitano, B; Kim, MK; Nicolau, D; Nightingale, C; Xuan, D, 2002)	0.31
" The effect of the presence of inactivated human serum and albumin on the in vitro activity of faropenem and amoxicillin was established and the influence of protein binding on the pharmacodynamic properties of faropenem and amoxicillin was compared."	( Effect of protein binding on the in vitro activity and pharmacodynamics of faropenem. Andrews, JM; Ashby, JP; Boswell, FJ; Wise, R, 2002)	0.31
"The application of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data in conjunction with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial agents has been shown to allow for improved selection and appropriate dosing of antimicrobial agents for specific infections, increasing the likelihood of bacteriologic cure and, through this, reducing the risk for the development of resistant organisms."	( Activity of nine oral agents against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria encountered in community-acquired infections: use of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic breakpoints in the comparative assessment of beta-lactam and macrolide antimicrobial agents. Appelbaum, PC; Browne, FA; Jacobs, MR; Peric, M, 2003)	0.32
" dose infused over 120 min, the geometric mean area under the concentration curve from hour 0 to infinity (AUC(0- infinity )) was 541."	( Pharmacokinetics of intramuscularly administered ertapenem. Birk, K; Deutsch, P; Fisher, A; Greenberg, H; Holland, S; Li, SX; Majumdar, A; Mistry, G; Musson, DG; Rogers, JD; Waldman, S; Wickersham, P, 2003)	0.32
" Concentrations in plasma and the half-life of ertapenem were generally higher and longer, respectively, in elderly subjects than in young adults."	( Pharmacokinetics of total and unbound ertapenem in healthy elderly subjects. Birk, K; Deutsch, P; Holland, S; Majumdar, A; Mistry, G; Muckow, J; Musson, DG; Rogers, JD; Sciberras, D; Xi, L, 2004)	0.32
" For ertapenem the maximum concentration of the drug in plasma (C(max)) was 256 mg/liter, the half-life was 20."	( Ertapenem pharmacokinetics and impact on intestinal microflora, in comparison to those of ceftriaxone, after multiple dosing in male and female volunteers. Bulitta, J; Burkhardt, O; De Roux, A; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Lode, H; Nord, CE; Pletz, MW; Rau, M, 2004)	0.32
"The pharmacodynamic profile of ertapenem was evaluated in a neutropenic mouse thigh infection model."	( Pharmacodynamic profile of ertapenem against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in a murine thigh model. Babalola, C; Banevicius, MA; Maglio, D; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Sutherland, C, 2005)	0.33
" Monte Carlo simulation was used to construct pharmacodynamic models for imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and ciprofloxacin."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones against bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Burgess, DS; Frei, CR; Moczygemba, LR, 2004)	0.32
" In the pharmacodynamic models, imipenem and meropenem had an equal likelihood of achieving a free T>MIC > or =40% against bacteria that produced ESBLs (> or =97%) and bacteria that did not produce ESBLs (> or =98%)."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones against bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Burgess, DS; Frei, CR; Moczygemba, LR, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacodynamic modeling based on local ESBL-producing isolates and pharmacokinetic data from healthy humans indicated that imipenem and meropenem may have a greater likelihood of achieving pharmacodynamic targets against bacteria that produce ESBLs than ertapenem or fluoroquinolones."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones against bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Burgess, DS; Frei, CR; Moczygemba, LR, 2004)	0.32
"Susceptibility data were extracted from the 2002 Intensive Care Unit Surveillance System (ISS) and pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from published human studies."	( Comparison of beta-lactam regimens for the treatment of gram-negative pulmonary infections in the intensive care unit based on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Burgess, DS; Frei, CR, 2005)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, obtained from previously published studies in healthy volunteers were used to simulate the %T > MIC for 10,000 patients receiving imipenem-cilastatin, meropenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of beta-lactam antibiotics for the empiric treatment of secondary peritonitis: a report from the OPTAMA program. Kotapati, S; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2005)	0.33
" These dynamics are determined by combining drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) data with minimum inhibitory concentrations."	( Application of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to antimicrobial therapy of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Calbo, E; Garau, J, )	0.13
"Assessing the likelihood of achieving bactericidal pharmacodynamic exposures against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with intravenous antimicrobial regimens would provide insights into the selection of empiric therapy in the pediatric population."	( Use of Monte Carlo simulation to assess the pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in children: a report from the OPTAMA program. Ellis, JM; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2005)	0.57
"The objective of this study was to use pharmacodynamic modeling to determine the likelihood of various pediatric antibiotic regimens achieving bactericidal exposures against P aeruginosa in children."	( Use of Monte Carlo simulation to assess the pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in children: a report from the OPTAMA program. Ellis, JM; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2005)	0.57
" A 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulation was performed to predict attainment of pharmacodynamic targets against P aeruginosa for each of these regimens in a population of 10-year-olds."	( Use of Monte Carlo simulation to assess the pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in children: a report from the OPTAMA program. Ellis, JM; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2005)	0.57
"At institution 1, high-dose imipenem, high-dose meropenem, and ceftazidime achieved bactericidal pharmacodynamic exposures (likelihood of target attainment: 94%, 92%, and 92%, respectively)."	( Use of Monte Carlo simulation to assess the pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in children: a report from the OPTAMA program. Ellis, JM; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2005)	0.57
" Optimising antibacterial dose administration through the use of pharmacodynamic principles can aid clinicians in accomplishing this task more effectively."	( Optimising dosing strategies of antibacterials utilising pharmacodynamic principles: impact on the development of resistance. DeRyke, CA; Kuti, JL; Lee, SY; Nicolau, DP, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacodynamic properties governing the activities of antibiotics against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus are still largely undetermined."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the intracellular activities of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a model of THP-1 macrophages. Barcia-Macay, M; Mingeot-Leclercq, MP; Seral, C; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2006)	0.33
" Population pharmacokinetic data were obtained using a nonparametric adaptive grid followed by Monte Carlo simulation to determine the probability of obtaining the free drug exposure targets of the time that the free drug concentration remains above the MIC (fT>MIC) of 20% and 40% for bacteriostatic and maximal bactericidal activity, respectively."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic target attainment of ertapenem in normal-weight, obese, and extremely obese adults. Bertino, JS; Chen, M; Drusano, GL; Ma, L; Nafziger, AN, 2006)	0.33
" Due to increasing resistance of causative pathogens, antibiotics should be used by considering their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Arrigucci, S; Cassetta, MI; Fallani, S; Mazzei, T; Novelli, A, 2006)	0.33
" To optimise antibacterial therapy, the clinician must possess knowledge of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of commonly used antibacterials and how these parameters may be affected by the constellation of pathophysiological changes occurring during sepsis."	( Antibacterial dosing in intensive care: pharmacokinetics, degree of disease and pharmacodynamics of sepsis. Lipman, J; Roberts, JA, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacodynamic potency of imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates was investigated."	( Pharmacodynamic profiling of imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem against clinical isolates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. from Brazil. Eagye, KJ; Kiffer, CR; Kuti, JL; Mendes, C; Nicolau, DP, 2006)	0.33
" Using population pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation, it is possible to integrate pharmacokinetics, a pharmacodynamic target, and microbiologic surveillance data to generate empiric beta-lactam dosing strategies that maximize the likelihood of achieving fT>MIC associated with near maximal bactericidal effect against the range of pathogens encountered in clinical practice."	( Application of antimicrobial pharmacodynamic concepts into clinical practice: focus on beta-lactam antibiotics: insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Drusano, GL; Lodise, TP; Lomaestro, BM, 2006)	0.33
" The in vitro pharmacodynamic model was inoculated with 1 x 10(6) cfu/mL and ertapenem was dosed once daily at 0 and 24 h to simulate f (free) Cmax and t(1/2) obtained after a standard 1 g intravenous once daily dose in healthy volunteers (fCmax 15 mg/L, t(1/2) 4 h)."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of ertapenem versus penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae using an in vitro model. Derkatch, S; Hoban, DJ; Laing, N; Noreddin, AM; Zhanel, GG, 2007)	0.34
" However, antibiotics are therapeutically used in infected patients with very different pharmacokinetic properties compared with healthy individuals."	( Ertapenem in critically ill patients with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia: pharmacokinetics with special consideration of free-drug concentration. Burkhardt, O; Derendorf, H; Drewelow, B; Katterwe, D; Kumar, V; Majcher-Peszynska, J; Welte, T, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of ertapenem in our critically ill patients were clearly different when compared to those reported in the literature for healthy volunteers."	( Ertapenem in critically ill patients with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia: pharmacokinetics with special consideration of free-drug concentration. Burkhardt, O; Derendorf, H; Drewelow, B; Katterwe, D; Kumar, V; Majcher-Peszynska, J; Welte, T, 2007)	0.34
"To determine the likelihood that antibiotic regimens achieve bactericidal pharmacodynamic exposures against common nosocomial pathogens."	( Pharmacodynamic target attainment of six beta-lactams and two fluoroquinolones against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species collected from United States intensive care units in 2004. DeRyke, CA; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2007)	0.61
" From the pharmacodynamic perspective, BSAC breakpoints seem more adequate to define or detect BLNAR strains."	( Are beta-lactam breakpoints adequate to define non-susceptibility for all Haemophilus influenzae resistance phenotypes from a pharmacodynamic point of view? Aguilar, L; Alou, L; Coronel, P; Echeverría, O; Giménez, MJ; González, N; Prieto, J; Sevillano, D; Torrico, M, 2007)	0.34
" We focused on the allometric relationships of pharmacokinetic parameters with individual body weights (BW) in human including healthy adults and pediatric patients."	( Pharmacokinetic prediction for intravenous beta-lactam antibiotics in pediatric patients. Shimamura, K; Wajima, T; Yano, Y, 2007)	0.34
" The predicted cumulative fraction of response (CFR) was estimated based on patient-derived pharmacokinetic values and Monte Carlo simulation."	( A pharmacodynamic analysis of resistance trends in pathogens from patients with infection in intensive care units in the United States between 1993 and 2004. Abramson, MA; Doern, GV; Eagye, KJ; Gallagher, G; Lockhart, SR; Nicolau, DP; Quinn, JP, 2007)	0.34
" Therefore, pharmacodynamic modelling can be used to set breakpoints for ESBL-producing bacteria with beta-lactams."	( Breakpoints for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriacae: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations. MacGowan, A, 2008)	0.56
"This study assessed the pharmacodynamic activity of ertapenem against multidrug-resistant (MDR) genotypically characterized extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli using an in vitro model."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of ertapenem versus multidrug-resistant genotypically characterized extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli using an in vitro model. Baudry, P; Hoban, DJ; Laing, N; Noreddin, AM; Vashisht, V; Zhanel, GG, 2008)	0.35
" The in vitro pharmacodynamic model was inoculated with 1 x 10(6) cfu/mL, and ertapenem was dosed once daily at 0 and 24 h to simulate free (f) Cmax and t(1/2) obtained after a standard 1 g intravenous once-daily dose in healthy volunteers (fCmax, 15 mg/L; t(1/2), 4 h)."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of ertapenem versus multidrug-resistant genotypically characterized extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli using an in vitro model. Baudry, P; Hoban, DJ; Laing, N; Noreddin, AM; Vashisht, V; Zhanel, GG, 2008)	0.35
"Computerized pharmacodynamic simulations were performed against strains with penicillin/amoxicillin/cefuroxime/cefditoren minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs, microg/ml) and serotypes: strain 1 (0."	( Beta-lactam activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains exhibiting higher amoxicillin versus penicillin minimum inhibitory concentration values: an in vitro pharmacodynamic simulation. Aguilar, L; Alou, L; Coronel, P; Echeverría, O; Giménez, MJ; González, N; Prieto, J; Sevillano, D; Torrico, M; Valdes, L, 2008)	0.35
"It is difficult to achieve pharmacodynamic coverage and bactericidal activity by physiological concentrations of oral beta-lactams against penicillin-resistant pneumococcal strains exhibiting higher amoxicillin versus penicillin MICs."	( Beta-lactam activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains exhibiting higher amoxicillin versus penicillin minimum inhibitory concentration values: an in vitro pharmacodynamic simulation. Aguilar, L; Alou, L; Coronel, P; Echeverría, O; Giménez, MJ; González, N; Prieto, J; Sevillano, D; Torrico, M; Valdes, L, 2008)	0.55
"To determine the probability of oral beta-lactam regimens achieving bactericidal pharmacodynamic exposure against pathogens causing acute otitis media (AOM) given contemporary prevalence and resistance rates."	( Pharmacodynamic target attainment of oral beta-lactams for the empiric treatment of acute otitis media in children. Doern, GV; Fallon, RM; Girotto, JE; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2008)	0.61
" influenzae, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (45 mg/kg every 12 hours) and cefpodoxime (5 mg/kg every 12 hours) provide the greatest likelihood of achieving optimal pharmacodynamic exposures empirically in children with AOM."	( Pharmacodynamic target attainment of oral beta-lactams for the empiric treatment of acute otitis media in children. Doern, GV; Fallon, RM; Girotto, JE; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2008)	0.61
"Rational dosing of antibiotics in neonates should be based on pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters assessed in specific populations."	( Microanalysis of beta-lactam antibiotics and vancomycin in plasma for pharmacokinetic studies in neonates. Ahsman, MJ; Mathot, RA; Tibboel, D; Wildschut, ED, 2009)	0.35
" The most active agents based on pharmacodynamic assessment (50% fT > MIC) were cefpodoxime (98."	( Probability of achieving requisite pharmacodynamic exposure for oral beta-lactam regimens against Haemophilus influenzae in children. Doern, GV; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Pichichero, ME, 2008)	0.35
" The highly variable and unpredictable intersubject pharmacokinetic parameters documented in this study resulted in suboptimal unbound concentrations in some patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing of ertapenem in critically ill patients with severe sepsis. Brink, AJ; Kiem, S; Richards, GA; Schentag, J; Schillack, V, 2009)	0.35
" This article focuses on the standardization of drug analysis in bone, the extent and rate of bone penetration of antibacterials, and the design, evaluation and reporting techniques of pharmacokinetic studies of bone penetration."	( Penetration of antibacterials into bone: pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and bioanalytical considerations. Bulitta, JB; Holzgrabe, U; Kinzig, M; Landersdorfer, CB; Sörgel, F, 2009)	0.35
" A computerized pharmacodynamic model simulating free antibiotic concentrations (calculated considering reported percentages of protein binding) of 400 mg twice-daily cefditoren, 500 mg twice-daily cefuroxime and 875/125 mg three times daily amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was used to explore antibacterial activity against initial mixed inocula with 25% of each strain."	( Influence of different resistance traits on the competitive growth of Haemophilus influenzae in antibiotic-free medium and selection of resistant populations by different {beta}-lactams: an in vitro pharmacodynamic approach. Aguilar, L; Alou, L; Cafini, F; Coronel, P; Giménez, MJ; González, N; Prieto, J; Sevillano, D; Torrico, M, 2009)	0.35
" Because multiple membrane transporters are involved in the intestinal absorption and renal excretion of beta-lactam antibiotics, we evaluated the potential risk of pharmacokinetic interactions between cranberry juice and the beta-lactams amoxicillin (amoxicilline) and cefaclor."	( Effects of cranberry juice on pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics following oral administration. Anderson, GD; Andrew, MA; Grady, RW; Li, M; Phillips, B; Salinger, DH; Shen, DD; Vicini, P; Wang, J, 2009)	0.54
"The rational selection of antibiotics for the treatment of meningitis must take into account several criteria, among which their intrinsic activity against the causative bacteria, and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties."	( [Pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in CSF: principles and consequences (predictive factors of efficacy)]. Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, )	0.13
" We therefore examined the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams at the target sites, and analyzed them using a population pharmacokinetic modeling and statistical technique called Monte Carlo simulation."	( [Personalized optimization of beta-lactam regimens based on studies of the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics at the target sites]. Ikawa, K, 2009)	0.59
"Successful pharmacotherapy for respiratory tract (and other) infections should integrate both the pharmacokinetic (PK) and the pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of antimicrobial agents."	( Optimal antibiotic dosing. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interface. Reed, MD, 2000)	0.31
" The method was successfully utilized to quantify faropenem in human plasma and urine to support the clinical pharmacokinetic studies."	( High-throughput determination of faropenem in human plasma and urine by on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection and its application to the pharmacokinetic study. Fan, G; Wei, H; Wen, J; Xie, R; Zhang, D, 2010)	0.36
" The sigmoid maximum-threshold-of-efficacy (E(max)) model fit the survival data, in which the free-drug area under the concentration-time curve (fAUC)/MIC ratio, the maximum concentration of free drug in plasma (fC(max))/MIC ratio, and the cumulative percentage of a 24-h period that the free-drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions (f %T(MIC)) were each evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic assessment of faropenem in a lethal murine Bacillus anthracis inhalation postexposure prophylaxis model. Ambrose, PG; Bassett, J; Beaudry, A; Bhavnani, SM; Critchley, I; Gill, SC; Heine, HS; Janjic, N; Li, J; Miller, L; Rubino, CM; Stone, KC, 2010)	0.36
"The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of antimicrobial agents are the two fundamental pharmacological components which provide a rational for the choice of therapy for skin and skin structure infections, and especially serious infections."	( [Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic of antibiotics for treatment of skin and soft tissue infections]. Arrigucci, S; Mazzei, T; Novelli, A, 2009)	0.35
"Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic with broad spectrum activity and a pharmacokinetic profile that favors once-daily administration in adults."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single-dose intravenous ertapenem in infants, children, and adolescents. Abdel-Rahman, SM; Blumer, JL; Groff, M; Herman, G; Jacobs, RF; Kearns, GL; Kitchen, CJ; Majumdar, A; Mistry, GC; Topelberg, S; Wagner, JA; Xu, Y, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this paper was to compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters of continuous (CI) and intermittent infusion (ITI) of ertapenem into critically ill patients with severe abdominal infections."	( Pharmacokinetics of free ertapenem in critically ill septic patients: intermittent versus continuous infusion. Boselli, E; Breilh, D; Fleureau, C; Gordien, JB; Janvier, G; Joanes-Boyau, O; Rapaport, S; Saux, MC; Texier-Maugein, J, 2011)	0.37
" Therefore, the pharmacodynamic (PD) parameter of the efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics, that is, the time that its concentration is above the bacteria minimal inhibitory concentration (T > MIC), cannot be safely extrapolated from data derived from the PK of healthy volunteers."	( Antibiotics in critically ill patients: a systematic review of the pharmacokinetics of β-lactams. Gonçalves-Pereira, J; Póvoa, P, 2011)	0.37
" Consequently, in ICU patients, β-lactam antibiotic half-life and T > MIC were virtually unpredictable, especially in those patients with normal renal function."	( Antibiotics in critically ill patients: a systematic review of the pharmacokinetics of β-lactams. Gonçalves-Pereira, J; Póvoa, P, 2011)	0.37
" q24h was very likely (>90%) to achieve the pharmacodynamic target for MICs of ≤2 mg/liter."	( Ertapenem pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Cardone, KE; Daoui, R; Drusano, GL; Grabe, DW; Kulawy, RW; Lodise, TP; Meola, S; Roglieri, J, 2012)	0.38
"The objective of this structured review was to analyze critically the findings of pharmacokinetic studies of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with intra-abdominal disease; that is, intra-abdominal infection (IAI) or previous abdominal surgery and determine the requirements for dosage modification in this population."	( Pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with intra-abdominal disease: a structured review. Adnan, S; Kumar, S; Li, J; Lipman, J; Paterson, DL; Roberts, JA; Rudd, M, 2012)	0.38
" High inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability was common to each of the studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with intra-abdominal disease: a structured review. Adnan, S; Kumar, S; Li, J; Lipman, J; Paterson, DL; Roberts, JA; Rudd, M, 2012)	0.38
"Conventional mammillary models are frequently used for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis when only blood or plasma data are available."	( Applications of minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models. Cao, Y; Jusko, WJ, 2012)	0.38
" Serum pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters specific to each drug for use in pharmacodynamic (PD) modelling were obtained from the published literature."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery. Fish, DN; Moine, P, 2013)	0.39
" Free interstitial Cmax in the infected leg (4."	( Tissue pharmacokinetics of ertapenem at steady-state in diabetic patients with leg infections. Burian, A; Burian, B; Höferl, M; Jäger, W; Riedl, M; Sauermann, R; Stella, A; Theurer, S; Zeitlinger, M, 2013)	0.39
"Prospective, randomized, crossover pharmacokinetic study."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of ertapenem 1 gram/day administered as a rapid 5-minute infusion versus the standard 30-minute infusion in healthy adult volunteers. Housman, ST; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Quintiliani, R; Wiskirchen, DE, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic analyses were conducted using noncompartmental and compartmental methods."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of ertapenem 1 gram/day administered as a rapid 5-minute infusion versus the standard 30-minute infusion in healthy adult volunteers. Housman, ST; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Quintiliani, R; Wiskirchen, DE, 2013)	0.39
" The model has been used to quantitatively assess antibiotic activity against intracellular and extracellular bacteria by using a pharmacodynamic approach (concentration-dependent experiments over a wide range of extracellular concentrations to calculate bacteriostatic concentrations [Cs] and maximal relative efficacies [Emax]; Hill-Langmuir equation)."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the intracellular activity of antibiotics towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in a model of THP-1 human monocytes. Buyck, JM; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2013)	0.39
"The aims of this study were to evaluate pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of total and unbound ertapenem (ERT) in burns patients and to identify which covariates influence these PK parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in burns patients. Arnould, JF; Bouquié, R; Dailly, E; Deslandes, G; Fraissinet, F; Jolliet, P; Le Floch, R; Letard de la Bouralière, MA; Naux, E, 2013)	0.39
" Nevertheless, pharmacokinetic studies in paediatrics have not been published yet."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in juvenile and old rats. Boulamery, A; Bruguerolle, B; Marsot, A; Simon, N, 2014)	0.4
" Extensive data show that optimization of the administration of antimicrobials according to their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters improves clinical outcome."	( Antimicrobial treatment of febrile neutropenia: pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic considerations. Fantin, B; Goulenok, T, 2013)	0.39
" Ertapenem total serum, unbound serum, and effluent concentrations from all eight subjects were used simultaneously to perform a population compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling procedure using NONMEM."	( Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration. DePestel, DD; Eyler, RF; Heung, M; Kinzig, M; Mueller, BA; Nader, AM; Pleva, M; Sörgel, F; Sowinski, KM; Vilay, AM, 2014)	0.4
"Since antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens against current first line agents has affected the management of severe urinary tract infection, we determined the likelihood that antibiotic regimens achieve bactericidal pharmacodynamic exposures using Monte Carlo simulation for five antimicrobials (ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, piperacillin/tazobactam, ertapenem, and meropenem) commonly prescribed as initial empirical treatment of inpatients with severe community acquired urinary tract infections."	( Pharmacodynamic profiling of commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs against Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract. Cuba, GT; Kiffer, CR; Luchesi, LJ; Patekoski, KS; Pignatari, AC, )	0.13
" A population pharmacokinetic model was used to characterize ertapenem serum and urine profiles."	( Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in outpatients with complicated urinary tract infections. Fisher, DA; Hee, KH; Lee, LS; Llorin, RM; Lye, DC; Sulaiman, Z; Tam, VH; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.4
" This novel liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method proved accurate, precise and applicable for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of the selected β-lactam antibiotics."	( Simultaneous determination of seven β-lactam antibiotics in human plasma for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies. Roberts, JA; Roberts, MS; Robertson, TA; Sime, FB, 2014)	0.4
" The in vitro pharmacodynamic model was inoculated with ∼1 × 10(6) cfu/mL and ertapenem was dosed once daily at 0 and 24 h to simulate free (ƒ) Cmax and t½ obtained after either 1 g or 2 g intravenous once-daily doses in healthy volunteers (1 g: ƒCmax 15 mg/L, t½ 4 h)."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of ertapenem versus genotypically characterized extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-, KPC- or NDM-producing Escherichia coli with reduced susceptibility or resistance to ertapenem using an in vitro model. Adam, HJ; Denisuik, A; Hoban, DJ; Vashisht, S; Yachison, C; Zhanel, GG, 2014)	0.4
" Although small pharmacokinetic studies are emerging to provide data to help address this problem, the variability in results from these studies is profound."	( Antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients with septic shock and on continuous renal replacement therapy: can we resolve this problem with pharmacokinetic studies and dosing guidelines? Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA, 2014)	0.4
" There were no significant differences in serum concentrations or pharmacokinetic parameters between ECMO and non-ECMO patients, including Vd [0."	( β-Lactam pharmacokinetics during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy: A case-control study. Antonucci, E; Beumier, M; Cristallini, S; de Backer, D; Donadello, K; Jacobs, F; Roberts, JA; Rondelet, B; Scolletta, S; Taccone, FS; Vincent, JL, 2015)	0.42
"This was a secondary analysis of renal function parameters in 100 ICU patients from two pharmacokinetic studies on vancomycin and betalactam antibiotics."	( Estimation of creatinine clearance using plasma creatinine or cystatin C: a secondary analysis of two pharmacokinetic studies in surgical ICU patients. Beck, S; Gnewuch, C; Kees, MG; Moritz, S; Steinke, T, 2015)	0.42
" We performed a simulation study using published population pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in critically ill patients for a number of broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics and narrower-spectrum antibiotics."	( A Simulation Study Reveals Lack of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment in De-escalated Antibiotic Therapy in Critically Ill Patients. Carlier, M; De Waele, JJ; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; Stove, V; Verstraete, AG, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) understanding of this combination is critical for optimal clinical dose selection."	( Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of a β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor combination: a novel approach for aztreonam/avibactam. Bradford, PA; Eakin, AE; Harris, JJ; Kim, A; McLaughlin, RE; O'Donnell, JP; Patey, S; Singh, R; Tanudra, MA, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens commonly used to treat bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Gram-negative rod-shaped organisms in a Brazilian teaching hospital."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens against Gram-negative bacteria isolated in a Brazilian teaching hospital. Cardinal, L; Furtado, GH; Kuti, JL; Macedo, RS; Medeiros, EA; Nicolau, DP; Silva, JO, )	0.13
" Ertapenem is an attractive carbapenem for the treatment of MDR- and XDR-TB because its relatively long half-life enables once-daily dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Akkerman, OW; Alffenaar, JW; de Lange, WC; Kosterink, JG; van Altena, R; van der Laan, T; van der Werf, TS; van Rijn, SP; van Soolingen, D, 2016)	0.43
" Unlike other carbapenems, ertapenem has a longer half-life and thus only has to be administered once a day."	( A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for the antibiotic ertapenem. Forbes, W; Joyner, ML; Maiden, M; Manning, CC; Nikas, AN, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacodynamic profiling using Monte Carlo Simulation was performed for standard, high dosage, and prolonged infusions (PI) of ceftriaxone, cefepime, ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem."	( Application of Pharmacodynamic Profiling for the Selection of Optimal β-lactam Regimens in a Large University Hospital. Disthaporn, P; Kiratisin, P; Koomanachai, P; Nicolau, DP; Yungyuen, T, 2016)	0.43
"The pharmacodynamic profiling undertaken in the current study provides insights that allow prescribers to select more appropriate empirical antibiotic regimens for the treatment of infection caused by these common GNB pathogens at this Thai hospital."	( Application of Pharmacodynamic Profiling for the Selection of Optimal β-lactam Regimens in a Large University Hospital. Disthaporn, P; Kiratisin, P; Koomanachai, P; Nicolau, DP; Yungyuen, T, 2016)	0.43
" No statistical differences were noted in pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics of β-lactam-induced neutropenia. Frenck, RW; Fukuda, T; Hahn, A; Hahn, D; Mizuno, T; Vinks, AA, 2016)	0.43
"CF-specific pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from published data for aztreonam, cefepime, ceftazidime, meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam."	( Optimizing beta-lactam pharmacodynamics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in adult cystic fibrosis patients. Burgess, DR; Burgess, DS; Martin, CA; Rutter, WC; Thompson, RZ, 2016)	0.43
" Fluoroquinolone PK changes were less prominent and more diverse whereas the probability of pharmacodynamic target attainment was low for the treatment of tuberculosis in South Africa."	( Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics in Sub-Saharan African Patient Populations: A Systematic Review. Bos, JC; Prins, JM; van Hest, RM, 2017)	0.46
" Driven by these differences and recent legislation mandating the study of drugs in children and neonates, an increasing number of pharmacokinetic studies of antibiotics are being performed in neonates."	( Dosing antibiotics in neonates: review of the pharmacokinetic data. Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Greenberg, RG; Rivera-Chaparro, ND, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) efficacy index surrogates and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) used to support dosing regimens recommendation in the studies were also investigated."	( Optimising β -lactam Dosing in Neonates: A Review of Pharmacokinetics, Drug Exposure and Pathogens. Bielicki, J; Fuchs, A; Li, G; van den Anker, JN, 2017)	0.46
" The aim of the present study was to determine the pharmacodynamic interactions of amikacin with either amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftazidime, enrofloxacin or marbofloxacin against clinical canine Escherichia coli isolates."	( Pharmacodynamic interactions of amikacin with selected β-lactams and fluoroquinolones against canine Escherichia coli isolates. Batzias, GC; Delis, GA; Koutsoviti-Papadopoulou, M; Siarkou, VI; Vingopoulou, EI, 2018)	0.48
