Compounds > bismuth
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bismuth

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Description

Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5359367
CHEBI ID33301
MeSH IDM0002611

Synonyms (153)

Synonym
AKOS015832970
bi
bismuth
bismut
bismuto
bismuth atom
wismut
83bi
CHEBI:33301
7440-69-9
bismuth, pieces, 1-12 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis
bismuth, beads, 1-5 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis
bismuth, powder, -100 mesh, >=99.999%
bismuth, powder, -100 mesh, >=99.99% trace metals basis
bismuth, shot, 4-30 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis
bismuth, powder, -100 mesh, 99% trace metals basis
bismuth, granular, >=99.99% trace metals basis
bdbm85242
nsc_26947
cas_14882-18-9
FT-0623124
bismuth (lump)
bismuth ingot/button, ca. 36mm (1.4in) dia x 8mm (0.3in) thick
JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N
bismuth, granular
bismuth pieces, 10cm (3.9in) & down
bismuth shot, spherical, 1-2mm (0.04-0.20in), low oxide
bismuth granules, 1-2mm (0.04-0.08in)
bismuth needles, 1-5cm (0.4-2in) long
bismuth powder, -100 mesh
bismuth rod, 12.7mm (0.5in) dia
bismuth powder, -200 mesh
bismuth foil, 1.0mm (0.04in) thick
bismuth, plasma standard solution, specpure?, bi 10,000?g/ml
bismuth, plasma standard solution, specpure?, bi 1000?g/ml
bismuth, aas standard solution, specpure?, bi 1000?g/ml
bismuth rod, 11mm (0.43in) dia
bismuth foil, 2.0mm (0.08in) thick
bismuth powder, -325 mesh
bismuth polycrystalline lump, puratronic?
bismuth needles
bismuth standard for aas, ready-to-use, traceable to bam, in nitric acid
bismuth powder
mfcd00134033
bismuth shot, elongated
bismuth granules
bismuth rod
bismuth pieces
bismuth standard for icp, for icp, ready-to-use, traceable to bam, in nitric acid
bismuth, shot, 99.9999%
bismuth, pieces, elongated, 99.999%
bismuth, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 2.0mm, 100%
bismuth, rod, 70mm, diameter 10.0mm, cast sticks, 100%
bismuth, powder, max. particle size 150 micron, weight 100 g, high purity 99.999%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.007 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, lump, 7 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, purity 99.999%
bismuth, powder, 150 max. part. size (micron), weight 50 g, high purity 99.999%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.004 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 3.0 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 2.0mm, 100%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, powder, max. particle size 150 micron, weight 50 g, high purity 99.997%
bismuth, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 0.5mm, 100%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, purity 99.97%, size 25 x 25 mm
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.045 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, powder, max. particle size 150 micron, weight 200 g, high purity 99.999%
bismuth, powder, max. particle size 45 micron, weight 200 g, purity 99.5+%
bismuth, lump, 10 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, purity 99.999%
bismuth, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 0.25mm, 100%
bismuth, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, high purity 99.9999%
bismuth, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, high purity 99.9999%
bismuth, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 1.0mm, 99.97%
bismuth, powder, max. particle size 45 micron, weight 50 g, purity 99.5+%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.006 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.007 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, powder, 150 max. part. size (micron), weight 50 g, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, purity 99.97%, size 50 x 50 mm
bismuth, rod, 140mm, diameter 10.0mm, cast sticks, 100%
bismuth, foil, size 100 x 100 mm, thickness 0.0125 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 200 g, high purity 99.9999%
bismuth, powder, 150 max. part. size (micron), high purity 99.998%, weight 100 g
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.0125 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.04 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.04 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, lump, 100 mm max. lump size, weight 2252 g, purity 99.999%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.045 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, lump, 25 mm max. lump size, weight 20 g, high purity 99.9999%
bismuth, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 1.0mm, 99.97%
bismuth, lump, 7 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, purity 99.999%
bismuth, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 0.25mm, 100%
bismuth, powder, max. particle size 150 micron, weight 200 g, high purity 99.997%
bismuth, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 1.0mm, 100%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.006 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, powder, max. particle size 150 micron, weight 200 g, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.04 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, lump, 10 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, purity 99.999%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.04 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, size 150 x 150 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.003 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 1.0mm, 100%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.045 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.009 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.03 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, powder, max. particle size 150 micron, weight 100 g, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.003 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, powder, max. particle size 45 micron, weight 100 g, purity 99.5+%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.004 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, lump, 10 mm max. lump size, weight 200 g, purity 99.999%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.009 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.045 mm, size 100 x 100 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, lump, 7 mm max. lump size, weight 200 g, purity 99.999%
bismuth, lump, 100 mm max. lump size, weight 1126 g, purity 99.999%
bismuth, rod, 120mm, diameter 10.0mm, cast sticks, 100%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.0125 mm, size 25 x 25 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, thickness 0.008 mm, size 50 x 50 mm, purity 99.97%
bismuth, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 0.5mm, 100%
bismuth, 99.9%
DTXSID3052484
bismuthide
Q4918361
bi3 (b6 o13 (o h))
bi (b4 o6 (o h)2) (o h)
bismuth single crystal disc, 10mm (0.39in) dia, 1-3mm (0.04-0.1in) thick
bismuth single crystal disc, 10mm (0.39in) dia, 1-3mm (0.04-0.1in) thick, (111) orientation, polished both sides
bismuth single crystal disc, 10mm (0.39in) dia, 1-3mm (0.04-0.1in) thick, (100) orientation, polished both sides
bismuth single crystal, 15mm (0.59in) dia, 25mm (1in) long, (100) orientation
bismuth single crystal, 15mm (0.59in) dia, 25mm (1in) long, random orientation
Q942
bismuth, ingot, 99.9999% (6n), diameter 8 mm, length 42 mm, approx. 21 g
bismuth nanorods
bismuth sputtering target
bismuth nanopowder
bismuth nanorods properties
bismuth nanoprisms
bismuth metal
bismuth hollow cathode lamp: 2.0 diameter, 9-pin, non-coded
bismuth hollow cathode lamp: 2.0 diameter, 4-pin, cableless
bismuth hollow cathode lamp: 1.5 diameter, 2-pin, non-coded
bismuth standard: bi @ 10 microg/ml in 2% hno3
sulfur-free bismuth standard: bi @ 1000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
bismuth standard: bi @ 10000 microg/ml in 5% hno3
icp-ms internal standard: bi @ 100 ug/ml in 2% hno3
bismuth, elemental;
bismuth internal standard: bi @ 0.793 g/l in mineral oil
bismuth standard: bi @ 1000 microg/ml in 5% hno3
sulfur-free bismuth standard: bi @ 5000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
bismuth internal standard: bi @ 10 microg/ml in 2% hno3
bismuth aa standard: bi @ 1000 microg/ml in 5% hno3
bismuth standard: bi @ 1000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
bismuth internal standard in mineral oil - bi @ 0.793 g/l
bismuth - bi @ 1000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
bismuth - bi @ 1000 microg/ml in 5% hno3

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Fourteen-day HDDT is non-inferior to bismuth-containing quadruple therapy, with fewer adverse effects and good treatment compliance, suggesting HDDT as an alternative for H.I.V.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Bismuth blood and urine levels obtained from patients after administration of a new anti-ulcer drug (Bicitropeptide) in a well controlled clinical trial are discussed and suggest that that this bismuth containing drug behaves pharmacologically in a manner similar to the inorganic bismuth salts in man, low bismuth blood levels and the absence of toxic side effects being conspicuous features of the drug."( Bismuth toxicity in man II. Review of bismuth blood and urine levels in patients after administration of therapeutic bismuth formulations in relation to the problem of bismuth toxicity in man.
Mekel, R; Serfontein, WJ, 1979)		0.26
" Changes in cell growth, cell viability, and the visual appearance of cells were used for the assessment of toxic response."( Cytotoxicity evaluation of a new radiopaque resin additive--triphenyl bismuth.
Bhagat, HR; Cabasso, I; Cardenas, HL; Marshall, MV; Rawls, HR, 1992)		0.28
" Since 1980, five papers have addressed questions concerning potential metal toxicity, safe shop practices, measurement of airborne vapors and metal particulates, and the results of biological testing of personnel fabricating secondary field shaping blocks."( The safety of low melting point bismuth/lead alloys: a review.
Glasgow, GP, 1991)		0.28
" During 12 months of follow-up, no side-effects were reported by TDB-treated patients, blood bismuth levels did not rise above discontinuation threshold concentrations (greater than 50 micrograms/L in the first 6 months, or greater than 100 micrograms/L in the second 6 months), and there were no adverse effects on haematological or biochemical indices."( The safety and efficacy of tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (De-Nol) maintenance therapy in patients with duodenal ulceration.
Dunk, AA; Mowat, NA; O'Morain, C; Prabhu, U; Tobin, A, 1990)		0.28
"The effect of preinduction of metallonthionein (MT) by bismuth subnitrate (BSN) on the adverse effects and antitumor activity of gamma-ray irradiation was investigated in mice."( Prevention of adverse effects of gamma-ray irradiation after metallothionein induction by bismuth subnitrate in mice.
Imura, N; Kawamura, E; Matsuzaki, N; Miura, N; Naganuma, A; Satoh, M, 1989)		0.28
" A number of toxic effects have been attributed to bismuth compounds in humans: nephropathy, encephalopathy, osteoarthropathy, gingivitis, stomatitis and colitis."( Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of bismuth compounds.
de Wolff, FA; Slikkerveer, A, )		0.13
"The effect of preinduction of metallothionein (MT) by bismuth (Bi) compounds on the toxic side effects and antitumor activity of adriamycin (ADR) was investigated in mice."( Specific reduction of toxic side effects of adriamycin by induction of metallothionein in mice.
Imura, N; Naganuma, A; Satoh, M, 1988)		0.27
" The use of such therapies, however, may be impeded by a number of major disadvantages, including reduced patient compliance, the incidence of adverse events and primary or acquired antibiotic resistance."( Compliance, adverse events and antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori treatment.
Malfertheiner, P, 1993)		0.29
"The toxic effects of modified endodontic sealers, Fillcanal, N-Rickert, FS, and Sealer 26, were assessed."( Cytotoxicity of some modified root canal sealers and their leachable components.
Araki, K; Barbosa, SV; Spångberg, LS, 1993)		0.29
" Adverse reactions to these agents are mild, transient and infrequent, and reports of serious adverse reactions are rare."( Review article: safety of bismuth in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
Dixon, JS; Drake, FM; Tillman, LA; Wood, JR, 1996)		0.29
" No adverse events were specifically attributed to ranitidine bismuth citrate."( The safety and efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate in combination with antibiotics for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori.
Bardhan, KD; Buckley, MJ; De Koster, EH; Duggan, AE; Gilvarry, J; Gummett, PA; Logan, RP; O'Morain, CA; Pounder, RE; Rauws, EA; Schaufelberger, HD; Wyeth, JW, 1996)		0.29
" Twenty-four patients experienced side-effects, but in only seven cases was treatment discontinued due to adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of three 7-day Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens containing ranitidine bismuth citrate.
