Page last updated: 2024-10-15

chlorotoxin

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID155885738
MeSH IDM0241726

Synonyms (3)

Synonym
163515-35-3
chlorotoxin ,
AS-82547

Research Excerpts

Overview

Chlorotoxin (CTX) is a 36-amino acid peptide derived from Leiurus quinquestriatus (scorpion) venom. It inhibits low-conductance chloride channels in colonic epithelial cells. Chlorot toxin is a promising tumortargeting peptide.

ExcerptReference
"Chlorotoxin (CTX) is a 36⁻amino acid peptide with eight Cys residues that forms four disulfide bonds. "( Effects of Selective Substitution of Cysteine Residues on the Conformational Properties of Chlorotoxin Explored by Molecular Dynamics Simulations.
Gregory, AJ; Lovas, S; Voit-Ostricki, L; Watts, CR, 2019
)
"Chlorotoxin (CTX) is a 36-amino acid peptide derived from Leiurus quinquestriatus (scorpion) venom, which inhibits low-conductance chloride channels in colonic epithelial cells. "( Chlorotoxin-Fc fusion inhibits release of MMP-2 from pancreatic cancer cells.
El-Ghlban, S; Ida, M; Kasai, T; Kudoh, T; Mizutani, A; Murakami, H; Sanchez, A; Sekhar, S; Seno, M; Shigehiro, T; Yin, HX, 2014
)
"Chlorotoxin is a small scorpion peptide that inhibits glioma cell migration. "( The role of disulfide bonds in structure and activity of chlorotoxin.
Chan, LY; Craik, DJ; Ojeda, PG; Poth, AG; Wang, CK, 2014
)
"Chlorotoxin is a small 36 amino-acid peptide identified from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus. "( Chlorotoxin: a helpful natural scorpion peptide to diagnose glioma and fight tumor invasion.
Aziz, TA; Bazin, I; Brambilla, E; Dardevet, L; De Waard, M; Fadl, M; Rani, D; Sabatier, JM, 2015
)
"Chlorotoxin is a disulfide-rich stable peptide from the venom of the Israeli scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus, which has potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of cancer. "( Chlorotoxin: Structure, activity, and potential uses in cancer therapy.
Craik, DJ; Ojeda, PG; Wang, CK, 2016
)
"Chlorotoxin (CTX) is a peptide derived from scorpion venom, which can selectively target malignant gliomas."( Anti-gliomas Effect of Chlorotoxin-Conjugated Onconase at High Dose.
Guo, Z; Wang, X, 2015
)
"Chlorotoxin is a promising tumortargeting peptide."( Glioblastoma multiforme targeted therapy: The Chlorotoxin story.
Cohen-Inbar, O; Zaaroor, M, 2016
)
"Chlorotoxin is a scorpion toxin that specifically binds to the surface of glioma cells and impairs their ability to invade."( Chlorotoxin inhibits glioma cell invasion via matrix metalloproteinase-2.
Deshane, J; Garner, CC; Sontheimer, H, 2003
)
"Chlorotoxin is a component of scorpion venom that partially blocks small conductance chloride channels."( Chlorotoxin-mediated disinhibition of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons using a conditional transgenic approach.
Cirelli, C; Edelman, GM; Krushel, LA; Salbaum, JM; Tononi, G; Walcott, E, 2004
)
"Chlorotoxin, or TM-601, is a peptide derived from the venom of the scorpionLeiurus Quinquestriatus that specifically binds to malignant brain tumors, but not to normal tissues. "( Radiation dosimetry of 131I-chlorotoxin for targeted radiotherapy in glioma-bearing mice.
Alvarez, VL; Gillespie, GY; Khazaeli, MB; Shen, S, 2005
)
"Chlorotoxin (CTX) is a small, 36 amino acid neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the Giant Yellow Israeli scorpion Leiurus Quinquestriatus."( Targeted delivery of antitumoral therapy to glioma and other malignancies with synthetic chlorotoxin (TM-601).
Jacoby, DB; Mamelak, AN, 2007
)

Effects

Chlorotoxin (CTX) has been demonstrated to bind specifically to receptor expressed in glioma. CTX was exploited as the targeting ligand to conjugate PAMAM via bifunctional polyethyleneglycol (PEG)