"Several clinical trials have shown the efficacy of continuous infusion beta-lactam (BL) antibiotics in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF); however, little is known about pharmacokinetic changes during the treatment of an acute pulmonary exacerbation (APE)."	( Pharmacokinetics of Continuous Infusion Beta-lactams in the Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Exacerbations in Adult Patients With Cystic Fibrosis. Deka, R; Hong, LT; King, JB; Liou, TG; Stevens, V; Young, DC, 2018)	0.75
" Setting A pharmacodynamic Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) model based on a number of patients in China."	( Pharmacodynamic model for β-lactam regimens used in surgical prophylaxis: model-based evaluation of standard dosing regimens. Long, M; Song, X, 2018)	0.48
" Consequently, the historical β-lactam pharmacokinetic data have been compiled and analyzed to identify possible directions and drug discovery strategies aimed toward new β-lactam antibiotics with this profile."	( Pharmacokinetics of β-Lactam Antibiotics: Clues from the Past To Help Discover Long-Acting Oral Drugs in the Future. Bates, RH; Epemolu, O; Martinez-Martinez, MS; Peet, C; Read, KD; Smith, PW; Zuccotto, F, 2018)	0.48
" Unfortunately, compartmental pharmacokinetic models are not valid for this unique system."	( Physiologically based modelling of the pharmacokinetics of three beta-lactam antibiotics after intra-mammary administration in dairy cows. Whittem, T; Woodward, AP, 2019)	0.51
" Plasma concentration was measured after drug administration, using high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS), and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Predicting Pharmacokinetics Variation of Faropenem Using a Pharmacometabonomic Approach. Huang, Q; Li, L; Ma, P; Qi, X; Song, Q; Tao, L; Wei, J; Xing, X; Zhou, G; Zou, B, 2020)	0.56
" aeruginosa, strategies such as extended (eg, prolonged or continuous) infusion have been suggested to optimize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of β-lactams."	( The Pharmacodynamics of Prolonged Infusion β-Lactams for the Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections: A Systematic Review. Guzman, OE; Hobbs, ALV; Shea, KM; Thabit, AK, 2019)	0.51
" Although many standard antipseudomonal β-lactam intermittent infusion regimens can provide adequate PTA against most susceptible isolates, prolonged infusion may enhance percent fT > MIC for organisms with higher MICs (eg, nonsusceptible) or patients with altered pharmacokinetic profiles (eg, obese, critically ill, those with febrile neutropenia)."	( The Pharmacodynamics of Prolonged Infusion β-Lactams for the Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections: A Systematic Review. Guzman, OE; Hobbs, ALV; Shea, KM; Thabit, AK, 2019)	0.51
" We undertook a pharmacokinetic study of commonly used β-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients of all ages."	( β-Lactam antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and target attainment in critically ill patients aged 1 day to 90 years: the ABDose study. Baker, EH; Barker, CIS; Johnston, A; Kipper, K; Lonsdale, DO; Oldfield, I; Philips, BJ; Rhodes, A; Sharland, M; Standing, JF, 2020)	0.56
"A total of 212 critically ill participants with an age range from 1 day (gestational age 24 weeks) to 90 years were recruited from a UK hospital, providing 1339 pharmacokinetic samples."	( β-Lactam antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and target attainment in critically ill patients aged 1 day to 90 years: the ABDose study. Baker, EH; Barker, CIS; Johnston, A; Kipper, K; Lonsdale, DO; Oldfield, I; Philips, BJ; Rhodes, A; Sharland, M; Standing, JF, 2020)	0.56
"We believe this to be the first prospective whole-life antibiotic pharmacokinetic study in the critically ill."	( β-Lactam antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and target attainment in critically ill patients aged 1 day to 90 years: the ABDose study. Baker, EH; Barker, CIS; Johnston, A; Kipper, K; Lonsdale, DO; Oldfield, I; Philips, BJ; Rhodes, A; Sharland, M; Standing, JF, 2020)	0.56
"There has been increasing interest in incorporating β-lactam precision dosing into routine clinical care, but robust population pharmacokinetic models in critically ill children are needed for these purposes."	( Demonstrating Feasibility of an Opportunistic Sampling Approach for Pharmacokinetic Studies of β-Lactam Antibiotics in Critically Ill Children. Benken, LA; Chamberlain, AR; Jones, RL; Kaplan, JM; Murphy, ME; Stoneman, EM; Tang Girdwood, SC; Tang, PH; Vinks, AA, 2021)	0.62
"To perform a review describing the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and covariates of interest of the eight first choice β-lactams (BL) antibiotics for treatment of severe infections in pediatric population."	( Population pharmacokinetic models of first choice beta-lactam antibiotics for severe infections treatment: What antibiotic regimen to prescribe in children? Marsot, A, 2020)	0.56
" Significant pharmacokinetic changes also occur in cases of morbid obesity or renal insufficiency and when complex surgical techniques such as extracorporeal circulation are used."	( [Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic monitoring of piperacillin/tazobactam]. Kubíčková, V; Urbánek, K, 2020)	0.56
"This article provides a critical reappraisal of pharmacokinetic and clinical issues emerged with novel BLs and/or BL/BLIs in renal critically ill patients."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment in critically ill renal patients on antimicrobial usage: focus on novel beta-lactams and beta lactams/beta-lactamase inhibitors. Gatti, M; Pea, F, 2021)	0.83
" We sought to define the association between beta-lactam pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic target attainment on richness and alpha diversity."	( Importance of beta-lactam pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics on the recovery of microbial diversity in the airway of persons with cystic fibrosis. Burrell, A; Chaney, H; Crandall, KA; Freishtat, RJ; Hahn, A; Koumbourlis, AC; Louie, S; Sami, I; Zemanick, ET, 2021)	0.62
" As critically ill patients often experience pharmacokinetic aberrations, and rates of antimicrobial resistance vary between hospital settings, reliance on tertiary sources or package labeling to guide empiric dosing often results in suboptimal β-lactam exposure."	( Time Above All Else: Pharmacodynamic Analysis of β-Lactams in Critically Ill Patients. Burgess, DS; Clark, JA; Landmesser, KB, 2022)	0.72
" The uricosuric agent probenecid inhibits tubular excretion of antibiotics and may be used as β-lactam pharmacokinetic enhancer (BLPKE), even though few data are currently available for this purpose."	( Probenecid, an old β-lactams pharmacokinetic enhancer for a renewed use: A retrospective study. Gallien, S; Habibi, A; Hulin, A; Huriez, P; Lepeule, R; Ourghanlian, C; Razazi, K; Vindrios, W, 2022)	0.72
" The pharmacokinetic profile is a beta-lactam one: no oral absorption, and with a wide distribution within the vascular space and the interstitial fluid of well vascularized tissues, reaching therapeutic concentrations in the alveolar lavage fluid and within the macrophage."	( Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics and tolerability of cefiderocol in the clinical setting. Azanza Perea, JR; Sádaba Díaz de Rada, B, 2022)	0.72
" Optimizing therapy for efficacy requires a defined pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) target associated with clinical and microbiological cure."	( A systematic review of optimal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters for beta-lactam therapy in infective endocarditis. Nicholls, S; Robson, C; Rogers, BA; Sandaradura, I; Stuart, R; Tan, B, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of amikacin alone and in combination with ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and piperacillin was studied for two strains each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens using a bioluminescent assay of bacterial ATP."	( Synergic post-antibiotic effect of amikacin in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics on gram-negative bacteria. Hanberger, H; Isaksson, B; Maller, R; Nilsson, LE; Nilsson, M, 1991)	0.28
"1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1, 4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-piperazine-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (ciprofloxacin, Bay o-9867, Bay q-3939) was evaluated by checkerboard assay in combination with ampicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, azlocillin, piperacillin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime."	( Comprehensive evaluation of ciprofloxacin in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Haller, I, 1986)	0.27
" In addition, ciprofloxacin was combined with selected antipseudomonal beta-lactams using subinhibitory concentrations (1/4 x MIC, 1/2 x MIC) of each."	( Comparison of the bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with selected antipseudomonal beta-lactam agents against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Franke, JJ; Manion, FA; Stratton, CW; Weeks, LS, 1988)	0.51
"The stability of the aminoglycosides gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin stored in combination with carbenicillin, piperacillin, cefotaxime, and moxalactam was evaluated at four temperatures (25, 4, -8, and -70 degrees C) over a 3-week period."	( Stability of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin in combination with four beta-lactam antibiotics. Glew, RH; Pavuk, RA, 1983)	0.27
"We attempted to determine the outcome of treatment with aminoglycosides, dosed pharmacokinetically using traditional strategies, in combination with synergistic antibiotics in the management of nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients over a 1-year period."	( Pharmacist-managed aminoglycoside therapy in combination with a beta-lactam agent in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients. McCall, CY; Wade, WE, )	0.13
"The introduced electrospray (ESP) technique combined with quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) was applied for the trace residue detection (10 ppb) of commonly administered beta-lactam antibiotics in bovine milk."	( Determination of beta-lactam residues in milk using perfusive-particle liquid chromatography combined with ultrasonic nebulization electrospray mass spectrometry. Linder, M; Straub, R; Voyksner, RD, 1994)	0.29
"In a prospective, randomized trial, netilmicin given once daily (OD) was compared in terms of efficacy and safety with the conventional 8-hourly dosing regimen (TD), both in combination with a broad spectrum beta-lactam, as initial empirical therapy for febrile neutropenic patients; the total daily dosage of netilmicin in each group was 6 mg/kg body weight."	( Once-daily versus thrice-daily dosing of netilmicin in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics as empirical therapy for febrile neutropenic patients. Gaus, W; Kern, WV; Kurrle, E; Moritz, T; Reichle, A; Rozdzinski, E; Schmeiser, T, 1993)	0.29
" A complete killing at 24 h was observed when beta-lactams were combined with amikacin in comparison with antibiotics alone."	( Bactericidal in-vitro activity of beta-lactams and beta-lactamase inhibitors, alone or associated, against clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii: effect of combination with aminoglycosides. Bergogne-Bérézin, E; Bourdelier, E; Decré, D; Herrman, JL; Joly-Guillou, ML, 1995)	0.83
" Polyoxomolybdates and polyoxovanadates, on the other hand, exhibited hardly any synergistic effect in combination with oxacillin."	( Synergistic effect of polyoxotungstates in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics on antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Fukuda, N; Tajima, Y; Yamase, T, 1996)	0.29
"We tested three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin), each combined with each of four beta-lactams (cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and meropenem) for synergy against clinical isolates of nosocomial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Burkholderia cepacia."	( In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and trovafloxacin, alone and in combination with beta-lactams, against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Burkholderia cepacia. Alperstein, P; France, K; Isenberg, HD, 1999)	0.73
" Aztreonam was combined with ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, cefepime, ceftazidime and imipenem at clinically relevant concentrations."	( Contemporary in vitro synergy rates for aztreonam combined with newer fluoroquinolones and beta-lactams tested against gram-negative bacilli. Huynh, HK; Jones, RN; Sader, HS, 2003)	0.54
"The antimicrobial efficacies of beta-lactams alone and in combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors were investigated by applying a rabbit tissue cage model against a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an inducible AmpC (iAmpC) beta-lactamase."	( Pharmacodynamic study of beta-lactams alone and in combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors against Pseudomonas aeruginosa possessing an inducible beta-lactamase. Li, C; Lister, PD; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R, 2004)	0.91
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with either ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam or amikacin to select for antibiotic-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp."	( In vitro selection of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. by levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with beta-lactams and amikacin. De Vecchi, E; Drago, L; Gismondo, MR; Nicola, L; Tocalli, L, 2005)	0.53
" For multi-step studies, MICs were determined after five serial passages on antibiotic-gradient plates containing each antibiotic alone or in combination with levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin."	( In vitro selection of resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. by levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin alone and in combination with beta-lactams and amikacin. De Vecchi, E; Drago, L; Gismondo, MR; Nicola, L; Tocalli, L, 2005)	0.53
"Preincubation of pneumococci with sub-MIC concentrations of ceftriaxone (1/16x MIC), cefotaxime (1/8x MIC), and meropenem (1/4x MIC) alone or combined with levofloxacin (1/8x MIC) over 6 h prevents the emergence of levofloxacin-resistant mutants after 96 h of incubation but does not affect the intracellular accumulation of levofloxacin in two penicillin-resistant pneumococcal strains, suggesting a link between the mechanism of action of beta-lactams and the emergence of quinolone-induced resistance in pneumococci."	( Preincubation of pneumococci with beta-lactams alone or combined with levofloxacin prevents quinolone-induced resistance without increasing intracellular levels of levofloxacin. Cottagnoud, M; Cottagnoud, P; Johnson, M; Piddock, L, 2005)	0.77
" In this study, we assessed the in vitro activity of MSI-78 alone and in combination with eight clinically used antimicrobial agents against several strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli isolated from blood of neutropenic febrile patients."	( In vitro activity of MSI-78 alone and in combination with antibiotics against bacteria responsible for bloodstream infections in neutropenic patients. Cirioni, O; D'Amato, G; Giacometti, A; Kamysz, W; Licci, A; Lukasiak, J; Nadolski, P; Riva, A; Scalise, G; Silvestri, C, 2005)	0.33
"To compare the effectiveness and toxicity of ciprofloxacin vs an aminoglycoside, both in combination with a beta-lactam, for the treatment of febrile neutropenia in the inpatient setting."	( Ciprofloxacin vs an aminoglycoside in combination with a beta-lactam for the treatment of febrile neutropenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bliziotis, IA; Christodoulou, C; Chrysanthopoulou, S; Falagas, ME; Kasiakou, SK; Michalopoulos, A; Samonis, G, 2005)	0.33
" Aztreonam at 4, 8 and 16 mg/L was combined with four other beta-lactam antimicrobials (cefepime, ceftazidime, meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam or ampicillin/sulbactam), each tested at the recognized susceptible breakpoint concentration."	( In vitro activity of beta-lactam antimicrobial agents in combination with aztreonam tested against metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Jones, RN; Rhomberg, PR; Sader, HS, 2005)	0.33
"We sought to review the evidence from the available comparative clinical trials regarding the role of aminoglycosides in combination with a beta-lactam for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis caused by Gram-positive cocci."	( The role of aminoglycosides in combination with a beta-lactam for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis: a meta-analysis of comparative trials. Bliziotis, IA; Falagas, ME; Matthaiou, DK, 2006)	0.33
"Linezolid in combination with ertapenem showed in vitro synergy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains."	( In vitro and in vivo assessment of linezolid combined with ertapenem: a highly synergistic combination against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Batard, E; Bugnon, D; Caillon, J; Grossi, O; Jacqueline, C; Le Mabecque, V; Miegeville, AF; Potel, G, 2006)	0.33
" This review focuses on the influence of transporters on the pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics, new quinolones, and other antimicrobial agents, as well as focusing on the drug-drug interactions associated with transporter-mediated uptake from the small intestine and transporter-mediated elimination from the kidney and liver."	( Impact of transporter-mediated drug absorption, distribution, elimination and drug interactions in antimicrobial chemotherapy. Tsuji, A, 2006)	0.33
" This article provides an overview of the principles and mechanisms of drug-drug interactions and describes pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interactions commonly associated with antibacterial therapy, antiviral agents (non-retroviral), and drugs for tuberculosis."	( Antibiotic drug interactions. Momary, KM; Pai, MP; Rodvold, KA, 2006)	0.33
" Determination of MIC alone or in combination with cefazolin/oxacillin against Staphylococcus spp."	( Antibacterial activity of allicin alone and in combination with beta-lactams against Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cai, Y; Liang, BB; Pei, F; Wang, R, 2007)	0.58
" The use of bectalactamases inhibitors combined with betalactam antibiotics allows the inactivation of certain betalactamases produced by Gram positive, Gram negative and anaerobic organisms, and even by mycobacteria."	( [Betalactam antibiotics combined with bectalactamases inhibitors. Amoxicillin-sulbactam]. Barcelona, L; Marín, M; Stamboulian, D, 2008)	0.35
"We investigated in vitro activities of piperacillin or cefoperazone alone and in combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors against Gram-negative bacilli."	( In vitro activities of piperacillin or cefoperazone alone and in combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors against gram-negative bacilli. Kuo, HY; Lin, ML; Liu, CY; Wang, FD; Yen, YF, 2009)	0.35
" In the present study, we firstly found that artesunate in combination with oxacillin was capable of protecting mice challenged with live MRSA WHO-2 (WHO-2) and the protection was related to the reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels and decreased bacterial load."	( Artesunate in combination with oxacillin protect sepsis model mice challenged with lethal live methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) via its inhibition on proinflammatory cytokines release and enhancement on antibacterial activity of oxacilli Cao, H; Cen, Y; Jiang, W; Li, B; Li, J; Liu, X; Pan, X; Zheng, J; Zheng, X; Zhou, H, 2011)	0.37
" Combination with polymyxins resulted in reductions of the β-lactam MICs, with a change in the resistance category to susceptible in eight MDR strains."	( In vitro activity of polymyxins in combination with β-lactams against clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Botelho Garcia, L; Cardoso, CL; Carrara-Marroni, FE; Mitsugui, CS; Tognim, MC, 2011)	0.37
"The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of avibactam (formerly NXL104) in combination with imipenem, cefepime or ceftazidime against Gram-negative bacteria."	( In vitro activity of avibactam (NXL104) in combination with β-lactams against Gram-negative bacteria, including OXA-48 β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Aktaş, Z; Kayacan, C; Oncul, O, 2012)	0.38
"A total of 30 chalcone analogues was synthesized via a base catalyzed Claisen Schmidt condensation and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) alone or in combination with non beta-lactam antibiotics namely ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, vancomycin, doxycycline and gentamicin."	( Synthesis and anti Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity of substituted chalcones alone and in combination with non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Do, TH; Huynh, TN; Ngo, TD; Thai, KM; Tran, CD; Tran, NC; Tran, TD, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro activities of polymyxin B (PB) and rifampin (RIF) in combination with ampicillin/sulbactam (AS) or cefoperazone/sulbactam (CS) against 20 multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) isolates by the checkerboard and E-test methods."	( Determination of in vitro activities of polymyxin B and rifampin in combination with ampicillin/sulbactam or cefoperazone/sulbactam against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii by the E-test and checkerboard methods. Aridogan, BC; Cetin, ES; Ozseven, AG; Tekeli, A; Us, E, 2013)	0.39
" Daptomycin, in combination with other antibiotics, has been successfully used in the treatment of these infections, with the aims of resulting in reducing the prevention of antimicrobial resistance and increased killing compared with daptomycin monotherapy."	( Daptomycin in combination with other antibiotics for the treatment of complicated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Dhand, A; Sakoulas, G, 2014)	0.4
"There are limited clinical data on the use of daptomycin in combination with other antibiotics."	( Daptomycin in combination with other antibiotics for the treatment of complicated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Dhand, A; Sakoulas, G, 2014)	0.4
"Use of daptomycin in combination with other antibiotics, especially β-lactams, offers a promising treatment option for complicated MRSA bacteremia in which emergence of resistance during treatment may be anticipated."	( Daptomycin in combination with other antibiotics for the treatment of complicated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Dhand, A; Sakoulas, G, 2014)	0.4
" MIC(90) values (minimum inhibitory concentration that inhibits 90% of the isolates) of ceftazidime, ceftaroline and aztreonam for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii and Morganella morganii were reduced up to 128-fold or greater when combined with avibactam."	( In vitro activity of ceftazidime, ceftaroline and aztreonam alone and in combination with avibactam against European Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical isolates. Cantón, R; Giani, T; Morosini, MI; Nichols, WW; Nordmann, P; Rossolini, GM; Seifert, H; Stefanik, D; Testa, R, 2015)	0.42
" This study systematically evaluated by in vitro time-kill studies the effect of daptomycin in combination with ampicillin, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, ceftaroline, ertapenem, gentamicin, tigecycline, and rifampin, for a collection of 9 daptomycin-NS enterococci that exhibited a broad range of MICs and different resistance-conferring mutations."	( In vitro activity of daptomycin in combination with β-lactams, gentamicin, rifampin, and tigecycline against daptomycin-nonsusceptible enterococci. Carvalho, M; Charlton, CL; Hindler, JA; Humphries, R; Kelesidis, T; Miller, SA; Nizet, V; Nonejuie, P; Pogliano, J; Sakoulas, G; Wong-Beringer, A, 2015)	0.42
" This review compared two of the main treatment alternatives: quinolone or macrolide monotherapy versus their combination with β-lactams."	( Fluoroquinolones or macrolides alone versus combined with β-lactams for adults with community-acquired pneumonia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Paul, M; Raz-Pasteur, A; Shasha, D, 2015)	0.42
" Killing kinetics were determined at 2-h intervals from 0 to 6 h after exposure to ampicillin (AMP) or cefotaxime (CTX) combined with GM."	( Enhancement of bactericidal activity against group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility by uptake of gentamicin into cells resulting from combination with β-lactam antibiotics. Ebara, Y; Iwata, S; Moritoki, N; Morozumi, M; Murata, M; Sato, M; Takata, M; Toyofuku, M; Ubukata, K, 2017)	0.46
"To determine whether early administration of adjuvant β-lactam in combination with vancomycin (COMBO) affects clinical outcomes compared to standard vancomycin therapy alone (STAN) among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infection."	( Early Administration of Adjuvant β-Lactam Therapy in Combination with Vancomycin among Patients with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection: A Retrospective, Multicenter Analysis. Beyda, ND; Bowers, DR; Casapao, AM; Dilworth, TJ; Jacobs, DM, 2017)	0.46
" The SBPI analysis showed that CAZ-AVI in combination with imipenem achieved higher SBPI values than other CAZ-AVI-based combinations."	( In vitro interaction of ceftazidime-avibactam in combination with different antimicrobials against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. Ambretti, S; Campoli, C; Gaibani, P; Giannella, M; Landini, MP; Lewis, RE; Re, MC; Viale, P; Volpe, SL, 2017)	0.46
"The in vitro activity of anti-pseudomonal β-lactams in combination with avibactam was evaluated against 54 multidrug-resistant non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli isolated from cystic fibrosis patients."	( In vitro activity of β-lactams in combination with avibactam against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Achromobacter xylosoxidans isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. Compain, F; Grohs, P; Mathy, V, 2018)	0.48
" We evaluated the activity of dalbavancin, a novel lipoglycopeptide antibiotic, both alone and combined with β-lactams, in combination MIC testing and time-kill assays against resistant phenotypes of Staphylococcus aureus."	( Evaluation of dalbavancin alone and in combination with β-lactam antibiotics against resistant phenotypes of Staphylococcus aureus. Compton, M; Jahanbakhsh, S; Kebriaei, R; Rice, SA; Rybak, MJ; Singh, NB; Smith, JR; Stamper, KC; Xhemali, X, 2019)	0.51
" Dalbavancin was tested alone and in combination with five β-lactams: cefazolin, cefepime, ceftaroline, ertapenem and oxacillin."	( Evaluation of dalbavancin alone and in combination with β-lactam antibiotics against resistant phenotypes of Staphylococcus aureus. Compton, M; Jahanbakhsh, S; Kebriaei, R; Rice, SA; Rybak, MJ; Singh, NB; Smith, JR; Stamper, KC; Xhemali, X, 2019)	0.51
" Dalbavancin MICs decreased by zero to greater than five 2-fold dilutions in combination with each β-lactam."	( Evaluation of dalbavancin alone and in combination with β-lactam antibiotics against resistant phenotypes of Staphylococcus aureus. Compton, M; Jahanbakhsh, S; Kebriaei, R; Rice, SA; Rybak, MJ; Singh, NB; Smith, JR; Stamper, KC; Xhemali, X, 2019)	0.51
"Implementation of an antibiotic cross-reactivity chart combined with enhanced allergy assessment processes significantly improved the prescribing of β-lactam antibiotics for surgical prophylaxis."	( Impact of an Antibiotic Side-Chain-Based Cross-reactivity Chart Combined With Enhanced Allergy Assessment Processes for Surgical Prophylaxis Antimicrobials in Patients With β-Lactam Allergies. Anam, K; Brockhaus, K; Collins, CD; Hayward, A; Leo, HL; Malani, AN; Morrin, C; Polega, S; Scheidel, C; Shankar, T, 2021)	0.62
"Vancomycin combined with β-lactams (Combo therapy) has been encouraged in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections (BSIs) in recent years, but its efficacy and safety have not been systematically evaluated."	( Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of vancomycin combined with β-lactam antibiotics in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Deng, C; Hu, Y; Liao, L; Sun, L; Wang, C; Wang, Z; Ye, C, 2020)	0.56
"A total of 29 MRSA, including 6 VISA, 14 hVISA, and 9 VSSA isolates, were subjected to a microbroth dilu- tion-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) checkerboard using vancomycin combined with cefotaxime, imipenem, or meropenem."	( Synergistic effect of vancomycin combined with cefotaxime, imipenem, or meropenem against Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin Booncharoen, S; Chaiyapoke, C; Chanawong, A; Lulitanond, A; Srisrattakarn, A; Tavichakorntrakool, R; Tippayawat, P; Wongthong, S, 2021)	0.62
" Using time-kill assay, the vancomycin combined with either imipenem or cefotaxime demonstrated synergism against both VISA and hVISA isolates, while the synergistic effect with meropenem was obtained only in the VISA isolates."	( Synergistic effect of vancomycin combined with cefotaxime, imipenem, or meropenem against Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin Booncharoen, S; Chaiyapoke, C; Chanawong, A; Lulitanond, A; Srisrattakarn, A; Tavichakorntrakool, R; Tippayawat, P; Wongthong, S, 2021)	0.62
"The objective was to compare the efficacy of azithromycin and clarithromycin in combination with beta-lactams to treat community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalized adults."	( Comparative efficacy of azithromycin versus clarithromycin in combination with beta-lactams to treat community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Al-Salloum, J; Gillani, SW; Gulam, SM; Mahmood, RK, 2021)	1.07
"Five databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Trip, Medline, and Clinical Key) were searched to identify randomized clinical trials with patients exposed to azithromycin or clarithromycin in combination with a beta-lactam."	( Comparative efficacy of azithromycin versus clarithromycin in combination with beta-lactams to treat community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Al-Salloum, J; Gillani, SW; Gulam, SM; Mahmood, RK, 2021)	0.85
" Thus, a macrolide combined with a beta-lactam should be chosen using susceptibility data from the treating facility."	( Comparative efficacy of azithromycin versus clarithromycin in combination with beta-lactams to treat community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Al-Salloum, J; Gillani, SW; Gulam, SM; Mahmood, RK, 2021)	0.85
"Vancomycin (VAN)-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is increased when VAN is combined with certain beta-lactams (BLs) such as piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) but has not been evaluated with ceftolozane-tazobactam (C/T)."	( Nephrotoxicity of Vancomycin in Combination With Beta-Lactam Agents: Ceftolozane-Tazobactam vs Piperacillin-Tazobactam. Alosaimy, S; Amaya, L; Biagi, M; Chandler, E; Cubillos, A; Davis, SL; Finch, N; Hobbs, ALV; Holger, D; Jorgensen, SCJ; Kufel, WD; Kunz Coyne, AJ; Lagnf, AM; Li, D; Molina, KC; Moore, WJ; Morrisette, T; Mubarez, M; Patch, M; Polisetty, RS; Rebold, N; Rico, M; Rybak, MJ; Sakoulas, G; Simon, SP; Smith, IMK; Tran, NN; Truong, J; Venugopalan, V; Veve, MP; Witucki, P; Wrin, J; Yost, C, 2023)	1.13
" macrolide when either is combined with a β-lactam from effectiveness and safety perspectives."	( Doxycycline vs. macrolides in combination with a β-lactam antibiotic for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in inpatients. Aldhahri, RK; Almadani, RM; Eljaaly, K; Gabb, SG; Shoaib, OA; Thabit, AK, 2022)	0.72
" RPE in combination with CEFO, IMI, and ERTA was evaluated on the formation or eradication of biofilm."	( Brazilian red propolis in combination with β-lactams exerts an efficient antibacterial action over methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Aldana-Mejía, JA; Bastos, JK; Júnior, AF; Pereira, AFM; Rall, VLM; Ripari, N; Sforcin, JM, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Thus, cefazolin, cefamandole and cefmetazole, which were poorly absorbed by adults, were found to be easily absorbed by the intestines of neonatal rats."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of five beta-lactam antibiotics between neonatal and adult rats. Miyake, K; Mizuno, N; Morita, E; Nishikata, M, 1990)	0.28
" A comparison of P*c values for the beta-lactams with results for passively absorbed compounds indicates that the cephalosporins would be expected to be well absorbed orally based on the perfusion results."	( Membrane permeability parameters for some amino acids and beta-lactam antibiotics: application of the boundary layer approach. Amidon, GL; deMeere, AL; Hu, M; Johnson, DA; Sinko, PJ, 1988)	0.55
" There were significant high affinities of all tested amino beta-lactam antibiotics which were well absorbed from intestine, but there was not a good correlation between binding and absorption of these drugs."	( Binding of amino beta-lactam antibiotics to soluble protein from rat intestinal mucosa--I. Purification of drug-binding protein. Arita, T; Iseki, K; Miyazaki, K; Mori, K, 1987)	0.27
"Monodesmoside, saponin A, B and C, isolated from pericarps of Sapindus mukurossi (Enmei-hi) have been shown to promote absorption of poorly absorbed beta-lactam antibiotics by the small intestine using an in situ loop method."	( Enhanced small intestinal absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats in the presence of monodesmosides isolated from pericarps of Sapindus mukurossi (Enmei-hi). Higashi, Y; Kimata, H; Kuzuki, T; Murakami, T; Nakayama, K; Sugihara, N; Tanaka, O; Yamajo, R; Yata, N, 1986)	0.27
" However, the cephalosporin (2f) having methylthio group at the 3-position showed the highest absorption rate in rats."	( Studies on beta-lactam antibiotics. X. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7 beta-[(Z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-(carboxymethoxyimino)acetamido] cephalosporin derivatives. Kamimura, T; Kawabata, K; Mine, Y; Miyai, K; Takasugi, H; Takaya, T; Yamanaka, H, 1986)	0.27
" However, these data, in concert with knowledge of drug bioavailability in feces and the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity on the resident bowel flora, may provide additional insight into the mechanisms and predictability of this complication with these agents."	( In vitro susceptibility of Clostridium difficile to new beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics. Bartlett, KH; Cheng, N; Chow, AW, 1985)	0.27
" The plasma levels of cefmetazole (CMZ) after rectal administration, when MCG was used as the vehicle, significantly increased in all animals, but the bioavailability of CMZ was greatly varied among the animal species; the bioavailability of CMZ in dogs was apparently less than those in other animals (rats = rabbits greater than dogs)."	( Improvement of bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs. V. Effect of surfactants on the promoting effect of medium chain glyceride for the rectal absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats and dogs. Awazu, S; Hasegawa, K; Okada, R; Sasahara, K; Sekine, M, 1985)	0.27
" Intestinal lipid liposomes were more permeable to the antibiotics than egg lecithin liposomes and the release rate constants for the drugs from intestinal lipid liposomes were strongly correlative with their absorption rate constants, except for cephalothin and ampicilin, the deviations of which could be explained by their surface activity."	( The use of liposomes as a model for drug absorption: beta-lactam antibiotics. Kimura, T; Sezaki, H; Yasuhara, M; Yoshikawa, M, 1980)	0.26
" This result was also correlated to the bioavailability of the beta-lactams in infected pouches."	( Pharmacokinetics and antibacterial efficacy in vivo of beta-lactam combinations against Proteus vulgaris. Dalhoff, A; Gau, W; Gehl, AE; Lode, H, 1982)	0.5