Bazzoli, F; Cannizzaro, O; D'Angelo, A; Ederle, A; Fossi, S; Gerace, G; Iaquinto, G; Olivieri, A; Pozzato, P; Reina, G; Ricciardiello, L; Roda, E; Scarpulla, G; Spadaccini, A; Tosatto, R; Zagari, M, 1998)		0.3
" Three novel RBC-based triple therapies proved to be safe and well tolerated, with discontinuations due to side-effects occurring in less than 5% of cases."( Efficacy and safety of three 7-day Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens containing ranitidine bismuth citrate.
Bazzoli, F; Cannizzaro, O; D'Angelo, A; Ederle, A; Fossi, S; Gerace, G; Iaquinto, G; Olivieri, A; Pozzato, P; Reina, G; Ricciardiello, L; Roda, E; Scarpulla, G; Spadaccini, A; Tosatto, R; Zagari, M, 1998)		0.3
" AH26 had a severe cytotoxic effect whilst Topseal and AH-Plus showed a markedly lower toxic influence on the cells during the experimental period."( Cytotoxicity of three resin-based root canal sealers: an in vitro evaluation.
Beltes, P; Geromichalos, GD; Kortsaris, AH; Koulaouzidou, EA; Papazisis, KT, 1998)		0.3
"The kidney, in particular the proximal convoluted tubule, is a major target site for the toxic effects of various metals."( Exposure of cultured human proximal tubular cells to cadmium, mercury, zinc and bismuth: toxicity and metallothionein induction.
Hawksworth, GM; Jenner, W; Miles, AT; Rodilla, V, 1998)		0.3
" The results obtained in this study showed the high cytotoxcity of the new AH Plus root canal sealer, which was shown to be equally or more toxic to the standard AH26 and Diaket materials."( Cytotoxic effect of four root filling materials.
Anić, I; Karlović, Z; Marsan, T; Miletić, I; Osmak, M; Pezelj-Ribarić, S, 2000)		0.31
" Calcium hydroxide-based sealer was the least toxic sealer amongst the chemicals tested in both cultures."( Cytotoxicity of resin-, zinc oxide-eugenol-, and calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers on human periodontal ligament cells and permanent V79 cells.
Chang, YC; Chou, MY; Huang, FM; Tai, KW, 2002)		0.31
"The effect of tissue specific induction of metallothionein (MT) by preadministration of metal compounds on the antitumor activity and adverse effects of adriamycin (ADR) was examined using mice bearing colon 38 adenocarcinoma."( Modulation of adriamycin toxicity by tissue-specific induction of metallothionein synthesis in mice.
Imura, N; Naganuma, A; Satoh, M, 2000)		0.31
" AH Plus was also shown to be toxic in concentrations of 16."( Examination of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of AH26 and AH Plus sealers.
Anić, I; Garaj-Vrhovac, V; Jukić, S; Miletić, I; Osmak, M; Zeljezić, D, 2003)		0.32
" Since both BSN and citrate are used clinically as pharmaceuticals, the combination regimen of BSN and citrate may be readily applicable as a countermeasure against the adverse side effects of CDDP without affecting its antitumor activity."( Citrate enhances the protective effect of orally administered bismuth subnitrate against the nephrotoxicity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.
Himeno, S; Imura, N; Kondo, Y; Naganuma, A; Nishimura, T; Satoh, M, 2004)		0.32
" Adherence and adverse events for quadruple therapy were similar to currently recommended triple therapies."( Meta-analysis: the efficacy, adverse events, and adherence related to first-line anti-Helicobacter pylori quadruple therapies.
Dickason, J; Fischbach, LA; van Zanten, S, 2004)		0.32
"8, 4, 20 mg/kg to male Crj:CD(SD)IGS rats (SPF) by intratracheal intermittent administration once a week for thirteen weeks to investigate its potential toxic effects; especially for specific adverse effects and changes related to pre-neoplastic lesions."( A 13-week toxicity study of bismuth in rats by intratracheal intermittent administration.
Chiba, M; Nakashima, H; Okamoto, M; Omae, K; Sano, Y; Satoh, H; Serizawa, K; Shinohara, A, 2005)		0.33
"The consumption and production of bismuth are increasing, however there is very little information about the direct toxic effect of bismuth."( Oral toxicity of bismuth in rat: single and 28-day repeated administration studies.
Chiba, M; Nakashima, H; Okamoto, M; Omae, K; Sano, Y; Satoh, H; Serizawa, K, 2005)		0.33
" The general public may assume that over-the-counter products are safe because they do not require a prescription."( Salicylate toxicity associated with administration of Percy medicine in an infant.
Badillo, R; Hagemann, TM; Lewis, TV; McGoodwin, L; Schaeffer, S, 2006)		0.33
" We also analyzed the cyto- and genotoxic effects of these compounds to investigate their toxic potential."( Methylated bismuth, but not bismuth citrate or bismuth glutathione, induces cyto- and genotoxic effects in human cells in vitro.
Dopp, E; Hartmann, LM; Hippler, J; Hirner, AV; Rabieh, S; Rettenmeier, AW; von Recklinghausen, U, 2008)		0.35
" Total numbers of adverse events were recorded."( Adverse events with bismuth salts for Helicobacter pylori eradication: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ford, AC; Giguere, M; Khan, M; Malfertheiner, P; Moayyedi, P; Santana, J, 2008)		0.35
" There were no serious adverse events occurring with bismuth therapy."( Adverse events with bismuth salts for Helicobacter pylori eradication: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ford, AC; Giguere, M; Khan, M; Malfertheiner, P; Moayyedi, P; Santana, J, 2008)		0.35
"Bismuth for the treatment of H pylori is safe and well-tolerated."( Adverse events with bismuth salts for Helicobacter pylori eradication: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ford, AC; Giguere, M; Khan, M; Malfertheiner, P; Moayyedi, P; Santana, J, 2008)		0.35
" However, treatment with therapeutically effective activities of (177)Lu-d9MAb was not free of toxic side effects."( 177Lu-immunotherapy of experimental peritoneal carcinomatosis shows comparable effectiveness to 213Bi-immunotherapy, but causes toxicity not observed with 213Bi.
Beck, R; Bruchertseifer, F; Quintanilla-Martinez, L; Seidl, C; Senekowitsch-Schmidtke, R; Zöckler, C, 2011)		0.37
"The therapeutic efficacy of (177)Lu-d9MAb conjugates in peritoneal carcinomatosis is impaired by toxic side effects."( 177Lu-immunotherapy of experimental peritoneal carcinomatosis shows comparable effectiveness to 213Bi-immunotherapy, but causes toxicity not observed with 213Bi.
Beck, R; Bruchertseifer, F; Quintanilla-Martinez, L; Seidl, C; Senekowitsch-Schmidtke, R; Zöckler, C, 2011)		0.37
" Seventeen patients experienced mild adverse events."( Effectiveness and safety of repeated quadruple therapy in Helicobacter pylori infection after failure of second-line quadruple therapy: repeated quadruple therapy as a third-line therapy.
Choi, JH; Hyun, JJ; Jung, SW; Kim, JH; Kim, SY; Koo, JS; Kwon, BS; Lee, SK; Lee, SW; Park, JY; Yim, HJ, 2011)		0.37
"A retrial of quadruple therapy before use of a third-line therapy may be safe and effective for patients who fail to respond to second-line quadruple therapy."( Effectiveness and safety of repeated quadruple therapy in Helicobacter pylori infection after failure of second-line quadruple therapy: repeated quadruple therapy as a third-line therapy.
Choi, JH; Hyun, JJ; Jung, SW; Kim, JH; Kim, SY; Koo, JS; Kwon, BS; Lee, SK; Lee, SW; Park, JY; Yim, HJ, 2011)		0.37
" Safety and tolerability were assessed by adverse events, physical examination and serum biochemistry."( Safety and tolerability of bismuthyl ecabet suspension, a novel anti-ulcer agent, following single and multiple oral dose administration in healthy Chinese subjects.
Chen, A; Jiang, N; Meng, L; Ou, N; Shi, R; Tang, N; Wang, Y; Wu, D; Xu, K; Zhang, H; Zhang, P; Zhang, X, 2012)		0.38
"In both the single- and multiple-dose studies, no severe adverse events were observed in any of the volunteers."( Safety and tolerability of bismuthyl ecabet suspension, a novel anti-ulcer agent, following single and multiple oral dose administration in healthy Chinese subjects.
Chen, A; Jiang, N; Meng, L; Ou, N; Shi, R; Tang, N; Wang, Y; Wu, D; Xu, K; Zhang, H; Zhang, P; Zhang, X, 2012)		0.38
"Bismuthyl ecabet was shown to be safe and well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects."( Safety and tolerability of bismuthyl ecabet suspension, a novel anti-ulcer agent, following single and multiple oral dose administration in healthy Chinese subjects.
Chen, A; Jiang, N; Meng, L; Ou, N; Shi, R; Tang, N; Wang, Y; Wu, D; Xu, K; Zhang, H; Zhang, P; Zhang, X, 2012)		0.38
" The results show that bismuth nanoparticles are more toxic than most previously reported bismuth compounds."( In vitro cytotoxicity of surface modified bismuth nanoparticles.
Hossain, M; Luo, Y; Ma, L; Qiao, Y; Su, M; Wang, C, 2012)		0.38
"To establish the efficiency and adverse effects of the addition of bismuth subsalicylate to triple eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection."( [Addition of bismuth subsalicylate to triple eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: efficiency and adverse events].
Díaz Ferrer, J; Hinostroza Morales, D, )		0.13
" The adverse events of both groups were: diarrhea (10."( [Addition of bismuth subsalicylate to triple eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: efficiency and adverse events].
Díaz Ferrer, J; Hinostroza Morales, D, )		0.13
"5 µg/mL), whereas higher concentrations (5-100 µg/mL) of BiOCl-NSs could trigger toxic effects on HaCaT cells, with changes in cell morphology and impairment of intracellular structures (mitochondria and cytoskeleton)."( An in vitro study on the cytotoxicity of bismuth oxychloride nanosheets in human HaCaT keratinocytes.
Fan, C; Gao, X; Peng, S; Wang, Y; Zhang, X, 2015)		0.42
" In addition, data on side effect profiles and patient compliance were collected."( Different bismuth-based therapies for eradicating Helicobacter pylori: Randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety.
Gokcan, H; Onal, IK; Oztas, E, 2016)		0.43
" The glycolate complexes are selectively toxic against parasite amastigotes, with all complexes being nontoxic towards promastigotes and human fibroblast cells."( Bismuth(III) α-hydroxy carboxylates: highly selective toxicity of glycolates towards Leishmania major.
Andrews, PC; Blair, VL; Kedzierski, L; Loh, A; Ong, YC, 2015)		0.42
" Further investigations with the use of in vivo animal models are required to validate the potential adverse biological effects of TheraCal LC on hDPSCs."( Cytotoxicity and osteogenic potential of silicate calcium cements as potential protective materials for pulpal revascularization.
Bortoluzzi, EA; Cutler, CW; El-Awady, AR; Hammond, BD; Niu, LN; Palani, CD; Pashley, DH; Pei, DD; Tay, FR; Tian, FC, 2015)		0.42
" In vitro cytotoxic activities against cancerous (human chronic myelogenous leukemia, K562 and murine metastatic melanoma, B16F10) and healthy non-cancerous (murine fibroblasts, L929 and murine melanocytes, Melan-A) cells showed that, compared to free ligands, both of the metal complexes are more active as anticancer agents at low concentration in cancerous cell lines, but also possessed toxic effect at comparatively higher concentration towards the non-cancerous cells."( Cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of novel organobismuth(V) and organoantimony(V) complexes in different cancer cell lines.