ExcerptReference
"Chlorotoxin has an anti-angiogenic effect as well."( Glioblastoma multiforme targeted therapy: The Chlorotoxin story.
Cohen-Inbar, O; Zaaroor, M, 2016
)
"Chlorotoxin (CTX), which has been demonstrated to bind specifically to receptor expressed in glioma, was exploited as the targeting ligand to conjugate PAMAM via bifunctional polyethyleneglycol (PEG), yielding PAMAM-PEG-CTX."( Targeted delivery of chlorotoxin-modified DNA-loaded nanoparticles to glioma via intravenous administration.
Han, L; Huang, R; Jiang, C; Ke, W; Li, J; Liu, S, 2011
)
"Chlorotoxin has been isolated from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus and characterized as a 4.1kDa peptide, containing a lysine at position 27 that is also present in many Kv-blocking toxins. "( Structure-function study of a chlorotoxin-chimer and its activity on Kv1.3 channels.
Huys, I; Tytgat, J; Waelkens, E, 2004
)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"In chlorotoxin-treated U373 cells, Trip-mediated block of IK(IR) remained effective."( High effectiveness of triptolide, an active diterpenoid triepoxide, in suppressing Kir-channel currents from human glioma cells.
Chen, LT; Kao, CA; Lo, YC; So, EC; Wu, SN, 2014
)

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReference
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution studies can help inform decisions determining particle size, coatings, or other features early in nanoparticle development."( Rapid pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies using cholorotoxin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles: a novel non-radioactive method.
Bhattarai, N; Ditzler, S; Ellenbogen, R; Hansen, SJ; Knoblaugh, S; Lee, D; Lee, MJ; Olson, JM; Sun, C; Veiseh, O; Zhang, M, 2010
)
"To address this problem, we developed an economical, radioactivity-free method for assessing serum half-life and tissue distribution of nanoparticles in mice."( Rapid pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies using cholorotoxin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles: a novel non-radioactive method.
Bhattarai, N; Ditzler, S; Ellenbogen, R; Hansen, SJ; Knoblaugh, S; Lee, D; Lee, MJ; Olson, JM; Sun, C; Veiseh, O; Zhang, M, 2010
)
"We report here a simple near-infrared fluorescence based methodology to assess PK properties of nanoparticles in order to integrate pharmacokinetic data into early nanoparticle design and synthesis."( Rapid pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies using cholorotoxin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles: a novel non-radioactive method.
Bhattarai, N; Ditzler, S; Ellenbogen, R; Hansen, SJ; Knoblaugh, S; Lee, D; Lee, MJ; Olson, JM; Sun, C; Veiseh, O; Zhang, M, 2010
)
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study involving intravenous administration of BmKCT-13 to rats."( Determination of BmKCT-13, a chlorotoxin-like peptide, in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to a preclinical pharmacokinetic study.
Chen, L; Liu, X; Xiao, Q; Yang, J; Yuan, L; Zang, M, 2014
)

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReference
" Moreover, although further studies are still necessary to demonstrate a therapeutic benefit in a clinical context, our findings suggest that miRNA modulation by the targeted nanoparticles combined with anti-angiogenic chemotherapy may hold promise as an attractive approach towards GBM treatment."( MiRNA-21 silencing mediated by tumor-targeted nanoparticles combined with sunitinib: A new multimodal gene therapy approach for glioblastoma.
Cardoso, AL; Costa, PM; Cunha, P; Custódia, C; Pedroso de Lima, MC; Pereira de Almeida, L, 2015
)

Dosage Studied

ExcerptReference
" Two weeks after surgery, patients received a single dose of 131I-TM-601 from one of three dosing panels (0."( Phase I single-dose study of intracavitary-administered iodine-131-TM-601 in adults with recurrent high-grade glioma.
Alvarez, VL; Bucholz, R; Colcher, D; Fiveash, JB; Gonda, MA; Guthrie, B; Hablitz, DM; Khazaeli, MB; Liu, A; Mamelak, AN; Nabors, LB; Osman, M; Raubitschek, A; Rosenfeld, S; Schade-Bijur, S; Shen, S, 2006
)
" These studies demonstrated that intracavitary dosing of 131I-TM-601 appears safe, minimally toxic, and binds malignant glioma with high affinity and for long durations."( Targeted delivery of antitumoral therapy to glioma and other malignancies with synthetic chlorotoxin (TM-601).
Jacoby, DB; Mamelak, AN, 2007
)
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (125)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's8 (6.40)18.2507
2000's29 (23.20)29.6817
2010's83 (66.40)24.3611
2020's5 (4.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials3 (2.36%)5.53%
Reviews13 (10.24%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational1 (0.79%)0.25%
Other110 (86.61%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]