" Clavulanic acid is well absorbed when given by mouth and a formulation with amoxycillin (Augmentin; Beechams) is now available for clinical use."	( The history and background of Augmentin. Rolinson, GN, 1982)	0.26
" This oral bioavailability is reflected by the inhibition (i) of tissue damage elicited in hamster lungs by intratracheal instillation of human PMNE and (ii) enzyme released from human PMN stimulated after their transfer into the pleural cavity of mice."	( Chemical, biochemical, pharmacokinetic, and biological properties of L-680,833: a potent, orally active monocyclic beta-lactam inhibitor of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase. Brause, K; Chandler, GO; Doherty, JB; Dorn, CP; Finke, PE; Hagmann, WK; Hale, JJ; Kissinger, AL; Shah, SK; Thompson, KR, 1993)	0.29
" The quinolones have excellent activity against gram-negative organisms, including gonococcus, and are characterized by very high bioavailability after oral administration."	( Antibiotic use in the emergency department. III. The quinolones, new beta lactams, beta lactam combination agents, and miscellaneous antibiotics. Pollack, CV; Schmidt, J, )	0.13
" Usually, the next stage has involved the assessment of whether or not bioavailability of the parent molecule is increased after administration of the prodrug ester by gavage to laboratory animal species."	( The use of esters as prodrugs for oral delivery of beta-lactam antibiotics. Burton, G; Mizen, L, 1998)	0.3
"The probability of oral bioavailability for beta-lactam antibiotics is mainly determined by their affinity to PEPTI."	( Intestinal transport of beta-lactam antibiotics: analysis of the affinity at the H+/peptide symporter (PEPT1), the uptake into Caco-2 cell monolayers and the transepithelial flux. Brandsch, M; Bretschneider, B; Neubert, R, 1999)	0.3
"To investigate the correlation between in vitro permeation of 11 beta-lactam antibiotics across rat jejunum and their oral bioavailability in humans."	( In vitro permeation of beta-lactam antibiotics across rat jejunum and its correlation with oral bioavailability in humans. Aungst, BJ; Fujisaki, H; Hatakeyama, Y; Kobayashi, M; Miyazaki, K; Ohwada, K; Saitoh, H; Tohyama, M, 2002)	0.31
" AM-114 exhibited 30% bioavailability following oral dosing."	( Synthesis and biological activity of AM-112 and related oxapenem analogues. Albrecht, R; Hagen, G; Pfaendler, HR; Simpson, IN; Sprinkart, B; Urch, CJ, 2003)	0.32
" The low oral bioavailability of amoxicillin was not considered when using amoxicillin in medicated feedingstuffs."	( [The use of aminoglycosides, colistin and beta-lactam antibiotics as animal feed drugs for pigs in Schleswig-Holstein]. Bettin, U; Broll, S; Kietzmann, M; Kreienbrock, L, )	0.13
"The utilization of the membrane transport protein PEPT1 as a drug delivery system is a promising strategy to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs."	( Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of beta-lactam antibiotics and tripeptides as substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1. Biegel, A; Brandsch, M; Gebauer, S; Hartrodt, B; Neubert, K; Thondorf, I, 2005)	0.33
" The compound has significantly improved oral bioavailability and is dehydropeptidase-I stable."	( Faropenem medoxomil: A0026, BAY 56-6854, BAY 566854, faropenem daloxate, SUN 208, SUN A0026. , 2008)	0.35
" Tebipenem is the active form of tebipenem pivoxil, a novel oral carbapenem antibiotic that has a high level of bioavailability in humans, in addition to the above-mentioned features."	( Crystal structures of biapenem and tebipenem complexed with penicillin-binding proteins 2X and 1A from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Baba, N; Gomi, S; Ohsawa, F; Takeuchi, Y; Watanabe, T; Yamada, M, 2008)	0.35
"25 and the relative bioavailability of the test formulation was 97."	( Evaluation of the bioequivalence of two faropenem formulations in healthy Indian subjects. Bhaumik, U; Bose, A; Chakrabarty, US; Das, A; Ghosh, A; Mandal, U; Pal, TK; Ray, KK, 2008)	0.35
" Here, we report that faropenem, a stable and orally bioavailable β-lactam, efficiently kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis even in the absence of clavulanate."	( Rapid cytolysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by faropenem, an orally bioavailable β-lactam antibiotic. Arthur, M; Ballell, L; Barros, D; Cuinet, G; Dhar, N; Dubée, V; Hugonnet, JE; McKinney, JD; Signorino-Gelo, F, 2015)	0.42
" The poor intracellular bioavailability of antibiotics reduces the efficency of many treatments and thereby promotes resistances."	( An efficient system for intracellular delivery of beta-lactam antibiotics to overcome bacterial resistance. Abed, N; Couvreur, P; Desmaële, D; Gref, R; Mougin, J; Nicolas, V; Saïd-Hassane, F; Zouhiri, F, 2015)	0.42
" Because all of the inhibitor combinations are being developed as parenteral drugs, an orally bioavailable combination would also be of interest."	( A resurgence of β-lactamase inhibitor combinations effective against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Bush, K, 2015)	0.42
" To strengthen the biostability and bioavailability of peptide drugs, enzymatic epimerization becomes an important way to incorporate D-amino acid into peptide backbones."	( Insight into substrate-assisted catalytic mechanism and stereoselectivity of bifunctional nocardicin thioesterase. Li, D; Lu, W; Shi, T; Yu, Q, 2022)	0.72
"Tebipenem is an orally bioavailable carbapenem in development for the treatment of patients with complicated urinary tract infections."	( Evaluation of Oral Tebipenem as a Step-Down Therapy following Intravenous Ertapenem against Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in a Hollow-Fiber Ambrose, PG; Bhavnani, SM; Conde, H; Cotroneo, N; Friedrich, LV; Jones, S; VanScoy, BD, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" This treatment failed to obtain cerebrospinal fluid sterilization; therefore the imipenem dosage was increased to 8 g/24 h and two intrathecal infusions of amikacin (50 mg) were carried out."	( Treatment of a meningitis due to an Enterobacter aerogenes producing a derepressed cephalosporinase and a Klebsiella pneumoniae producing an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. Chanal, M; de Champs, C; Guelon, D; Joyon, D; Sirot, D; Sirot, J, )	0.13
" Extravascular dosing in mice, rats, and dogs resulted in an increase in t1/2, suggesting a depot effect."	( Pharmacokinetic studies and renal dehydropeptidase stability of the new beta-lactamase inhibitor BRL 42715 in animals. Coleman, K; Griffin, DR; Upshon, PA, 1991)	0.28
" Familiarity with commonly encountered adverse antibiotic reactions, dosage guidelines, and special situations (pregnancy, pediatric patients) will help avoid problems associated with antibiotic use."	( Antibiotics and infectious diseases. Liu, HH, 1990)	0.28
" This is somewhat at variance with some animal models, but as the studies were performed with a fixed dosing interval, the outcome is not surprising."	( Human pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and their combination. Drusano, GL, 1990)	0.58
"Relatively few animal studies have investigated the influence of dosing regimens on the efficacy of antibiotics possessing different pharmacodynamic characteristics."	( Comparative dose-effect relations at several dosing intervals for beta-lactam, aminoglycoside and quinolone antibiotics against gram-negative bacilli in murine thigh-infection and pneumonitis models. Craig, WA; Ebert, S; Fantin, B; Leggett, JE, 1990)	0.28
"A pharmacokinetic model is described for testing of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) elastase inhibitors administered by intratracheal or aerosol dosing of hamsters."	( A comparison of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-chloromethylketone and specific beta-lactam inhibitors in an acute model of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase-induced lung hemorrhage in the hamster. Ashe, BM; Davies, P; Dellea, PS; Doherty, JB; Finke, PE; Fletcher, DS; Hagmann, W; Hand, KM; Mumford, RA; Osinga, DG, 1990)	0.28
" the rate of killing and the time before regrowth of surviving bacteria, may be important factors for determination of the dosage interval."	( Pharmacodynamics of beta-lactam antibiotics. Studies on the paradoxical and postantibiotic effects in vitro and in an animal model. Odenholt-Tornqvist, I, 1989)	0.28
" Some antibiotics have very good pharmacokinetic properties, allowing once-a-day dosage and outpatient treatment."	( [Focus on beta-lactam antibiotics]. Cometta, A; Glauser, MP, 1988)	0.27
"The effect of inoculum size and gene dosage on the level of antibiotic resistance mediated by TEM-1 beta-lactamase was measured."	( Synergistic effect of dosage and bacterial inoculum in TEM-1 mediated antibiotic resistance. Baquero, F; Martinez, JL; Perez-Diaz, JC; Reguera, JA, 1988)	0.27
" A hypothetical dosing regimen based on these principles is considered."	( Pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial drugs in cystic fibrosis. Beta-lactam antibiotics. Lietman, PS, 1988)	0.27
" Since the variability of pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics in CF-patients may be considerable, we suggest that a dose increase of 20-30% may be justified, but cannot agree with two to fourfold increases in dosage as previously proposed and applied in many CF-centers."	( High dose treatment with antibiotics in cystic fibrosis--a reappraisal with special reference to the pharmacokinetics of beta-lactams and new fluoroquinolones in adult CF-patients. Böwing, HB; Dominick, HC; Geldmacher von Mallinckrodt, M; Gottschalk, B; Rey, M; Sörgel, F; Stehr, C; Stephan, U; Wiesemann, HG, 1987)	0.48
"1 micrograms/ml) 15 min after dosing and then declined with an apparent elimination half-life of 16."	( Disposition of carumonam (AMA-1080/Ro 17-2301), a new N-sulfonated monocyclic beta-lactam, in rats and dogs. Mitani, M; Naeshiro, I; Tanayama, S; Torii, H; Yoshida, K, 1986)	0.27
"The in vitro and animal model studies on optimal dosage of the newer beta-lactams are summarized and put into historical perspective."	( Pharmacokinetic and experimental data on beta-lactam antibiotics in the treatment of patients. Craig, W, 1984)	0.5
" Normal dosage schedules can be employed except in severely compromised elimination when decreased doses may be recommended or in immuno-compromised hosts and other risk patients who may require a 2- or 3-fold increase."	( Treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics in skin and soft tissue infections. Hedström, SA, 1984)	0.27
" The elimination is only moderately prolonged for beta-lactams and of little consequences for the dosage regimens, partly because of the high tolerance of this group of antibiotics."	( Pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics. Bergan, T, 1984)	0.52
" The time for which one fourth of the Cp (Cp1/4) is maintained within the peritoneal cavity varied according to the substance and can be used to estimate dosage intervals."	( Penetration of eight beta-lactam antibiotics into the peritoneal fluid. A pharmacokinetic investigation. Schassan, HH; Wittman, DH, 1983)	0.27
" The smaller dosage resulted in suboptimal plasma concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of potassium clavulanate in combination with amoxicillin in pediatric patients. Kusmiesz, H; Nelson, JD; Shelton, S, 1982)	0.26
"We attempted to determine the outcome of treatment with aminoglycosides, dosed pharmacokinetically using traditional strategies, in combination with synergistic antibiotics in the management of nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients over a 1-year period."	( Pharmacist-managed aminoglycoside therapy in combination with a beta-lactam agent in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients. McCall, CY; Wade, WE, )	0.13
" Their efficacy appears to be optimized by maintaining suprainhibitory concentrations throughout the dosing interval."	( Beta-lactam antibiotics: is continuous infusion the preferred method of administration? Vondracek, TG, 1995)	0.29
" They are all principally excreted through the kidneys and require dosage adjustment in the face of significant renal insufficiency."	( Beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Sensakovic, JW; Smith, LG, 1995)	0.29
" It can be seen both in untreated controls and dosed animals."	( Urinary bladder hyperplasia in the rat: non-specific pathogenetic considerations using a beta-lactam antibiotic. Brughera, M; Dayan, AD; Iatropoulos, MJ; Mazue, G; Newman, AJ; Scampini, G, 1994)	0.29
" With regards to antibiotic agents, assurance of adequate therapy by applying pharmacokinetic knowledge when dosage schedules are designed should be a major concern so that the pregnancy is protected from the hazards of infection."	( Review of beta-lactam antibiotics in pregnancy. The need for adjustment of dosage schedules. Erkkola, R; Heikkilä, A, 1994)	0.29
" The use of optimized aminoglycoside dosing regimens, including once-a-day dosing, provides an additional strategy for treating serious Gram-negative infections."	( Principles of antibiotic therapy. Miyagawa, CI; Solomkin, JS, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that after oral dosing L-680,833 is bioavailable in rats and rhesus monkeys."	( Chemical, biochemical, pharmacokinetic, and biological properties of L-680,833: a potent, orally active monocyclic beta-lactam inhibitor of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase. Brause, K; Chandler, GO; Doherty, JB; Dorn, CP; Finke, PE; Hagmann, WK; Hale, JJ; Kissinger, AL; Shah, SK; Thompson, KR, 1993)	0.29
" Leukopenic patients received a higher mean daily dosage of cephalosporins as compared with nonleukopenic patients."	( Beta-Lactam antibiotic-induced leukopenia in severe hepatic dysfunction: risk factors and implications for dosing in patients with liver disease. Mieles, LA; Singh, N; Wagener, MM; Yu, VL, 1993)	0.29
"In a prospective, randomized trial, netilmicin given once daily (OD) was compared in terms of efficacy and safety with the conventional 8-hourly dosing regimen (TD), both in combination with a broad spectrum beta-lactam, as initial empirical therapy for febrile neutropenic patients; the total daily dosage of netilmicin in each group was 6 mg/kg body weight."	( Once-daily versus thrice-daily dosing of netilmicin in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics as empirical therapy for febrile neutropenic patients. Gaus, W; Kern, WV; Kurrle, E; Moritz, T; Reichle, A; Rozdzinski, E; Schmeiser, T, 1993)	0.29
" For bacteria with a low MIC, the daily dose may be substantially lower than that used in conventional dosing regimens, while in infections which are difficult to treat as a result of more resistant bacteria, continuous infusion may be more effective than an equivalent bolus dose."	( Is continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics worthwhile?--efficacy and pharmacokinetic considerations. Mouton, JW; Vinks, AA, 1996)	0.29
" With use of time above MIC as the predictor of efficacy, it is possible to reexamine current dosing schedules critically."	( The pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams. Turnidge, JD, 1998)	0.61
" This was consistent with antibiotic concentrations exceeding the MICs for 100% of the dosing interval."	( In vitro activities of oral beta-lactams at concentrations achieved in humans against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci and potential to select resistance. Edwards, DI; Knott, SJ; Thorburn, CE, 1998)	0.59
" Trypticase soy agar plates (20 mL) containing 200 MU/L Difco Penase, 200 MU/L BBL Penicillinase, or 2 vials/L of Genzyme beta-lactamase were dosed with 20, 50, and 100 micrograms of each antibiotic and then inoculated (50-100 CFU/plate) with a susceptible microorganism."	( Neutralization of beta-lactam antibiotics in an environmental monitoring medium. Bobey, D; Sexton, K; Winely, C, )	0.13
" Antibiotic consumption was expressed in defined daily dosage (DDD)/1000 inhabitants/day."	( Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to erythromycin and penicillin in relation to macrolide and beta-lactam consumption in Spain (1979-1997). Aguilar, L; Baquero, F; Casal, J; Dal-Ré, R; García-Rey, C; Granizo, JJ, 2000)	0.31
"A fairly sensitive, simple and rapid spectrophotometric method for the determination of some beta-lactam antibiotics, namely ampicillin (Amp), amoxycillin (Amox), 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6APA), cloxacillin (Clox), dicloxacillin (Diclox) and flucloxacillin sodium (Fluclox) in bulk samples and in pharmaceutical dosage forms is described."	( Pyrocatechol violet in pharmaceutical analysis. Part I. A spectrophotometric method for the determination of some beta-lactam antibiotics in pure and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Amin, AS, 2001)	0.31
" The results of several studies suggest that penicillins remain effective for streptococcal pneumonia when the infecting pathogen has a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)	( Appropriate use of antimicrobials for drug-resistant pneumonia: focus on the significance of beta-lactam-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. File, TM, 2002)	0.31
" These doses produced times that the levels in serum remained above the MIC (deltaT > MICs) approximately 30% of the dosing interval."	( Effects of specific antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae on pharmacodynamic parameters of beta-lactams in a mouse sepsis model. Aguilar, L; Casal, J; Fenoll, A; Giménez, MJ; Jado, I; Prieto, J; Yuste, J, 2002)	0.53
" Dosing schedules for beta-lactam antibiotics should maintain serum concentrations above the MIC for the bacterial pathogen for at least 50% of the dosing interval to achieve therapeutic efficacy and prevent the development of resistance."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral beta-lactam antibiotics as a two-dimensional approach to their efficacy. Auckenthaler, R, 2002)	0.31
" The risk factors for the occurrence of hemorrhage under beta-lactam antibiotics therapy are: concomitant administration of cytostatics for a neoplastic malignancy; b) acute or chronic renal failure; c) concomitant treatment for duodenal and gastric ulcer; d) malnutrition; e) dosage and duration of antibiotic administration."	( [Hemorrhagic risk factors during beta-lactam antibiotics therapy]. Ambăruş, V; Cosovanu, A, )	0.13
", killing of approximately 2 log CFU per thigh) were consistently observed against isolates for which MICs were	( Pharmacodynamic assessment of ertapenem (MK-0826) against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a murine neutropenic thigh infection model. Banevicius, M; Capitano, B; Kim, MK; Nicolau, D; Nightingale, C; Xuan, D, 2002)	0.31
" Its high level of protein binding and serum half-life of 4 h allows it to be dosed once daily."	( Ertapenem. A review of its microbiologic, pharmacokinetic and clinical aspects. Cunha, BA, 2002)	0.31
" There are three main parts to this strategy: (i) reduction of prescribing, with particular emphasis on those drugs whose consumption has been shown to correlate strongly with resistance; (ii) development of new formulations or dosing schedules of those drugs whose pharmacodynamic parameters are better suited to cope with highly resistant strains; and (iii) encouragement of the use of antibiotics with the maximal capability of bacterial eradication."	( New strategies to overcome antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae with beta-lactam antibiotics. Aguilar, L; Garcia-Rey, C; Giménez, MJ; Martín, JE, 2002)	0.31
" This observation suggests that macrolide resistance is clinically relevant and leads to treatment failure, whereas suboptimal dosing may explain breakthrough pneumococcal bacteraemia in beta-lactam-treated patients."	( Breakthrough pneumococcal bacteraemia in patients treated with clarithromycin or oral beta-lactams. Peetermans, WE; Van Kerkhoven, D; Verbist, L; Verhaegen, J, 2003)	0.54
"The application of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data in conjunction with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial agents has been shown to allow for improved selection and appropriate dosing of antimicrobial agents for specific infections, increasing the likelihood of bacteriologic cure and, through this, reducing the risk for the development of resistant organisms."	( Activity of nine oral agents against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria encountered in community-acquired infections: use of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic breakpoints in the comparative assessment of beta-lactam and macrolide antimicrobial agents. Appelbaum, PC; Browne, FA; Jacobs, MR; Peric, M, 2003)	0.32
" Concentrations of ertapenem in blister fluid exceeded 4 micro g/ml (the MIC at which 90% of the isolates tested are eliminated) for the entire dosing interval."	( Tissue penetration by ertapenem, a parenteral carbapenem administered once daily, in suction-induced skin blister fluid in healthy young volunteers. De Lepeleire, I; Deutsch, P; Guillaume, M; Laethem, T; Li, S; Majumdar, A; McCrea, J; Musson, D; Parneix-Spake, A; Rogers, D; Zhang, J, 2003)	0.32
" AM-113 was unstable in serum and not detectable following subcutaneous or oral dosing in mice."	( Synthesis and biological activity of AM-112 and related oxapenem analogues. Albrecht, R; Hagen, G; Pfaendler, HR; Simpson, IN; Sprinkart, B; Urch, CJ, 2003)	0.32
" The average dosage of, respectively, procaine benzylpenicillin (I."	( Pharmacological and toxicological aspects of combination of beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotic, prednisolone and procaine hydrochloride on the example of Vetramycin. Kania, BF; Kania, K, 2003)	0.32
" The dosing regimens were as follows: piperacillin alone, 4 g piperacillin/0."	( Pharmacodynamic study of beta-lactams alone and in combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors against Pseudomonas aeruginosa possessing an inducible beta-lactamase. Li, C; Lister, PD; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R, 2004)	0.63
" As in young adults, ertapenem did not accumulate upon multiple dosing in the elderly."	( Pharmacokinetics of total and unbound ertapenem in healthy elderly subjects. Birk, K; Deutsch, P; Holland, S; Majumdar, A; Mistry, G; Muckow, J; Musson, DG; Rogers, JD; Sciberras, D; Xi, L, 2004)	0.32
" While structurally a carbapenem, the overall molecular structure of ertapenem has been modified to focus its antibacterial spectrum on important community-acquired aerobic and anaerobic pathogens, and to increase its plasma half-life, permitting once-a-day dosing for this parenteral antibiotic."	( Ertapenem: a Group 1 carbapenem with distinct antibacterial and pharmacological properties. Hammond, ML, 2004)	0.32
"Ertapenem is a long-acting, 1beta-methyl parenteral Group 1 carbapenem antibiotic that has a broad antibacterial spectrum and once-a-day dosing supported by clinical studies."	( In vitro activity of ertapenem: review of recent studies. Wexler, HM, 2004)	0.32
" Monotherapy with ertapenem dosed as 1 g once a day has been shown to be highly effective in clinical trials for the treatment of complicated infections of skin and skin structures, complicated intra-abdominal infections, community-acquired pneumonia, acute pelvic infections and complicated urinary tract infections."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ertapenem: an overview for clinicians. DiNubile, MJ; Majumdar, AK; Nix, DE, 2004)	0.32
" The applied dosage of spectinomycin and apramycin was often lower than suggested in the literature."	( [The use of aminoglycosides, colistin and beta-lactam antibiotics as animal feed drugs for pigs in Schleswig-Holstein]. Bettin, U; Broll, S; Kietzmann, M; Kreienbrock, L, )	0.13
" Ertapenem doses were administered once to five times daily to achieve various exposures, reported as the percentage of the dosing interval that the concentration of free ertapenem was in excess of the MIC (%T>MIC(free))."	( Pharmacodynamic profile of ertapenem against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in a murine thigh model. Babalola, C; Banevicius, MA; Maglio, D; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Sutherland, C, 2005)	0.33
" Since, following a 1 g intravenous dose the free ertapenem concentration in the serum falls below 4 mg/L--corresponding to the lower of two MIC(50) estimates--within 4 h (17% of the dosage interval) selectivity in vivo should be minimized."	( Selectivity of ertapenem for Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants cross-resistant to other carbapenems. Livermore, DM; Mushtaq, S; Warner, M, 2005)	0.33
" Frequency of dosing decreases and palatability generally improve with increasing generations."	( Industrial enzymatic production of cephalosporin-based beta-lactams. Barber, MS; Giesecke, U; Minas, W; Reichert, A, 2004)	0.57
" High bactericidal titres in urine were only maintained throughout the whole dosing interval by ceftibuten against strains producing broad-, SHV-2 and SHV-3 beta-lactamases."	( Bactericidal activity of oral beta-lactam antibiotics in plasma and urine versus isogenic Escherichia coli strains producing broad- and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Bedenic, B; Suto, S; Vranes, J; Zagar, Z, 2005)	0.33
" All molecules except the macrolides caused a net reduction in bacterial counts that was time and concentration/MIC ratio dependent (four molecules tested in detail [gentamicin, oxacillin, moxifloxacin, and oritavancin] showed typical sigmoidal dose-response curves at 24 h)."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the intracellular activities of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a model of THP-1 macrophages. Barcia-Macay, M; Mingeot-Leclercq, MP; Seral, C; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2006)	0.33
" The extraction technique was developed for use at a target concentration of 100 ng/mL (ppb), and it was applied to eggs containing incurred residues from dosed laying hens."	( Development of multiclass methods for drug residues in eggs: hydrophilic solid-phase extraction cleanup and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis of tetracycline, fluoroquinolone, sulfonamide, and beta-lactam residues. Heller, DN; Nochetto, CB; Rummel, NG; Thomas, MH, 2006)	0.33
" Individualised dosing using extended interval dosing, which maximises the peak serum drug concentration (C(max))/minimum inhibitory concentration ratio is recommended."	( Antibacterial dosing in intensive care: pharmacokinetics, degree of disease and pharmacodynamics of sepsis. Lipman, J; Roberts, JA, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacodynamic exposure, measured as percent of the dosing interval during which free drug was above the MIC (% fT>MIC), was modelled via a 5000-subject Monte Carlo simulation."	( Pharmacodynamic profiling of imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem against clinical isolates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. from Brazil. Eagye, KJ; Kiffer, CR; Kuti, JL; Mendes, C; Nicolau, DP, 2006)	0.33
"The outcome of dosing with beta-lactam antibiotics at 8-h intervals for adult patients with community-acquired acute bacterial meningitis was retrospectively analysed at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden."	( Outcome of 8-hour dosing intervals with beta-lactam antibiotics in adult acute bacterial meningitis. Brink, M; Hagberg, L, 2006)	0.33
" Using population pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation, it is possible to integrate pharmacokinetics, a pharmacodynamic target, and microbiologic surveillance data to generate empiric beta-lactam dosing strategies that maximize the likelihood of achieving fT>MIC associated with near maximal bactericidal effect against the range of pathogens encountered in clinical practice."	( Application of antimicrobial pharmacodynamic concepts into clinical practice: focus on beta-lactam antibiotics: insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Drusano, GL; Lodise, TP; Lomaestro, BM, 2006)	0.33
" The major PK/PD parameter correlating with efficacy is a serum concentration of 50-60% for cephalosporins and 3040% for carbapenems in the dosing interval, and these concentrations are the susceptibility limits for the dosing regimens used."	( [Therapeutic antimicrobial agents for postoperative infections: appropriate use of antibiotics from the viewpoint of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic theory]. Ichiki, K; Ikeuchi, H; Nakajima, K; Takesue, Y; Wada, Y; Yanagi, H, 2006)	0.33
" Ertapenem is a long-acting 1-beta-methyl parenteral group 1 carbapenem antibiotic that has a broad antibacterial spectrum and once-daily dosing supported by clinical studies."	( Bactericidal activity of ertapenem against major intra-abdominal pathogens. Borbone, S; Cascone, C; Mezzatesta, ML; Santagati, M; Stefani, S, 2006)	0.33
" The in vitro pharmacodynamic model was inoculated with 1 x 10(6) cfu/mL and ertapenem was dosed once daily at 0 and 24 h to simulate f (free) Cmax and t(1/2) obtained after a standard 1 g intravenous once daily dose in healthy volunteers (fCmax 15 mg/L, t(1/2) 4 h)."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of ertapenem versus penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae using an in vitro model. Derkatch, S; Hoban, DJ; Laing, N; Noreddin, AM; Zhanel, GG, 2007)	0.34
" Thus, the alternative use of a beta-lactam alone at adequate dosage in clinically stable patients seems justified, if CAP due to Legionella pneumophila is unlikely."	( Monotherapy versus Combination Therapy in Patients Hospitalized with Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Halank, M; Höffken, G; Kolditz, M, 2006)	0.33
" Faropenem medoxomil has almost no drug-drug interactions and little requirement for dosage adjustments in the typical acute rhinosinusitis population."	( Faropenem medoxomil: a treatment option in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Echols, RM; Hadley, JA; Tillotson, GS; Tosiello, R, 2006)	0.33
" A shortening of the dosage interval or continuous infusion of ertapenem should be considered to ensure optimal free concentrations in critically ill patients with severe hypoalbuminaemia and normal renal function."	( Ertapenem in critically ill patients with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia: pharmacokinetics with special consideration of free-drug concentration. Burkhardt, O; Derendorf, H; Drewelow, B; Katterwe, D; Kumar, V; Majcher-Peszynska, J; Welte, T, 2007)	0.34
" In an effort to improve clinical outcomes, an extended-infusion dosing scheme for piperacillin-tazobactam therapy was devised using a Monte Carlo simulation and was adopted into clinical practice at Albany Medical Center (Albany, New York)."	( Piperacillin-tazobactam for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: clinical implications of an extended-infusion dosing strategy. Drusano, GL; Lodise, TP; Lomaestro, B, 2007)	0.34
" Structure-activity relationships for the series were explored to optimize receptor affinity and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in compounds with Ki values <1nM and brain levels after oral dosing approximately 100-fold higher than receptor affinities."	( Azetidinones as vasopressin V1a antagonists. Brownstein, MJ; Bruns, RF; Chaney, MO; Clay, MP; Cooper, RD; Dressman, BA; Fabio, KM; Ferris, CF; Guillon, CD; Heindel, ND; Hunden, DC; Kaldor, SW; Koppel, GA; Lu, SF; Miller, MJ; Simon, NG; Skelton, JJ; Steinberg, MI, 2007)	0.34
" Therefore, a shortening of the dosage interval or continuous infusion of ertapenem should be considered to ensure optimal free concentrations in these particular populations."	( Ertapenem: the new carbapenem 5 years after first FDA licensing for clinical practice. Burkhardt, O; Derendorf, H; Welte, T, 2007)	0.34
"Because of the continual evolution of resistance among gram-negative bacteria in the United States, reevaluation of optimum dosing strategies for beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone antibiotics is necessary."	( Pharmacodynamic target attainment of six beta-lactams and two fluoroquinolones against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species collected from United States intensive care units in 2004. DeRyke, CA; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2007)	0.61
" Few studies have examined clinical outcomes of bolus and continuous dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics in seriously ill patients."	( Continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics in severe infections: a review of its role. Krueger, WA; Lipman, J; Paratz, E; Paratz, J; Roberts, JA, 2007)	0.34
" None of the patients dosed with piperacillin/tazobactam was adequately protected for the duration of their surgery and adequate prophylaxis was only evident in four of the nine patients administered cefalotin."	( Inadequate antimicrobial prophylaxis during surgery: a study of beta-lactam levels during burn debridement. Cross, SE; Dalley, AJ; Lipman, J; Roberts, MS; Rudd, M; Venkatesh, B, 2007)	0.34
"These results suggest a need to review antibiotic prophylaxis dosage regimens for burns surgery and the adoption of regimens that will minimize the risk of infection in this high-risk patient group."	( Inadequate antimicrobial prophylaxis during surgery: a study of beta-lactam levels during burn debridement. Cross, SE; Dalley, AJ; Lipman, J; Roberts, MS; Rudd, M; Venkatesh, B, 2007)	0.34
" His divalproex sodium dosage was increased, and he was released from the emergency department only to return 4 days later with recurring seizures."	( Acute seizures in a patient receiving divalproex sodium after starting ertapenem therapy. Lunde, JL; Nelson, RE; Storandt, HF, 2007)	0.34
" For example, a low dosage of cefotaxime, a cephalosporin, increased an uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain's production of the phage PhiMFP by more than 7-fold."	( Phage-Antibiotic Synergy (PAS): beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics stimulate virulent phage growth. Comeau, AM; Krisch, HM; Prère, MF; Tétart, F; Trojet, SN, 2007)	0.34
" More aggressive dosing of all of the agents characterized could preserve their clinical utility, but this must be balanced with safety and tolerability issues by the physician."	( A pharmacodynamic analysis of resistance trends in pathogens from patients with infection in intensive care units in the United States between 1993 and 2004. Abramson, MA; Doern, GV; Eagye, KJ; Gallagher, G; Lockhart, SR; Nicolau, DP; Quinn, JP, 2007)	0.34
" All beta-lactamase resistant beta-lactam compounds given by IV route, if they are prescribed at the good dosage and frequency, fulfill these PK/PD parameters."	( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial therapy used in child osteoarticular infections]. Cohen, R; Grimprel, E, 2007)	0.34
" Infections caused by resistant pneumococci can still be treated using first-line antibacterials (beta-lactams), provided the dosage is optimised to cover less susceptible strains."	( Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections: current and future therapeutic options. Appelbaum, PC; Peetermans, WE; Reinert, RR; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2007)	0.56
"The appropriate dosage of antibacterial agents is essential in achieving both clinical and microbiologic success in the treatment of infections in children."	( Optimizing therapy with antibacterial agents: use of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic principles in pediatrics. Bradley, JS; Rubino, CM, 2007)	0.34
" Recent data suggest that poor dosing strategies may be contributing to this problem, which is exacerbated by a lack of development of alternate antibiotics."	( Optimizing use of beta-lactam antibiotics in the critically ill. Lipman, J; Roberts, JA, 2007)	0.34