Demicheli, C; Dittz, D; Frézard, F; Ishfaq, M; Islam, A; Marzano, IM; Paz Lopes, MT; Perreira-Maia, EC; Rodrigues, BL, 2016)		0.43
" The absence of toxic effects on epithelial cells growing with BisBAL NPs was corroborated with long-time experiments (24-72 hrs."( Cytotoxic Effect of Lipophilic Bismuth Dimercaptopropanol Nanoparticles on Epithelial Cells.
Badireddy, AR; Chellam, S; Claudio, CR; Francisco, CC; Isela, SN; Israel, MG; José, MS; Rene, HD, 2016)		0.43
"High-dose chemotherapy prior to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) leads to adverse effects including mucositis, neutropenia and bacteremia."( Bismuth adjuvant ameliorates adverse effects of high-dose chemotherapy in patients with multiple myeloma and malignant lymphoma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation: a randomised, double-blind, prospective pilot study.
Hansen, PB; Penkowa, M, 2017)		0.46
"We show for the first time that bismuth significantly reduces grade 2 stomatitis, febrile neutropenia and infections caused by melphalan in multiple myeloma, where adverse effects also were significantly linked to gender."( Bismuth adjuvant ameliorates adverse effects of high-dose chemotherapy in patients with multiple myeloma and malignant lymphoma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation: a randomised, double-blind, prospective pilot study.
Hansen, PB; Penkowa, M, 2017)		0.46
" Efficacy (by intention to treat) was analyzed using the inverse variance method; safety data were recorded as the occurrence of any adverse event."( Efficacy and Safety of Quinolone-Containing Rescue Therapies After the Failure of Non-Bismuth Quadruple Treatments for Helicobacter pylori Eradication: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Gisbert, JP; Marin, AC; McNicholl, AG; Nyssen, OP, 2017)		0.46
" Adverse events occurred in 55 patients (15."( Effectiveness and Safety of Pylera® in Patients Infected by Helicobacter Pylori: A Multicenter, Retrospective, Real Life Study.
Allegretta, L; Baldassarre, G; Brandimarte, G; Cassieri, C; De Bastiani, R; Di Mario, F; Elisei, W; Ferronato, A; Franceschi, M; Licci, C; Miraglia, C; Penna, A; Picchio, M; Pranzo, G; Rizzo, GL; Savarino, E; Scida, S; Tursi, A, 2018)		0.48
" Due to the reported adverse events of bismuth on human health, we extended our studies on the mechanisms for BiNP induced nephrotoxicity."( The protective role of autophagy in nephrotoxicity induced by bismuth nanoparticles through AMPK/mTOR pathway.
Li, R; Liu, Y; Shi, H; Song, Z; Wang, Y; Yu, H; Zhang, LW; Zhang, X; Zhao, J, 2018)		0.48
" Adverse events were reported by 32."( The "three-in-one" formulation of bismuth quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication with or without probiotics supplementation: Efficacy and safety in daily clinical practice.
Bazzoli, F; Conigliaro, R; Eusebi, LH; Farinati, F; Grande, G; Gravina, AG; Ierardi, E; Maconi, G; Panarese, A; Romano, M; Romiti, A; Savarino, E; Stasi, E; Zagari, RM, 2018)		0.48
" However, little is known regarding the toxic effects of surface-modified nZVI on multiple species in the ecosystem."( Impact of surface modification on the toxicity of zerovalent iron nanoparticles in aquatic and terrestrial organisms.
Chang, YS; Hwang, YS; Jang, MH; Pangging, M; Yoon, H, 2018)		0.48
" Adverse events were recorded by patients in specially developed diaries."( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the hybrid scheme for eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Andreev, DN; Dicheva, DT; Maiev, IV; Partzvania-Vinogradova, EV; Yurenev, GL, 2018)		0.48
" The incidence of adverse events with the use of triple, four-component and hybrid ET regimens was 15; 18."( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the hybrid scheme for eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Andreev, DN; Dicheva, DT; Maiev, IV; Partzvania-Vinogradova, EV; Yurenev, GL, 2018)		0.48
" In this work, we reported a novel kind of BiOI@CuS nanoparticle to achieve safe and effective therapy of lung cancer by co-loading hydrochloric acid doxorubicin (DOX) and aspirin phenacetin and caffeine (APC)."( Construction of DOX/APC co-loaded BiOI@CuS NPs for safe and highly effective CT imaging and chemo-photothermal therapy of lung cancer.
Cheng, J; He, D; Huang, G; Li, W; Wang, R; Zhang, Y; Zhu, J, 2019)		0.51
" Efficacy and treatment-related adverse events were assessed."( Non-bismuth and bismuth quadruple therapies based on previous clarithromycin exposure are as effective and safe in an area of high clarithromycin resistance: A real-life study.
Avallone, L; Bazzoli, F; Compare, D; Dallio, M; Federico, A; Granata, L; Gravina, AG; Loguercio, C; Martorano, M; Miranda, A; Mucherino, C; Nardone, G; Priadko, K; Romano, L; Romano, M; Romiti, A; Romito, MR; Sgambato, D; Tuccillo, C; Zagari, RM, 2020)		0.56
" Adverse events occurred in 24."( Non-bismuth and bismuth quadruple therapies based on previous clarithromycin exposure are as effective and safe in an area of high clarithromycin resistance: A real-life study.
Avallone, L; Bazzoli, F; Compare, D; Dallio, M; Federico, A; Granata, L; Gravina, AG; Loguercio, C; Martorano, M; Miranda, A; Mucherino, C; Nardone, G; Priadko, K; Romano, L; Romano, M; Romiti, A; Romito, MR; Sgambato, D; Tuccillo, C; Zagari, RM, 2020)		0.56
" As for adverse events, HDDT was significantly less than BQT and CT regardless of duration, while BQT for 14 days represented higher adverse events than ST, HT and CT ≥ 10."( Comparative efficacy and safety of high-dose dual therapy, bismuth-based quadruple therapy and non-bismuth quadruple therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection: a network meta-analysis.
Cheng, L; Feng, R; Ma, X; Su, Y; Wang, W; Xu, H; Yang, Y; Zhang, D, 2021)		0.62
" This case highlights the potential adverse effects of over-the-counter medications."( Salicylate toxicity from chronic bismuth subsalicylate use.
Halani, S; Wu, PE, 2020)		0.56
" The total incidence of adverse events during the eradication therapy did not significantly differ between the ACLA and LCLA groups (31."( Antofloxacin-based bismuth quadruple therapy is safe and effective in Helicobacter pylori eradication: A prospective, open-label, randomized trial.
He, XJ; Jiang, CS; Li, DZ; Liu, G; Wang, W; Zeng, XP, 2021)		0.62
" The adverse events were predictable and reported as frequent adverse events during triple-antibiotic therapy."( Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Tegoprazan and Metronidazole/Tetracycline/Bismuth and Safety Assessment in Healthy Korean Male Subjects.
Jeon, JY; Kim, B; Kim, MG; Kim, SY; Lee, J; Moon, SJ; Oh, K; Song, GS, 2021)		0.62
"The safety of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatments and to what extent adverse events (AEs) influence therapeutic compliance in clinical practice are hardly known."( Adverse Event Profile During the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori: A Real-World Experience of 22,000 Patients From the European Registry on H. pylori Management (Hp-EuReg).
Alekseenko, S; Areia, M; Barrio, J; Bordin, D; Bujanda, L; Buzas, GM; Caldas, M; Camarero, JG; Castro-Fernandez, M; Dekhnich, NN; Dominguez-Cajal, M; Fadeenko, G; Fernandez-Salazar, L; Georgopoulos, S; Gisbert, JP; Gomez Rodriguez, BJ; Heluwaert, F; Huguet, JM; Ilchishina, T; Jonaitis, L; Jurecic, NB; Kikec, Z; Kupcinskas, J; Lafuente, MR; Leja, M; Lerang, F; Lucendo, A; Machado, JC; Megraud, F; Modolell, I; Ntouli, V; Nuñez, O; Nyssen, OP; O'Morain, C; Ortuño, J; Pellicano, R; Perez-Aisa, A; Perez-Lasala, J; Perona, M; Phull, P; Puig, I; Rodrigo, L; Rokkas, T; Romero, PM; Shvets, O; Simsek, C; Simsek, I; Tepes, B; Tonkic, A; Venerito, M; Vologzhanina, L; Voynovan, I; Zaytsev, O, 2021)		0.62
" Safety was assessed by adverse event monitoring, physical examinations, vital signs, 12-lead electrocardiograms and clinical laboratory tests."( Evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy with either vonoprazan or lansoprazole for Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Bhatia, S; Chung, H; Huh, KY; Kim, YK; Lee, S; Nakaya, R; Takanami, Y; Yu, KS, 2022)		0.72
" Vonoprazan-containing quadruple therapy was safe and well tolerated."( Evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy with either vonoprazan or lansoprazole for Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Bhatia, S; Chung, H; Huh, KY; Kim, YK; Lee, S; Nakaya, R; Takanami, Y; Yu, KS, 2022)		0.72
" Twenty-three children reported at least one adverse event (63."( Efficacy and safety of bismuth-based quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children.
Bontems, P; Cadranel, S; Kotilea, K; Mahler, T; Miendje Deyi, VY; Nguyen, J; Salame, A; Verset, L, 2021)		0.62
" pylori eradication in children is a safe and very effective solution, especially for previously treated patients and those infected with double resistant strains."( Efficacy and safety of bismuth-based quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children.
Bontems, P; Cadranel, S; Kotilea, K; Mahler, T; Miendje Deyi, VY; Nguyen, J; Salame, A; Verset, L, 2021)		0.62
" The secondary outcomes included symptom improvement, patient compliance, and incidence of adverse events."( The efficacy and safety of different bismuth agents in Helicobacter pylori first-line eradication: A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Cao, Y; Huo, L; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Lv, H; Qi, Y; Shi, Y; Wang, J; Wang, L; Wei, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, L, 2021)		0.62
" There were also no significant differences in the symptom improvement rate, overall adverse reaction rate, or patient compliance among the 4 groups."( The efficacy and safety of different bismuth agents in Helicobacter pylori first-line eradication: A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Cao, Y; Huo, L; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Lv, H; Qi, Y; Shi, Y; Wang, J; Wang, L; Wei, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, L, 2021)		0.62
" Adverse events were recorded during follow-up by telephone interview."( Efficacy and safety of bismuth quadruple regimens containing tetracycline or furazolidone for initial eradication of Helicobacter pylori.