" Ertapenem is the newest carbapenem, capable of being dosed once daily, and has some in vitro but little in vivo evidence supporting its use for the treatment of these resistant infections."	( Efficacy of ertapenem for consolidation therapy of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative infections: a case series report. Berg, ML; Crank, CW; Hayden, MK; Philbrick, AH, 2008)	0.35
" The in vitro pharmacodynamic model was inoculated with 1 x 10(6) cfu/mL, and ertapenem was dosed once daily at 0 and 24 h to simulate free (f) Cmax and t(1/2) obtained after a standard 1 g intravenous once-daily dose in healthy volunteers (fCmax, 15 mg/L; t(1/2), 4 h)."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of ertapenem versus multidrug-resistant genotypically characterized extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli using an in vitro model. Baudry, P; Hoban, DJ; Laing, N; Noreddin, AM; Vashisht, V; Zhanel, GG, 2008)	0.35
" Therefore, a correct dosing regimen for the time-dependent molecules (i."	( [Pharmacological rationale for choice of antibiotics for intraabdominal infections]. Mazzei, T; Novelli, A, 2008)	0.35
" Continuous infusion regimens are associated with higher clinical response rates, improvement in surrogate markers of outcome, and lower cost of therapy compared with intermittent infusion regimens, because the MIC can be exceeded for an entire dosing interval."	( Pharmacodynamic optimization of beta-lactams in the patient care setting. Nicolau, DP, 2008)	0.63
"4 and (ii) sigmoidal dose-response curves with cloxacillin (0."	( Restoration of susceptibility of intracellular methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to beta-lactams: comparison of strains, cells, and antibiotics. Appelbaum, PC; Glupczynski, Y; Lemaire, S; Olivier, A; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2008)	0.57
" The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of ampicillin sodium and amoxicillin in some pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Study of the enhancement of a new chemiluminescence reaction and its application to determination of beta-lactam antibiotics. Imani-Nabiyyi, A; Iranifam, M; Sorouraddin, MH, )	0.13
"Rational dosing of antibiotics in neonates should be based on pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters assessed in specific populations."	( Microanalysis of beta-lactam antibiotics and vancomycin in plasma for pharmacokinetic studies in neonates. Ahsman, MJ; Mathot, RA; Tibboel, D; Wildschut, ED, 2009)	0.35
" Moreover, these PK/PD parameters are the cornerstone of pre-clinical development of antibiotics, the determination of dosage and for the establishment of breakpoints for classifying strains in the sensitive or resistant area."	( [Clinical implications of antibiotic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters]. Cohen, R, 2008)	0.35
" In 17 cases, betalactam antibiotics dosage was adapted to creatinin clearance in accordance to the Summary of the Product Characteristics' (SPC) recommendations."	( [Recommended dosage adaptation based on renal function is not always sufficient to avoid betalactam antibiotics side effects]. Andréjak, M; Gras-Champel, V; Hary, L; Lemaire-Hurtel, AS; Masmoudi, K; Massy, Z, 2009)	0.35
"1h (30%) of the dosing interval in two patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing of ertapenem in critically ill patients with severe sepsis. Brink, AJ; Kiem, S; Richards, GA; Schentag, J; Schillack, V, 2009)	0.35
" If in vivo studies corroborate our SA and SC findings, dosage adjustment for patients receiving CRRT will be required."	( Ertapenem clearance during modeled continuous renal replacement therapy. Churchwell, MD; Depestel, DD; Jakob, V; Kinzig, M; Mueller, BA; Patel, JH; Sörgel, F; Stevenson, JM; Vilay, AM, 2008)	0.35
" Optimized dosing regimens aim to ensure that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic targets are met to achieve successful clinical outcomes and minimize resistance development."	( The science of selecting antimicrobials for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). File, TM, 2009)	0.35
"The only oral penem antibiotic, faropenem (FRPM: Farom Dry Syrup for pediatrics), is one of the few antibiotics that exerts potent antibacterial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP), and the dosage and administration schedule has been established for children."	( [Efficacy and safety of faropenem in pediatric patients with bacterial infectious diseases]. Abe, T; Azagami, S; Bamba, M; Cho, H; Hojo, H; Jozaki, K; Koizumi, Y; Nakao, A; Nonoyama, M; Ojima, T; Ozaki, A; Sunakawa, K; Yokota, T, 2008)	0.35
"The limited data available suggest that continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics leads to the same clinical results as higher dosed bolus administration in hospitalized patients."	( A systematic review on clinical benefits of continuous administration of beta-lactam antibiotics. Ho, KM; Lipman, J; Paterson, D; Roberts, JA; Webb, S, 2009)	0.35
" Sixty-four patients underwent the imipenem-cilastatin intramuscular test dosing and none of them had a clinical reaction."	( Cross-reactivity and tolerability of imipenem in patients with delayed-type, cell-mediated hypersensitivity to beta-lactams. Altomonte, G; Buonomo, A; Decinti, M; Lombardo, C; Nucera, E; Pascolini, L; Patriarca, G; Schiavino, D, 2009)	0.56
" This dosing approach was applied to several beta-lactams commonly utilized in children."	( Optimizing bactericidal exposure for beta-lactams using prolonged and continuous infusions in the pediatric population. Courter, JD; Girotto, JE; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2009)	0.89
" The probability of target attainment (PTA) was calculated for each dosing regimen."	( Optimizing bactericidal exposure for beta-lactams using prolonged and continuous infusions in the pediatric population. Courter, JD; Girotto, JE; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2009)	0.63
" Piperacillin/tazobactam could not achieve a PTA > 21% for any dosing regimen at its breakpoint, though large improvements were observed at lower MICs."	( Optimizing bactericidal exposure for beta-lactams using prolonged and continuous infusions in the pediatric population. Courter, JD; Girotto, JE; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2009)	0.63
"Prolonged and continuous infusion dosing strategies improved the likelihood of obtaining bactericidal targets for these beta-lactams in a simulated pediatric population."	( Optimizing bactericidal exposure for beta-lactams using prolonged and continuous infusions in the pediatric population. Courter, JD; Girotto, JE; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2009)	0.83
" This review summarizes our recent findings on carbapenem and cephem antibiotics in peritoneal and cerebrospinal fluids, and our new approaches to personalize and optimize beta-lactam dosing regimens based on their site-specific pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profiles."	( [Personalized optimization of beta-lactam regimens based on studies of the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics at the target sites]. Ikawa, K, 2009)	0.35
"To describe the rationale, principles, and dosage calculations for continuous-infusion beta-lactam antibiotics to treat multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH)."	( Continuous-infusion beta-lactam antibiotics during continuous venovenous hemofiltration for the treatment of resistant gram-negative bacteria. Danner, RL; Henning, SA; Moriyama, B; Neuhauser, MM; Walsh, TJ, 2009)	0.35
" Methodology and formulas are provided that allow practitioners to calculate dosage regimens and reach target drug concentrations for continuous beta-lactam antibiotic infusions during CVVH based on a literature review, pharmacokinetic principles, and our experience at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center."	( Continuous-infusion beta-lactam antibiotics during continuous venovenous hemofiltration for the treatment of resistant gram-negative bacteria. Danner, RL; Henning, SA; Moriyama, B; Neuhauser, MM; Walsh, TJ, 2009)	0.35
" Results of the Part I (internal) and Part II (independent laboratory) dose-response studies using spiked samples were in very close agreement for all five drugs tested, with differences between the Part I and Part II 90/95% sensitivity values ranging from 0 to 1 ppb."	( Validation study of a receptor-based lateral flow assay for detection of beta-lactam antibiotics in milk. Abouzied, M; Mozola, M; Sarzynski, M; Walsh, A; Wood, H, )	0.13
" The percentage of time during the dosing interval that serum drug concentrations exceed the MIC is the only PK-PD parameter that correlates with beta-lactam efficacy."	( Optimal antibiotic dosing. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interface. Reed, MD, 2000)	0.31
"The study aims to develop empirical models able to predict the pharmacokinetics (PK) of four beta-lactams using the amikacin (AMK) therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), in order to optimize their dosage regimens."	( Empirical models for dosage optimization of four beta-lactams in critically ill septic patients based on therapeutic drug monitoring of amikacin. Cumps, J; Delattre, IK; Dugernier, T; Jacobs, F; Laterre, PF; Musuamba, FT; Spapen, H; Taccone, FS; Verbeeck, RK; Vincent, JL; Wallemacq, PE; Wittebole, X, 2010)	0.83
" The once-daily dosing of moxifloxacin monotherapy may be a useful alternative for beta-lactam-based standard therapy."	( Moxifloxacin monotherapy versus beta-lactam-based standard therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. An, MM; Cao, YB; Gao, PH; Jiang, YY; Shen, H; Zou, Z, 2010)	0.36
" Therefore, a correct dosing regimen for the time-dependent molecules (i."	( [Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic of antibiotics for treatment of skin and soft tissue infections]. Arrigucci, S; Mazzei, T; Novelli, A, 2009)	0.35
"Children younger than 12 years require dosing more frequently than once daily to achieve optimal efficacy when treating organisms with a minimum inhibitory concentration near the susceptibility breakpoint."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single-dose intravenous ertapenem in infants, children, and adolescents. Abdel-Rahman, SM; Blumer, JL; Groff, M; Herman, G; Jacobs, RF; Kearns, GL; Kitchen, CJ; Majumdar, A; Mistry, GC; Topelberg, S; Wagner, JA; Xu, Y, 2010)	0.36
" Serum concentrations remained above 4 times the minimal inhibitory concentration (T > 4 × MIC), corresponding to the clinical breakpoint for Pseudomonas aeruginosa defined by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST), for 57% of the dosage interval for meropenem (target MIC = 8 μg/mL), 45% for ceftazidime (MIC = 32 μg/mL), 34% for cefepime (MIC = 32 μg/mL), and 33% for piperacillin-tazobactam (MIC = 64 μg/mL)."	( Insufficient β-lactam concentrations in the early phase of severe sepsis and septic shock. De Backer, D; Delattre, I; Dugernier, T; Jacobs, F; Laterre, PF; Layeux, B; Spapen, H; Taccone, FS; Vincent, JL; Wallemacq, P; Wittebole, X, 2010)	0.36
" Standard dosage regimens for piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime and cefepime may, therefore, be insufficient to empirically cover less susceptible pathogens in the early phase of severe sepsis and septic shock."	( Insufficient β-lactam concentrations in the early phase of severe sepsis and septic shock. De Backer, D; Delattre, I; Dugernier, T; Jacobs, F; Laterre, PF; Layeux, B; Spapen, H; Taccone, FS; Vincent, JL; Wallemacq, P; Wittebole, X, 2010)	0.36
" The use of higher doses and less-frequent dosing of existing agents is being explored, and exciting new developments include the emergence of agents with broader-spectrum activity against drug-resistant organisms and the use of antifungal agents in the OPAT setting."	( Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy: Recent developments and future prospects. Chapman, AL; Lessing, MP; Sanderson, F; Seaton, RA; Török, ME, 2010)	0.36
" Dating back to the first days of penicillin, it was noted that there was an observed benefit to prolonging the infusion time or dosing more frequently."	( Pharmacodynamic approaches to optimizing beta-lactam therapy. Crandon, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2011)	0.37
" Patient 1 developed garbled speech and miosis 1 week after starting appropriately dosed ertapenem (1 g/day) for sacral osteomyelitis."	( Central nervous system toxicity associated with ertapenem use. Duquaine, S; Kitchell, E; Tannen, RC; Tate, T; Wickremasinghe, IM, 2011)	0.37
" Then, 65 patients underwent intramuscular test dosing with aztroenam, and none of them had a clinical reaction."	( Tolerability of aztreonam in patients with cell-mediated allergy to β-lactams. Aruanno, A; Buonomo, A; Colagiovanni, A; De Pasquale, T; Lombardo, C; Nucera, E; Pascolini, L; Patriarca, G; Pecora, V; Rizzi, A; Sabato, V; Schiavino, D, 2011)	0.37
" For β-lactams, the PD parameter most predictive of maximal bactericidal activity is the duration of time free drug concentrations remain above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) during the dosing interval (fT > MIC)."	( Use of pharmacodynamic principles to inform β-lactam dosing: "S" does not always mean success. Butterfield, J; Lodise, TP, 2011)	0.37
" The dilemma with colistin is its concentration-dependent killing, which makes once-daily dosing seem like an attractive option, but its short postantibiotic effect limits a clinician's ability to extend the dosing interval."	( Can Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles Be Applied to the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter? Brouse, SD; Cooper, TW; Hall, RG; Pass, SE, 2011)	0.37
"Increased reliance on dosage optimization, combination therapy, and localized delivery of antimicrobials are methods to pursue positive clinical outcomes in MDR Acinetobacter infections since novel antimicrobials will not be available for several years."	( Can Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles Be Applied to the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter? Brouse, SD; Cooper, TW; Hall, RG; Pass, SE, 2011)	0.37
" Intermittent dosing regimens constituted 155/167 (93%) reported regimens, while extended infusions were 12/167 (7%)."	( A survey of the utilization of anti-pseudomonal beta-lactam therapy in cystic fibrosis patients. Ampofo, K; Cash, J; Chatfield, BA; Marshall, BC; Olson, J; Waters, CD; Young, DC; Zobell, JT, 2011)	0.37
" However, the present clinical data is limited with small sample sizes common with insufficient power to detect advantages in favour of either dosing strategy."	( Continuous infusion vs. bolus dosing: implications for beta-lactam antibiotics. Kirkpatrick, CM; Lipman, J; Mohd Hafiz, AA; Roberts, JA; Staatz, CE, 2012)	0.38
" Studies that determine the serum antibiotic concentrations are very useful in establishing the correct dosage in critical patients."	( Appropriate antibiotic dosing in severe sepsis and acute renal failure: factors to consider. Ferrer, R; González de Molina, FJ, 2011)	0.37
" Consequently, the dosing of antibiotics should be supported by PK concepts, including data derived from studies of the PK of ICU patients and therapeutic drug monitoring."	( Antibiotics in critically ill patients: a systematic review of the pharmacokinetics of β-lactams. Gonçalves-Pereira, J; Póvoa, P, 2011)	0.37
") every 24 h (q24h) would achieve concentrations in excess of the MIC for 40% of the dosing interval (40% T>MIC, where T is time) in the serum and peritoneal cavity."	( Ertapenem pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Cardone, KE; Daoui, R; Drusano, GL; Grabe, DW; Kulawy, RW; Lodise, TP; Meola, S; Roglieri, J, 2012)	0.38
"5 h (35% of the dosing interval) after administration of 1 g intravenously."	( Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in colorectal tissue. Brockschmidt, C; Bulitta, JB; Burhenne, H; Henne-Bruns, D; Isenmann, R; Kaever, V; Mayer, B; Scheele, J; Wittau, M, 2011)	0.37
" Other adverse events are frequently dose-related and can be avoided by appropriate dosing and consideration of renal function."	( Adverse reactions to β-lactam antimicrobials. Lagacé-Wiens, P; Rubinstein, E, 2012)	0.38
" Regarding antibiotic susceptibilities: (i) amoxicillin is still useful for empirical therapy but with a high daily dose; (ii) cefuroxime axetil and macrolides (but not telithromycin) are inappropriate for empirical therapy; and (iii) moxifloxacin and levofloxacin are the next 'best empirical choice' (no resistant isolates) but levofloxacin will require 500 mg twice-daily dosing for effective coverage."	( Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in Belgium. Carbonnelle, S; De Bel, A; Dediste, A; Glupczynski, Y; Huang, TD; Jacobs, F; Jordens, P; Lismond, A; Schatt, P; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F; Verhaegen, J; Verschuren, F, 2012)	0.38
"The objective of this structured review was to analyze critically the findings of pharmacokinetic studies of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with intra-abdominal disease; that is, intra-abdominal infection (IAI) or previous abdominal surgery and determine the requirements for dosage modification in this population."	( Pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with intra-abdominal disease: a structured review. Adnan, S; Kumar, S; Li, J; Lipman, J; Paterson, DL; Roberts, JA; Rudd, M, 2012)	0.38
" However, further research is necessary to determine the clinical outcome of individualized dosing on the basis of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with intra-abdominal disease: a structured review. Adnan, S; Kumar, S; Li, J; Lipman, J; Paterson, DL; Roberts, JA; Rudd, M, 2012)	0.38
"To assess the effectiveness and safety of once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing of intravenous aminoglycoside antibiotics for the management of pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis."	( Once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis. Bhatt, J; Smyth, AR, 2012)	0.38
"All randomised controlled trials, whether published or unpublished, in which once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides has been compared with multiple-daily dosing in terms of efficacy or toxicity or both, in people with cystic fibrosis."	( Once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis. Bhatt, J; Smyth, AR, 2012)	0.38
" All studies compared once-daily dosing with thrice-daily dosing."	( Once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis. Bhatt, J; Smyth, AR, 2012)	0.38
"The study confirmed the significant link between the exposure to AMK and to β-lactams, and presented population models able to guide β-lactam dosage adjustments using renal biomarkers or TDM-related aminoglycoside data."	( Population pharmacokinetics of four β-lactams in critically ill septic patients comedicated with amikacin. Delattre, IK; Jacobs, F; Jacqmin, P; Laterre, PF; Musuamba, FT; Taccone, FS; Verbeeck, RK; Wallemacq, P, 2012)	0.38
" A different approach to dosing with β-lactams may increase the likelihood of positive outcomes considering the pharmacodynamics (PD) of β-lactams, as well as the changes in PK in critically ill patients."	( β-lactam pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in critically ill patients and strategies for dose optimization: a structured review. Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; Roberts, MS; Sinnollareddy, MG, 2012)	0.38
"73 m2, our 2 cases highlight that this dosage might be excessive for patients with Stage 5 CKD, especially those not yet on dialysis."	( Acute prolonged neurotoxicity associated with recommended doses of ertapenem in 2 patients with advanced renal failure. Chau, T; Lin, SH; Sung, CC; Wen, MJ, 2013)	0.39
"Antibiotic dosing for critically ill patients that is derived from other patient groups is likely to be suboptimal because of significant antibiotic pharmacokinetic changes, particularly in terms of drug volume of distribution and clearance."	( Improving antibiotic dosing in special situations in the ICU: burns, renal replacement therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Economou, CJ; Jamal, JA; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA, 2012)	0.38
"In the context of such variable pharmacokinetics, a guideline approach to dosing remains elusive because of insufficient available data and, therefore, use of therapeutic drug monitoring should be considered advantageous where possible."	( Improving antibiotic dosing in special situations in the ICU: burns, renal replacement therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Economou, CJ; Jamal, JA; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA, 2012)	0.38
" This review explores the potential utility of altered dosing approaches of β-lactam antibiotics to optimize treatment in febrile neutropenia."	( Infusional β-lactam antibiotics in febrile neutropenia: has the time come? Abbott, IJ; Roberts, JA, 2012)	0.38
" Rising antibiotic resistance and a lack of new antibiotics in production have prompted alternative dosing strategies based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data, such as extended or continuous infusions of β-lactam antibiotics, to maximize the likelihood of treatment success."	( Infusional β-lactam antibiotics in febrile neutropenia: has the time come? Abbott, IJ; Roberts, JA, 2012)	0.38
" Results of the part I (internal) and part II (independent laboratory) dose-response studies employing spiked samples were in close agreement."	( Validation study of the BetaStar plus lateral flow assay for detection of beta-lactam antibiotics in milk. Abouzied, M; Ankrapp, D; Driksna, D; Klein, F; Mozola, M; Rice, J; Sarzynski, M; Walsh, A; Walsh, C, )	0.13
"With the clinical imperative to further research in the area of optimising antibiotic dosing in the intensive care setting, a simple high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for routinely determining the free (unbound) concentration of ten beta-lactam antibiotics in 200 μL of human plasma."	( A method for determining the free (unbound) concentration of ten beta-lactam antibiotics in human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Briscoe, SE; Lipman, J; McWhinney, BC; Roberts, JA; Ungerer, JP, 2012)	0.38
" Ertapenem is a unique drug in that current dosing recommendations call for a 1 g dose for normal renal function patients, despite body weight."	( Quantification and validation of HPLC-UV and LC-MS assays for therapeutic drug monitoring of ertapenem in human plasma. Brown, S; Pickering, M, 2013)	0.39
"Beta-lactam antibiotics are a commonly used treatment for severe sepsis, with intermittent bolus dosing standard therapy, despite a strong theoretical rationale for continuous administration."	( Continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics in severe sepsis: a multicenter double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Bellomo, R; Davis, JS; Dulhunty, JM; Eastwood, GM; Gomersall, C; Lipman, J; Myburgh, J; Paterson, DL; Roberts, JA; Shirwadkar, C; Webb, SA, 2013)	0.39
"This was a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus dosing of piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, and ticarcillin-clavulanate conducted in 5 intensive care units across Australia and Hong Kong."	( Continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics in severe sepsis: a multicenter double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Bellomo, R; Davis, JS; Dulhunty, JM; Eastwood, GM; Gomersall, C; Lipman, J; Myburgh, J; Paterson, DL; Roberts, JA; Shirwadkar, C; Webb, SA, 2013)	0.39
" The cephalosporin class has been studied the most and currently represents the only clinical trial using a continuous infusion dosing strategy in pediatric patients."	( Continuous and extended infusions of β-lactam antibiotics in the pediatric population. Lam, WM; Manasco, KB; Walker, MC, 2012)	0.38
" Empirical dosing schedules are typically derived from studies in healthy volunteers and largely fail to consider the significant changes in antibacterial pharmacokinetics often encountered in the critically ill."	( β-Lactam therapeutic drug monitoring in the critically ill: optimising drug exposure in patients with fluctuating renal function and hypoalbuminaemia. Hayashi, Y; Lipman, J; Lust, K; McWhinney, B; Ng, M; Roberts, JA; Udy, AA; Ungerer, J, 2013)	0.39
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate different β-lactam antimicrobial dosing regimens currently used for prophylaxis in elective colorectal procedures with the aim of identifying optimal antibiotics and dosing regimens."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery. Fish, DN; Moine, P, 2013)	0.39
"Monitoring of plasma antibiotic concentrations is necessary for individualization of antimicrobial chemotherapy dosing in special patient populations."	( Development and validation of a fast and uniform approach to quantify β-lactam antibiotics in human plasma by solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Boussery, K; Colin, P; De Bock, L; T'jollyn, H; Van Bocxlaer, J, 2013)	0.39
" For bacterial pathogens with an MIC of 1 mg/L, the free mean 'time above MIC' (T>MIC) in the interstitium of infected tissue was calculated to be 38%± 25% of the 24 h dosing interval."	( Tissue pharmacokinetics of ertapenem at steady-state in diabetic patients with leg infections. Burian, A; Burian, B; Höferl, M; Jäger, W; Riedl, M; Sauermann, R; Stella, A; Theurer, S; Zeitlinger, M, 2013)	0.39
"The optimal dosage and administration of antibiotics are not only important measures to combat antimicrobial resistance, but they are also integral to antimicrobial stewardship."	( Prolonged infusions of β-lactam antibiotics: implication for antimicrobial stewardship. George, JM; Rodvold, KA; Towne, TG, 2012)	0.38
" Outcomes were compared between patients who received standardized dosing of meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, or cefepime as an intermittent infusion over 30 minutes (January 1, 2010, to June 30, 2010) and patients who received prolonged infusion over 3 hours (August 1, 2010, to January 31, 2011)."	( Prolonged infusion antibiotics for suspected gram-negative infections in the ICU: a before-after study. Arnold, HM; Hampton, NB; Hoban, A; Hoffmann, J; Hollands, JM; Juang, PH; Kollef, MH; McCormick, S; Micek, ST; Reichley, RM; Skrupky, LP; Smith, JR, 2013)	0.39
" A 5000-subject Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the probability of target attainment for free drug concentration remaining above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 40% or greater of the dosing interval (40% fT > MIC) over an MIC range."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of ertapenem 1 gram/day administered as a rapid 5-minute infusion versus the standard 30-minute infusion in healthy adult volunteers. Housman, ST; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Quintiliani, R; Wiskirchen, DE, 2013)	0.39
" Higher dosage did not prevent selection of porin-deficient subpopulations."	( Frequent emergence of porin-deficient subpopulations with reduced carbapenem susceptibility in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli during exposure to ertapenem in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Adler, M; Cars, O; Löwdin, E; Sandegren, L; Tängdén, T, 2013)	0.39
" Using 16 antipseudomonal antibiotics (three aminoglycosides, nine β-lactams, three fluoroquinolones, and colistin), dose-response curves were found to be undistinguishable for antibiotics of the same pharmacological class if data were expressed as a function of the corresponding MICs."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the intracellular activity of antibiotics towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in a model of THP-1 human monocytes. Buyck, JM; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2013)	0.39
" An improper perioperative antibiotic use can expose patients to the risk of resistant microorganisms, and, in surgical obese patients, the drug dosage and infusion time are critical points."	( Serum in vivo and in vitro activity of single dose of ertapenem in surgical obese patients for prevention of SSIs. Catania, MR; Cerbone, D; de Werra, C; Di Micco, R; Forestieri, P; Formato, A; Lambiase, A; Montella, E; Pilone, V, 2013)	0.39
" Based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indexes reported for beta-lactams against other bacterial pathogens, a cumulative percentage of a 24-h period that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions (%TMIC) of 20 to 40% was achieved in mice using a suitable dosing regimen."	( In vitro and in vivo efficacy of β-lactams against replicating and slowly growing/nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ahuja, V; Balasubramanian, V; Balganesh, M; Bhattacharjee, D; Dinesh, N; Ganguly, S; Kumar, N; Panduga, V; Parab, M; Ramachandran, V; Reddy, J; Shandil, R; Sharma, S; Solapure, S; Vishwas, KG, 2013)	0.63
" In the elderly, dosing regimen adaptations are not recommended."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in juvenile and old rats. Boulamery, A; Bruguerolle, B; Marsot, A; Simon, N, 2014)	0.4
" Here, we describe inexpensive test cards for fast field screening of pharmaceutical dosage forms containing beta lactam antibiotics or combinations of the four first-line antituberculosis (TB) drugs."	( Paper analytical devices for fast field screening of beta lactam antibiotics and antituberculosis pharmaceuticals. Barstis, T; Benvenuti, M; Ghosh, D; Hunckler, M; Joy, B; Koenig, L; Lieberman, M; Raddell, K; Reiser, H; Weaver, AA, 2013)	0.39
"The objective of this case report is to report a patient with moderate renal impairment who developed ertapenem-induced encephalopathy with delayed recovery of up to 2 weeks despite receiving and appropriately adjusted dosage of ertapenem."	( Delayed recovery from ertapenem induced encephalopathy: case-report and a possible mechanism. Cheng, KC; Chu, LW; Hon, FK; Mok, MY; Shea, YF, 2013)	0.39
" Based on experimental and clinical studies, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters are discussed in this review for each antibiotic used in febrile neutropenia in order to help physicians improve dosing and optimization of antimicrobial agents."	( Antimicrobial treatment of febrile neutropenia: pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic considerations. Fantin, B; Goulenok, T, 2013)	0.39
" The first-order rate constants of the degradation of faropenem in pure form and in pharmaceutical dosage were determined by using first-derivative spectrophotometry."	( Derivative spectrophotometry for the determination of faropenem in the presence of degradation products: an application for kinetic studies. Cielecka-Piontek, J, 2013)	0.39
" The steady trend of increasing resistance coupled with the lack of novel antibiotics targeting resistant gram-negative bacilli has forced clinicians to increasingly apply more aggressive dosing strategies, such as prolonged and continuous infusion of β-lactam antibiotics to address the challenges associated with these difficult-to-treat pathogens."	( Trends in multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli and the role of prolonged β-lactam infusion in the intensive care unit. Chau, T; Guervil, DJ, )	0.13
"The use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to optimize beta-lactam dosing in critically ill patients is growing in popularity, although there are limited data describing the potential impact of altered protein binding on achievement of target concentrations."	( Protein binding of β-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients: can we successfully predict unbound concentrations? Adnan, S; Briscoe, S; Lipman, J; McWhinney, B; Roberts, JA; Ungerer, J; Wong, G, 2013)	0.39
" Prolonging the infusion duration is a strategy used to increase the percentage of the dosing interval that free drug concentrations remain above the minimum inhibitory concentration (fT>MIC), the pharmacodynamic efficacy driver for time-dependent antibiotics such as β-lactams."	( Prolonging β-lactam infusion: a review of the rationale and evidence, and guidance for implementation. Kuti, JL; MacVane, SH; Nicolau, DP, 2014)	0.4
" We aimed to determine whether β-lactam antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients achieves concentrations associated with maximal activity and whether antibiotic concentrations affect patient outcome."	( DALI: defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients: are current β-lactam antibiotic doses sufficient for critically ill patients? Akova, M; Bassetti, M; De Waele, JJ; Dimopoulos, G; Kaukonen, KM; Koulenti, D; Lipman, J; Martin, C; Montravers, P; Paul, SK; Rello, J; Rhodes, A; Roberts, JA; Starr, T; Wallis, SC, 2014)	0.4
" Two blood samples were taken from each patient during a single dosing interval."	( DALI: defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients: are current β-lactam antibiotic doses sufficient for critically ill patients? Akova, M; Bassetti, M; De Waele, JJ; Dimopoulos, G; Kaukonen, KM; Koulenti, D; Lipman, J; Martin, C; Montravers, P; Paul, SK; Rello, J; Rhodes, A; Roberts, JA; Starr, T; Wallis, SC, 2014)	0.4
"Infected critically ill patients may have adverse outcomes as a result of inadeqaute antibiotic exposure; a paradigm change to more personalized antibiotic dosing may be necessary to improve outcomes for these most seriously ill patients."	( DALI: defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients: are current β-lactam antibiotic doses sufficient for critically ill patients? Akova, M; Bassetti, M; De Waele, JJ; Dimopoulos, G; Kaukonen, KM; Koulenti, D; Lipman, J; Martin, C; Montravers, P; Paul, SK; Rello, J; Rhodes, A; Roberts, JA; Starr, T; Wallis, SC, 2014)	0.4
" Significant variation observed in the PK/PD targets and dose adjustment strategies used supports the need for further studies that robustly define PK/PD targets for ICU patients to ensure a greater consistency of practice for dose adjustment strategies for optimizing β-lactam dosing with TDM."	( An international, multicentre survey of β-lactam antibiotic therapeutic drug monitoring practice in intensive care units. Benefield, RJ; Brinkman, A; Carlier, M; De Waele, JJ; El Helali, N; Frey, O; Harbarth, S; Huttner, A; Lipman, J; McWhinney, B; Misset, B; Pea, F; Preisenberger, J; Roberts, JA; Roberts, MS; Robertson, TA; Roehr, A; Sime, FB; Taccone, FS; Ungerer, JP; Wong, G, 2014)	0.4
" A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to estimate the probability of achieving free drug levels above the minimum inhibitory concentration (fT>MIC) for at least 20% and 40% of the dosing interval as PK/PD targets."	( Use of the parenteral antibiotic Ertapenem as short term prophylaxis in bariatric surgery: a pharmaco-kinetic-pharmacodynamic study in class III obese female patients. Accetta, G; Adembri, C; Berti, J; Biggeri, A; Borracci, T; Cappellini, I; De Gaudio, AR; Lucchese, M; Novelli, A, 2014)	0.4
" The next few years represent an important window in which routine antimicrobial stewardship principles such as surveillance of local ecology, minimising overlap of spectrum of activity and prompt de-escalation upon review of cultures can be integrated with new technologies including improved diagnostic techniques, individualised dosing strategies and computerised decision support."	( Antimicrobial stewardship of β-lactams in intensive care units. Blot, S; Cotta, MO; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; Tabah, A; Vogelaers, D, 2014)	0.4
" In view of its dosing convenience, it is increasingly used as outpatient therapy."	( Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in outpatients with complicated urinary tract infections. Fisher, DA; Hee, KH; Lee, LS; Llorin, RM; Lye, DC; Sulaiman, Z; Tam, VH; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.4
" At steady-state, blood and urine samples were collected over one dosing interval."	( Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in outpatients with complicated urinary tract infections. Fisher, DA; Hee, KH; Lee, LS; Llorin, RM; Lye, DC; Sulaiman, Z; Tam, VH; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.4
" A high ertapenem concentration (>128 mg/L) could be attained in the urine at 40% of the dosing interval."	( Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in outpatients with complicated urinary tract infections. Fisher, DA; Hee, KH; Lee, LS; Llorin, RM; Lye, DC; Sulaiman, Z; Tam, VH; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.4
" The in vitro pharmacodynamic model was inoculated with ∼1 × 10(6) cfu/mL and ertapenem was dosed once daily at 0 and 24 h to simulate free (ƒ) Cmax and t½ obtained after either 1 g or 2 g intravenous once-daily doses in healthy volunteers (1 g: ƒCmax 15 mg/L, t½ 4 h)."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of ertapenem versus genotypically characterized extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-, KPC- or NDM-producing Escherichia coli with reduced susceptibility or resistance to ertapenem using an in vitro model. Adam, HJ; Denisuik, A; Hoban, DJ; Vashisht, S; Yachison, C; Zhanel, GG, 2014)	0.4
" This article aims to describe the current clinical scenario for beta-lactam dosing in critically ill patients with septic shock and CRRT, to highlight the sources of variability among the different studies that reduce extrapolation to clinical practice, and to identify the opportunities for future research and improvement in this field."	( Beta-lactam dosing in critically ill patients with septic shock and continuous renal replacement therapy. Calvo, G; Llauradó-Serra, M; Martín-Loeches, I; Pontes, C; Soy, D; Ulldemolins, M; Vaquer, S, 2014)	0.4
" As such, effective antibiotic dosing guidelines for critically ill patients who have septic shock and who receive continuous renal replacement therapy are not available."	( Antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients with septic shock and on continuous renal replacement therapy: can we resolve this problem with pharmacokinetic studies and dosing guidelines? Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA, 2014)	0.4
" Standard dosing may result in inadequate concentrations, but unadjusted dosing regimens may lead to toxicity."	( Beta-lactam antibiotic dosing during continuous renal replacement therapy: how can we optimize therapy? Carlier, M; De Waele, JJ, 2014)	0.4
" The objective of this study was to describe pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target non-attainment envisioning empirical dosing in critically ill patients and considering a worst-case scenario as well as to identify patient characteristics that are associated with target non-attainment."	( Risk factors for target non-attainment during empirical treatment with β-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients. Akova, M; Bassetti, M; De Waele, JJ; Dimopoulos, G; Kaukonen, M; Koulenti, D; Lipman, J; Martin, C; Montravers, P; Rello, J; Rhodes, A; Roberts, JA; Starr, T; Udy, AA; Wallis, SC, 2014)	0.4
" PK/PD targets were free drug concentration maintained above the MIC of the suspected pathogen for at least 50 % and 100 % of the dosing interval respectively (50 % and 100 % f T (>MIC))."	( Risk factors for target non-attainment during empirical treatment with β-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients. Akova, M; Bassetti, M; De Waele, JJ; Dimopoulos, G; Kaukonen, M; Koulenti, D; Lipman, J; Martin, C; Montravers, P; Rello, J; Rhodes, A; Roberts, JA; Starr, T; Udy, AA; Wallis, SC, 2014)	0.4
" In the hypothetical situation of empirical dosing, antibiotic concentrations remained below the MIC during 50 % and 100 % of the dosing interval in 66 (19."	( Risk factors for target non-attainment during empirical treatment with β-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients. Akova, M; Bassetti, M; De Waele, JJ; Dimopoulos, G; Kaukonen, M; Koulenti, D; Lipman, J; Martin, C; Montravers, P; Rello, J; Rhodes, A; Roberts, JA; Starr, T; Udy, AA; Wallis, SC, 2014)	0.4
"This study found that-in empirical dosing and considering a worst--case scenario--19 % and 41 % of the patients would not achieve antibiotic concentrations above the MIC during 50 % and 100 % of the dosing interval."	( Risk factors for target non-attainment during empirical treatment with β-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients. Akova, M; Bassetti, M; De Waele, JJ; Dimopoulos, G; Kaukonen, M; Koulenti, D; Lipman, J; Martin, C; Montravers, P; Rello, J; Rhodes, A; Roberts, JA; Starr, T; Udy, AA; Wallis, SC, 2014)	0.4
" TDM is a diagnostic standard for the individualization of polypharmcotherapy based on validated analytical methods (in particular LC-MS/MS and HPLC-methods) in order to optimize dosing and drug safety."	( [Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of antiinfectives in intensive care medicine]. Adam, R; Michels, G; Müller, C; Nosseir, NS; Pfister, R; Wiesen, MH, 2014)	0.4
" The diethyl ester prodrug showed the best total absorption (>30%) by intredeudenal dosing in dogs, which could potentially be improved by formulation development."	( Design, synthesis, structure-function relationship, bioconversion, and pharmacokinetic evaluation of ertapenem prodrugs. Bradley, P; Ji, C; Meinke, PT; Nicoll-Griffith, DA; Olsen, DB; Rindgen, D; Singh, SB; Soll, RM; Suzuki, T; Wang, L; Wang, N; Wu, H; Yu, H; Zhang, B, 2014)	0.4
" However, because most published carbapenems studies have excluded patients on dialysis, little is known about the dosing of ertapenem to avoid central nervous system (CNS) toxicity in regular HD patients."	( The recommended dose of ertapenem poses a potential risk for central nervous system toxicity in haemodialysis patients - case reports and literature reviews. Chou, YC; Lee, KH; Ng, YY; Ueng, YF; Wu, CW; Yang, WC, 2015)	0.42
" The recommended dosage of 500 mg ertapenem daily may be still too high in regular HD patients, especially in Asians, owing to their relatively small body size."	( The recommended dose of ertapenem poses a potential risk for central nervous system toxicity in haemodialysis patients - case reports and literature reviews. Chou, YC; Lee, KH; Ng, YY; Ueng, YF; Wu, CW; Yang, WC, 2015)	0.42
" Drug concentrations were considered adequate if they remained 4-8× the clinical MIC breakpoint for Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 50% (TZP) or 40% (MEM) of the dosing interval."	( β-Lactam pharmacokinetics during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy: A case-control study. Antonucci, E; Beumier, M; Cristallini, S; de Backer, D; Donadello, K; Jacobs, F; Roberts, JA; Rondelet, B; Scolletta, S; Taccone, FS; Vincent, JL, 2015)	0.42
" The effectiveness of current dosing schemes of ertapenem in subjects with significant hypoalbuminemia should be revisited."	( Association between hypoalbuminemia and mortality among subjects treated with ertapenem versus other carbapenems: prospective cohort study. Daitch, V; Farbman, L; Lador, A; Leibovici, L; Paul, M; Tredler, Z; Zusman, O, 2015)	0.42
" Larger studies are necessary to determine whether standard dosing regimens in the presence of ARC impact negatively on clinical outcome and antibiotic resistance."	( Augmented renal clearance, low β-lactam concentrations and clinical outcomes in the critically ill: an observational prospective cohort study. Affaticati, M; Daali, Y; Fathi, M; Harbarth, S; Huttner, A; Huttner, BD; Karmime, A; Lew, D; Pagani, L; Pugin, J; Renzoni, A; Von Dach, E, 2015)	0.42
" The dosing of IgEt was performed using the Immulite Immunoassay (Siemens)."	( Elevated serum total IgE alter the diagnostic performance of radio-immune assays for β-lactam specific antibody dosing. Bologa, R; Gherman, N; Hagău, N; Petrişor, C; Sfichi, M, 2015)	0.42
" We propose one such strategy in which four outmoded β-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin and oxacillin) and a well-known antiseptic (chlorhexidine di-acetate) were fashioned into a group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS) as an alternative to conventional combination drug dosing strategies."	( Recycling antibiotics into GUMBOS: a new combination strategy to combat multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Cole, MR; Hobden, JA; Warner, IM, 2015)	0.42
" We further develop a metric to guide the design of a dosing protocol to optimize treatment efficiency for any antibiotic-pathogen combination."	( Bacterial temporal dynamics enable optimal design of antibiotic treatment. Anderson, DJ; Lopatkin, AJ; Meredith, HR; You, L, 2015)	0.42
" The primary objective of this study was to compare the fractional target attainments of contemporary dosing of empirical broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics and narrower-spectrum antibiotics for a number pathogens for which de-escalation may be considered."	( A Simulation Study Reveals Lack of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment in De-escalated Antibiotic Therapy in Critically Ill Patients. Carlier, M; De Waele, JJ; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; Stove, V; Verstraete, AG, 2015)	0.42
"Six clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates expressing MBLs and ESBLs were studied in an in vitro hollow-fibre infection model (HFIM) using various dosing regimens simulating human-like PK for aztreonam/avibactam."	( Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of a β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor combination: a novel approach for aztreonam/avibactam. Bradford, PA; Eakin, AE; Harris, JJ; Kim, A; McLaughlin, RE; O'Donnell, JP; Patey, S; Singh, R; Tanudra, MA, 2015)	0.42
"We sought to describe a case of pharmacodynamically-optimized dosing of piperacillin-tazobactam in a patient that cleared their infections after treatment with high-dose, extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam and summarize the literature on the benefits of extended-infusion of beta-lactams."	( Microbiologic clearance following transition from standard infusion piperacillin-tazobactam to extended-infusion for persistent Gram-negative bacteremia and possible endocarditis: A case report and review of the literature. D'Agostino, C; Rhodes, NJ; Roberts, JA; Scheetz, MH; Skoglund, E, 2015)	0.59
"We present the first case to our knowledge that describes failure to respond and subsequent response within a single patient where beta-lactam dosing was altered to optimize pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK-PD)."	( Microbiologic clearance following transition from standard infusion piperacillin-tazobactam to extended-infusion for persistent Gram-negative bacteremia and possible endocarditis: A case report and review of the literature. D'Agostino, C; Rhodes, NJ; Roberts, JA; Scheetz, MH; Skoglund, E, 2015)	0.42
"Traditional antibiotic dosing was not designed for today's escalating antibiotic resistance, lack of novel antibiotics and growing complexity in patient populations."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of the β-lactam antibiotics: what is the evidence and which patients should we be using it for? Harbarth, S; Hope, WW; Huttner, A; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA, 2015)	0.42
" One of the reasons (carba)penems are seldom used for treatment of TB is the high dosage levels required, often at the therapeutic limits."	( Carbapenems and Rifampin Exhibit Synergy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium abscessus. Kaushik, A; Lamichhane, G; Makkar, N; Pandey, P; Parrish, N; Singh, U, 2015)	0.42
" Other inappropriate criteria were identified: antibiotic choice for patients allergic to β-lactams (inappropriate among 45% of allergic patients), and antibiotic dosing for obese patients (96% of non-compliance)."	( Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis compliance in a university hospital. Bertrand, X; Chirouze, C; Hénon, T; Leroy, J; Muller, A; Patry, I; Samain, E, 2015)	0.42
" For select antimicrobials, high-resolution dose-response analysis was then performed to characterize and compare activity levels in both macrophage infection and axenic growth assays."	( High-Throughput Intracellular Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Legionella pneumophila. Chiaraviglio, L; Kirby, JE, 2015)	0.42
" Recent studies have shown that empiric dosing recommendations for ICU patients are inadequate to effectively treat a broad range of susceptible organisms and need to be reconsidered."	( [Therapeutic monitoring of antibiotics: New methodologies: biosensors]. Andresen V, M; Andresen, M; Silva, C; Soto, D; Soto, N; Wong, KY, 2015)	0.42
" The concentration of antibiotic was chosen equivalent to the recommended therapeutic dosage applied intravenously and was measured in plasma using ELISA test kits and high-performance liquid chromatography methods."	( Adsorption of Selected Antibiotics to Resins in Extracorporeal Blood Purification. Gabor, F; Gruber, A; Harm, S; Hartmann, J, 2016)	0.43
"This study aims to determine if continuous infusion (CI) is associated with better clinical and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) outcomes compared to intermittent bolus (IB) dosing in critically ill patients with severe sepsis."	( Beta-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis (BLISS): a prospective, two-centre, open-labelled randomised controlled trial of continuous versus intermittent beta-lactam infusion in critically ill patients with severe sepsis. Abd Rahman, AN; Abdul-Aziz, MH; Hasan, MS; Jamal, JA; Lipman, J; Mat-Nor, MB; Rai, V; Roberts, JA; Staatz, CE; Sulaiman, H; Wallis, SC; Wong, KK, 2016)	0.43
"This was a two-centre randomised controlled trial of CI versus IB dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics, which enrolled critically ill participants with severe sepsis who were not on renal replacement therapy (RRT)."	( Beta-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis (BLISS): a prospective, two-centre, open-labelled randomised controlled trial of continuous versus intermittent beta-lactam infusion in critically ill patients with severe sepsis. Abd Rahman, AN; Abdul-Aziz, MH; Hasan, MS; Jamal, JA; Lipman, J; Mat-Nor, MB; Rai, V; Roberts, JA; Staatz, CE; Sulaiman, H; Wallis, SC; Wong, KK, 2016)	0.43
"In critically ill patients with severe sepsis not receiving RRT, CI demonstrated higher clinical cure rates and had better PK/PD target attainment compared to IB dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics."	( Beta-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis (BLISS): a prospective, two-centre, open-labelled randomised controlled trial of continuous versus intermittent beta-lactam infusion in critically ill patients with severe sepsis. Abd Rahman, AN; Abdul-Aziz, MH; Hasan, MS; Jamal, JA; Lipman, J; Mat-Nor, MB; Rai, V; Roberts, JA; Staatz, CE; Sulaiman, H; Wallis, SC; Wong, KK, 2016)	0.43
" The recommendations included for vancomycin, aminoglycoside, and β-lactam dosing and monitoring are based primarily on expert opinion and do not consider available evidence for dose optimization based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles in pediatric patients."	( Optimizing Guideline-Recommended Antibiotic Doses for Pediatric Infective Endocarditis. Israel, EN; Knoderer, CA; Nichols, KR; Thomas, CA, 2016)	0.43
"Optimization of β-lactam antibiotic dosing for critically ill patients is an intervention that may improve outcomes in severe sepsis."	( Continuous versus Intermittent β-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis. A Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data from Randomized Trials. Abdul-Aziz, MH; Bellomo, R; Cotta, MO; Davis, JS; Dulhunty, JM; Lipman, J; Myburgh, J; Roberts, JA, 2016)	0.43
" Common dosage regimens were oral dose of 3 g fosfomycin every 72 h (62%), oral dose of 3 g fosfomycin every 48 h (23%) and intravenous dose of 1 g ertapenem daily (76%)."	( Comparison of fosfomycin to ertapenem for outpatient or step-down therapy of extended-spectrum β-lactamase urinary tract infections. Davis, SL; Grunwald, JL; Kenney, RM; Veve, MP; Wagner, JL, 2016)	0.43
" Its dosing convenience renders it suitable for outpatient therapy, and its pharmacokinetic characteristics favour its use against complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs)."	( Ertapenem in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy for complicated urinary tract infections. Archuleta, S; Chan, M; Fisher, DA; Llorin, RM; Lye, DC; Sulaiman, Z; Tam, VH; Tan, SY; Trad, MA; Zhong, LH, 2017)	0.46
" Intraprostatic concentrations were considered satisfactory when higher than the MIC90 value of urinary-targeted pathogens perioperatively and for 40% of the dosing interval."	( Plasma and intraprostatic concentrations of ertapenem following preoperative single dose administration: a single-centre prospective experience and clinical implications-the ERTAPRO study. Amin, A; Bourget, P; Dariane, C; De Toma, C; Lalli, A; Le Guilchet, T; Lortholary, O; Méjean, A; Michel, C; Nguyen-Khoa, T; Timsit, MO; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2016)	0.43
" coli during exposure to ertapenem and to predict bacterial killing following different dosing regimens of ertapenem."	( A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model characterizing the emergence of resistant Escherichia coli subpopulations during ertapenem exposure. Nielsen, EI; Sandegren, L; Tängdén, T; Ungphakorn, W, 2016)	0.43
" Results from predictions suggest that the conventional dosage (1 g intravenously once daily) might result in regrowth of resistant subpopulations when used to treat infection caused by ESBL-producing strains."	( A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model characterizing the emergence of resistant Escherichia coli subpopulations during ertapenem exposure. Nielsen, EI; Sandegren, L; Tängdén, T; Ungphakorn, W, 2016)	0.43
" coli when exposed to ertapenem, supporting that the time course of emergence of resistance should be taken into consideration when selecting dosing regimens."	( A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model characterizing the emergence of resistant Escherichia coli subpopulations during ertapenem exposure. Nielsen, EI; Sandegren, L; Tängdén, T; Ungphakorn, W, 2016)	0.43
" Study of actual medicine administration showed that in half of the cases dosage regimen, rout of administration, dosage and treatment session duration have not been followed."	( [OUTPATIENT ANTIMICROBIAL TREATMENT FOR ACUTE TONSILLOPHARYNGITIS]. Azizov, I; Beisenayeva, A; Ibysheva, A; Kalbekov, Z; Kim, N; Litvinova, E; Muldaeva, G, 2016)	0.43
" This review provides an overview of optimization through use of prolonged- and continuous-infusion dosing strategies compared with more traditional intermittent infusions."	( Continuous and Prolonged Intravenous β-Lactam Dosing: Implications for the Clinical Laboratory. Grupper, M; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2016)	0.43
"Cutaneous tests and specific IgE are used in the diagnosis of allergy due to beta-lactans, although drug administration at therapeutic dosage is considered gold standard in drug allergy."	( [Basopil Activation Test (BAT) as a novel method for monitoring occupational exposure to Beta-lactams and intermediates of production]. Cafforio, C; Marraccini, P; Pignatti, P; Prini, ME, )	0.35
" This situation has conditioned the reuse of "old" antibiotics (colistin, fosfomycin), the use of more recent antibiotics with new indications or dosage regimens (tigecycline, meropenem) and the introduction of "new" antibiotics (β-lactams, lipoglycopeptides, oxazolidinones) that are the subject of this review."	( [Old and new antibiotics for therapy of multidrug resistant bacteria]. Pintado, V, 2016)	0.43
" This may include therapeutic drug monitoring with real-time adaptive feedback, rapid MIC determination and the use of antibiotic dosing software tools that incorporate patient parameters, dosing history, drug concentration and site of infection."	( Prolonged administration of β-lactam antibiotics - a comprehensive review and critical appraisal. Abdul-Aziz, MH; Balestra, G; Osthoff, M; Roberts, JA; Siegemund, M, 2016)	0.43
"0 g every 24 hours, for a minimum of four 24-hour dosing cycles."	( Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Eravacycline vs Ertapenem in Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections in the Investigating Gram-Negative Infections Treated With Eravacycline (IGNITE 1) Trial: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Evans, D; Horn, P; Lee, P; Marsh, A; Slepavicius, A; Solomkin, J; Sutcliffe, JA; Tsai, L, 2017)	0.46
" Although cefazolin is considered as an alternative to the ASPs for patients with nonsevere penicillin allergies, cefazolin offers several pharmacologic advantages over ASPs, such as more convenient dosing regimens, and antimicrobial stewardship programs are increasingly using cefazolin as the preferential agent for MSSA infections as part of cost-saving initiatives."	( β-Lactam Therapy for Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Comparative Review of Cefazolin versus Antistaphylococcal Penicillins. Echevarria, KL; Li, J; Traugott, KA, 2017)	0.46
" Optimized dosing is expected to reduce the likelihood of resistance development during antimicrobial therapy, but the target for clinical dose adjustment is not well established."	( Determining β-lactam exposure threshold to suppress resistance development in Gram-negative bacteria. Cantón, R; Chang, KT; Gao, S; Ledesma, KR; Oliver, A; Phe, K; Sánchez-Díaz, AM; Tam, VH; Van Bambeke, F; Zamorano, L; Zhou, J, 2017)	0.46
" Various dosing exposures of cefepime, ceftazidime and meropenem were simulated in the hollow-fibre infection model."	( Determining β-lactam exposure threshold to suppress resistance development in Gram-negative bacteria. Cantón, R; Chang, KT; Gao, S; Ledesma, KR; Oliver, A; Phe, K; Sánchez-Díaz, AM; Tam, VH; Van Bambeke, F; Zamorano, L; Zhou, J, 2017)	0.46
"The development of β-lactam resistance during therapy could be suppressed by an optimized dosing exposure."	( Determining β-lactam exposure threshold to suppress resistance development in Gram-negative bacteria. Cantón, R; Chang, KT; Gao, S; Ledesma, KR; Oliver, A; Phe, K; Sánchez-Díaz, AM; Tam, VH; Van Bambeke, F; Zamorano, L; Zhou, J, 2017)	0.46
" In this context, and also due to variability in their plasmatic concentrations, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may be useful to optimize dosing and, therefore, be useful for the clinicians."	( Development and validation of a measurement procedure based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous measurement of β-lactam antibiotic concentration in human plasma. Alía, P; Arbiol-Roca, A; Cobo-Sacristán, S; Granada, R; Murillo, Ò; Padullés, A; Pérez-Fernández, XL; Ribera, A; Rigo-Bonnin, R; Shaw, E; Tubau, F, 2017)	0.46
" Clinical, demographic and dosing data were collected for patients administered β-lactam antibiotics while undergoing CRRT."	( Impact of β-lactam antibiotic therapeutic drug monitoring on dose adjustments in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. Economou, CJP; Lipman, J; McWhinney, B; Roberts, JA; Ungerer, JPJ; Wong, G, 2017)	0.46
"To assess the effectiveness and safety of once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing of intravenous aminoglycoside antibiotics for the management of pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis."	( Once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis. Bhatt, J; Nevitt, SJ; Smyth, AR, 2017)	0.46
"All randomised controlled trials, whether published or unpublished, in which once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides has been compared with multiple-daily dosing in terms of efficacy or toxicity or both, in people with cystic fibrosis."	( Once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis. Bhatt, J; Nevitt, SJ; Smyth, AR, 2017)	0.46
" All studies compared once-daily dosing with thrice-daily dosing."	( Once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis. Bhatt, J; Nevitt, SJ; Smyth, AR, 2017)	0.46
" The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobials in these patients differ significantly from the patient groups from whose data the conventional dosing regimens were developed."	( The role of infection models and PK/PD modelling for optimising care of critically ill patients with severe infections. Bassetti, M; Brüggemann, RJ; Bulitta, JB; De Waele, JJ; Felton, TW; Friberg, LE; Marchand, S; Nielsen, EI; Ramos Martín, V; Roberts, JA; Tam, VH; Tängdén, T; Theuretzbacher, U; Tsuji, BT; Wareham, DW, 2017)	0.46
"Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a dosage individualization strategy that helps to minimize toxicity whilst maximizing the efficacy of an agent."	( [Therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactam antibiotics]. Matušková, Z; Suchánková, H; Vanduchová, A, 2017)	0.46
"The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index determining β-lactam activity is the percentage of the dosing interval (%T) during which their free serum concentration remains above a critical threshold over the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)."	( Optimizing β-lactams treatment in critically-ill patients using pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics targets: are first conventional doses effective? Delattre, IK; Dugernier, T; Hites, M; Jacobs, F; Laterre, PF; Spapen, H; Taccone, FS; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F; Wallemacq, PE, 2017)	0.46
" An inadequate dosing not only reduces the efficacy of the antibiotic, but also promotes the emergence of antimicrobial resistances."	( Clinical on-site monitoring of ß-lactam antibiotics for a personalized antibiotherapy. Bruch, R; Chatelle, C; Dincer, C; Kling, A; Rebmann, B; Schumann, S; Urban, G; Weber, W; Wirth, S, 2017)	0.46
"Contemporary β-lactam antibiotic dosing is debatable in severely ill patients, since the occurrence of pathophysiological changes in critical illness can result in great inter-individual variability."	( Simultaneous determination of nine β-lactam antibiotics in human plasma by an ultrafast hydrophilic-interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Abdulla, A; Bahmany, S; Koch, BCP; van der Nagel, BCH; Wijma, RA, 2017)	0.46
" Several studies have compared traditional dosing to EI/CI of beta-lactams with regard to clinical efficacy."	( Extended infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics: optimizing therapy in critically-ill patients in the era of antimicrobial resistance. Kanafani, ZA; Kanj, SS; Rizk, NA; Tabaja, HZ, 2017)	0.7
" Studies investigating the PK and pharmacodynamics of β-lactam antibiotics in severely ill, adult SSA patient populations are needed to improve local antibiotic dosing strategies."	( Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics in Sub-Saharan African Patient Populations: A Systematic Review. Bos, JC; Prins, JM; van Hest, RM, 2017)	0.46
"Antibiotics are often used in neonates despite the absence of relevant dosing information in drug labels."	( Dosing antibiotics in neonates: review of the pharmacokinetic data. Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Greenberg, RG; Rivera-Chaparro, ND, 2017)	0.46
" Appropriate dosing regimens for neonates remain unclear."	( Optimising β -lactam Dosing in Neonates: A Review of Pharmacokinetics, Drug Exposure and Pathogens. Bielicki, J; Fuchs, A; Li, G; van den Anker, JN, 2017)	0.46
" Modelling and simulation techniques have aided dosing optimisation."	( Optimising β -lactam Dosing in Neonates: A Review of Pharmacokinetics, Drug Exposure and Pathogens. Bielicki, J; Fuchs, A; Li, G; van den Anker, JN, 2017)	0.46
" Current antimicrobial stewardship efforts should integrate PK/PD principles and dosing optimization, taking into account susceptibility of isolated microorganisms."	( Optimising β -lactam Dosing in Neonates: A Review of Pharmacokinetics, Drug Exposure and Pathogens. Bielicki, J; Fuchs, A; Li, G; van den Anker, JN, 2017)	0.46
"To determine whether contemporary β-lactam anti-infective dosing recommendations in critically ill children achieve concentrations associated with maximal anti-infective activity."	( β-lactam Therapeutic Drug Management in the PICU. Chopra, A; Cies, JJ; Enache, A; Moore, WS, 2018)	0.48
"Overall, 95% of patients had subtherapeutic anti-infective concentrations and did not achieve the requisite pharmacodynamic exposure with current pediatric dosing recommendations."	( β-lactam Therapeutic Drug Management in the PICU. Chopra, A; Cies, JJ; Enache, A; Moore, WS, 2018)	0.48
"In older adults, few studies confirm that adequate concentrations of antibiotics are achieved using current dosage regimens of intravenous β-lactam antibiotics."	( Considerable variation of trough β-lactam concentrations in older adults hospitalized with infection-a prospective observational study. Hatti, M; Odenholt, I; Resman, F; Solomonidi, N; Tham, J, 2018)	0.48
" The principle of standard dosing should be abandoned and replaced by an individual treatment approach with stronger weighting of the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) index of the substance groups."	( Bacterial sepsis : Diagnostics and calculated antibiotic therapy. Bernhard, M; Brenner, T; Briegel, J; Brinkmann, A; Dubler, S; Grabein, B; Hecker, A; Heininger, A; Hochreiter, M; Hoppe-Tichy, T; Kruger, WA; Lichtenstern, C; Mayer, K; Pinder, N; Pletz, MW; Richter, DC; Storzinger, D; Weigand, MA; Weiterer, S; Zimmermann, S, 2019)	0.51
" Generally, these are mild under proper dosing and judicious selection."	( An update on adverse drug reactions related to β-lactam antibiotics. Falagas, ME; Kalimeris, GD; Triarides, NA; Vardakas, KZ, 2018)	0.48
" For critically ill patients receiving prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy (PIRRT), limited pharmacokinetic data are available to inform clinicians on the dosing of these agents."	( A Monte Carlo Simulation Approach for Beta-Lactam Dosing in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Prolonged Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapy. Fissell, WH; Gharibian, KN; Jang, SM; Lewis, SJ; Mueller, BA; Tolwani, AJ, 2018)	0.48
" Ertapenem, which is popular among clinicians due to its convenient once-daily dosing schedule and favorable safety and tolerability profile, remains highly active against Enterobacteriaceae from IAI and UTI, even as ESBLs and other resistance mechanisms limit therapeutic options, but continued susceptibility testing for surveillance and individual patients is important."	( Activity of Ertapenem against Enterobacteriaceae in seven global regions-SMART 2012-2016. Hackel, MA; Hoban, DJ; Lob, SH; Motyl, MR; Sahm, DF; Young, K, 2018)	0.48
" Identifying and understanding these changes may assist in optimizing antibiotic dosing during APE treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of Continuous Infusion Beta-lactams in the Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Exacerbations in Adult Patients With Cystic Fibrosis. Deka, R; Hong, LT; King, JB; Liou, TG; Stevens, V; Young, DC, 2018)	0.75
" Continuous infusion BL and tobramycin clearance can change dramatically during the treatment of an APE, which may necessitate significant changes in dosing to achieve optimal antibiotic levels."	( Pharmacokinetics of Continuous Infusion Beta-lactams in the Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Exacerbations in Adult Patients With Cystic Fibrosis. Deka, R; Hong, LT; King, JB; Liou, TG; Stevens, V; Young, DC, 2018)	0.75
" Dosing CF patients according to LBM seems suitable to achieve antibiotic target exposures."	( Four Decades of β-Lactam Antibiotic Pharmacokinetics in Cystic Fibrosis. Bulitta, JB; Drescher, SK; Drusano, GL; Jiao, Y; Landersdorfer, CB; Louie, A; Moya, B; Oliver, A; Shin, BS; Sörgel, F; Tao, X; Tsuji, BT; Wittau, M; Zavascki, AP, 2019)	0.51
" Conclusions Certain dosing regimens may warrant adjustment for improved prevention efficiency and enhanced empirical antibiotic regimens for surgical prophylaxis."	( Pharmacodynamic model for β-lactam regimens used in surgical prophylaxis: model-based evaluation of standard dosing regimens. Long, M; Song, X, 2018)	0.48
" β-lactams exhibit time-dependent pharmacodynamics and achieve maximal bacterial killing when serum drug and tissue concentrations exceed a multiple of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) during the dosing interval (%fT>MIC)."	( The role of extended infusion β-lactams in the treatment of bloodstream infections in patients with liver cirrhosis. Bartoletti, M; Giannella, M; Lewis, RE; Tedeschi, S; Viale, P, 2018)	0.48
"The use of extracorporeal support techniques in the critically ill may further contribute to this problem and we recommend not reducing standard antibiotic dosage since no drug accumulation was found in the available literature and to maintain continuous or prolonged infusion, especially for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria."	( Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics issues relevant for the clinical use of beta-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients. Paiva, JA; Veiga, RP, 2018)	0.48
" Since the achievement and maintenance of optimum therapeutic levels of β-lactam antibiotics is critical for the resolution of many infectious clinical situations, and to avoid antibiotic resistance generation, the design of new non-aqueous dosage forms is urgent."	( A Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Formulated to Stabilize β-Lactam Antibiotics. Calderón, C; M Munita, J; Martínez, F; Olivares, B; R Campodonico, P; Rivas, L, 2018)	0.48
" These results could help to determine if there is a need for altered dosing regimens in the future."	( Modeling Ertapenem: the impact of body mass index on distribution of the antibiotic in the body. Bobola, V; Forbes, W; Frazier, W; Joyner, ML; Manning, CC, 2019)	0.51
" Of these patients, 20 (5%) patients were excluded from the study (16 [4%] patients did not meet inclusion criteria; four [1%] patients because of dosing restrictions)."	( Use of ribaxamase (SYN-004), a β-lactamase, to prevent Clostridium difficile infection in β-lactam-treated patients: a double-blind, phase 2b, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Coughlin, O; Kokai-Kun, JF; Le, C; Roberts, T; Sliman, J; Stevenson, R; Wacher, VJ; Whalen, H, 2019)	0.51
" The intensity of effluent flow rates (less intensive vs intensive) did not substantially influence the probability of target attainment of antibiotic dosing regimens regardless of pharmacodynamic target."	( Antibiotic Exposure Profiles in Trials Comparing Intensity of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. Jang, SM; Mueller, BA; Pai, MP; Shaw, AR, 2019)	0.51
"Monte Carlo simulations (MCSs) are used in antibiotic development to predict the probability of pharmacodynamic target attainment (PTA) for a dosing regimen."	( Monte Carlo Simulation Methodologies for β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations: Effect on Probability of Target Attainment Assessments. Kidd, JM; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Stein, GE, 2020)	0.56
"Understanding the pharmacokinetics of intra-mammary antibiotics is important for the prediction of drug residues in milk and for the design of optimal dosage regimens."	( Physiologically based modelling of the pharmacokinetics of three beta-lactam antibiotics after intra-mammary administration in dairy cows. Whittem, T; Woodward, AP, 2019)	0.51
" Fluctuations in physiological parameters are often observed in critically ill patients, leading to altered pharmacokinetics and increased risk of suboptimal exposures, especially if standard dosing according to the product information is prescribed."	( Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of β-Lactams and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: From Theory to Practical Issues in the Intensive Care Unit. Cotta, MO; Roberts, JA; Williams, P, 2019)	0.51