Cao, Y; He, W; Li, X; Wang, J, 2021)		0.62
"The clarithromycin-based triple therapy is the most prescribed Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen in Europe; it causes adverse effects in a significant proportion of subjects, leading to discontinuation."( Randomised clinical trial: comparison of efficacy and adverse effects of a standard triple clarithromycin-containing regimen with high-dose amoxicillin and bismuth therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Daugule, I; Leja, M; Lielause, A; Park, JY; Paršutins, S; Poļaka, I; Rūdule, A; Sjomina, O; Stonāns, I; Vangravs, R, 2022)		0.72
"We compared the efficacy and spectrum of adverse effects of clarithromycin-based triple therapy with the high-dose amoxicillin/bismuth regimen."( Randomised clinical trial: comparison of efficacy and adverse effects of a standard triple clarithromycin-containing regimen with high-dose amoxicillin and bismuth therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Daugule, I; Leja, M; Lielause, A; Park, JY; Paršutins, S; Poļaka, I; Rūdule, A; Sjomina, O; Stonāns, I; Vangravs, R, 2022)		0.72
"Information on treatment completion and adverse effects were collected via a telephone interview at 21-28 days after medication delivery."( Randomised clinical trial: comparison of efficacy and adverse effects of a standard triple clarithromycin-containing regimen with high-dose amoxicillin and bismuth therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Daugule, I; Leja, M; Lielause, A; Park, JY; Paršutins, S; Poļaka, I; Rūdule, A; Sjomina, O; Stonāns, I; Vangravs, R, 2022)		0.72
"We analysed 483 subjects for adverse effects (248 vs."( Randomised clinical trial: comparison of efficacy and adverse effects of a standard triple clarithromycin-containing regimen with high-dose amoxicillin and bismuth therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Daugule, I; Leja, M; Lielause, A; Park, JY; Paršutins, S; Poļaka, I; Rūdule, A; Sjomina, O; Stonāns, I; Vangravs, R, 2022)		0.72
"Bismuth-based high-dose amoxicillin therapy showed a lower efficacy but was less frequently associated with adverse effects."( Randomised clinical trial: comparison of efficacy and adverse effects of a standard triple clarithromycin-containing regimen with high-dose amoxicillin and bismuth therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Daugule, I; Leja, M; Lielause, A; Park, JY; Paršutins, S; Poļaka, I; Rūdule, A; Sjomina, O; Stonāns, I; Vangravs, R, 2022)		0.72
" The secondary endpoints were adverse effects, symptom improvement rates, and patient compliance."( Efficacy and safety of high-dose esomeprazole-amoxicillin dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori rescue treatment: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial.
Bi, H; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Han, S; Li, M; Lin, T; Liu, J; Lyu, T; Shi, Y; Wang, J; Wang, S; Yuan, D; Zhao, X, 2022)		0.72
" The incidence of adverse events in the HDDT group was significantly lower than that in the TFEB group (11."( Efficacy and safety of high-dose esomeprazole-amoxicillin dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori rescue treatment: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial.
Bi, H; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Han, S; Li, M; Lin, T; Liu, J; Lyu, T; Shi, Y; Wang, J; Wang, S; Yuan, D; Zhao, X, 2022)		0.72
" The inclusion of Bifiform in the eradication scheme dramatically reduces the frequency of adverse events and increases patient compliance, and also maintains the protective factors of the gastrointestinal mucosa at a higher level."( [A prospective randomized comparative study of the efficacy and safety of a two-week bismuth-based quadrotherapy of
Iakovenko, AV; Ivanov, AN; Soluyanova, IP; Strokova, TV; Vasilyev, NN; Yakovenko, EP, 2021)		0.62
" However, the large doses, short circulation time and adverse effects are the intrinsic limitations of CT contrast agents, preventing their extended and safe use in the clinical setting."( Bismuth nanomaterials as contrast agents for radiography and computed tomography imaging and their quality/safety considerations.
Guo, H; Wang, Y; Yu, H; Zhang, L, 2022)		0.72
"PTBD is safe and effective in the management of biliary obstruction caused by PCCA."( Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage for biliary obstruction in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: a 10-year analysis of safety and outcomes using the CCI index.
Ausania, F; Bermúdez, P; Burrel, M; Carrero, E; Fondevila, C; Gómez, FM; Hessheimer, A; Molina, V; Moreno, J; Páez-Carpio, A; Serrano, E; Zarco, FX, 2023)		0.91
" pylori eradication rate, changes in clinical symptoms of epigastric pain scores, and the incidence of adverse reactions."( Efficacy and safety of bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablets in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori-infected peptic ulcer or gastritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, P; Jiang, X; Liu, B; Xu, C; Xu, Q; Zhang, L, 2023)		0.91
" The improvement of clinical symptoms of patients is better than that of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy, and the incidence of adverse reactions is lower than that of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy."( Efficacy and safety of bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablets in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori-infected peptic ulcer or gastritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, P; Jiang, X; Liu, B; Xu, C; Xu, Q; Zhang, L, 2023)		0.91
" The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between the groups, with no serious adverse events."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Vonoprazan- or Esomeprazole-Based Bismuth-Containing Quadruple Therapy: A Phase 1, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Study in Adults with Helicobacter pylori Infection in China.
Czerniak, R; Gu, L; Hu, C; Men, R; Miao, J; Tang, J; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Yang, L; Yoshida, N, 2023)		0.91
" The secondary outcomes were symptom improvement rate, patient compliance, and incidence of adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of triple therapy containing berberine, amoxicillin, and vonoprazan for Helicobacter pylori initial treatment: A randomized controlled trial.
Chen, S; Dong, Q; Liu, Y; Shen, W; Shi, Y, 2023)		0.91
" In addition, the symptom improvement rate, overall adverse reaction rate, and patient compliance were similar among the three groups (P >0."( Efficacy and safety of triple therapy containing berberine, amoxicillin, and vonoprazan for Helicobacter pylori initial treatment: A randomized controlled trial.
Chen, S; Dong, Q; Liu, Y; Shen, W; Shi, Y, 2023)		0.91
" •Drug adverse effects were fewer and milder in the gemifloxacin group."( EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF GEMIFLOXACIN CONTAINING TREATMENT REGIMEN IN FIRST-LINE TREATMENT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI.
Alanli, R; Aydin, MF; Ergül, B; Kucukay, MB; Yakaryilmaz, F, )		0.13
" pylori eradication and adverse events (AEs)."( Efficacy and safety of minocycline quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A meta-analysis of RCTs.
Gao, W; Wang, L; Yin, Y; Zhang, X; Zhu, M, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

The goal of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between tegoprazan and triple-antibiotic therapy containing metronidazole, tetracycline, and bismuth. The objective was to investigate the pharmacokeretic interaction of the novel PPI anaprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin with/without bistuth.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" a) In terms of the nephrotoxic factors, the Cmax of platinum did not increase dose-dependently, and total clearance of platinum was constant under the same time of injection; b) As for the antitumor effect, AUC of ultrafilterable (free) platinum increased dose-dependently."( [A method of cisplatin administration with the aid of high-dose bismuth subnitrate, and their pharmacokinetics].
Kawamura, E; Morikawa, T, 1989)		0.28
" After the last dose the geometric mean for Cmax for 500 mg bid of GR122311X was 5 ng."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of bismuth from ranitidine bismuth citrate (GR122311X), a novel anti-ulcerant and tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (TDB).
Frazer, NM; Keene, ON; Lacey, LF; Smith, JT, 1994)		0.29
"We investigated the hypothesis that distributions of continuous pharmacokinetic variables are positively skewed in nature and that logarithmic transformation of these variables restores normality."( Common noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables: are they normally or log-normally distributed?
Bye, A; Keene, ON; Lacey, LF; Pritchard, JF, 1997)		0.3
" The non-compartmental method was used for pharmacokinetic analysis."( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of ranitidine and bismuth derived from two compound preparations.
Jiang, B; Ruan, ZR; Xu, DH; Yuan, H; Zhou, Q, 2006)		0.33
"Various pharmacokinetic parameters of ranitidine derived from the two compound preparations, including C(max), AUC( (0-t)), AUC( (0-infinity)), T(max) and T((1/2)), were nearly consistent with previous observations."( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of ranitidine and bismuth derived from two compound preparations.
Jiang, B; Ruan, ZR; Xu, DH; Yuan, H; Zhou, Q, 2006)		0.33
" The mice were sacrificed at different time points for pharmacokinetic studies."( Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of (213)Bi-labeled PAI2 in preclinical targeted alpha therapy for cancer.
Abbas Rizvi, SM; Allen, BJ; Apostolidis, C; Brechbiel, MW; Morgenstern, A; Qu, CF; Raja, C; Song, EY, 2007)		0.34
" The goal of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between tegoprazan and triple-antibiotic therapy containing metronidazole, tetracycline, and bismuth."( Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Tegoprazan and Metronidazole/Tetracycline/Bismuth and Safety Assessment in Healthy Korean Male Subjects.
Jeon, JY; Kim, B; Kim, MG; Kim, SY; Lee, J; Moon, SJ; Oh, K; Song, GS, 2021)		0.62
" Pharmacokinetic blood samples were collected within 24 h after the last dose."( Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Tegoprazan and Metronidazole/Tetracycline/Bismuth and Safety Assessment in Healthy Korean Male Subjects.
Jeon, JY; Kim, B; Kim, MG; Kim, SY; Lee, J; Moon, SJ; Oh, K; Song, GS, 2021)		0.62
"Eleven cohort 1 subjects and ten cohort 2 subjects were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis."( Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Tegoprazan and Metronidazole/Tetracycline/Bismuth and Safety Assessment in Healthy Korean Male Subjects.
Jeon, JY; Kim, B; Kim, MG; Kim, SY; Lee, J; Moon, SJ; Oh, K; Song, GS, 2021)		0.62
"Changes in the tegoprazan, tetracycline, and bismuth pharmacokinetic parameters were detected after concurrent administration."( Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Tegoprazan and Metronidazole/Tetracycline/Bismuth and Safety Assessment in Healthy Korean Male Subjects.
Jeon, JY; Kim, B; Kim, MG; Kim, SY; Lee, J; Moon, SJ; Oh, K; Song, GS, 2021)		0.62
" The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction of the novel PPI anaprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin with/without bismuth."( Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Anaprazole, Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin after Single-Dose Simultaneous Administration and the Effect of Adding Bismuth on Their Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Male Chinese Subjects.
Chen, J; Ding, S; Li, T; Liu, Y; Shao, F; Wang, L; Xie, L; Zhang, Z; Zhou, C; Zhou, S; Zhu, B; Zhu, J, 2023)		0.91
"This single-centre, randomised, open-label phase 1 pharmacokinetic study included healthy Chinese male participants, comprising two cohorts (cohort 1, 4 × 4 crossover design; cohort 2, 2 × 2 crossover design)."( Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Anaprazole, Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin after Single-Dose Simultaneous Administration and the Effect of Adding Bismuth on Their Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Male Chinese Subjects.
Chen, J; Ding, S; Li, T; Liu, Y; Shao, F; Wang, L; Xie, L; Zhang, Z; Zhou, C; Zhou, S; Zhu, B; Zhu, J, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

Dietary intervention combined with bismuth potassium citrate exhibited more effective treatment in Helicobacter pylori-related CAG. This suggests proper diet has a positive impact on improving the therapeutic efficacy of bismuth kpotassium citrate.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" A number of studies have now been undertaken using an acid inhibitor in combination with two antibiotics."( Eradication of Helicobacter pylori: omeprazole in combination with antibiotics.
Axon, AT; Moayyedi, P, 1996)		0.29
"To test eradication and adverse events of ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) when given with metronidazole and either oxytetracycline or spiramycin."( Spiramycin is comparable to oxytetracycline in eradicating H. pylori when given with ranitidine bismuth citrate and metronidazole.
Bang, CJ; Berstad, A; Coll, P; Hatlebakk, JG; Hausken, T; Nysaeter, G; Olafsson, S; Olafsson, T; Tefera, S, 1999)		0.3
" pylori eradication rate in both metronidazole-sensitive and -resistant strains following quadruple therapy using single-triple capsules of bismuth biskalcitrate, metronidazole and tetracycline, given with omeprazole."( Efficacy and safety of single-triple capsules of bismuth biskalcitrate, metronidazole and tetracycline, given with omeprazole, for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori: an international multicentre study.