" Experts reviewed the latest literature relating to requirements for an optimal antibiotic stewardship program, risks of sub-therapeutic dosing of antibiotics in critically ill patients, persisting issues about efficiency of combination therapy and the value of de-escalation, new perspectives of pharmacokinetics, drug toxicities including collateral damages-associated with antibiotics, the place of nebulisation of antibiotics, management of patients receiving extracorporeal therapies and the place of new antibiotics."	( Update in antibiotic therapy in intensive care unit: report from the 2019 Nîmes International Symposium. Bassetti, M; Bouglé, A; Jung, B; Lavigne, JP; Legrand, M; Leone, M; Neely, M; Paiva, JA; Payen, D; Rello, J; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Sjövall, F, 2019)	0.51
" Its antibacterial activity is superior to that of vancomycin in MRSA mouse and human ex vivo skin infection models, with no acute in vivo toxicity in repeated dosing in mice at above therapeutic levels."	( Enantiomeric glycosylated cationic block co-beta-peptides eradicate Staphylococcus aureus biofilms and antibiotic-tolerant persisters. Bazan, GC; Chan-Park, MB; Chi, YR; De, PP; Du, Y; Duan, H; Hammond, PT; Jothy, SL; Keogh, D; Kreiswirth, BN; Liu, XW; Liu, Y; Marimuthu, K; Mediavilla, JR; Mu, Y; Ng, OT; Pethe, K; Raju, C; Reghu, S; Ren, J; Ruan, L; Si, Z; Tam, KC; Turvey, ME; Zhang, K; Zhu, Y, 2019)	0.51
"3 was a significant predictor of a positive clinical outcome in critically ill patients with Gram-negative BSI and could be considered an antibiotic dosing target."	( β-Lactam pharmacodynamics in Gram-negative bloodstream infections in the critically ill. Briscoe, S; Lipman, J; McWhinney, B; Nunez-Nunez, M; Rhodes, NJ; Roberts, JA; Scheetz, MH; Taccone, F; Ungerer, J; Villois, P; Wong, G, 2020)	0.56
" Prolonged infusion of β-lactams (eg, 3- to 4-hour infusion) can enhance the pharmacodynamic target attainment via increasing the amount of time throughout the dosing interval to which the free drug concentration remains above the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the organism (fT > MIC)."	( The Pharmacodynamics of Prolonged Infusion β-Lactams for the Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections: A Systematic Review. Guzman, OE; Hobbs, ALV; Shea, KM; Thabit, AK, 2019)	0.51
" However, the multiple daily aminoglycoside dosing regimen principally used in most of the included studies is inconsistent with current practice."	( β-lactam antibiotic versus combined β-lactam antibiotics and single daily dosing regimens of aminoglycosides for treating serious infections: A meta-analysis. Andrews, K; Ellwood, D; Grimwood, K; Heffernan, AJ; Kumar, A; Lipman, J; Roberts, J; Sime, FB; Sun, J, 2020)	0.56
" Studies investigating multiple daily dosing aminoglycoside regimens, infective endocarditis and febrile neutropaenia were excluded."	( β-lactam antibiotic versus combined β-lactam antibiotics and single daily dosing regimens of aminoglycosides for treating serious infections: A meta-analysis. Andrews, K; Ellwood, D; Grimwood, K; Heffernan, AJ; Kumar, A; Lipman, J; Roberts, J; Sime, FB; Sun, J, 2020)	0.56
"The existing evidence suggests no added survival benefit from a single daily dosing regimen of an aminoglycoside when combined with β-lactam antibiotics."	( β-lactam antibiotic versus combined β-lactam antibiotics and single daily dosing regimens of aminoglycosides for treating serious infections: A meta-analysis. Andrews, K; Ellwood, D; Grimwood, K; Heffernan, AJ; Kumar, A; Lipman, J; Roberts, J; Sime, FB; Sun, J, 2020)	0.56
"Standard dosing of antimicrobials derived from product information is considered to have limited application in critically ill patients given the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes often seen in these patients relative to other groups in the hospital."	( Antimicrobial dosing in critical care: A pragmatic adult dosing nomogram. Beall, G; Cotta, MO; Roberts, JA; Williams, P, 2020)	0.56
"Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is recognized as a leading cause of β-lactam subexposure when conventional dosing regimens are used."	( Increased β-Lactams dosing regimens improve clinical outcome in critically ill patients with augmented renal clearance treated for a first episode of hospital or ventilator-acquired pneumonia: a before and after study. Biais, M; Carrié, C; Chadefaux, G; de Courson, H; Nouette-Gaulain, K; Pereira, B; Petit, L; Sauvage, N, 2019)	0.51
"Higher than licensed dosing regimens of β-lactams may be safe and effective in reducing the rate of therapeutic failure and HAP-VAP recurrence in critically ill augmented renal clearance (ARC) patients."	( Increased β-Lactams dosing regimens improve clinical outcome in critically ill patients with augmented renal clearance treated for a first episode of hospital or ventilator-acquired pneumonia: a before and after study. Biais, M; Carrié, C; Chadefaux, G; de Courson, H; Nouette-Gaulain, K; Pereira, B; Petit, L; Sauvage, N, 2019)	0.51
" The objective of this analysis was to determine the optimal dosage regimens of β-lactams for treatment of BSIs based on analysis of 19,334 Enterobacteriaceae collected from blood specimens."	( Use of Monte Carlo simulation to optimize antibiotic selection for bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae in Shandong Province, China. Bai, Y; Li, R; Shen, C; Wang, C; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
"TDM-guided dosing has been shown to be clinically beneficial for aminoglycosides, voriconazole and ribavirin."	( Antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill adult patients: a Position Paper Abdul-Aziz, MH; Alffenaar, JC; Bassetti, M; Bracht, H; De Waele, JJ; Dimopoulos, G; Marriott, D; Neely, MN; Paiva, JA; Pea, F; Roberts, JA; Sjovall, F; Timsit, JF; Udy, AA; Wicha, SG; Zeitlinger, M, 2020)	0.56
" Patients with haematological malignancies undergoing chemotherapy or haematopoietic stem-cell transplant and who have FN and receive empirical antibiotic therapy with cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam or meropenem will be randomised (1:1) to receive the antibiotic by EI (during half the time of the dosing interval) in the study group, or by II (30 min) in the control group."	( Efficacy of extended infusion of β-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of febrile neutropenia in haematologic patients: protocol for a randomised, multicentre, open-label, superiority clinical trial (BEATLE). Albasanz-Puig, A; Arnan, M; Batlle, M; Carmona-Torre, F; Carratalà, J; Del Pozo, JL; Garcia-Vidal, C; Gudiol, C; Huguet, M; Laporte-Amargos, J; Muñoz, C; Padullés, A; Parody, R; Puerta-Alcalde, P; Rigo-Bonnin, R; Sureda, A; Tebé, C; Tubau, F; Videla, S, 2020)	0.56
" Optimization of the antimicrobial dosing regimens to achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations and concentrations at the site of infection is crucial for maximizing the therapeutic response and minimizing the risk of organ toxicity and is also an important tool to avoid the resistance emergence."	( Pharmacokinetic aspects of beta-lactam antibiotic therapy in intensive care unit patients: A one-center experience with TDM. Černý, D; Halačová, M; Sadilová, K, 2020)	0.56
"Alternative dosing strategies for β-lactams - the most common antibiotics used to treat critically ill patients with respiratory tract infections - have been recommended to maximize the duration of exposure and reduce drug resistance."	( Comparison of extended versus intermittent infusion of antipseudomonal beta-lactams for the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aboulatta, L; Noma, H; Sasaki, T; Sugita, H; Wakabayashi, H, 2020)	0.79
" The aim of TDM is to individualize antimicrobial dosing to achieve antibiotic exposures associated with improved patient outcomes."	( Towards precision medicine: Therapeutic drug monitoring-guided dosing of vancomycin and β-lactam antibiotics to maximize effectiveness and minimize toxicity. Cusumano, JA; Huttner, A; Klinker, KP; LaPlante, KL; Luther, MK; Roberts, JA, 2020)	0.56
"Precision dosing through TDM is expanding and is especially important in populations with altered PK/PD, including critically ill, obese, and older adults."	( Towards precision medicine: Therapeutic drug monitoring-guided dosing of vancomycin and β-lactam antibiotics to maximize effectiveness and minimize toxicity. Cusumano, JA; Huttner, A; Klinker, KP; LaPlante, KL; Luther, MK; Roberts, JA, 2020)	0.56
"β-lactams current dosing in critically ill septic children could be suboptimal."	( Are β-lactam concentrations adequate in severe sepsis and septic shock in children? Benaboud, S; Beranger, A; Chosidow, A; Dupic, L; Moulin, F; Oualha, M; Renolleau, S; Treluyer, JM; Zheng, Y, )	0.13
" The pharmacokinetics of β-lactam antibiotics are profoundly altered in critically ill patients, leading to the failure of standard drug dosing regimens to result in adequate drug concentrations."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of β-lactam antibiotics in the ICU. Boelens, J; De Waele, J; Dhaese, S; Van Vooren, S, 2020)	0.56
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."	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Tseng, CH; Tu, H; Tu, YJ; Tung, SY; Turpault, S; Tuynman, JB; Uemoto, AT; Ugurlu, M; Ullah, S; Underwood, RS; Ungell, AL; Usandizaga-Elio, I; Vakonakis, I; van Boxel, GI; van den Beucken, JJJP; van der Boom, T; van Slegtenhorst, MA; Vanni, JR; Vaquera, A; Vasconcellos, RS; Velayos, M; Vena, R; Ventura, G; Verso, MG; Vincent, RP; Vitale, F; Vitali, S; Vlek, SL; Vleugels, MPH; Volkmann, N; Vukelic, M; Wagner Mackenzie, B; Wairagala, P; Waller, SB; Wan, J; Wan, MT; Wan, Y; Wang, CC; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JF; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, S; Wang, WM; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, Z; Wang, ZG; Warriner, K; Weberpals, JI; Weerachayaphorn, J; Wehrli, FW; Wei, J; Wei, KL; Weinheimer, CJ; Weisbord, SD; Wen, S; Wendel Garcia, PD; Williams, JW; Williams, R; Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Traditional β-lactam antibiotic dosing does not consider physiological changes in medical conditions such as sepsis."	( [Therapeutic drug monitoring of β-lactam antibiotics]. Andersen, CØ; Bathum, L; Benfield, T; Frimodt-Møller, N; Munk, JK; Tanha, N, 2020)	0.56
"There has been increasing interest in incorporating β-lactam precision dosing into routine clinical care, but robust population pharmacokinetic models in critically ill children are needed for these purposes."	( Demonstrating Feasibility of an Opportunistic Sampling Approach for Pharmacokinetic Studies of β-Lactam Antibiotics in Critically Ill Children. Benken, LA; Chamberlain, AR; Jones, RL; Kaplan, JM; Murphy, ME; Stoneman, EM; Tang Girdwood, SC; Tang, PH; Vinks, AA, 2021)	0.62
" We compared the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) targets and the drug dosing recommendations."	( Population pharmacokinetic models of first choice beta-lactam antibiotics for severe infections treatment: What antibiotic regimen to prescribe in children? Marsot, A, 2020)	0.56
" Different PK/PD targets were observed (between 40% to 100% of the dosing regimen interval of time over which the unbound (or free) drug concentration remains above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (fT>MIC) or four times the MIC (fT>4xMIC))."	( Population pharmacokinetic models of first choice beta-lactam antibiotics for severe infections treatment: What antibiotic regimen to prescribe in children? Marsot, A, 2020)	0.56
"Consensus is lacking on the optimal dosing regimens for these eight first choice antibiotics."	( Population pharmacokinetic models of first choice beta-lactam antibiotics for severe infections treatment: What antibiotic regimen to prescribe in children? Marsot, A, 2020)	0.56
" Experts agree to target a free plasma betalactam concentration above four times the MIC of the causative bacteria for 100 % of the dosing interval."	( [Pharmacokinetic modifications and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic optimization of beta-lactams in ICU]. Lambiotte, F; Lemtir, J; Matusik, E; Tone, A, 2021)	0.85
" Preclinical data show a correlation between the probability of therapeutic success and concentrations of the unbound fraction of an antibiotic exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 40-50 % of the dosing interval."	( [Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic monitoring of piperacillin/tazobactam]. Kubíčková, V; Urbánek, K, 2020)	0.56
" Various dosing regimen violations constituted 29."	( Detecting medication errors associated with the use of beta-lactams in the Russian Pharmacovigilance database. Asetskaya, IL; Kuzmina, AV; Polivanov, VA; Zyryanov, SK, 2021)	0.87
" The high intra- and inter-patient PK variability makes it challenging to accurately predict the appropriate dosage required for a given patient."	( A narrative review of predictors for β-lactam antibiotic exposure during empirical treatment in critically ill patients. Abdulla, A; Endeman, H; Ewoldt, TMJ; Gommers, D; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE; Purmer, IM, 2021)	0.62
" Male gender, younger age, and augmented renal clearance were the most significant predictors for target non-attainment and should be considered in further investigations to develop dosing algorithms for optimal β-lactam therapy."	( A narrative review of predictors for β-lactam antibiotic exposure during empirical treatment in critically ill patients. Abdulla, A; Endeman, H; Ewoldt, TMJ; Gommers, D; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE; Purmer, IM, 2021)	0.62
" For β-lactams, the time that free concentrations remain above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as a function of the dosing interval (%fT>MIC) has been shown to best predict antibacterial effect."	( A guide to therapeutic drug monitoring of β-lactam antibiotics. Fratoni, AJ; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2021)	0.62
"As antimicrobial susceptibility of common bacterial pathogens decreases, ensuring optimal dosing may preserve the use of older antibiotics in order to limit the spread of resistance to newer agents."	( Variation in Target Attainment of Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Dosing Between International Pediatric Formularies. Barker, CIS; Bielicki, J; Clements, M; Gastine, S; Hartmann, C; Hsia, Y; Sharland, M; Standing, JF, 2021)	0.62
"Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) have evolved as important tools to inform rational dosing of antibiotics in individual patients with infections."	( From Therapeutic Drug Monitoring to Model-Informed Precision Dosing for Antibiotics. Alffenaar, JW; Friberg, LE; Koch, BCP; Märtson, AG; Minichmayr, IK; Nielsen, EI; Wicha, SG, 2021)	0.62
" This translational approach holds promise to identify antibiotic combination dosing strategies for patients with serious infections."	( Combating Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria by Integrating a Novel Target Site Penetration and Receptor Binding Assay Platform Into Translational Modeling. Balasubramanian, V; Basso, KB; Bharatham, N; Bonomo, RA; Boyce, JD; Bulitta, JB; Cadet, KC; Copik, AJ; Deveson Lucas, D; Dharuman, S; Drusano, GL; Fleischer, BA; Jiao, Y; Jimenez-Nieves, RH; Kim, TH; Landersdorfer, CB; Lang, Y; Lee, RE; Loudon-Hossler, V; Louie, A; LoVullo, ED; Mégroz, M; Moya, B; Norris, MH; Oyer, JL; Reeve, SM; Sayed, ARM; Schweizer, HP; Shah, NR; Shin, E; Soo Shin, B; Sutaria, DS; Tao, X; Tsuji, BT; Wallace, MJ; Werkman, C; Wright, A; Zhou, J, 2021)	0.62
" Implementation of altered dosing strategies (prolonged infusion and/or higher dosage) coupled with adaptive real-time therapeutic drug monitoring could represent the most effective approach in warranting optimal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets with novel BLs and/or BL/BLIs in challenging scenarios, thus minimizing the risk of clinical failure and/or of resistance selection."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment in critically ill renal patients on antimicrobial usage: focus on novel beta-lactams and beta lactams/beta-lactamase inhibitors. Gatti, M; Pea, F, 2021)	0.83
" The effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on antibiotic dosing requirements is uncertain."	( Personalized ß-lactam dosing in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pneumonia: A retrospective analysis on pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic target attainment. Brinkmann, A; Chiriac, U; Frey, OR; Fuchs, T; Gronau, P; Koeberer, A; Roberts, JA; Roehr, AC, 2021)	0.62
"The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate dosing regimens of combination salvage regimens used as part of infectious disease pharmacotherapy."	( Dosing Considerations for Combination Antistaphylococcal β-Lactam and Glyco/lipopeptide Salvage Therapy for Resistant Gram-Positive Infections: A Systematic Review. Brown, M; Ofori, R; Reinert, JP, 2022)	0.72
" This work describes the heterogeneity of dosing regimens and seeks to define an optimal dose, duration, and combination of antibiotics."	( Dosing Considerations for Combination Antistaphylococcal β-Lactam and Glyco/lipopeptide Salvage Therapy for Resistant Gram-Positive Infections: A Systematic Review. Brown, M; Ofori, R; Reinert, JP, 2022)	0.72
" Antibiotic choice, dosage and duration were reviewed."	( Penicillin versus anti-staphylococcal beta-lactams for penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus blood stream infections: a retrospective cohort study. Crawford, S; Cuenca, J; Ghosh, N; Newton, P; Reynolds, G, 2022)	0.99
" As critically ill patients often experience pharmacokinetic aberrations, and rates of antimicrobial resistance vary between hospital settings, reliance on tertiary sources or package labeling to guide empiric dosing often results in suboptimal β-lactam exposure."	( Time Above All Else: Pharmacodynamic Analysis of β-Lactams in Critically Ill Patients. Burgess, DS; Clark, JA; Landmesser, KB, 2022)	0.72
" In septic patients with vasopressors, piperacillin dosing higher than 16 g may be needed to achieve the recommended target concentration."	( β-lactam dosing at the early phase of sepsis: Performance of a pragmatic protocol for target concentration achievement in a prospective cohort study. Besch, G; Capellier, G; Chaignat, C; Clairet, AL; Despres, C; Floury, SP; Labro, G; Lagoutte-Renosi, J; Montange, D; Piton, G; Puyraveau, M; Vettoretti, L; Vivet, B; Winiszewski, H, 2022)	0.72
" Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) could help evaluate drug exposure and guide antibiotic dosage adjustment."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antibiotic Drugs in Patients Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy or Intermittent Hemodialysis: A Critical Review. Bitker, L; Boidin, C; Friggeri, A; Goutelle, S; Matusik, E; Richard, JC; Roberts, JA, 2022)	0.72
" The correct dosage of antibiotics is imperative to ensure their adequate exposure."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antibiotics in Critically Ill Patients: Current Practice and Future Perspectives With a Focus on Clinical Outcome. Abdulla, A; de Winter, BCM; Endeman, H; Ewoldt, TMJ; Hunfeld, NGM; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE, 2022)	0.72
" When focusing on future possibilities to improve TDM of antibiotics in critically ill patients, implementation of model-informed precision dosing should be investigated because it can potentially streamline the TDM process."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antibiotics in Critically Ill Patients: Current Practice and Future Perspectives With a Focus on Clinical Outcome. Abdulla, A; de Winter, BCM; Endeman, H; Ewoldt, TMJ; Hunfeld, NGM; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE, 2022)	0.72
"TDM-guided, individualized dosing strategies facilitated PK target attainment and improved patient outcomes."	( Antibiotic Stewardship and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of β-Lactam Antibiotics: Is There a Link? An Opinion Paper. Brinkmann, A; Chiriac, U; Frey, OR; Fuchs, T; Heininger, A; Rau, H; Richter, DC; Röhr, AC; Weigand, MA, 2022)	0.72
"Individualized dosing and TDM facilitate the rational use of β-lactams and are integral for antibiotic stewardship interventions in critical care, affording the optimal exposure of both pathogen and drugs, along with enhanced treatment efficacy and reduced emergence of antimicrobial resistance."	( Antibiotic Stewardship and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of β-Lactam Antibiotics: Is There a Link? An Opinion Paper. Brinkmann, A; Chiriac, U; Frey, OR; Fuchs, T; Heininger, A; Rau, H; Richter, DC; Röhr, AC; Weigand, MA, 2022)	0.72
" Four blood samples were obtained during a dosing interval to measure and determine attainment of therapeutic targets: unbound beta-lactam concentration above (i) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 40% (meropenem) or 50% (piperacillin) of dosing interval (40-50%fT > MIC) and (ii) 5 × MIC at 100% of dosing interval (100%fT > 5 × MIC)."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam in the Singapore critically ill population - A prospective, multi-center, observational study (BLAST 1). Chua, NG; Cove, M; Hee, DKH; Hoo, GSR; Kwa, AL; Lee, LS; Lee, W; Lim, TP; Ling, LM; Loo, L; Ng, TM; Ong, JCL; Soong, JL; Tang, SSL; Zhou, YP, 2022)	0.72
" Among 85 sets of blood samples, current dosing practices were able to achieve 94% success for 40-50%fT > MIC and 44% for 100%fT > 5 × MIC."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam in the Singapore critically ill population - A prospective, multi-center, observational study (BLAST 1). Chua, NG; Cove, M; Hee, DKH; Hoo, GSR; Kwa, AL; Lee, LS; Lee, W; Lim, TP; Ling, LM; Loo, L; Ng, TM; Ong, JCL; Soong, JL; Tang, SSL; Zhou, YP, 2022)	0.72
"Current dosing practices may be suboptimal for ICU patients."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam in the Singapore critically ill population - A prospective, multi-center, observational study (BLAST 1). Chua, NG; Cove, M; Hee, DKH; Hoo, GSR; Kwa, AL; Lee, LS; Lee, W; Lim, TP; Ling, LM; Loo, L; Ng, TM; Ong, JCL; Soong, JL; Tang, SSL; Zhou, YP, 2022)	0.72
"Little information is available on current practice in beta-lactam dosing during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)."	( Beta-lactam dosing during continuous renal replacement therapy: a survey of practices in french intensive care units. Lambiotte, F; Lemtiri, J; Matusik, E; Wabont, G, 2022)	0.72
" The questionnaire included three sections: demographic characteristics, CRRT practices, and beta-lactam dosing regimens during CRRT."	( Beta-lactam dosing during continuous renal replacement therapy: a survey of practices in french intensive care units. Lambiotte, F; Lemtiri, J; Matusik, E; Wabont, G, 2022)	0.72
" The majority of prescribers (57%) did not reduce beta-lactam dosing during CRRT."	( Beta-lactam dosing during continuous renal replacement therapy: a survey of practices in french intensive care units. Lambiotte, F; Lemtiri, J; Matusik, E; Wabont, G, 2022)	0.72
"Our present results highlight the wide range of beta-lactam dosing practices adopted during CRRT."	( Beta-lactam dosing during continuous renal replacement therapy: a survey of practices in french intensive care units. Lambiotte, F; Lemtiri, J; Matusik, E; Wabont, G, 2022)	0.72
" Clinicians should be aware of these challenges and should refine their dosing strategies based on individualized patient factors to reduce treatment failure."	( Antibiotic Optimization in the Intensive Care Unit. Lizza, BD; Micek, ST; Raush, N, 2022)	0.72
" The best conditions for AMX treatment using CFNS were selected as pH 10, contact time 60 min and CFNS dosage 10 mg/mL."	( Removal of beta-lactam antibiotic in water environment by adsorption technique using cationic surfactant functionalized nanosilica rice husk. Dinh, TD; Le, TMD; Nadda, AK; Nguyen, DT; Pham, TD; Pham, TNM; Phan, MN; Srivastav, AL, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, adequate antibiotic dosing in critically ill patients is very important."	( Ensuring target concentrations of antibiotics in critically ill patients through dose adjustment. Gorham, J; Hites, M; Taccone, FS, 2022)	0.72
"This review provides an overview of the basic principles of PK and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics and the main patient and pathogen characteristics that may affect the dosage of antibiotics and different approaches to adjust doses."	( Ensuring target concentrations of antibiotics in critically ill patients through dose adjustment. Gorham, J; Hites, M; Taccone, FS, 2022)	0.72
" For beta-lactam antibiotics, a loading dose should be administered, followed by three different possible approaches, as TDM is rarely available in most centers: 1) antibiotic regimens should be adapted according to renal function and other risk factors; 2) nomograms or software can be used to calculate daily dosing; 3) TDM should be performed 24-48 h after the initiation of treatment; however, the results are required within 24 hours to appropriately adjust dosage regimens."	( Ensuring target concentrations of antibiotics in critically ill patients through dose adjustment. Gorham, J; Hites, M; Taccone, FS, 2022)	0.72
"In critically ill children, severely altered pharmacokinetics may result in subtherapeutic β-lactam antibiotic concentrations when standard pediatric dosing regimens are applied."	( Suboptimal Beta-Lactam Therapy in Critically Ill Children: Risk Factors and Outcome. De Cock, PAJG; De Paepe, P; Delanghe, JR; Dhont, E; Herck, I; Stove, V; Van Der Heggen, T; Vanhaesebrouck, S; Verstraete, AG; Willems, J, 2022)	0.72
"Post hoc analysis of the "Antibiotic Dosing in Pediatric Intensive Care" study (NCT02456974, 2012-2019)."	( Suboptimal Beta-Lactam Therapy in Critically Ill Children: Risk Factors and Outcome. De Cock, PAJG; De Paepe, P; Delanghe, JR; Dhont, E; Herck, I; Stove, V; Van Der Heggen, T; Vanhaesebrouck, S; Verstraete, AG; Willems, J, 2022)	0.72
"Precision dosing programs are promising tools for optimising antimicrobial dosing."	( Precision dosing software to optimize antimicrobial dosing: a systematic search and follow-up survey of available programs. Chai, MG; Cotta, MO; Jager, NGL; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; van Hest, RM, 2022)	0.72
"The objectives of this study were to systematically identify available precision dosing software programs to optimize antimicrobial dosing and describe the characteristics of each program."	( Precision dosing software to optimize antimicrobial dosing: a systematic search and follow-up survey of available programs. Chai, MG; Cotta, MO; Jager, NGL; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; van Hest, RM, 2022)	0.72
" A detailed survey was then developed to identify characteristics of programs, including details on the underlying methodology driving dosing software recommendations, interface characteristics, costs and regulatory affairs."	( Precision dosing software to optimize antimicrobial dosing: a systematic search and follow-up survey of available programs. Chai, MG; Cotta, MO; Jager, NGL; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; van Hest, RM, 2022)	0.72
" Fifteen developers responded to the survey (83%) and 11 programs provide dosing support for at least one beta-lactam."	( Precision dosing software to optimize antimicrobial dosing: a systematic search and follow-up survey of available programs. Chai, MG; Cotta, MO; Jager, NGL; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; van Hest, RM, 2022)	0.72
"There was significant variability in the available antimicrobial profiles and characteristics among dosing software programs."	( Precision dosing software to optimize antimicrobial dosing: a systematic search and follow-up survey of available programs. Chai, MG; Cotta, MO; Jager, NGL; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; van Hest, RM, 2022)	0.72
"Following a systematic review, a novel robust error meta-regression method for dose-response meta-analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for carrying resistant bacteria during and following treatment compared to baseline."	( β-Lactam-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Dynamics Following Treatment: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis. Allel, K; Furuya-Kanamori, L; Griskaitis, M; Harris, P; Paterson, DL; Stabler, R; Yakob, L, 2022)	0.72
" Patient isolation during the peak dose-response period would be expected to reduce the risk that a transmitted pathogen is resistant equivalently to a 50% longer isolation window timed from the first day of treatment."	( β-Lactam-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Dynamics Following Treatment: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis. Allel, K; Furuya-Kanamori, L; Griskaitis, M; Harris, P; Paterson, DL; Stabler, R; Yakob, L, 2022)	0.72
" BL-TDM resulted in a dosage adjustment in 25% (n = 361) of patients."	( Implementation of a β-lactam therapeutic drug monitoring program: Experience from a large academic medical center. Alshaer, MH; Cherabuddi, K; DeSear, K; Hamza, M; Peloquin, CA; Santevecchi, B; Venugopalan, V, 2022)	0.72
" Standard antibiotic dosing failed to achieve optimal PK/PD targets in all patients; utilizing BL-TDM, dose adjustments were made in 1 of every 4 patients."	( Implementation of a β-lactam therapeutic drug monitoring program: Experience from a large academic medical center. Alshaer, MH; Cherabuddi, K; DeSear, K; Hamza, M; Peloquin, CA; Santevecchi, B; Venugopalan, V, 2022)	0.72
" However, the impact of TDM-guided dosing on clinical outcomes remains unknown."	( Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ashok, A; Lee, SJ; Pai Mangalore, R; Peel, TN; Peleg, AY; Romero, L; Udy, AA, 2022)	0.72
" Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has been proposed to prevent subtherapeutic dosing of antibiotic therapy, but remains scarcely studied in the burn patient population."	( Experience with Implementing a Beta-lactam Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Service in a Burn Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Chart Review. Alshaer, M; Burch, G; Carson, J; Drabick, Z; Mazirka, P; Peloquin, C, 2023)	0.91
"Indeed, antibiotic dosing that does not consider these unique differenceswill likely fail leading to poor clinical outcomes and the emergenceof antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of beta-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients. Abdul-Aziz, MH; Roberts, JA; Sulaiman, H, 2022)	0.72
" It also highlights that renal dosing in CKD 5D patients' needs to be clinically studied to ensure antibiotic safety."	( Ertapenem-induced neurotoxicity in an end-stage renal disease patient on intermittent haemodialysis: a case report. Arimuthu, DA; Mazlan, SA; Shahar, S, 2022)	0.72
"Individualising drug dosing using model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) of beta-lactam antibiotics and ciprofloxacin has been proposed as an alternative to standard dosing to optimise antibiotic efficacy in critically ill patients."	( Model-informed precision dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics and ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients: a multicentre randomised clinical trial. Abdulla, A; de Winter, BCM; Draisma, A; Endeman, H; Ewoldt, TMJ; Gommers, D; Haringman, J; Hunfeld, NGM; Karakus, A; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE; Purmer, IM; Rietdijk, WJR; Rijpstra, TA; van Vliet, P; Wils, EJ, 2022)	0.72
"In total, 388 (MIPD n = 189; standard dosing n = 199) patients were analysed (median age 64 [IQR 55-71])."	( Model-informed precision dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics and ciprofloxacin in critically ill patients: a multicentre randomised clinical trial. Abdulla, A; de Winter, BCM; Draisma, A; Endeman, H; Ewoldt, TMJ; Gommers, D; Haringman, J; Hunfeld, NGM; Karakus, A; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE; Purmer, IM; Rietdijk, WJR; Rijpstra, TA; van Vliet, P; Wils, EJ, 2022)	0.72
"Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of β-lactam antibiotics provides critical knowledge in hospital intensive care unit environments to support dosing within the narrow window between therapeutic failure and toxicity."	( Teaching a New Dog Old Tricks: Ultrafast Liquid Chromatography/Tandem-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Nine ß-Lactam Antibiotics for Improved Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Cordwell, SJ; Hodgkins, C; Kocic, D, 2022)	0.72
" TDM could identify patients that need individual higher dosing regimens already on the first day of treatment."	( Low attainment to PK/PD-targets for β-lactams in a multi-center study on the first 72 h of treatment in ICU patients. Eliasson, E; Furebring, M; Lipcsey, M; Smekal, AK, 2022)	0.72
"Standard once-daily dosing of ceftriaxone may not lead to adequate antibiotic exposure in all cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB)."	( Comparative effectiveness of β-lactams for empirical treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a prospective cohort study. Bonten, MJM; Buis, DTP; Herpers, BL; Jansen, RR; Prins, JM; Rozemeijer, W; Sieswerda, E; Sigaloff, KCE; Soetekouw, R; van der Meer, JTM; van der Vaart, TW; van Twillert, G; van Werkhoven, CH; Veenstra, J, 2023)	0.91
" Previous studies have examined resistance emergence for the same bacterial isolate using old dosing regimens and during a narrow follow-up window."	( Addition of aminoglycosides reduces recurrence of infections with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Atkinson, A; Damulira, C; Fraser, VJ; Guillamet, MCV; Kollef, MH; Micek, S, 2023)	0.91
"Optimal β-lactam dosing for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria bloodstream infections (GNB-BSIs) remains a debated issue."	( Loading dose plus continuous/extended infusion versus intermittent bolus of β-lactams for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria bloodstream infections: a propensity score-adjusted retrospective cohort study. Bavaro, DF; Belati, A; Brindicci, G; Dalfino, L; De Gennaro, N; Dell'Aera, M; Denicolò, S; Di Gennaro, F; Diella, L; Frallonardo, L; Grasso, S; Guido, G; Mosca, A; Papagni, R; Pellegrino, C; Pomarico, F; Ronga, L; Saracino, A; Stufano, M, 2023)	0.91
" Opportunities for improved study design are apparent, as existing studies are limited by their inclusion of heterogeneous patient populations, including patients that may not even have infection, small sample size, variability in the types of beta-lactams included, infections caused by highly susceptible bacteria, and varied sampling, analytical and dosing algorithm methods."	( The clinical application of beta-lactam antibiotic therapeutic drug monitoring in the critical care setting. Pai Mangalore, R; Peel, TN; Peleg, AY; Udy, AA, 2023)	1.09

Class	Description
beta-lactam	A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen	Any beta-lactam antibiotic which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID28468	Compound was evaluated for rate of hydrolysis expressed in hours at a pH of 12.	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22	Hydrolytic stability versus ring size in lactams: implications for the development of lactam antibiotics and other serine protease inhibitors.
AID1190196	Antimicrobial activity against Moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates incubated for 48 hrs by microdilution broth method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Non-transpeptidase binding arylthioether β-lactams active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Moraxella catarrhalis.
AID1190197	Bactericidal activity against Moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates incubated for 48 hrs by microdilution broth method and standard plating method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Non-transpeptidase binding arylthioether β-lactams active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Moraxella catarrhalis.
AID1190198	Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv incubated for 48 hrs by microdilution broth method	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Non-transpeptidase binding arylthioether β-lactams active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Moraxella catarrhalis.