Borody, T; Dallaire, C; De Boer, WA; Fallone, CA; Farley, A; Mégraud, F; O'Morain, C; Piotrowski, J; Schuman, R; Spénard, J; Tytgat, G, 2003)		0.32
" Radioimmunotherapy was also combined with a single injection of 300 microg paclitaxel to explore improved efficacy."( Radioimmunotherapy with alpha-particle emitting 213Bi-C-functionalized trans-cyclohexyl-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-humanized 3S193 is enhanced by combination with paclitaxel chemotherapy.
Brechbiel, MW; Kelly, MP; Lee, FT; Scott, AM; Smyth, FE; Tahtis, K, 2007)		0.34
"To compare the short- and long-term sealing ability of root canal fillings consisting of AH-26 and laterally compacted gutta-percha in combination with a self-etching dentin bonding system and the Epiphany-Resilon system."( Long-term evaluation of the sealing ability of two root canal sealers in combination with self-etching bonding agents.
Economides, N; Gogos, C; Helvatjoglu-Antoniades, M; Kokorikos, I; Kolokouris, I, 2009)		0.35
"The Epiphany-Resilon system and the group obturated with AH-26 sealer and gutta-percha, in combination with the self-etching bonding system after removal of the smear layer with EDTA, demonstrated similar sealing ability."( Long-term evaluation of the sealing ability of two root canal sealers in combination with self-etching bonding agents.
Economides, N; Gogos, C; Helvatjoglu-Antoniades, M; Kokorikos, I; Kolokouris, I, 2009)		0.35
" The use of an ITS in combination with CL dry cow treatment was associated with significantly lower clinical and subclinical mastitis in the following lactation, with a greater difference found in cows that had a history of subclinical mastitis in the previous lactation."( The use of an internal teat sealant in combination with cloxacillin dry cow therapy for the prevention of clinical and subclinical mastitis in seasonal calving dairy cows.
Deighton, M; Malmo, J; Runciman, DJ, 2010)		0.36
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in terms of both recurrence and the preservation of contour and function, the effectiveness of enucleation combined with peripheral ostectomy (Enu/PO) in managing large mandibular cystic ameloblastomas."( Enucleation combined with peripheral ostectomy: its role in the management of large cystic ameloblastomas of the mandible.
Fu, T; Liu, Y; Shan, Y; Shi, S; Zhao, S, 2014)		0.4
" In summary, the method of multi-wavelength fingerprints combined with antioxidant activities has been proved to be a feasible and scientific procedure for monitoring and evaluating the quality consistency of CBAT."( Monitoring and evaluating the quality consistency of Compound Bismuth Aluminate tablets by a simple quantified ratio fingerprint method combined with simultaneous determination of five compounds and correlated with antioxidant activities.
Gao, J; Huang, J; Ling, J; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Sun, G; Wang, Y, 2015)		0.42
"To assess the efficacy and safety of omeprazole given with the new single capsule of bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline (OBMT) compared with quadruple treatment consisting of omeprazole, bismuth, amoxicillin and clarithromycin (OBAC) for Helicobacter pylori eradication in duodenal ulcer patients."( New single capsule of bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline given with omeprazole versus quadruple therapy consisting of bismuth, omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer patients: a Chinese pro
Chen, Y; Du, Y; Li, Y; Liu, D; Lv, N; Pan, X; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wu, K; Xie, Y; Xu, J; Zeng, Z; Zhang, G, 2018)		0.48
"The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of transcatheter intra-arterial infusion of lecithin-modified Bi nanoparticles (Bi-Ln NPs) combined with interventional PTT (IPTT) on hepatocellular carcinoma."( Transcatheter Intra-Arterial Infusion Combined with Interventional Photothermal Therapy for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Cao, J; Ding, X; Liao, X; Ling, G; Long, Q; Wu, M; Xu, H; Zhou, J; Zhou, X, 2020)		0.56
"Transcatheter intra-arterial infusion combined with interventional PTT (IPTT) is safe and effective in eradicating tumor cells and inhibiting tumor growth and may provide a novel and valuable choice for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in the future."( Transcatheter Intra-Arterial Infusion Combined with Interventional Photothermal Therapy for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Cao, J; Ding, X; Liao, X; Ling, G; Long, Q; Wu, M; Xu, H; Zhou, J; Zhou, X, 2020)		0.56
"To evaluate the efficacy and economics of different proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) combined with bismuth quadruple regimens for Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication, a retrospective analysis method was used to collect Hp-positive patients who were treated with a bismuth-containing quadruple regimen (PPIs + amoxicillin + furazolidone + colloid pectin bismuth) from the outpatient department of gastroenterology in our hospital from January to June 2017."( Evaluation of different proton pump inhibitors combined with bismuth quadruple regimens in Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Chen, J; Chen, Q; Fang, HM; Huang, YT; Kan, LD; Li, LC; Qiu, Y; Yu, XL, 2020)		0.56
" This study aimed to compare the efficacy of Biling Weitong granules (BLWTG) combined with quadruple therapy in patients with refractory HP infection who had previously failed eradication therapy."( Clinical Effects of Biling Weitong Granules in Combination with Quadruple Therapy on Refractory Helicobacter pylori Infection.
Chen, DL; Chen, YL; Li, ZS; Zhang, HQ, 2023)		0.91
" And those treated with BLWTG (5 g three times daily) combined with the EACB group for 14 days (BLWTG+EACB group)."( Clinical Effects of Biling Weitong Granules in Combination with Quadruple Therapy on Refractory Helicobacter pylori Infection.
Chen, DL; Chen, YL; Li, ZS; Zhang, HQ, 2023)		0.91
"To investigate the clinical impact of dietary intervention in combination with bismuth potassium citrate in the management of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) caused by Helicobacter pylori."( Clinical Efficacy of Diet Intervention Combined with Bismuth Potassium Citrate in Helicobacter pylori-Related Chronic Atrophic Gastritis.
Ou, S; Xu, Y; Yang, T; Yao, J; Yuan, X; Zuo, X, 2023)		0.91
"Dietary intervention combined with bismuth potassium citrate exhibited more effective treatment than bismuth potassium citrate-only treatment in Helicobacter pylori-related CAG, which hinted us proper diet has a positive impact on improving the therapeutic efficacy of bismuth potassium citrate."( Clinical Efficacy of Diet Intervention Combined with Bismuth Potassium Citrate in Helicobacter pylori-Related Chronic Atrophic Gastritis.
Ou, S; Xu, Y; Yang, T; Yao, J; Yuan, X; Zuo, X, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

Bioavailability of doxycycline was significantly reduced by 37% and 51%, respectively, when subsalicylate bismuth was given simultaneously and as a multiple-dose regimen. These results suggest that ciprofloxacin bioavailability will not be significantly decreased when the two medications are administered simultaneously.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Apparently, the reduction in tetracycline bioavailability previously reported with a kaolin-pectin suspension is not peculiar to kaolin-pectin but can be expected with almost any antidiarrheal whose mechanism of action is adsorptive in nature."( Decreased tetracycline bioavailability caused by a bismuth subsalicylate antidiarrheal mixture.
Albert, KS; DeSante, KA; DiSanto, AR; Welch, RD, 1979)		0.26
"The bioavailability of 205Bi from various 205Bi-labelled pharmaceutical oral bismuth preparations was studied in rats."( Bioavailability of bismuth from 205Bi-labelled pharmaceutical oral Bi-preparations in rats.
Dresow, B; Fischer, R; Gabbe, EE; Heinrich, HC; Nielsen, P; Wendel, J, 1991)		0.28
" Bioavailability of doxycycline was significantly reduced by 37% and 51%, respectively, when subsalicylate bismuth was given simultaneously and as a multiple-dose regimen before doxycycline."( Influence of subsalicylate bismuth on absorption of doxycycline.
Cleary, TG; Ericsson, CD; Feldman, S; Pickering, LK, 1982)		0.26
" For other otherwise healthy persons, poorly absorbed agents are preferable in order to avoid the serious, albeit rare, toxicity of systemic drugs."( Prevention and treatment of traveler's diarrhea: a clinical pharmacological approach.
Rampal, P; Scarpignato, C, 1995)		0.29
" These results suggest that ciprofloxacin bioavailability will not be significantly decreased by single doses of bismuth subsalicylate when the two medications are administered simultaneously."( Effect of bismuth subsalicylate on ciprofloxacin bioavailability.
Gallicano, K; Garber, G; Oliveras, L; Rambout, L; Sahai, J, 1994)		0.29
" First, we examined the impact of the labeling procedure and the presence of the chelate, DOTA, on antibody bioavailability and survival."( Pharmacokinetics and bioactivity of 1,4,7,10-tetra-azacylododecane off',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-bismuth-conjugated anti-Tac antibody for alpha-emitter (212Bi) therapy.
Brechbiel, MW; Dobbs, D; Gansow, OA; Junghans, RP; Mirzadeh, S; Raubitschek, AA; Waldmann, TA, 1993)		0.29
" This, in part, reflects the low systemic bioavailability of bismuth from these medicines: less than 1% of the bismuth dose administered is absorbed."( Review article: safety of bismuth in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
Dixon, JS; Drake, FM; Tillman, LA; Wood, JR, 1996)		0.29
"To determine whether the observed decrease in tetracycline bioavailability is due to the active drug bismuth subsalicylate via complexation, or to magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), an inactive excipient present only in the liquid formulation of bismuth subsalicylate, which might adsorb the tetracycline, rendering it unavailable for systemic absorption."( Reduced tetracycline bioavailability caused by magnesium aluminum silicate in liquid formulations of bismuth subsalicylate.
Clendening, CE; Dansereau, RJ; Deepe, GS; Dunn, AB; Healy, DP; Mounts, AW, 1997)		0.3
" Hence, the use of effective but poorly absorbed bismuth preparations should be encouraged for bismuth-based eradication therapies."( Double-blind comparison of absorbable colloidal bismuth subcitrate and nonabsorbable bismuth subnitrate in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori and the relief of nonulcer dyspepsia.
Delves, HT; Phillips, RH; Powell, JJ; Seed, PT; Sieniawska, CE; Thompson, RP; Whitehead, MW, 2000)		0.31
" However, due to the low absorption rate of Bi from the gastrointestinal tract, the efficacy of BSN in inducing renal MT is low."( Citrate enhances the protective effect of orally administered bismuth subnitrate against the nephrotoxicity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.
Himeno, S; Imura, N; Kondo, Y; Naganuma, A; Nishimura, T; Satoh, M, 2004)		0.32
"Food significantly decreased the relative bioavailability of each drug but formulation was without effect."( Effects of food and formulation on the relative bioavailability of bismuth biskalcitrate, metronidazole, and tetracycline given for Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Aumais, C; Brunet, JS; Grace, M; Lefebvre, M; Massicotte, J; Spénard, J; Tremblay, C, 2005)		0.33
"The bioavailability was measured in 20 healthy male Chinese volunteers following a single oral dose (equivalent to 200 mg of ranitidine and 220 mg of bismuth) of the test or reference products in the fasting state."( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of ranitidine and bismuth derived from two compound preparations.
Jiang, B; Ruan, ZR; Xu, DH; Yuan, H; Zhou, Q, 2006)		0.33
" With the advent of poorly absorbed (<0."( Current and future developments in travelers' diarrhea therapy.