AID25749	Compound was evaluated for the second order hydrolysis rate constant	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-02, Volume: 43, Issue:22	Hydrolytic stability versus ring size in lactams: implications for the development of lactam antibiotics and other serine protease inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	992 (13.75)	18.7374
1990's	701 (9.71)	18.2507
2000's	1891 (26.21)	29.6817
2010's	2703 (37.46)	24.3611
2020's	929 (12.87)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	179 (2.36%)	5.53%
Reviews	1,106 (14.59%)	6.00%
Case Studies	257 (3.39%)	4.05%
Observational	68 (0.90%)	0.25%
Other	5,969 (78.76%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Treatment of Pharyngitis Study (TOPS): A Randomized Equivalence Trial of Intramuscular Penicillin G vs. Oral Amoxicillin Antibiotics for the Treatment of Streptococcal Pharyngitis in Children in Developing Countries [NCT01156740]		558 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2001-08-31	Completed
Defining Adult Beta-lactam Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics Across the Secondary Care Setting [NCT03033394]		65 participants (Actual)	Observational	2017-07-12	Completed
Phase I, Single and Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of AAI101 Administered Intravenously Alone or in Combination With Piperacillin or Cefepime to Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT03685084]	Phase 1	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-10	Completed
Peritoneal Diffusion and Efficacy of Antibiotic Therapy in Pediatric Peritonitis [NCT05308849]		41 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-31	Not yet recruiting
Comparison of the Nephrotoxicity of Vancomycin in Combination With Piperacillin/Tazobactam or Other Beta-lactams in Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective, Multicenter Study in China [NCT03776409]		700 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-12-12	Completed
Impact of Number of Rank of B-lactam Antibiotics on Emergence on Multidrug Resistant Bacteria [NCT03752476]		1,300 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-01-01	Not yet recruiting
Is Combination Antibiotic Therapy Superior to Monotherapy in the Treatment of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [NCT04879030]	Phase 2/Phase 3	170 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-01-01	Completed
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Continuous Infusion of Beta-lactam Antibiotics in Patients With Bacteraemia [NCT03108690]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to Logistics)
Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic / Pharmacodynamic and Tolerance Assessment of Dermal Administration of Beta-lactams in the Elderly [NCT02897648]		2 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-06-26	Terminated(stopped due to PI's decision)
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Oral Clarithromycin in Community-acquired Pneumonia to Attenuate Inflammatory Responses and Improve Outcomes: the ACCESS Clinical Trial [NCT04724044]	Phase 3	278 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-25	Completed
Deescalating Carbapenems in Hospital Setting: a Multicentre Randomized Controlled Study Comparing Carbapenem Continuation and Switch to Another Beta-lactam for the Treatment of Infections Due to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae [NCT02265445]	Phase 4	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to The study was stopped for recruitment defect)
Phase 2/3 Evaluation of Three Lactobacilli Strains Isolated From Human Milk for the Treatment of Infectious Mastitis During the Lactation Period [NCT00716183]	Phase 2/Phase 3	300 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Completed
Analysis of Risk Factors of Beta-Lactam Drugs Related Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Patients and Developments of Machine Learning Model [NCT05533606]		19,000 participants (Actual)	Observational	2022-07-01	Completed
Efficacy of Teicoplanin for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infections After Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Open-Label Randomized Study [NCT00719056]	Phase 4	616 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-08-31	Completed
A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Exploring Study of RX-10100 for Eight Weeks of On-Demand Administration in Subjects With Erectile Dysfunction (ED) [NCT00693056]	Phase 2	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-06-30	Completed
Efficacy of Intravenous Fosfomycin in the Treatment of Complicated Urinary in Real-life Conditions. Impact of the CMI and Baseline Mutations. FOSFO-MIC Project [NCT04076436]		400 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-10-21	Recruiting
Negative Predictive Value of Drug Provocation Tests to Beta-lactams [NCT02844712]		750 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Terminated(stopped due to End of the period of inclusion, NSN not achieved)
Randomized, Multicenter, Phase III, Controlled Clinical Trial, to Demonstrate the no Inferiority of Reduced Antibiotic Treatment vs a Broad Spectrum Betalactam Antipseudomonal Treatment in Patients With Bacteremia by Enterobacteriaceae [NCT02795949]	Phase 3	344 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Completed
Beta-lactam Monotherapy Versus Beta-lactam - Macrolide Association as Empiric Antibiotherapy Strategies in Non-severe Hospitalized Community-acquired Pneumonia: a Randomized, Non-inferiority, Open Trial. [NCT00818610]	Phase 4	601 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Completed
A Phase II Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Faropenem in the Treatment of Adult Community-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia [NCT01886053]	Phase 2	189 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-04-30	Completed
Outcomes of Patients Not Responding to Outpatient Macrolide or b-Lactam Therapy for the Treatment of Community Acquired Pneumonia: Expansion to Include Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis and Acute Sinusitis [NCT00245427]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-12-31	Completed
A Non-Inferiority, Multicentered, Controlled, Randomized, Double Blinded Study Investigating the Antibiotic Treatment Duration (3-day Versus 8-day) for Subjects Admitted to Emergency Services With Acute Non-severe Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) [NCT01963442]	Phase 2	310 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Recruiting
Effects on the Emergence and Transmission of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci After Changes in Antibiotic Use in a Hematology Unit. [NCT00167960]		1,500 participants	Observational	2005-01-31	Completed
A Phase II Prospective, Open Label, Randomized, Active-controlled, Parallel Group, Multi-center 'Proof of Concept' Trial in Adult Patients With Complicated Skin or Skin Structure Infections Requiring Hospitalization. [NCT00303589]	Phase 2	313 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-12-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind Study of the Effect of Beta-lactam on Treatment Response in Patients Hospitalized With Bacterial Pneumonia [NCT00111644]	Phase 2	302 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
[NCT01520181]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
[NCT01600768]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Recruiting
A Prospective Cohort Study on Beta-lactam Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Singapore [NCT04450680]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-10-10	Recruiting
Prolonged Intravenous Infusion of β-lactam Antibiotics in Early Septic Patients [NCT05024565]		2,600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-09-20	Not yet recruiting
CAMERA 2 - Combination Antibiotic Therapy for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection - An Investigator-initiated, Multi-centre, Parallel Group, Open Labelled Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT02365493]	Phase 3	358 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-08-26	Terminated(stopped due to Recommendation of the Data Safety Monitoring Committee)
The Negative Predictive Value and Non-irritant Skin Testing Concentrations of Beta-Lactam Containing Antibiotics Other Than Penicillin. [NCT04126096]		747 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-09-20	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase I Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of SZEY-2108 Administreated as Single and Repeated Intravenous Doses in Chinese Healthy Subjects [NCT06055777]	Phase 1	82 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-09-07	Recruiting
BALANCE+: A Platform Trial for Gram Negative Bloodstream Infections [NCT05893147]		72 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-01	Not yet recruiting
Standardizing Treatments for Pulmonary Exacerbations: A Platform for Evaluating Treatment Decisions to Improve Outcomes (STOP360) Aminoglycoside Study (AG Study) [NCT05548283]	Phase 4	730 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-23	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT03033394 (1) [back to overview]	Fraction of the Dosing Interval Over Which the Concentration of Unbound Drug is Greater Than the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (fT>MIC)

Intervention	unitless (Median)
Amoxicillin	0.457
Co-amoxiclav	0.429
Ceftriaxone	0.747
Flucloxacillin	0.417
Meropenem	0.333
Piperacillin-tazobactam	1.63

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	3.99	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	2.01	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.47	2	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.37	2	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	1.98	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adipic acid adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.	2.01	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	food acidity regulator; human xenobiotic metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.39	2	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
beta-alanine [no description available]	3.84	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.01	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	5.14	2	1	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.01	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	1.98	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	2.98	4	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	9.07	4	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	5.17	14	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	4.9	1	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.94	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.07	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.05	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	3.61	2	0	alkane	xenobiotic
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	3.28	6	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
beta-lysine beta-lysine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.21	1	0
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.31	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	2.05	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.47	2	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	2.7	3	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	4.9	1	1	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
creatine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3	4	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.41	2	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.	2.41	1	0	carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	solvent
glycine [no description available]	3.5	8	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.35	2	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.02	1	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	7.74	3	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	3.13	1	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.83	3	0	imidazole
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	8.11	5	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	3.64	2	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	8.42	7	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.13	1	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	4.9	1	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.73	3	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.05	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.03	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.49	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	3.15	5	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.76	3	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.02	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.96	4	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
porphobilinogen [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pteridines [no description available]	2.03	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
putrescine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.76	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazinoic acid pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.	2.76	2	0	pyrazinecarboxylic acid	antitubercular agent; drug metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	1.98	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2.02	1	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
spermidine [no description available]	3.01	4	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	3.17	5	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
taurine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.07	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	3.4	7	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	2.01	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
octoclothepine octoclothepine: major tranquilizer with action similar to those of the phenothiazines; used in schizophrenic & manic psychoses; minor decriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOTHIEPINS (77-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.15	1	0	dibenzothiepine
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.15	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.75	10	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.1	1	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.02	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2	1	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	4.62	1	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	8.39	1	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	1.99	1	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.25	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	3.07	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	3.16	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
aztreonam Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.	11.31	67	5
baclofen [no description available]	2.06	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bemegride Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.	1.95	1	0	piperidones
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	4.9	1	1	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	3.63	8	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	2.17	1	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	2	1	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.25	1	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	8.12	28	3	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	5.14	10	1
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.21	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.41	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.48	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.38	2	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	13.36	104	7	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	3.61	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	2.78	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	3.13	1	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	5.03	2	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	1.97	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	3.17	5	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.	2.04	1	0	oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols	bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	4.9	1	1	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.65	3	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.39	7	0
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	2.21	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.77	3	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flumequine flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.	2.41	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.04	1	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	2.21	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	10.42	72	2
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.39	2	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.99	4	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	3.39	1	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.02	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	4.62	4	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.04	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.17	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	4.9	1	1	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
2-phenylglycine 2-phenylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. alpha-phenylglycine : An amino acid with a structure in which a phenyl ring is bonded to the alpha-carbon of glycine.	2.07	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	human metabolite
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	3.39	1	1	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
tetramisole 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole : An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.. tetramisole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levamisole and dexamisole.	2.06	1	0	imidazothiazole	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.21	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	2.06	1	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	4.9	1	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
edaravone [no description available]	4.9	1	1	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.07	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	4.9	1	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
merbromin Merbromin: A once-popular mercury containing topical antiseptic.. merbromin : An organic sodium salt that is 2,7-dibromo-4-hydroxymercurifluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	1.97	1	0
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.15	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	13.51	40	12	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.21	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.07	1	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.	2.02	1	0	acetamides; benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug
nalidixic acid [no description available]	3.6	9	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	3.86	12	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	8.29	34	3	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	5.52	2	2	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	1.97	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
perazine Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.	3.14	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	4.9	1	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
piperazine [no description available]	7.48	2	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	6.54	5	1	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	3.11	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	3.14	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.25	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	2.03	1	0	benzothiazoles
rolipram [no description available]	2.06	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.11	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.41	1	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
succinylacetone succinylacetone: inhibitor of heme biosynthesis. 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is heptanoic acid in which oxo groups replace the hydrogens at positions 4 and 6. It is an abnormal metabolite of the tyrosine metabolic pathway and a marker for type 1 tyrosinaemia.	2	1	0	beta-diketone; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.58	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	10.09	10	1	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.96	3	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.04	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	1.97	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	8.13	5	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tegafur [no description available]	2.25	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	2.01	1	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.04	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	2.21	1	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
bromoform bromoform: structure	2.01	1	0	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	5.81	21	1	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tyramine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	1.96	1	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	6.41	4	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	4.56	26	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.44	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	1.98	1	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.49	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	15.23	108	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	1.97	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	2.1	1	0	guanidines
dipropylenetriame N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	polyazaalkane	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	1.96	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	4.07	15	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	11.93	29	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	8.33	38	1	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.92	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	2.93	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	4.47	22	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.17	1	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	1.98	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	2.02	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	1.97	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	4.37	21	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
uridine [no description available]	6.96	1	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.6	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	3.61	9	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.14	5	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	10.96	123	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	4.88	11	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	10.16	46	2	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	9.14	19	3	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	5.03	2	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	4.93	2	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.83	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	5.12	2	1	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	10.46	58	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.07	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	2.74	3	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	12.77	163	5	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	3.06	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	3.06	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.44	2	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	3.25	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	3.14	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	3.23	6	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.25	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.78	3	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	5.9	7	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	3.55	2	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	8.53	2	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.77	3	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene iodide methylene iodide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	3.53	2	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	3.52	2	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
acetyl chloride [no description available]	7.04	1	0	acyl chloride
propyleneimine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aziridines
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
trimethylchlorosilane trimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. chlorotrimethylsilane : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro and three methyl groups. Chlorotrimethylsilane is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	1.99	1	0	silyl chloride	chromatographic reagent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	4.9	1	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	1.98	1	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.03	1	0
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	2.08	1	0
2-butanol 2-butanol: RN given is for parent cpd without isomeric designation. butan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	secondary alcohol
chloroacetyl chloride [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acyl halide
acrylamide [no description available]	7.48	2	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
n-methylacetamide N-methylacetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-methylacetamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the N-methyl derivative of acetamide.	2	1	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	metabolite
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	2.15	1	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	5.05	2	1	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.21	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.05	1	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.15	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	7.99	22	2	penicillin allergen; penicillin
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	16.74	143	22	penicillanic acids
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	5.92	4	1	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.08	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	2.45	2	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.25	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.1	1	0	xanthene
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2.04	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy gamma-butyric acid 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy gamma-butyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxybutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid substituted by a 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy group at position 4.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; xenobiotic
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	2.17	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
2-methyl-1,4-hydroquinone 2-methyl-1,4-hydroquinone: structure given in first source. toluquinol : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is hydroquinone in which one of the benzene hydrogens has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.13	1	0	hydroquinones	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; Penicillium metabolite
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.54	2	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.11	1	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
acetoacetanilide N-phenylacetoacetamide: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
ethyl bromoacetate [no description available]	4.9	1	1
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.46	2	0	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	3.19	1	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.1	1	0	alkylamine
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.13	1	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.45	2	0
propylene glycol methyl ether propylene glycol methyl ether: RN given refers to unspecified methoxypropanol; structure	2.41	1	0
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.21	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.	1.98	1	0	short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
vinyl ether vinyl ether: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search VINYL COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search VINYL ETHER (65-85)	2	1	0	ether
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	3.86	11	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	3.04	1	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.11	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	7.8	3	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
hexahydroazepine hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.08	1	0	azacycloalkane; azepanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	1.97	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
1,4-naphthoquinone naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.	2.31	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
pamoic acid pamoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	5.96	4	1	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	2.1	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	2.08	1	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
benzathine benzathine: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locants for phenylmethyl groups; structure	1.97	1	0	diamine
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	4.9	1	1	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.13	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	1.96	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.	3.82	11	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
potassium cyanide [no description available]	4.9	1	1	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
aziridine [no description available]	2.75	3	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	3.42	7	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.07	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.36	2	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
triethylenediamine triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.	2.1	1	0	bridged compound; diamine; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent; tertiary amino compound	antioxidant; catalyst; reagent
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	5.3	3	1	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	11.73	10	1	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	4.49	7	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	5.44	20	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	2.25	1	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	1.96	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	7	1	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	1.97	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	2	1	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfur-containing amino acid; thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antidote; antioxidant; hepatoprotective agent
propadiene [no description available]	2.48	2	0	allenes
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	4.53	23	0	ketene
pinane pinane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pinane : A monoterpene that is bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 6.	3.16	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monoterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent	plant metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	2.52	2	0	indoles
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	2.25	1	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.42	2	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	epsilon-lactone
azetidine [no description available]	3	4	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	4.9	1	1
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	4.38	6	0	thiazolidine
1,3-dithiane 1,3-dithiane: structure	2.07	1	0	dithiane
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	4.9	1	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.11	1	0
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.02	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	3.27	1	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
cesium carbonate [no description available]	3.17	1	0
phenylacetylene phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS	7.03	1	0	benzenes
maleimide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.78	3	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
aminopenicillanic acid aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.	5.19	15	0	amino acid zwitterion; penicillanic acids	allergen
glycylglycine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite
silver acetate silver acetate: RN refers to acetic acid, silver (1+) salt	2.02	1	0
isoserine isoserine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	4.9	1	1	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	4.9	1	1	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
vinyl bromide vinyl bromide: structure	2.04	1	0	bromoalkene; monohaloethene
n-methylhydroxylamine [no description available]	7.03	1	0
phenylglyoxylic acid phenylglyoxylic acid: styrene metabolite. phenylglyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is glyoxylic acid in which the aldehyde hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.05	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
2-pyrrolidone 2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).	2	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	metabolite; polar solvent
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	4.25	5	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	5.89	31	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
formal glycol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cyclic acetal; dioxolane
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	2.55	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	1.95	1	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	2.41	1	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.61	2	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.03	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.9	2	0	zinc molecular entity
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	16.36	182	6	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.05	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	2.03	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	3.31	6	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.85	2	0	tertiary amine
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.02	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.54	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	2	1	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dispersion yellow 3 Dispersion Yellow 3: used in carpet industry; river pollutant. 4-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenylazo)acetanilide : An azo dye with a structure consisting of acetanilide substituted on the 4-position of the phenyl group with a 6-hydroxy-m-tolylazo group.	2.05	1	0
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	8.25	6	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
didodecyldimethylammonium didodecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	4.94	2	1	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
cephaloglycin Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.	1.95	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antimicrobial agent
phenoxyacetic acid phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant growth retardant
streptomycin [no description available]	3.89	12	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	3.8	3	0	carbon oxoanion
1-methylquinolinium 1-methylquinolinium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	6.46	35	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
vantocil polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	8.57	10	2	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.06	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	7.75	3	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	2.01	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	3.1	5	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.42	2	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	4.04	13	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	2.01	1	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	3.65	9	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	5.49	4	1	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.74	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
scandium Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.	2.02	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	11.26	10	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.15	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	4.9	1	1	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	1.99	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.93	4	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.42	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.49	2	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.25	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	3.62	8	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.05	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.15	1	0	titanium group element atom
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	3.5	6	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	1.99	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	4.34	1	1	sodium phosphate
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	1.99	1	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.9	1	1	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.15	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.03	1	0	diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
magnesium phosphate (2:3) [no description available]	1.96	1	0	inorganic magnesium salt
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.55	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	1.95	1	0	dihydrogen
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.96	4	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.01	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
sulfonyl chloride [no description available]	2.02	1	0	sulfuryl halide
sodium hydride [no description available]	2.08	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	4.9	1	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant	2.04	1	0	chlorine dioxide
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	1.96	1	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.05	1	0
rhamnose [no description available]	2.4	2	0	L-rhamnose
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	1.97	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
thiamphenicol [no description available]	3.11	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	5.46	24	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dioxidine dioxidine: Russian drug; structure	1.97	1	0
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2.49	2	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
iodine [no description available]	2.74	3	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.06	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
cephapirin Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.78	3	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	6.96	13	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
pyrrolidine [no description available]	7.44	2	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	4.9	1	1
alkenes [no description available]	9	13	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	3.77	10	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	10.4	38	3	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid 7-amino-3-methyl-delta(3)-cephem-4-carboxylic acid: key intermediate in preparation of several semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics; structure. 7beta-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid : A cephem monocarboxylic acid derivative having a structure based on cephalosporanic acid, deacetoxylated and carrying a 7beta-amino group.	2.49	2	0	cephalosporin; monocarboxylic acid
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.44	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	9.7	9	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	13.46	125	5	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	4.9	1	1	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
gallium citrate [no description available]	4.9	1	1
enterobactin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	catechols; crown compound; macrotriolide; polyphenol	bacterial metabolite; siderophore
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.6	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	3.65	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.	3.72	10	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	6.61	28	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	3.8	3	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p [no description available]	2.13	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	6.17	12	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	7.71	58	1	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
flunixin flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2.49	2	0	aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	2.71	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
sulbenicillin Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.	2.89	4	0	penicillin
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.04	1	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
cefmetazole Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.	3.48	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid : A thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine substituted by a carboxy group at position 2.	2.07	1	0	thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	21.68	148	22	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefotiam Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotiam : A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.	4.36	6	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	5.74	16	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	5.98	21	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.42	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	3.81	11	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	7.88	4	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	8.51	9	6
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	4.9	1	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
difloxacin difloxacin: RN & structure given in first source. difloxacin : A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.	1.96	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
sarafloxacin sarafloxacin: RN & structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	quinolines
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.41	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	2.07	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
lamivudine [no description available]	4.9	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	4.9	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.48	2	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
trichloroacetamide [no description available]	2.41	1	0
thiolactic acid thiolactic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid
sodium persulfate sodium persulfate: RN given refers to peroxydisulfuric acid, di-Na salt	2.1	1	0
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	3.1	5	0
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	4.9	1	1	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.41	2	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydro-2(1h)-quinolinone 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	quinolines
trimethoprim, sulfadoxine drug combination trimethoprim, sulfadoxine drug combination: combination of sulfadoxine & trimethoprim	2.54	2	0
ursolic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.5	2	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
allicin [no description available]	7.03	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	2.25	1	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.41	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.08	1	0	iodine oxoacid
baccatin iii [no description available]	7.42	2	0	acetate ester; benzoate ester; tetracyclic diterpenoid	plant metabolite
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	19.91	477	17	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
ritipenem ritipenem: carbapenem antibiotic; structure given in first source	3.23	6	0
brobactam [no description available]	3.75	3	0
bicozamycin bicozamycin : A commercially important azabicyclic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces sapporonensis. It inhibits the Rho protein of E. coli.	2.11	1	0	azabicycloalkane; bridged compound	antibacterial agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; antiinfective agent
flomoxef flomoxef: structure given in first source; RN given refers to sodium salt. flomoxef : A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.	2.97	4	0	N-acyl-amino acid; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
fropenem [no description available]	13.91	113	12	faropenem
pazufloxacin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	quinolines
repaglinide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	piperidines
pyrocatechol violet [no description available]	2	1	0
thiamorpholine thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.	2.21	1	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; thiomorpholines
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	2.06	1	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
viridicatin viridicatin: structure. viridicatin : A hydroxyquinolone that is 3-hydroxyuinolin-2(1H)-one which is substituted at position 4 by a phenyl groups. Isolated from the mycelium of several Penicillium species, it exhibits strong antibiotic activity against M. tuberculosis and also against B. subtilis, S. aureus and S. cerevisiae.	3.27	1	0	hydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; marine metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	5.25	15	0	1,2,3-triazole
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.1	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	4.9	1	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
arbekacin arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.	4.37	4	1	aminoglycoside; kanamycins	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
2,3-dimethylhydroquinone 2,3-dimethylhydroquinone: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
resorufin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	phenoxazine
cyclopropylamine cyclopropylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. cyclopropylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that consists of cyclopropane bearing a single amino substituent.	2.42	2	0	primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
chlorosulfonyl isocyanate chlorosulfonyl isocyanate: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.49	2	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
ljc 10627 biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.	4.7	8	0	carbapenems; organic sulfide; pyrazolotriazole	antibacterial drug
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	2.49	2	0
sanfetrinem sanfetrinem: orally absorbed hexetil ester of GV-104326	7.69	3	0
premafloxacin [no description available]	2.15	1	0	quinolines
penicillin n penicillin N: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #6887	4.2	5	0	penicillin
mitozolomide mitozolomide: RN & structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
penethamate hydroiodide penethamate hydroiodide: structure	2.05	1	0
siccanin siccanin: structure	3.1	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	antifungal drug; fungal metabolite
alafosfalin alafosfalin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	6.95	1	0
panipenem panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source	4.05	4	0	organic molecular entity
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	2.06	1	0
sch 34343 Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer	9.16	17	0
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	13.61	36	0	carbapenems
fr 109615 cispentacin: structure given in first source; isolated from Bacillus cereus	2.48	2	0
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	7.02	1	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
crystal violet lactone crystal violet lactone: triarylmethane color former component of carbonless copy paper; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	benzofurans
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	9.44	27	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
2-aminoindan [no description available]	2.13	1	0
frovatriptan [no description available]	3.11	1	0	carbazoles
3-tropinone 3-tropinone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
clotiazepam 2-carene: a monoterpene; structure in first source	3.16	1	0	monoterpenoid
2-aminoimidazole 2-aminoimidazole: from catabolism of arginine	3.03	4	0
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	6.93	21	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.46	2	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	4.9	1	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	2.11	1	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.38	2	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
succinyl-coenzyme a [no description available]	2.31	1	0	omega-carboxyacyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; inhibitor; mouse metabolite
quinacillin quinacillin: RN given refers to (2S-(2 alpha,5 alpha,6 beta))-isomer. quinacillin : A semisynthetic penicillase-resistant penicillin with antibacterial activity; it binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall.	1.96	1	0	penicillin; quinoxaline derivative	antibacterial drug
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	2	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	9.28	110	0
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2.92	4	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
9-chloro-9-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-10-phenylacridan 9-chloro-9-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-10-phenylacridan: potential selective agent for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation	1.96	1	0
erythrose D-erythrose : The D-enantiomer of erythrose.	2.02	1	0	erythrose	plant metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	7.71	3	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
allenolic acid allenolic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	naphthols
nitrophenylgalactosides Nitrophenylgalactosides: Includes ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenylgalactosides.. 2-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside having a 2-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.45	2	0	beta-D-galactoside; C-nitro compound	chromogenic compound
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine 5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.06	1	0
2,5-dihydroxypyridine pyridine-2,5-diol : A dihydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	4.9	1	1	dihydroxypyridine	mouse metabolite
diosgenin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
s-2-aminoethyl cysteine S-2-aminoethyl cysteine: inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. L-thialysine : A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects.	1.96	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor; metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	3.14	5	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.13	1	0	oligopeptide
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	13.33	208	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
fructose 2,6-diphosphate fructose 2,6-diphosphate: phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P. beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	1.98	1	0	D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.47	2	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.95	4	0
tabtoxin tabtoxin: dipeptide containing tabtoxinine-beta-lactam with threonine; structure. tabtoxin : A monobactam phytotoxic dipeptide produced by Pseudomonas syringae, that causes wildfire disease in tobacco.	2.41	1	0	dipeptide; L-threonine derivative; monobactam; secondary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; toxin
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	7.73	3	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	1.99	1	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	4.84	2	1	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	2.86	3	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	2.15	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pumiliotoxin c pumiliotoxin C: isolated from skin of Dendrobates pumilio (frog); see also records for pumiliotoxin A, pumiliotoxin B & pumiliotoxins	3.12	1	0
amdinocillin pivoxil Amdinocillin Pivoxil: Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin.. pivmecillinam : A penicillanic acid ester that is the [(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl ester and prodrug of mecillinam.	2.06	1	0	penicillanic acid ester; penicillin; pivaloyloxymethyl ester	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; prodrug
panipenem-betamipron panipenem-betamipron: useful perenteral antibiotic against respiratory tract infections; structure given in first source	3.53	2	0
4'-phosphopantetheine D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate : Pantetheine 4'-phosphate with D (R) configuration at the 2' position.	2.07	1	0	pantetheine 4'-phosphate	prosthetic group
tabtoxinine beta-lactam tabtoxinine beta-lactam: toxin from Pseudomonas syringae; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; monobactam; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor
methyl phenylglycine methyl phenylglycine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0
benzylpenicilloyl g benzylpenicilloyl G: lactam ring opened so inactive; do not confuse with benzylpenicilloyl V	2.42	2	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	1.97	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	5.04	2	1	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
6-iodopenicillanic acid 6-iodopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer	2.65	3	0
beta-casomorphin 7 beta-casomorphin 7: opioid peptide isolated from casein peptone; corresponds to sequence 60-66 of beta-casein; from a variety of organisms; see also record for general term beta-casomorphin	1.99	1	0
fluorescein 5-maleimide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
dansylsarcosine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	10.04	12	0	carbene; methanediyl
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	17.31	51	7	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
2-nitrophenylgalactoside 2-nitrophenylgalactoside: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.45	2	0
5-(2-aminoadipyl)cysteinylvaline 5-(2-aminoadipyl)cysteinylvaline: tripeptide present in fermentations of Penicillium chrysogenum; RN given refers to ((D-Val)-(S))-isomer	2.69	3	0
cephamycin c cephamycin C: produced from O-carbamoyldeacetylcephalosporin in C by cell-free extracts of Streptomyces clavuligerus; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. cephamycin C : One of three naturally occurring cephamycin antibiotics, differing from the A and B forms in its carbamoyloxymethyl substituent at C-3.	3.85	3	0
garenoxacin garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.	2.7	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; isoindoles; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
glucogallin glucogallin: RN given refers to (D-glucose)-isomer	2.31	1	0
cgp 31608 CGP 31608: structure given in first source; CGP 32879 is the (5S,6R,8S)-isomer	2.88	4	0
sulbactam [no description available]	11.57	53	3	penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	3.11	1	0	biphenyls
1,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3-phenylpropyl)-2-azetidinone 1,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3-phenylpropyl)-2-azetidinone: an inhibitor of cholesterol absorption; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
sq 26180 SQ 26180: monobactam, monocyclic beta-lactam from Chromobacterium violaceum; structure given in first source	2.36	2	0	monobactam
carbapenems [no description available]	22.46	332	5
sperm motility inhibitor 2 [no description available]	2.74	3	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	7.24	17	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hre 664 HRE 664: synthetic penem antibiotic; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	11.86	38	10	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	5.16	14	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	27.38	614	82	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
4-hydroxypipecolic acid 4-hydroxypipecolic acid: an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	10.13	21	4	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	5.49	4	1	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
westiellamide westiellamide: from blue-green algae Westiellopsis prolifica; also from the marine ascidian Lissoclinum bistratum; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	cyclic peptide
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	4.9	1	1	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	4.9	1	1	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
o 129 O 129: vibriostatic. 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine : A member of the class of pteridines that is pteridine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by amino groups, whilst those at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by isopropyl groups.. vibriostatic agent : Any compound that inhibits the growth of bacteria of the genus Vibrio.	2.03	1	0	primary amino compound; pteridines	antifolate; vibriostatic agent
rhamnopyranosyl-3-hydroxydecanoyl-3-hydroxydecanoate rhamnopyranosyl-3-hydroxydecanoyl-3-hydroxydecanoate: rhamnolipid biosurfactant from Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2; active in removing hydrophobic cpds from soil; structure in first source. L-rhamnosyl-3-hydroxydecanoyl-3-hydroxydecanoic acid : A glycolipid, an alpha-L-rhamnoside of 3-[(3-hydroxydecanoyl)oxy]decanoic acid.	2	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; glycolipid	nonionic surfactant
methylinositol methylinositol: from Ebenus haussknechtii; structure in first source. pinitol : A cyclitol ether formed by etherification of the 3-hydroxy group of chiro-inositol. It is plant metabolite isolated from the leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens.. 1D-4-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1R,2S,3S,4S,5S,6S-isomer).. D-pinitol : The D-enantiomer of pinitol.	2.13	1	0
delta-1-piperidine-6-carboxylic acid delta-1-piperidine-6-carboxylic acid: intermediate in Pseudomonas lysine metabolism; structure. 1-piperideine-6-carboxylic acid : A tetrahydropyridine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine having a carboxy group at the 2-position.	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; tetrahydropyridine	mammalian metabolite
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	3.66	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
antibiotic ps 6 antibiotic PS 6: do not confuse with PS-6, a propanolamine; structure in first source	2.36	2	0	carbapenems
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	2.08	1	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
coenzyme a disulfide coenzyme A disulfide: the normally oxidized form of Co A. CoA-disulfide : An organic disulfide obtained via oxidative dimerisation of coenzyme A.	2.03	1	0	organic disulfide
furbenicillin furbenicillin: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer; structure	2.37	2	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.45	2	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
temocillin temocillin: beta-lactam antibiotic with unusual spectrum of antibacterial activity & exceptional stability to bacterial beta-lactamases; RN given refers to di-Na salt (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6alpha))-isomer; structure in first source. temocillin : A penicillin compound having a 6alpha-methoxy and 6beta-[2-carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido side-groups.	5.43	11	0	penicillin
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.41	1	0
cilengitide Cilengitide: an alphaVbeta3 integrin antagonist that paralyzes cancer cells	2.15	1	0	oligopeptide
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.52	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
4-azobenzenetrimethylammonium p-azophenyltrimethylammonium : An azobenzene derivative carrying two para-trimethylammonium substituents.	2.07	1	0
1-deoxycastanospermine 1-deoxycastanospermine: indolizidine	2.1	1	0
ps 5 PS 5: lactam antibiotic from Streptomyces sp. A271 ATCC 31358; RN given refers to (5R-cis)-isomer; structure in fifth source	3.21	6	0	carbapenems
l 680833 L 680833: potent, orally active monocyclic beta-lactam inhibitor of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
iclaprim iclaprim: has antiviral activity. iclaprim : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-iclaprim. Both enantiomers exhibit similar, potent bactericidal activity against major Gram-positive pathogens, notably methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA, respectively).. 5-[(2-cyclopropyl-7,8-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-5-yl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine that is 5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a 2-cyclopropyl-7,8-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-5-yl group.	3.55	2	0	aminopyrimidine; chromenes; cyclopropanes
pld118 2-amino-4-methylenecyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.04	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.04	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	4.9	1	1
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	3.12	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
rosoxacin rosoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by an ethyl group at position 1 and by a pyridin-4-yl group at position 7. An antibacterial drug, active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it has been used for treating urinary tract infections and certain sexually transmitted diseases.	1.96	1	0	pyridines; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.07	1	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.41	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	10.48	37	1
cryptophycin cryptophycin: a potent antitumor cyclic depsipeptide active against drug-resistant cells; from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) of the genus Nostoc; structure given in first source;	2.41	2	0
anatoxin a anatoxin a: found in Anabaena; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS) 1978-2006; also see anatoxin-a(s)	2.15	1	0	tropane alkaloid
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.31	1	0
arabinose [no description available]	2.02	1	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	1.96	1	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	2.41	2	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	4.01	4	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	oligopeptide
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.03	1	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.17	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.58	2	0
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	3.12	5	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.25	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
pantetheine Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.	2.07	1	0	pantetheines; thiol	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
pr toxin PR Toxin: mycotoxin from Penicillium roqueforti; structure	3.25	1	0	oxacycle
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	3.48	2	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.02	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
thienamycin thienamycin: beta-lactam antibiotic; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	10.93	14	0	carbapenems
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	16.14	188	6	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	5.14	45	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	4.13	2	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	9.48	5	1
7-aminocephalosporanic acid 7beta-aminocephalosporanic acid : The alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is the active nucleus for the synthesis of cephalosporins and intermediates.	4.01	4	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion
linezolid [no description available]	9.44	33	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
tellimagrandin i tellimagrandin I: isolated from Filipendula palmata; RN given for (D)-isomer	2.41	2	0	tannin
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	2.06	1	0
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.39	2	0	tripeptide
phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide: a drug efflux pump inhibitor; structure in first source	2.77	3	0	peptide
sultamicillin sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam	6.08	10	1	penicillanic acid ester
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.05	1	0	cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.01	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
bulgecin a bulgecin A: structure in first source; do not confuse with bulgecin	2.57	2	0
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	7.77	3	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) : A A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) that is the dilauroyl diester of phosphatidiylcholine.	2.08	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	2.57	2	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.13	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.02	1	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	5.43	7	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.42	1	1	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	2.46	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	11.25	59	2
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	14.59	36	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	7.37	26	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylalaninol phenylalaninol: inhibits intestinal absorption of phenylalanine; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified stereochemistry. L-phenylalaninol : An amino alcohol resulting from the formal reduction of the carboxy group of L-phenylalanine to the corresponding alcohol.	2.6	1	0	amino alcohol; amphetamines; primary alcohol; primary amino compound
imidazolidines [no description available]	1.95	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	4.9	1	1
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	7.65	3	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	1.95	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.04	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
arsphenamine Arsphenamine: An organoarsenic compound that was commonly used for treating SYPHILIS and other diseases.	3.41	1	0
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	4.9	1	1	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.	4.37	4	1	kanamycins	antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	2.03	1	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.72	2	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	3.52	2	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
oxazolidine oxazolidine: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	oxazolidine
tolfenamic acid tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.	2.21	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
geraniol [no description available]	5.01	2	1	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	8.14	5	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.77	3	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.29	6	0	isomethyleugenol
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.34	6	0	stilbene
prolinol prolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. prolinol : An amino alcohol formed by reduction of the amino acid proline.	2.15	1	0
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	2.05	1	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.11	1	0	diphosphate ion
mezlocillin Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.21	6	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefsulodin Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.. cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.	5.08	8	0	cephalosporin; organosulfonic acid; primary carboxamide	antibacterial drug
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.49	2	0	S-glycosyl compound
fludarabine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	purine nucleoside
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.15	1	0
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	4.9	1	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
penicillic acid Penicillic Acid: A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of PENICILLIUM and ASPERGILLUS. It has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn.	1.95	1	0
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	3.14	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.03	1	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.05	1	0
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
mucochloric acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0
1-n-methyl-5-thiotetrazole 1-N-methyl-5-thiotetrazole: side chain of several new antibiotics associated with development of hypoprothrombinemia	3.76	3	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.87	3	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
nadp [no description available]	5.27	3	1
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.21	1	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	2.41	1	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
6-bromoacetyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene 6-bromoacetyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	3.19	5	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	2.4	2	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.49	2	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.48	2	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	3.1	5	0	alkali metal atom
monooctanoin monooctanoin: dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones; RN in Chemline for octanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, MF unknown: 11140-04-8; RN for octanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1-monooctanoin): 502-54-5; RN in 9th CI Form Index for (+-)-1-monooctanoin: 19670-49-6. rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-octanoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-octanoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monooctanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has octanoyl as the acyl group.	1.97	1	0	1-monoglyceride; octanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.46	2	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
cystine [no description available]	5.14	3	1
isepamicin [no description available]	3.24	6	0
telavancin telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.	4.35	3	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	3.88	3	0
albomycin albomycin: iron containing antibiotic. albomycin : A mixture of iron(III) hydroxamate antibiotics produced by various Streptomyces species (e.g. Streptomyces subtropicus) and consisting of iron(III) complexed to pentapeptide trihydroxamate siderophores.	1.97	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.04	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	3.39	7	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	2.97	4	0	oligosaccharide
homoserine lactone homoserine lactone: a putative signal for starvation in E. coli; structure in first source. homoserinium lactone : The conjugate acid of homoserine lactone; major species at pH 7.3.. homoserine lactone : A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.25	1	0	ammonium ion derivative; organic cation
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.09	5	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.65	2	0
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	2.21	1	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
bilirubin [no description available]	2.72	3	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.25	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.13	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	4.17	5	0
undecaprenyl pyrophosphate undecaprenyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate compound having eleven prenyl units with undefined stereochemistry about the double bonds.	2.03	1	0	all-trans-polyprenyl diphosphate; undecaprenyl diphosphate; undecaprenyl phosphate
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.61	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	2.03	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	4.9	1	1	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	17.93	102	4	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefzil cefprozil: structure given in first source. cefprozil : A semisynthetic, second-generation cephalosporin, with prop-1-enyl and (R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used to treat bronchitis as well as ear, skin and other bacterial infections.	2.47	2	0
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.21	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	1.99	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	4.9	1	1	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
baicalein [no description available]	7.02	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.11	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
morusin morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.	4.9	1	1	extended flavonoid; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	4.9	1	1	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	2.6	1	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
miocamycin Miocamycin: A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections.	1.96	1	0
7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.	3.11	5	0	cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid	antibacterial drug
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.25	1	0
dinoprost tromethamine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
s 1108 S 1108: structure given in first source; an oral cephem antibiotic and prodrug of S-1006	2.44	2	0
ubiquinone 8 [no description available]	4.9	1	1	ubiquinones	biomarker
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.49	2	0
codeine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.07	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	3.18	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	2.46	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyoverdin pyoverdin: a partly cyclic octapeptide linked to a chromophore, derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline, which confers color and fluorescence to the molecule; yellow-green pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; pyoverdin Pf from P. fluorescens; structure has been determined	2	1	0
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
malealdehyde malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer	2.31	1	0	but-2-enedial
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	3.34	6	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.17	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.73	3	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
6,7-dihydroxyflavone 6,7-dihydroxyflavone: intensifies effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	7.02	1	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	3.17	1	0	alkali metal atom
triphenyltin triphenyltin: triphenyltin derivatives widely used as pesticides; all of first source is triphenyltin cpds	2.03	1	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.44	2	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.31	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	4.9	1	1	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.17	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.94	4	0	boron group element atom
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	4.9	1	1	boron group element atom
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	4.01	4	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
demethylmenaquinone [no description available]	2.21	1	0	2-demethylmenaquinone
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	2.58	2	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
deoxyribose [no description available]	2.72	3	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.97	13	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	7.05	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
n-acetylmuramic acid N-acetylmuramic acid: RN given refers to D-Glucopyranose, (R)-isomer. N-acetyl-D-muramic acid : The pyranose form of N-acetylmuramic acid.	2.82	3	0	N-acetylmuramic acid
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	5.26	3	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	5.38	2	1	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
lycopodine [no description available]	3.12	1	0	quinolizidine alkaloid
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	13.12	67	4	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
hr 810 cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	5.94	4	0	cephalosporin; cyclopentapyridine
methoxysuccinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-valine chloromethyl ketone methoxysuccinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-valine chloromethyl ketone: prevents elastase-induced emphysema. methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val chloromethyl ketone : A tripeptide derived from methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val by conversion of the terminal carboxy group to the corresponding chloromethyl ketone.	1.97	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; methyl ester; tripeptide	EC 3.4.21.37 (leukocyte elastase) inhibitor
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	2.6	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
n-methoxysuccinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-valine-4-nitroanilide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cefetamet cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.	1.99	1	0	cephalosporin
udp-n-acetylmuramic acid pentapeptide [no description available]	2.4	2	0
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	12.66	78	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	1.96	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	8.83	3	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.06	1	0
cefuzonam cefuzonam: article gives L-105 as synonym, however L 105 is a rifamycin derivative according to Chemline. cefuzonam : A second generation cephalosporin antibiotic.	1.99	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
dimethyloxosulfonium methylide dimethyloxosulfonium methylide: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
cefatrizine Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.	2.46	2	0	amino acid amide; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; phenols; semisynthetic derivative; triazoles	antibacterial drug; EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	1.96	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	4.9	1	1	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
cilastatin [no description available]	11.18	13	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
nitrocefin nitrocefin: chromogenic cephalosporin used for detection of beta-lactamase activity; Cefinase is name for nitrocefin on paper disc; RN given refers to (6R-(3(E),6 alpha,7 beta))-isomer; structure for mono-Na salt in second source	10.17	17	0
furazlocillin furazlocillin: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*(E))))-isomer; structure	1.95	1	0
brl 28500 ticarcillin-clavulanic acid: combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid; used against gram-negative rods	5.09	3	1
olivanic acid olivanic acid: beta-lactam antibiotics produced by Streptomyces olivaceus ATCC 31365; all have carbapenum nucleus; structures in sixth source	5.59	14	0
x 14547-a X 14547-A: structure. indanomycin : An indene that is (3aS,7aR)-2,3,3a,4,5,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene which is substituted at the 2-pro-R position by a 1H-pyrrol-2-ylcarbonyl group, at the 9-pro-S position by an ethyl group, and at the 5-pro-R position by a hexa-1,3-dineyl group in which position 4 has been substituted by a (2R,3S,6R)-6-[(1R)-1-carboxyethyl]-3-methyltetrahydropyran-2-yl group. It exhibits activity against Gram-positive bacteria as well as antihypertensive and antitumour. It also functions as an effective growth promoter for ruminants.	1.97	1	0
lysylphosphatidylglycerol lysylphosphatidylglycerol: glycerol with two fatty acids plus a lysine-glycerol-phosphate; a major membrane phospholipid of Staphylococcus; the lysine positive charge repels DEFENSINS	2.48	2	0
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.	2.68	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.	2	1	0	carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; prodrug
cefclidin cefclidin: structure given in first source. cefclidin : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (4-carbamoyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	1.98	1	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles
carumonam carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.	4.6	6	1	monobactam	antibacterial drug
beta-escin [no description available]	2.69	3	0
apalcillin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	1,5-naphthyridine derivative; penicillin
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	9.3	13	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
lactacystin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.31	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2	1	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
foramidocillin foramidocillin: semisynthetic penicillin derivative; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
fce 22891 FCE 22891: structure in first source	1.98	1	0
sitafloxacin sitafloxacin: structure in first source	5.23	3	1
cholanic acid cholanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomer designation. cholanic acid : A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.. colanic acid : A polyanionic heteropolysaccharide containing a repeat unit with D-glucose, L-fucose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid sugars that are non-stoichiometrically decorated with O-acetyl and pyruvate side-chains	2.01	1	0	cholanic acids
clavam clavam: structure in first source. penam : Compound comprising a beta-lactam ring fused to a saturated 5-membered ring containing one sulfur atom.	2.44	2	0	natural product fundamental parent; penams
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.11	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
cefmenoxime Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmenoxime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.	3.79	3	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	2.01	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
desacetylcefotaxime desacetylcefotaxime: RN given refers to parent cpd (6R-(6alpha,7alpha(Z)))-isomer	3.49	2	0
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
l 656575 L 656575: oxacephem; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
asparenomycin asparenomycin: from Streptomyces tokunonensis sp. nov.; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
carpetimycin a carpetimycin A: from Streptomyces sp. KC-6643; structure given in first source	2.65	3	0
carpetimycin b carpetimycin B: from Streptomyces sp. KC-6643; structure given in first source	2.65	3	0
cefoselis cefoselis: structure given in first source. cefoselis : A cephalosporin compound having [2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-imino-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively. A 4th generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin.	2.01	1	0
clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone: active metabolite of lactacystin; inhibits 20 S proteasome; structure in first source	2.41	2	0
tebipenem tebipenem: an oral carbapenem antibiotic, against penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; structure in first source	4.89	10	0
bms-262084 BMS-262084: an azetidinone-based tryptase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	11.79	42	5
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.04	1	0	oligopeptide
avibactam avibactam : A member of the class of azabicycloalkanes that is (2S,5R)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxamide in which the amino hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a sulfooxy group. Used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftazidime pentahydrate for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis.	7	21	1	azabicycloalkane; hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; ureas	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
ppi-0903 ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.	6.69	15	1	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; iminium betaine; organic phosphoramidate; oxime O-ether; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; prodrug
cefditoren cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.	5.72	15	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	4.9	1	1	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
l 084 L 084: an oral carbapenem with a 1-(1,3-thiazolin-2-yl)azetidin-3-ylthio group at the C-2 position; structure in first source	2	1	0	carbapenems; pivaloyloxymethyl ester
9-n-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine 9-N-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
sulfazecin sulfazecin: beta-lactam antibiotic from Pseudomonas; RN given refers to (D-Ala)-(R)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.23	6	0
thiocolchicoside thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure	4.9	1	1	glycoside
rucaparib AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.9	1	1	azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
zeolites [no description available]	2.01	1	0
cp 70429 sulopenem: a penem antibiotic	3.1	5	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.13	1	0
bms 187745 BMS 187745: structure given in first source	3.17	1	0
cereulide cereulide: a cyclic dodecadepsipeptide; isolated from Bacillus cereus; a HEp-2 cell-vacuolation factor	2.05	1	0
besifloxacin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinolines
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	5.1	2	1
me1036 ME1036: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	6.33	6	1
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	5.25	2	1
streptogramin b Streptogramin B: A specific streptogramin group B antibiotic produced by Streptomyces graminofaciens and other bacteria.. pristinamycin IA : A cyclodepsipeptide that is (together with pristinamycin IIA) a component of pristinamycin, an oral streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Pristinamycin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.	2.07	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
marizomib marizomib: a proteasome inhibitor from a marine bacterium Salinospora; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	beta-lactone; gamma-lactam; organic heterobicyclic compound; organochlorine compound; salinosporamide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
pyrazolone pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.	3.31	1	0
benzotetramisole benzotetramisole: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
cefdinir Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.	4.92	8	1
ru 66647 telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;	4.38	6	0
alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc Sialyl Lewis X Antigen: A sialylated version of Lewis X antigen expressed on cell surfaces. It is a ligand for SELECTINS.. alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1->3)]-D-GlcpNAc : A branched amino tetrasaccharide consisting of a sialyl residue, linked (2->3) to a galactosyl residue that in turn is linked (1->4) to a glucosaminyl residue, which is also carrying a fucosyl residue at the 3-position.	1.99	1	0	amino tetrasaccharide; glucosamine oligosaccharide	epitope
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	1.98	1	0	benzoxazole
ferryl iron [no description available]	3.13	1	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.04	1	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	3.16	1	0
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	5.02	7	0
nemonoxacin nemonoxacin: has antibacterial activity	2.06	1	0	quinolines
pluracidomycin pluracidomycin: from Streptomyces pluracidomyceticus; carbapenem antibiotic; structure given in first source	2.36	2	0
sch 29482 Sch 29482: penem antibiotic; bactericidal & stable to beta-lactamases; structure given in first source	9.04	15	0
verruculogen verruculogen: complex 6-O-methylindole cpd containing 3 nitrogens; induces tremor; tremorigenic metabolite from Penicillium verruculosum isolated from moldy peanuts; decreases GABA levels in CNS; structure. verruculogen : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is a mycotoxic indole alkaloid isolated from Penicillium and Aspergillus species.	3.27	1	0	aromatic ether; diol; indole alkaloid; organic heterohexacyclic compound; organic peroxide	Aspergillus metabolite; GABA modulator; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2.25	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	5.01	2	1	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.15	1	0
galantide galantide: consists of 20-amino acid residues, 12 AA from the N-terminal of galanin and the C-terminal part of Substance P; blocks the galanin-mediated inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.63	2	0
pexiganan [no description available]	2.02	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.69	2	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2	1	0
tritrpticin tritrpticin: a 13-amino acid, tryptophan-rich cationic peptide	2.03	1	0
oritavancin oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.	2.78	3	0	disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	10.91	7	1	glycoside
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	3.76	10	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.08	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.03	1	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine APX001A: has antifungal activity; structure in first source	4.9	1	1
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	4.9	1	1
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.	6.13	12	0
d13-9001 D13-9001: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	8.02	4	0
1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one 1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one: structure in first source	7	1	0
penicillin g potassium benzylpenicillin potassium : Organic potassium salt of benzylpenicillin.	2	1	0	organic potassium salt
raltegravir potassium Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.	2.41	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	15.56	92	16
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.	15.84	87	20
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	3.65	2	0
quinupristin-dalfopristin quinupristin-dalfopristin: RP 59500 is a combination of RP 57669 & RP 54476, which are water soluble derivatives of pristinamycin IA & pristinamycin IIB, respectively	5.02	7	0	organic molecular entity
thiostrepton Thiostrepton: One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders.. thiostrepton : A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.	2.41	2	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.11	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uridine diphosphate n-acetylmuramic acid Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylmuramic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which is formed from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. It serves as the building block upon which peptidoglycan is formed.. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate(3-) : A UDP-N-acetyl-D-muramate(3-) in which the anomeric centre of the pyranose fragment has alpha-configuration.	3.1	5	0	UDP-N-acetylmuramate(3-)
cyslabdan cyslabdan: potentiates imipenem activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source	3.56	2	0
pc190723 PC190723: Antibacterial; an inhibitor of FtsZ with potent and selective anti-staphylococcal activity including methicillin- and multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
mannans [no description available]	5.83	6	1
achn 490 plazomicin: structure in first source	3.65	2	0
mk-7655 relebactam: structure in first source	4.17	4	0
glycolipids [no description available]	2.03	1	0
beta-sultam beta-sultam: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	8.65	9	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.98	4	0
targocil targocil: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	13.05	49	0
lactivicin lactivicin: non-beta-lactam antibiotic binds to penicillin-binding proteins; structure given in first source	3.53	2	0
fr 264205 ceftolozane: cephalosporin anti-bacterial agent with enhanced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ceftolozane : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (5-amino-4-{[(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-2-ium-2-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria that have become resistant to conventional antibiotics.	2.6	1	0
bocillin fl BOCILLIN FL: used for detecting pencillin-binding proteins; structure in first source	3.33	6	0
bal 30072 BAL 30072: a siderophore with antibacterial activity; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
nab741 SPR741: a novel agent with structural similarity to polymyxins that is capable of potentiating the activities of various classes of antibiotics	5.94	2	2
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	3.65	2	0
cefteram cefteram: structure given in first source. cefteram : A cephalosporin compound having (5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.	2.43	2	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.03	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	8.11	5	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	9.66	62	2
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.95	4	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	10.41	36	2
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.42	2	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	4.41	6	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
teriflunomide [no description available]	4.9	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
3-deazauridine 3-Deazauridine: 4-Hydroxy-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-pyridinone. Analog of uridine lacking a ring-nitrogen in the 3-position. Functions as an antineoplastic agent.	6.96	1	0	N-glycosyl compound
tigecycline [no description available]	9.42	33	1
tetramic acid tetramic acid : A gamma-lactam that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. Despite its simple structure, it was not synthesised until 1972; earlier attempts were later shown to have resulted only in the formation of the isomer 5-imino-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-ol.	2.51	2	0
eravacycline eravacycline: has antibacterial activity	7.7	6	1	tetracyclines
rpx7009 RPX7009: a beta-lactamase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.66	2	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	2.07	1	0
bismuth oxybromide bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation	4.9	1	1
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	4.9	1	1
staphyloxanthin staphyloxanthin: Staph aureus pigment; glucose esterified with both a triterpenoid carotenoid carboxylic acid & a C15 fatty acid. staphyloxanthin : A xanthophyll that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6 have been acylated by an all-trans-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22-decaenoyl group and a 12-methyltetradecanoyl group, respectively. Staphyloxanthin is responsible for the characteristic yellow-golden colour which gives the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus its name.	3.55	2	0	apo carotenoid triterpenoid; D-aldohexose derivative; fatty acid ester; triol; xanthophyll	antioxidant; biological pigment; metabolite; virulence factor
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.05	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
cefuroxime axetil [no description available]	5.78	3	2
desfuroylceftiofur desfuroylceftiofur: metabolite of ceftiofur; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	3.9	12	0
fortimicin a sulfate fortimicin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; Abbott-44747 is for disulfate; see also records for fortimicin B & fortimicins; structure in 8th source	2.66	3	0	aminoglycoside sulfate salt
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	4.9	1	1
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	1.99	1	0
cefiderocol cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.	5.99	8	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; siderophore
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.01	1	0
bictegravir bictegravir: HIV Integrase Inhibitors. bictegravir : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R,5S,13aR)-8-hydroxy-7,9-dioxo-2,3,4,5,7,9,13,13a-octahydro-2,5-methanopyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazepine-10-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4,6-trifluorobenzylamine. It is a second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) and used (as its sodium salt) for the treatment of HIV-1.	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary carboxamide; trifluorobenzene	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
mesembrine [no description available]	3.12	1	0
daptomycin [no description available]	13.14	55	2
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.11	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	3.63	2	0
ccf 2 CCF 2: beta-lactamase substrate; structure in first source	3.26	6	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.41	1	0
delta hemolysin protein, staphylococcus aureus delta hemolysin protein, Staphylococcus aureus: membrane-damaging peptide of 26 residues from Staph aureus	1.98	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.93	12	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.99	4	0
nandrolone phenpropionate arylomycin A2: a signal peptidase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.17	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.07	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine pentaphosphate Guanosine Pentaphosphate: Guanosine 5'-triphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing five phosphate groups. Three phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis.. guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate : A guanosine bisphosphate having a diphosphate at the 3'-position and a triphosphate at the 5'-position.	2.05	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; guanosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine tetraphosphate Guanosine Tetraphosphate: Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.. guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) : A guanosine bisphosphate having diphosphate groups at both the 3' and 5'-positions.	2.15	1	0	guanosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.21	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.05	1	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.03	1	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	10.92	36	3	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.01	1	0	dacarbazine
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	3.14	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	5.09	4	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
ceftobiprole ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).	6.46	14	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles	antimicrobial agent
ceftobiprole medocaril ceftobiprole medocaril: a ceftobiprole prodrug	3.14	1	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.04	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.38	2	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	2.02	1	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	4.04	2	1
eye [no description available]	2.03	1	0
rhodopeptin b5 rhodopeptin B5: a cyclic tetrapeptide; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
enterocin enterocin: antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces candidus var. enterostaticus WS-8096 & Streptomyces viridochromogenes M-127; molecular formula: C22-H20-010; structure	2.25	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.07	1	0
spirohexaline spirohexaline: produced by Penicillium sp. FKI-3368; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
temporin temporin: isolated from frogs Rana temporaria & R. clamitans; has many isoforms; amino acid sequence in first source	2.03	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.08	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	6.86	25	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	3.46	2	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	6.86	25	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	21.13	350	19
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	21.13	350	19
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.17	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	11.92	25	17
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	11.92	25	17
Aura [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	3.42	7	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	11.25	69	1
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.49	2	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	3.84	2	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	3.01	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	3.84	2	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	6.05	6	1
Anasarca [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Ache [description not available]	4.75	6	1
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.78	3	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	4.75	6	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	6.01	9	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	6.01	9	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	10.97	31	3
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	10.97	31	3
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	11.74	38	1
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	13.46	75	2
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	13.46	75	2
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.39	2	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	2.04	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	18.13	139	2
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	8.21	53	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	10.59	40	1
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	10.59	40	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	8.21	53	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	17.42	257	9
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	17.42	257	9
Chronic Illness [description not available]	7.34	13	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	11.11	25	6
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	6.47	6	1
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	3.94	4	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	9.1	15	3
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	7.34	13	1
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	3.94	4	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	9.1	15	3
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	17.01	144	10
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	17.01	144	10
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	18.44	383	8
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	18.44	383	8
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	16.29	204	6
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	23.83	183	9
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	17.11	292	7
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	17.11	292	7
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	20.07	259	33
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	9.34	15	4
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	14.78	78	10
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	19.78	78	10
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	18.08	156	18
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	18.08	156	18
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	16.88	140	18
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	14.43	40	1
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	11.12	54	1
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	14.74	194	3
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	14.74	194	3
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	8.05	19	2
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	8.05	19	2
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	10.21	32	1
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	10.21	32	1
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	6.79	22	1
Febrile Neutropenia Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.	10.44	18	3
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	4.39	7	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	5.66	10	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	4.39	7	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	5.13	9	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	4.13	3	1
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	5.16	3	1
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	4.13	3	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	5.16	3	1
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	7.71	66	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	4.44	7	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	13.98	77	6
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	9.44	7	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	13.98	77	6
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.82	2	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	14.85	69	11
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	9.48	18	2
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	14.48	18	2
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	5.19	17	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	14.99	251	7
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	14.99	251	7
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	14.71	19	5
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.41	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	15.48	236	5
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	15.48	236	5
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	8.86	45	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	8.86	45	1
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	4.83	11	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	6.84	12	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	6.89	5	1
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	6.89	5	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	5.41	4	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	5.41	4	1
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	12.44	71	1
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	12.44	71	1
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	5.09	6	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	5.09	6	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	16.19	166	7
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	16.19	166	7
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	13.51	55	3
HbS Disease [description not available]	3.01	3	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	3.01	3	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	11.23	217	1
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	11.23	217	1
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia [description not available]	3.84	3	0
Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation that is acquired through an interaction within a healthcare institution often through a therapeutic experience (e.g., use of catheters or ventilators).	3.84	3	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	5.78	14	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	5.78	14	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	13.08	40	10
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	18.08	40	10
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Ornithosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Chlamydial Pneumonia Pneumonia caused by infections with the genus CHLAMYDIA; and CHLAMYDOPHILA, usually with CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE.	2.57	2	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.44	2	0
Psittacosis Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.	2.41	1	0
Fasciitis, Necrotizing A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.	2.74	3	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	2.41	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	12.19	39	2
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	12.19	39	2
Canine Diseases [description not available]	5.06	9	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	7.29	17	1
Exanthem [description not available]	8.04	27	1
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	8.04	27	1
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	12.18	31	4
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	12.18	31	4
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.78	7	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	4.78	7	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.76	2	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.41	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.7	3	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	9.32	7	5
Cirrhosis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	9.32	7	5
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	6.65	4	1
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	4.72	1	1
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.	2.41	1	0
DRESS Syndrome [description not available]	4.4	6	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	3.31	6	0
Central Nervous System Infection [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	3.92	4	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	8.97	19	2
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	8.97	19	2
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	5.46	3	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	5.46	3	1
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	7.31	16	0
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	7.31	16	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.6	1	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	3.53	2	0
Acrodermatitis Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.	2.41	1	0
Erythema Chronicum Migrans A deep type of gyrate erythema that follows a bite by an ixodid tick; it is a stage-1 manifestation of LYME DISEASE. The site of the bite is characterized by a red papule that expands peripherally as a nonscaling, palpable band that clears centrally. This condition is often associated with systemic symptoms such as chills, fever, headache, malaise, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, backache, and stiff neck.	2.41	1	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	3.53	2	0
Co-infection [description not available]	6.1	5	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	3.13	4	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.13	4	0
Candidemia A form of invasive candidiasis where species of CANDIDA are present in the blood.	2.41	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	6.37	7	2
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	6.37	7	2
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	2.83	3	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	10.75	20	9
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	10.75	20	9
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	4.63	6	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	4.63	6	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	10.57	62	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	3.98	4	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	6.73	8	1
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	3.98	4	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	6.73	8	1
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.6	1	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	4.81	7	1
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	4.81	7	1
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	16.11	46	5
Hives [description not available]	6.42	17	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	6.42	17	0
Adenitis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	6.58	10	2
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.76	2	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	5.34	3	1
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	5.34	3	1
Thrombopenia [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	2.5	2	0
Amentia [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	2.66	2	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	13.73	93	7
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	13.73	93	7
Infection, Wound [description not available]	6.06	10	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	5.99	9	1
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	2.6	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	5.96	9	1
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	8.55	29	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	2.82	2	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	2.6	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	15.95	63	29
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	6.77	19	0
Legionellosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEGIONELLA.	8.42	25	0
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections [description not available]	8.42	25	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	8.42	25	0
Moraxella Infections [description not available]	8.44	26	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	8.42	25	0
Intra-Abdominal Infections [description not available]	11.36	34	2
Intraabdominal Infections Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.	11.36	34	2
Amnionitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	14.88	42	25
Chorioamnionitis INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.	2.25	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	14.88	42	25
Post-Natal Depression [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)	2.21	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	3.95	4	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	5.43	10	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	3.95	4	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	7.36	9	1
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	7.36	9	1
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.	2.61	2	0
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis [description not available]	4.04	2	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	7.21	13	0
Neonatal Sepsis Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.	4.04	2	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	2.25	1	0
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	8.58	13	2
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	13.58	13	2
Absence Seizure [description not available]	5.09	16	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	5.09	16	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.91	4	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	2.25	1	0
Ventral Hernia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hernia, Ventral A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.	2.25	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	11.44	28	4
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	11.44	28	4
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	3.91	11	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	7.53	11	1
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	7.53	11	1
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	7.98	5	4
Bewilderment [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	3.93	4	0
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	3.93	4	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	8	6	4
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	7.98	5	4
B cepacia Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.49	2	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	8.32	9	3
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	8.32	9	3
Bone Diseases, Infectious Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.	2.46	2	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.95	4	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.25	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	3.17	5	0
Communicable Diseases, Imported Infectious diseases originating in one geographically delineated ecosystem that are carried (by travel or immigration) to another geographically delineated ecosystem by an infected individual, animal, or disease vector.	2.25	1	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	2.5	2	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	8.28	13	1
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	5.14	17	0
Bleeding [description not available]	4.68	11	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	4.68	11	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.8	3	0
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	4.39	7	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	5.89	8	1
Cardiac Death [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Diathesis [description not available]	5.09	3	1
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	7.84	4	4
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	4.72	1	1
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	4.88	2	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	7.84	4	4
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	4.72	1	1
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	4.72	1	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	5.51	5	1
Berger Disease [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	4.88	2	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	5.02	3	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	4.9	2	1
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	4.72	1	1
Sinus Infections [description not available]	7.88	9	3
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	7.84	4	4
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	7.84	4	4
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	5.13	3	1
Low Back Ache [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	7.91	5	4
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Bucket Handle Tears [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.72	1	1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	5.06	3	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	4.88	2	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	4.72	1	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	4.72	1	1
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	5.31	2	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	7.84	4	4
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	4.72	1	1
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.85	2	1
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	4.72	1	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	4.72	1	1
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	4.72	1	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	4.88	2	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	4.72	1	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	4.72	1	1
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	4.72	1	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	4.72	1	1
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	4.72	1	1
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	4.85	2	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	4.9	2	1
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	4.86	2	1
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	4.72	1	1
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	12.88	9	3
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	7.84	4	4
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	4.72	1	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	7.84	4	4
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	5.13	3	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	4.72	1	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	4.72	1	1
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	7.84	4	4
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	4.72	1	1
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	4.72	1	1
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	4.72	1	1
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	4.72	1	1
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	4.72	1	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	4.72	1	1
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.25	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	4.2	5	0
Serum Sickness Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.	2.31	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	4.2	5	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	9.06	21	1
Lymphangitis A lymphatic disease characterized by INFLAMMATION of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	7.31	1	0
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	2.31	1	0
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Hydrothorax A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.31	1	0
Infection [description not available]	14.77	15	1
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	2.31	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	2.57	2	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	2.57	2	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	9.77	15	1
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	2.83	3	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	5.13	5	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	5.13	5	0
Aneurysm, Bacterial [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	6.3	4	2
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	3.17	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	6.3	4	2
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	4.69	10	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.23	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	3.23	1	0
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	2.84	3	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	2.31	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.59	2	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	2.92	4	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	4.62	6	1
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	4.79	7	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	2.15	1	0
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Abscess, Periodontal [description not available]	2.15	1	0
MODS [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.15	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	2.15	1	0
Chlamydiaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE.	2.15	1	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	2.79	3	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	13.03	37	27
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	13.03	37	27
Chloroma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Sarcoma, Myeloid An extramedullary tumor of immature MYELOID CELLS or MYELOBLASTS. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2.17	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	8.09	13	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	8.09	13	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.15	1	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	2.74	3	0
ATLL [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.15	1	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	7.51	10	2
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	3.85	11	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	3.06	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	3.71	3	0
Lemierre Disease [description not available]	3.5	2	0
Fusobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.	4.72	6	0
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	3.06	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	3.71	3	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.15	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.77	3	0
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis [description not available]	4.26	6	0
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	4.37	2	0
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	4.01	1	0
Pyuria The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.	4.01	1	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	2.17	1	0
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	4.18	3	0
Bordetella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.	2.17	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	5.83	4	2
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	5.83	4	2
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Actinomycetoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Mycetoma A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.	2.17	1	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	3.76	3	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	3.76	3	0
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Mucorales Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.49	2	0
Mucormycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.	2.17	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	3.09	1	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	4.13	3	1
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	5.74	4	1
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	2.21	1	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	2.21	1	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	2.21	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2.55	2	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Black Death [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Glanders A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin.	2.17	1	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	7.92	4	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	4.51	1	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	4.51	1	1
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	3.26	6	0
Leanness [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.72	3	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	4.73	6	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	3.12	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	3.71	3	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	3.71	3	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	5.03	5	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	5.03	5	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	2.93	4	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	6.02	19	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	6.02	19	0
Colonic Diverticulitis [description not available]	4.42	2	2
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	5.38	7	0
Escherichia coli Meningitis [description not available]	3	1	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	3.67	3	0
Pouch Ileitis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Pouchitis Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).	2.51	2	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	10.64	17	3
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	10.64	17	3
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Pseudarthrosis A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.08	1	0
Anal Fistula [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.49	2	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	7.62	12	1
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	7.62	12	1
Great Pox [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	2.08	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	2.45	2	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	2.43	2	0
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	3.42	2	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	2.1	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	2.1	1	0
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY.	2.1	1	0
Epidermitis, Exudative of Swine [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Infections, Serratia [description not available]	3.65	9	0
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Adult-Onset Still Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.	2.1	1	0
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	2.1	1	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	3.01	4	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	3	1	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Emesis [description not available]	4.78	2	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	4.4	1	1
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	4.78	2	1
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	2.1	1	0
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	2.1	1	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	2.1	1	0
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	2.1	1	0
Abscess, Abdominal [description not available]	10.16	18	5
Abdominal Abscess An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	10.16	18	5
Infections, Pasteurellaceae [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	5.86	8	1
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	3.91	4	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	3.91	4	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	4.18	6	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	5.97	5	2
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	5.97	5	2
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.96	4	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.96	4	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.76	3	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	2.52	2	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Discitis Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.	3.9	4	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.1	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	2.1	1	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	2.1	1	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	2.1	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2.1	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	2.1	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.1	1	0
Giant Cell Arteritis A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)	2.1	1	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	4.33	7	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	3.4	2	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	4.33	7	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.92	4	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	3.66	9	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	3.66	9	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	3.68	3	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	4.52	5	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	4.52	5	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Osteosclerosis An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.	2.11	1	0
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	2.11	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	2.49	2	0
A-Thalassemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Abscess, Psoas [description not available]	2.11	1	0
alpha-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.	2.11	1	0
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	5.13	5	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	3.62	9	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	8.62	9	0
Genital Tract Infections [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	4.06	3	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	5.25	8	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	2.11	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	2.11	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	5.71	7	1
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	5.71	7	1
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	2.1	1	0
Central Nervous System Lyme Disease [description not available]	4.75	4	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	2.11	1	0
Listeria Cerebritis [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Arm Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the UPPER ARM and the FOREARM.	2.11	1	0
Fractures, Compound [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.94	4	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.13	1	0
Acne Inversa [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Hidradenitis Suppurativa A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.	3.45	2	0
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.	3.74	3	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2.49	2	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	2.48	2	0
Hepatorenal Syndrome Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.	2.13	1	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	2.5	2	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	8.42	2	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	6.42	9	1
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	6.42	9	1
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.13	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	2.13	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	2.13	1	0
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	3.14	5	0
Actinomycosis, Cervicofacial A form of ACTINOMYCOSIS characterized by slow-growing inflammatory lesions of the lymph nodes that drain the mouth (lumpy jaw), reddening of the overlying skin, and intraperitoneal abscesses.	3.69	3	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.41	2	0
Bites [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	2.13	1	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	9.35	4	0
Deficiency, Protein S [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	4.35	4	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	2.13	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.5	2	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	3.43	1	1
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	3.83	2	1
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.96	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	11.08	22	7
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	11.08	22	7
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	3.65	3	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.96	1	0
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.	2.04	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	2.05	1	0
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis [description not available]	4.43	8	0
Meningitis, Pneumococcal An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)	4.43	8	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Inflammatory Pseudotumor [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Granuloma, Plasma Cell A slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells.	2.05	1	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	2.96	1	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.96	1	0
Embolus [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	2.05	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	2.05	1	0
Mediastinitis Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.	2.05	1	0
Skin Diseases, Viral Skin diseases caused by viruses.	2.05	1	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	3.3	2	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	2.05	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	7.83	9	3
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	2.05	1	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	4.05	5	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	2.05	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.05	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.05	1	0
Bacillaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACILLACEAE.	2.05	1	0
Mastoiditis Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.	2.05	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	2.97	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.97	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.05	1	0
Pus [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2.05	1	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.05	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	4.01	5	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	4.01	5	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Pyomyositis An intramuscular suppuration of the large skeletal muscle groups. It is associated with INFECTION such as STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS and PYODERMA. It was known as a tropical disease but is increasing among the immunocompromised (IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST). Symptoms include muscle pain, FEVER, and leucocytosis. It has been diagnosed by MRI SCANS.	2.05	1	0
Apertognathia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Mandibular Retroposition [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Constricted Pupil [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Acquired Language Disorders [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Language Disorders Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.	2.06	1	0
Miosis Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.	2.06	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.45	2	0
Peptic Ulcer Perforation Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.	2.06	1	0
Acne [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	3.45	1	1
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	3.86	2	1
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	3.45	1	1
Allergy, Latex [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.98	1	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	2.05	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	2.06	1	0
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).	2.06	1	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	2.06	1	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.06	1	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	4.33	4	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	4.33	4	0
Cerebral Nocardiosis [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2.06	1	0
Actinomyces Infections [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	2.07	1	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	2.07	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.07	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	2.07	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	2.07	1	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	2.46	2	0
Foot Rot A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. It is usually caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes or Bacteroides nodosus (see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS). It is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 18th ed)	2.41	2	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	4.37	1	1
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	4.37	1	1
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	5.58	4	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	5.21	4	1
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	5.58	4	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	5.21	4	1
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	2.07	1	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	2.39	2	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Dermal Sinus [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	2.46	2	0
Abscess, Epidural [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Infarct [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.07	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.07	1	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	3.31	2	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	2.07	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.07	1	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	3.36	2	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	4.93	4	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	4.93	4	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	2.07	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.46	2	0
Dermatitis, Periocular [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Dermatitis, Perioral A papular eruption of unknown etiology that progresses to residual papular erythema and scaling usually confined to the area of the mouth, and almost exclusively occurring in young women. It may also be localized or extend to involve the eyelids and adjacent glabella area of the forehead (periocular dermatitis). (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.44	2	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	2.01	1	0
Bacteroidaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.	2.7	3	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2.01	1	0
Infection, Pelvic [description not available]	6.59	5	4
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	3.77	2	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	3.78	2	1
Diseases of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.93	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	2.94	4	0
Bleb [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Sinusitis, Maxillary [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Maxillary Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	3.4	1	1
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	2.02	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.4	1	1
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	3.8	2	1
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	2.02	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Spherocytosis, Hereditary A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.	2.02	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.69	3	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.02	1	0
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	2.02	1	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	2.02	1	0
Neuromuscular Blockade The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.	2.02	1	0
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	2.02	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.02	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	2.02	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	2.02	1	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.02	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.02	1	0
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	2.03	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Fungemia The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.	2.02	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.43	2	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.03	1	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	2.43	2	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	4.29	4	1
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	4.29	4	1
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	5.2	4	1
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	5.2	4	1
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	2.03	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	3.31	2	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.95	1	0
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions.	2.95	1	0
Vascular Fistula An abnormal passage between two or more BLOOD VESSELS, between ARTERIES; VEINS; or between an artery and a vein.	2.95	1	0
Digestive System Fistula An abnormal passage communicating between any components of the digestive system, or between any part of the digestive system and surrounding organ(s).	2.95	1	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	2.03	1	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	2.03	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	2.04	1	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	8.6	3	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	2.04	1	0
Tooth Diseases Diseases involving the TEETH.	2.03	1	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	2.04	1	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Infections, Tick-Borne [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Infections, Rickettsia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Chancroid Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas.	3.34	1	1
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	2.88	4	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Laryngitis Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.	1.96	1	0
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	1.96	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	2.37	2	0
Salpingitis Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)	1.96	1	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	2.66	3	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	1.96	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	1.96	1	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	1.96	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	1.98	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	1.98	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.39	2	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Infections, Neisseriaceae [description not available]	4.63	6	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	5.9	3	1
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	5.9	3	1
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	1.98	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	1.99	1	0
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	1.99	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	2.69	3	0
Cervicitis [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Uterine Cervicitis Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.	3.38	1	1
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	2	1	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	3.39	1	1
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	3.39	1	1
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	2	1	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	2	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	2	1	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	2.01	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Factor II [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Fasciitis Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.	1.97	1	0
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	1.97	1	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	2.89	1	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	2.89	1	0
Far East Scarlet-like Fever [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	1.97	1	0
Fallopian Tube Diseases Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.	1.97	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	1.97	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.89	1	0
Aortitis Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.	1.97	1	0
Chromosome Inversion An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.	1.97	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin K [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Vitamin K Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)	2.37	2	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	1.96	1	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	1.96	1	0
Paratyphoid Fever A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.	3.33	1	1

beta-lactams

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (34)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (2)

Bioassays (5)

Research

Studies (7,216)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 102.80

Study Types

Clinical Trials (34)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Fraction of the Dosing Interval Over Which the Concentration of Unbound Drug is Greater Than the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (fT>MIC)