DuPont, HL; Koo, HL, 2006)		0.33
" However, bioavailability on these sites needs to be comprehensively characterized."( Integration of toxicological and chemical tools to assess the bioavailability of metals and energetic compounds in contaminated soils.
Auroy, A; Berthelot, Y; Robidoux, PY; Trottier, B; Valton, E, 2008)		0.35
" However, the bioavailability and toxicity of bismuth is still not very well described."( Multi-elemental bio-imaging of rat tissue from a study investigating the bioavailability of bismuth from shotgun pellets.
Beattie, JH; Berlinger, B; Eilertsen, E; Ellingsen, DG; Feldmann, J; Friisk, G; Kwun, IS; Skaug, V; Thomassen, Y; Urgast, DS, 2012)		0.38
" Despite their impact on mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of various metal(loid)s, only few papers deal with these processes under aerobic conditions with microscopic fungi."( Bioaccumulation and biovolatilization of various elements using filamentous fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis.
Boriová, K; Bujdoš, M; Cerňanský, S; Matúš, P; Simonovičová, A, 2014)		0.4
" Improving the bioavailability and developing synergistic therapeutic regimens benefit the drug transformation of BNPs."( Platelet-membrane-camouflaged bismuth sulfide nanorods for synergistic radio-photothermal therapy against cancer.
Chen, Y; Du, C; Fan, Z; Han, S; He, Y; Li, S; Wang, C; Wang, J; Wang, S; Zhao, G, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

The pharmacokinetics of bismuth subcitrate were studied in plasma and urine under conditions of single and multiple dosing (28-56 days) using atomic absorption technique. Twelve healthy male subjects were dosed with six regimens: ranitidine and De-Noltab. Twenty four men with duodenal ulcers were studied before and on the 8th day of dosing.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Six-mercaptopurine and its Pt, Pd and Bi complexes were used at various dosage levels to treat Dunning ascitic leukemia in rats."( Anti leukemia activity (Dunning ascitic) of 6-mercaptopurine and its metallo complexes in rats.
Lewis, RW; Skinner, SM; Swatzell, JM, 1978)		0.26
"Six-mercaptopurine in the free form and complexed with Pt, Pd, or Bi metals was used at various dosage levels to treat L1210 leukemia in mice."( Anti leukemia activity (L1210) of 6-mercaptopurine and its metallo complexes in mice.
Lewis, RW; Skinner, SM, 1977)		0.26
" Recombinant human (rHu) EPO (5000 units) in a dosing solution or in a rectal suppository was placed in the rectum of healthy rats and changes in serum EPO levels were monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay."( Effects of salicylate and other enhancers on rectal absorption of erythropoietin in rats.
Kawanishi, G; Mizuno, A; Ueda, M, 1992)		0.28
" Substitution of doxycycline for tetracycline HCl offers advantages of less frequent dosing and extrarenal excretion."( Helicobacter pylori eradication with doxycycline-metronidazole-bismuth subcitrate triple therapy.
Andrews, P; Borody, TJ; Brandl, S; Devine, M; George, LL; Lenne, J; Moore-Jones, D; Walton, M, 1992)		0.28
"Electron microscopic examination of upper gastrointestinal biopsies with x-ray microanalysis was used to detect electron-dense particles of bismuth in the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract, 30-60 minutes after oral dosing with either tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate [De-Noltab; Brocades (Great Britain) Ltd."( Transmucosal penetration of bismuth particles in the human stomach.
Hudson, M; Lewin, JF; Nwokolo, CU; Pounder, RE, 1992)		0.28
" Side effects so far reported have been very infrequent mild and transient when the drug is used at low dosage providing blood-bismuth concentration above toxic values."( [Bismuth revisited in Helicobacter pylori gastro-duodenal infection].
Caron, F; Rouveix, B, )		0.13
" It appears prudent to halve tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate dosage in patients with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance less than or equal to 20 ml/min) to avoid any possible toxic risks."( Tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate: absorption and urinary excretion of bismuth in patients with normal and impaired renal function.
Gladziwa, U; Ittel, TH; Klotz, U; Schweinsberg, F; Treiber, G; Walker, S, 1991)		0.28
"Twelve healthy male subjects were dosed with six regimens: ranitidine and De-Noltab (tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate; Gist-Brocades Ltd."( The effect of histamine H2-receptor blockade on bismuth absorption from three ulcer-healing compounds.
Hudson, M; Nwokolo, CU; Pounder, RE; Prewett, EJ; Sawyerr, AM, 1991)		0.28
" The dosing regimen was 20 mg/kg five times daily for 5 days."( Bismuth subsalicylate in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children: a clinical study.
Avendaño, P; Balm, TK; Braun, SD; Manhart, MD; O'Ryan, M; Soriano, HA; Soriano-Brücher, H, 1991)		0.28
" In spite of the high dosage as well as the large interindividual variability in the urinary recovery and the serum concentrations potential "toxic" serum levels of 100 micrograms/l were never reached."( [Effect of meals on resorption of bismuth from an oral bismuth gallate/bismuth nitrate preparation].
Klotz, U; Leonhardt, H, 1991)		0.28
" It proved possible to reduce the oral prednisolone dosage from a median of 15 mg/day (range 10 to 35 mg/day) to 6 mg/day (range 0 to 18 mg/day) after 8 weeks of treatment; 5 patients were no longer taking oral steroids at this time."( Rectal bismuth subsalicylate as therapy for ulcerative colitis.
Jones, H; Rhodes, JM; Ryder, SD; Walker, RJ, 1990)		0.28
"2% of the ingested dose) and sequestration of this heavy metal in multiple tissue sites, even occurring with conventional dosing over a 6-week period."( Bismuth therapy in gastrointestinal diseases.
Gorbach, SL, 1990)		0.28
" Before dosing with D-penicillamine, the median 24 h urinary bismuth output was 55 micrograms 24 h-1 (range 17-156 micrograms 24 h-1) and following dosing with D-penicillamine the median 24 h urinary bismuth output was 53 micrograms 24 h-1 (range 12-156 micrograms 24 h-1)."( D-penicillamine does not increase urinary bismuth excretion in patients treated with tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate.
Nwokolo, CU; Pounder, RE, 1990)		0.28
" Of three dosage regimens tested, continuous treatment before and after the bacterial challenge, mimicking the way BSS is used in the prevention of traveller's diarrhoea, was the most effective."( Bismuth subsalicylate in the prevention of colonization of infant mice with Campylobacter jejuni.
Hänninen, ML, 1990)		0.28
" Extended dosing of Pepto-Bismol (3."( Bismuth subsalicylate: history, chemistry, and safety.
Bierer, DW, )		0.13
" Patients received either BSS at a dosage of 100 mg/(kg."( Use of bismuth subsalicylate in acute diarrhea in children.
Avendaño, P; O'Ryan, M; Soriano, HA; Soriano-Brücher, HE, )		0.13
" In the first study, 62 subjects received BSS for 3 weeks at a dosage of 60 mL four times daily (4."( Use of bismuth subsalicylate for the prevention of travelers' diarrhea.
de la Cabada, FJ; DuPont, HL; Ericsson, CD; Johnson, PC, )		0.13
" Such risk assessment should be based upon careful evaluation of scientific findings of dose-response relationships in the chronically exposed population."( Health assessment of environmental pollutants: proliferative and degenerative diseases.
Stuart, BO, 1988)		0.27
"Two studies measured plasma concentrations of bismuth during dosing with tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (De-Noltab)."( The absorption of bismuth from oral doses of tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate.
Gavey, CJ; Nwokolo, CU; Pounder, RE; Smith, JT, 1989)		0.28
"The pharmacokinetics of bismuth subcitrate were studied in plasma and urine under conditions of single and multiple dosing (28-56 days) using atomic absorption technique."( Absorption and elimination of bismuth from oral doses of tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate.
Froomes, PR; Keech, AC; McLean, AJ; McNeil, JJ; Wan, AT, 1989)		0.28
" Slopes of dose-response relations for lung cancer show a tendency to decrease with increasing dose."( Estimates of lifetime lung cancer risks resulting from Rn progeny exposure.
Dougherty, C; McNeill, KG; Thomas, DC, 1985)		0.27
" However, no such intoxication has been reported with CBS used at its recommended dosage in the acute treatment of peptic ulcer disease, and no other serious adverse effects have been associated with CBS."( Colloidal bismuth subcitrate. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic use in peptic ulcer disease.
Benfield, P; Monk, JP; Wagstaff, AJ, 1988)		0.27
" Because it has been suggested that the lower relapse rate for duodenal ulcer following colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) is due to suppression of C pylori we investigated different formulations and dosing of CBS for their efficacy in clearing C pylori."( Treatment of Campylobacter pylori gastritis: a pilot study using pirenzepine dihydrochloride (Gastrozepin) and three formulations of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (De-Nol).
Ali, MR; Brown, P; Lane, M; Morris, A; Palmer, R, 1988)		0.27
"025), bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) taken orally at a dosage of as low as 30 ml every half hour for eight doses was shown to be effective in reducing the frequently of episodes of diarrhea."( Nonantibiotic therapy for travelers' diarrhea.
DuPont, HL; Ericsson, CD; Johnson, PC, )		0.13
"Forty patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulceration have cooperated in a clinical trial to compare the ulcer healing effect of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) at standard dosage administered either twice or four times a day."( Colloidal bismuth subcitrate as coated tablets: four times versus twice daily dosage in duodenal ulcer.
Bianchi Porro, G; Lazzaroni, M; Parente, F; Prada, A, 1986)		0.27
"Fifty three patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulceration have cooperated in a clinical trial to compare the ulcer healing effect of tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (TDB) at standard dosage administered either twice or four times daily."( Twice daily tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate in the treatment of duodenal ulceration.
Hollanders, D, 1986)		0.27
" In dose-response experiments, B16F10 mouse melanoma cells were incubated with liposomes 212Pb/212Bi bound to dextran 70."( In vitro killing of melanoma by liposome-delivered intracellular irradiation.
Parks, NJ; Pikul, SS; Schneider, PD, 1987)		0.27
" The dosage of two tablets of bismuth subsalicylate four times daily (2."( Prevention of travelers' diarrhea by the tablet formulation of bismuth subsalicylate.
Bitsura, JA; de la Cabada, FJ; DuPont, HL; DuPont, MW; Ericsson, CD; Johnson, PC, 1987)		0.27
" Treatment was given for 7 days with dosage varied according to age."( Bismuth subsalicylate in the treatment of chronic diarrhea of childhood.
Grill, B; Gryboski, JD; Hillemeier, AC; Kocoshis, S, 1985)		0.27
" Most of the commercially available and investigational compounds have similar efficacy; therefore the optimal drug may be the one associated with the fewest adverse effects and the most convenient dosing regimen."( Problems associated with medical treatment of peptic ulcer disease.
Zimmerman, TW, 1984)		0.27
"The efficacy of a daily dosage regimen of subsalicylate bismuth in preventing or reducing the severity of diarrhea among young healthy adults was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial."( Prevention of traveler's diarrhea (emporiatric enteritis). Prophylactic administration of subsalicylate bismuth).
Ackerman, PB; DuPont, HL; Ericsson, CD; Evans, DG; Evans, DJ; Pickering, LK; Sullivan, P; Tjoa, WS; Vollet, JJ, 1980)		0.26
" After ulcer healing, drug dosage was reduced (cimetidine to 400 mg at night and Caved-S to two tablets twice daily)."( Comparison between cimetidine and Caved-S in the treatment of gastric ulceration, and subsequent maintenance therapy.
Darnborough, A; McAdam, WA; Morgan, AG; Pacsoo, C, 1982)		0.26
"Impulsion polarography with anodic redissolution, a very sensitive means of dosage that is easy to repeat and more selective than atomic absorption, makes it possible to affirm the presence of bismuth in the bones after oral or parenteral treatment in 6 patients, 5 of whom suffered from osteoarthropathies that could be linked, given their nature, to the treatment administered, though this could not be proven."( [Bismuth osteoarthropathies. Concern with bone bismuth dosage].
Burnel, D; Faure, G; Gaucher, A; Hutin, MF; Netter, P; Pourel, J, 1980)		0.26
" At day 70 of dosing the mean plasma bismuth concentration was 63."( Plasma and tissue distribution of bismuth in normal and cirrhotic rats.
Luppino, MA; McLean, AJ, 1995)		0.29
"-azithromycin dosage regime (83%) (95% CI = 52-98%) compared to the 250-mg-b."( Azithromycin triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: azithromycin, tetracycline, and bismuth.
al-Assi, MT; Cole, RA; Genta, RM; Graham, DY; Karttunen, TJ, 1995)		0.29
" Thirty minutes after dosing each subject was given 375 ml of 99mTc-DTPA (diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid) labelled Clinifeed-ISO."( Ranitidine bismuth citrate and ranitidine do not affect gastric emptying of a radio-labelled liquid meal.
Bedding, AW; Farr, SJ; Forster, ER; Parikh, R; Smith, JT; Sweetland, J, 1994)		0.29
" The median integrated 6-hour serum bismuth concentration after dosing with CBS and BSG was 49 and 32 ng h/ml, respectively, after dosing with BSC, BA, BSS, BSN and BSN1480 13, 11, 3, 0 and 5 ng h/ml, respectively."( [Absorption and renal elimination of bismuth from 6 different bismuth salts after a single dosage].
Bödeker, RH; Heckers, H; Mannl, MR; Muskat, E; Stelz, A, 1994)		0.29
" For successful triple therapy with complicated dosage protocols cooperation with and compliance by the patient is stressed."( [Clinico-pharmacologic considerations in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy].
Leiss, O; Von Bergmann, K, )		0.13
" The maximum percentages of cells accumulated in G2M 18 h after alpha- and gamma-irradiation were comparable, though the dose-response relationships differed."( G2M arrest and apoptosis in murine T lymphoma cells following exposure to 212Bi alpha particle irradiation.
Atcher, RW; Hines, JJ; Humm, JL; Macklis, RM; Palayoor, ST, 1993)		0.29
" Twenty four men with duodenal ulcers were studied before and on the 8th day of dosing with either ranitidine bismuth citrate 800 mg twice daily or ranitidine 300 mg twice daily (double blind, randomised, parallel groups)."( Effect of ranitidine bismuth citrate on postprandial plasma gastrin and pepsinogens.
Fraser, AG; Hudson, M; Lam, WM; Luk, YW; Pounder, RE; Samloff, IM; Sawyerr, AM; Sercombe, J, 1993)		0.29
" However, the energy deposition pattern will be strongly dependent upon the configuration of alpha-particle sources relative to the cells, and will consequently impact upon the dose-response characteristics."( A model of cell inactivation by alpha-particle internal emitters.
Chin, LM; Humm, JL, 1993)		0.29
"To determine whether bismuth penetrates the gastric mucosa after dosing with ranitidine bismuth citrate."( Gastric persorption of bismuth from ranitidine bismuth citrate.
Fraser, AG; Lewin, JF; Pounder, RE, 1995)		0.29
"Bismuth particles were found to be interposed between epithelial cells in the antral mucosa of three of eight patients who were dosed with ranitidine bismuth citrate."( Gastric persorption of bismuth from ranitidine bismuth citrate.
Fraser, AG; Lewin, JF; Pounder, RE, 1995)		0.29
"Penetration of bismuth particles into the gastric mucosa may occur after oral dosing with ranitidine bismuth citrate."( Gastric persorption of bismuth from ranitidine bismuth citrate.
Fraser, AG; Lewin, JF; Pounder, RE, 1995)		0.29
"This review provides an updated overview on Helicobacter pylori (HP) trials, focusing on drug dosage and cost:benefit ratio."( The influence of drug dosage on Helicobacter pylori eradication: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
Treiber, G, 1996)		0.29
" In addition, the incidence of micronucleus induction seemed to be reduced by double dosing with K2CrO4 and H2SeO3, compared to single dosing."( Micronucleus induction by chromium and selenium, and suppression by metallothionein inducer.
Itoh, S; Shimada, H, 1996)		0.29
" These drawbacks have thus stimulated research aimed at identifying better drug combinations, with a simpler dosage for a shorter period, fewer side-effects, and greater and more consistent efficacy."( Eradication of Helicobacter pylori: omeprazole in combination with antibiotics.
Axon, AT; Moayyedi, P, 1996)		0.29
"Bismuth (Bi) can produce neurotoxic effects in both humans and animals under certain dosing conditions, but little else is known about the effects of Bi in the brain."( Distribution of bismuth in the brain after intraperitoneal dosing of bismuth subnitrate in mice: implications for routes of entry of xenobiotic metals into the brain.
Lawhorn, GT; Poston, MR; Ross, JF; Switzer, RC, 1996)		0.29
" pylori eradication is effected, the optimal dosing schedules, and the specific antimicrobial agents to be administered require further study, the combination of a proton pump inhibitor and one or two antibiotics promises to be an appropriate first-line treatment for peptic ulcer disease."( Peptic ulcer disease: defining the treatment strategies in the era of Helicobacter pylori.
Hunt, RH, 1997)		0.3
" Although the dosage of omeprazole in pediatric patients has not been established (no pediatric formulation exists), clarithromycin is available for use in pediatric patients."( Guidelines for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori in the pediatric population.
Abdel-Rahman, SM; Nahata, MC; Robinson, DM, 1997)		0.3
"Disposition pharmacokinetics of bismuth following oral dosing of ranitidine bismuth citrate are complicated and variable."( Modeling of trough plasma bismuth concentrations.
Bennett, JE; Lacey, LF; Wakefield, JC, 1997)		0.3
" Such a synergistic effect probably explains the increased efficacy of RBC-clarithromycin dual therapies compared with clarithromycin dosed with acid-suppressive agents such as H2-receptor antagonists or proton-pump inhibitors."( New options in Helicobacter pylori eradication: efficacy, resistance and synergy.
Pipkin, GA; Williamson, R; Wood, JR, 1998)		0.3
" After dosing with bismuth alone or in association with ranitidine hydrochloride, bismuth was detected in several organs and deposition was not influenced by gastric pH."( Distribution of bismuth in the rat after oral dosing with ranitidine bismuth citrate and bismuth subcitrate.
Canena, J; Leitão, J; Pinheiro, T; Pinto, AS; Quina, MG; Reis, J; Santos, AM, 1998)		0.3
"Helicobacter pylori eradication is accomplished using a wide array of drugs combined in a multitude of dosage schedules."( Optimal PPI-based triple therapy for the cure of Helicobacter pylori infection: a single center comparison of four 14-day schedules.
Battaglia, G; Benvenuti, ME; Del Bò, N; Di Mario, F; Donisi, PM; Leandro, G; Pasini, M; Pasquino, M; Vianello, F; Vigneri, S, 1998)		0.3
" dosing schedule: RBC 400 mg plus clarithromycin 250 mg and tinidazole 500 mg (RBCCT): RBC 400 mg plus clarithromycin 500 mg and amoxycillin 1 g (RBCCA); RBC 400 mg plus tinidazole 500 mg and amoxycillin 1 g (RBCTA)."( Efficacy and safety of three 7-day Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens containing ranitidine bismuth citrate.
Bazzoli, F; Cannizzaro, O; D'Angelo, A; Ederle, A; Fossi, S; Gerace, G; Iaquinto, G; Olivieri, A; Pozzato, P; Reina, G; Ricciardiello, L; Roda, E; Scarpulla, G; Spadaccini, A; Tosatto, R; Zagari, M, 1998)		0.3
" Bacterial infections were absent in all dosed ducks."( Effects of lead, iron, and bismuth alloy shot embedded in the breast muscles of game-farm mallards.
Anderson, WL; Brawn, JW; Foley, GL; Havera, SP; Sanderson, GC; Seets, JW; Skowron, LM; Taylor, GD, 1998)		0.3
"In order to improve the efficacy and simplicity of the FDA-approved regimen of ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) and clarithromycin dual therapy, we added an inexpensive antibiotic (metronidazole), changed the dosage scheme to twice daily dosing, and decreased the duration of therapy to 1 week."( Efficacy of a 1-week regimen of ranitidine bismuth citrate in combination with metronidazole and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Cave, DR; Hoffman, JS; Katz, LM, 1999)		0.3
" Pre-treatment with a proton pump inhibitor, higher doses or more frequent dosing may be necessary to increase the cure rate of short duration regimens."( Comparison of two 3-day Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens with a standard 1-week regimen.
Cross, R; Grimley, CE; Illing, RC; Lismore, JR; Loft, DE; Nwokolo, CU; O'sullivan, M; Penny, A; Shebani, M, 1999)		0.3
" Other factors reported to affect compliance included the frequency of dosing and the number of pills."( A randomized controlled trial of an enhanced patient compliance program for Helicobacter pylori therapy.
Canning, A; Egan, C; Farraye, FA; Kemp, JA; Lee, M; Tataronis, G, 1999)		0.3
" pylori eradication rate with a standard triple therapy regardless of the regimen utilized, the dosage and/or the duration of the therapy used appearing not to be sufficient to eradicate the infection efficiently."( Efficacy of different Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens in patients affected by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Armuzzi, A; Gasbarrini, A; Gasbarrini, G; Ghirlanda, G; Ojetti, V; Pitocco, D; Pola, P; Silveri, NG, 2000)		0.31
"The phantom study demonstrated that the use of bismuth-coated shielding over the eyes decreased radiation dosage by 48."( Radioprotection to the eye during CT scanning.
Hopper, KD; King, SH; Kunselman, AR; Neuman, JD, )		0.13
" Thirty-two bird groups (sexes equal) of adult mallards were dosed orally with eight #4 steel shot (control), eight #4 tungsten-iron shot, or eight #4 tungsten-polymer shot on days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 of a 150-day trial (26 January 1998 to 25 June 1998)."( Health effects following chronic dosing with tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer shot in adult game-farm mallards.
Aulerich, RJ; Balander, RJ; Bursian, SJ; Fitzgerald, SD; Mitchell, RR; Powell, DC; Stevens, W; Stickle, RL; Tempelman, RJ, 2001)		0.31
"We evaluated the effect of optimized doses and dosing schedules of metronidazole, tetracycline, and bismuth-metronidazole-tetracycline (BMT) triple therapy with only 1 day of dosing on Helicobacter pylori SS1 titers in a mouse model."( Effects of metronidazole, tetracycline, and bismuth-metronidazole-tetracycline triple therapy in the Helicobacter pylori SS1 mouse model after 1 day of dosing: development of an H. pylori lead selection model.
Amsler, KM; Foster, LA; Merrill, JJ; Modzelewski, TC; Quispe, JD; Sizemore, CF; Slee, AM; Stevenson, DA, 2002)		0.31
" According to the dosage regimen the patients were divided into two groups."( [Effectiveness of eradication anti-helicobacter therapy in patients with duodenal ulcer in different drug dosage regimens].
Nurbaev, FE; Orziev, ZM; Rakhimova, GSh, 2003)		0.32
" When cases treated with "adequate" dosage of arsenic and bismuth are analysed by the same statistical method as that employed in evaluating penicillin, the superiority of penicillin is clearly evident."( Long-term studies of results of penicillin therapy in early syphilis.
PRICE, EV; SHAFER, JK; USILTON, LJ, 1954)		0.23
" Since the cellular consumption of metals in the transferrin cycle critically depends upon recognition of the holo-protein complex by the transferrin receptor, the noncanonical conformation of the transferrin-bismuth complex may explain very inefficient delivery of bismuth to cells even when a high dosage of bismuth-containing drugs is administered for prolonged periods of time."( Indirect detection of protein-metal binding: interaction of serum transferrin with In3+ and Bi3+.
Gumerov, DR; Kaltashov, IA; Mason, AB; Zhang, M, 2004)		0.32
" dosing of levofloxacin (81%[95% CI: 78%-89%]vs 84%[95% CI: 66%-97%])."( Levofloxacin-based triple therapy versus bismuth-based quadruple therapy for persistent Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis.
Chey, WD; Kim, HM; Saad, RJ; Schoenfeld, P, 2006)		0.33
" The negative control and the (213)Bi-CD19 groups were combined to investigate the dose-response relationship for model parameters describing the formation and growth of foci of altered hepatocytes."( Investigating the formation and growth of alpha-particle radiation-induced foci of altered hepatocytes: a model-based approach.
Bannasch, P; Burkholder, I; Groos, J; Haertel, T; Heeger, S; Kopp-Schneider, A; Wesch, H, 2006)		0.33
" For the 50 ppm treatment group, only birds dosed with bismuth citrate for 21 d demonstrated any reduction in cecal Campylobacter concentrations when compared with controls."( Effect of oral administration of bismuth compounds on Campylobacter colonization in broilers.
Blore, PJ; Cole, K; de Los Santos, FS; Dirain, ML; Donoghue, AM; Donoghue, DJ; Farnell, MB; Pandya, K; Reyes-Herrera, I, 2006)		0.33
" pylori treatment: effectiveness (>80%), simplicity (twice-daily dosing and excellent compliance) and safety (low incidence of adverse effects)."( First-line triple therapy with levofloxacin for Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Fernández-Bermejo, M; Gisbert, JP; González-García, G; Mateos-Rodríguez, JM; Molina-Infante, J; Pérez-Gallardo, B; Prieto-Bermejo, AB; Robledo-Andrés, P, 2007)		0.34
" Although dosing regimens of clarithromycin triple therapy were quite consistent between trials, dosing regimens varied considerably for bismuth quadruple therapy."( Empiric quadruple vs. triple therapy for primary treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability.
Chey, WD; Higgins, PD; Luther, J; Moayyedi, P; Schoenfeld, PS; Vakil, N, 2010)		0.36
" The oral dosing regimen selected for subsequent phase II/III clinical trials was 800 mg twice daily."( Safety and tolerability of bismuthyl ecabet suspension, a novel anti-ulcer agent, following single and multiple oral dose administration in healthy Chinese subjects.
Chen, A; Jiang, N; Meng, L; Ou, N; Shi, R; Tang, N; Wang, Y; Wu, D; Xu, K; Zhang, H; Zhang, P; Zhang, X, 2012)		0.38
"9)O(8)I was as high as 92% within 12 h visible light irradiation under the optimal conditions: initial MO concentration of 5-10 mg L(-1), catalyst dosage of 6 g L(-1) and natural pH (6-8), the MO molecules could be completely degradated by Bi(4)Nb(0."( Photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants in aqueous solution by Bi(4)Nb(x)Ta((1-x))O(8)I.
Fan, J; Hu, XY; Wang, JJ; Zhang, KL, 2012)		0.38
" Possibly, it can be improved by alterations in dose, dosing intervals, and/or duration."( A modified bismuth-containing quadruple therapy including a short course of furazolidone for Helicobacter pylori eradication after sequential therapy failure.
Bari, Z; Fakheri, H; Sardarian, H, 2012)		0.38
", nearly 100%, was observed with the BiOI/BiOCl composite (containing 90% BiOI) using a catalyst dosage of 1 g L(-1) in the BPA solution (C(0)=20 mg L(-1), pH=7."( One-pot solvothermal synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) BiOI/BiOCl composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activities for the degradation of bisphenol-A.
Hao, R; Li, L; Liang, M; Nan, J; Xiao, X; Zhang, W; Zuo, X, 2012)		0.38
" It might be related to the low dosage of our probiotic regimen and/or high frequency of upper gastrointestinal adverse effects which in turn could decrease the eradication efficacy."( The effects of multistrain probiotic compound on bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized placebo-controlled triple-blind study.
Gholamrezaei, A; Hashemi, H; Khodadoostan, M; Minakari, M; Shavakhi, A; Shavakhi, S; Tabesh, E; Tabesh, F; Yaghoutkar, A, 2013)		0.39
"Pediatricians in Africa requested a tool to improve caregiver dosing of liquid antiretroviral medication."( Design, evaluation, and dissemination of a plastic syringe clip to improve dosing accuracy of liquid medications.
Adler, M; Dinh, C; Gray, LV; Gutierrez, A; Lu, B; Lukomnik, J; Marton, S; Mirabal, Y; Oden, M; Richards-Kortum, R; Schutze, GE; Shah, K; Slough, T; Spiegel, GJ; Wickham, H; Yeh, PT, 2013)		0.39
", doses, dosing interval, dosing in relation to meals, formulation, etc."( Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori: lessons from China.
Graham, DY; Lu, H; Zhang, W, 2013)		0.39
" The observed reaction rate constant (kobs) was related to nanoparticles dosage and initial solution pH."( Synthesis of BiOI-TiO2 composite nanoparticles by microemulsion method and study on their photocatalytic activities.
Chen, Y; Chu, J; Fang, J; Liu, Z; Wu, S; Xu, W; Xu, X; Zhou, G; Zhu, X, 2014)		0.4
" The first step of the study was to assess the dose-response of Melphalan 21 days after engraftment."( Comparative analysis of multiple myeloma treatment by CD138 antigen targeting with bismuth-213 and Melphalan chemotherapy.
Bruchertseifer, F; Chérel, M; Davodeau, F; Faivre-Chauvet, A; Gaschet, J; Gouard, S; Kraeber-Bodéré, F; Matous, E; Maurel, C; Morgenstern, A; Pallardy, A, 2014)		0.4
" Effects of the molar ratio of Ag/Bi during BSO preparation and the BSO dosage on the degradation of TBBPA were investigated."( [Efficient oxidative degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A by silver bismuth oxide].
Chen, MT; Ding, YB; Liao, HX; Song, Z; Wang, N; Zhu, LH, 2015)		0.42
" At a low dosage of 10 μg mL(-1), HeLa cells could be efficiently killed through a synergistic effect of chemo- and photothermo-therapy respectively based on the DOX release and the photothermal effect of Cu3BiS3 HNSs."( PEGylated Cu3BiS3 hollow nanospheres as a new photothermal agent for 980 nm-laser-driven photothermochemotherapy and a contrast agent for X-ray computed tomography imaging.
Chen, W; Huang, SM; Ma, DK; Wang, W; Yu, K; Zhang, SH; Zhou, SM, 2016)		0.43
" This method has been applied in the determination of isoproterenol in dosage forms and in biological fluids."( Selective separation and determination of isoproterenol on thin layers of bismuth silicate ion-exchanger.
, 2015)		0.42
" DMF was dosed twice-daily (BID) at 120 mg (week 1) and 240 mg (weeks 2-8)."( Effect of Bismuth Subsalicylate on Gastrointestinal Tolerability in Healthy Volunteers Receiving Oral Delayed-release Dimethyl Fumarate: PREVENT, a Randomized, Multicenter, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study.
Chalkias, S; Edwards, MR; Koulinska, I; Riester, K, 2018)		0.48
" In contrast, patients in the SMRE group received extra short messages including dosage and time of administration twice daily."( Twice daily short-message-based re-education could improve Helicobacter pylori eradication rate in young population: A prospective randomized controlled study.
Ji, C; Li, L; Li, Y; Liu, J; Sun, Y; Wang, T; Yang, X; Zuo, X, 2019)		0.51
" The efficacy of MMF as an immunosuppressant and long-term safety in cats of this dosage regimen is unknown."(
Abrams, G; Adolfsson, E; Agarwal, PK; Akkan, AG; Al Alhareth, NS; Alves, VGL; Armentano, R; Bahroos, E; Baig, M; Baldridge, KK; Barman, S; Bartolucci, C; Basit, A; Bertoli, SV; Bian, L; Bigatti, G; Bobenko, AI; Boix, PP; Bokulic, T; Bolink, HJ; Borowiec, J; Bulski, W; Burciaga, J; Butt, NS; Cai, AL; Campos, AM; Cao, G; Cao, Y; Čapo, I; Caruso, ML; Chao, CT; Cheatum, CM; Chelminski, K; Chen, AJW; Chen, C; Chen, CH; Chen, D; Chen, G; Chen, H; Chen, LH; Chen, R; Chen, RX; Chen, X; Cherdtrakulkiat, R; Chirvony, VS; Cho, JG; Chu, K; Ciurlino, D; Coletta, S; Contaldo, G; Crispi, F; Cui, JF; D'Esposito, M; de Biase, S; Demir, B; Deng, W; Deng, Z; Di Pinto, F; Domenech-Ximenos, B; Dong, G; Drácz, L; Du, XJ; Duan, LJ; Duan, Y; Ekendahl, D; Fan, W; Fang, L; Feng, C; Followill, DS; Foreman, SC; Fortunato, G; Frew, R; Fu, M; Gaál, V; Ganzevoort, W; Gao, DM; Gao, X; Gao, ZW; Garcia-Alvarez, A; Garza, MS; Gauthier, L; Gazzaz, ZJ; Ge, RS; Geng, Y; Genovesi, S; Geoffroy, V; Georg, D; Gigli, GL; Gong, J; Gong, Q; Groeneveld, J; Guerra, V; Guo, Q; Guo, X; Güttinger, R; Guyo, U; Haldar, J; Han, DS; Han, S; Hao, W; Hayman, A; He, D; Heidari, A; Heller, S; Ho, CT; Ho, SL; Hong, SN; Hou, YJ; Hu, D; Hu, X; Hu, ZY; Huang, JW; Huang, KC; Huang, Q; Huang, T; Hwang, JK; Izewska, J; Jablonski, CL; Jameel, T; Jeong, HK; Ji, J; Jia, Z; Jiang, W; Jiang, Y; Kalumpha, M; Kang, JH; Kazantsev, P; Kazemier, BM; Kebede, B; Khan, SA; Kiss, J; Kohen, A; Kolbenheyer, E; Konai, MM; Koniarova, I; Kornblith, E; Krawetz, RJ; Kreouzis, T; Kry, SF; Laepple, T; Lalošević, D; Lan, Y; Lawung, R; Lechner, W; Lee, KH; Lee, YH; Leonard, C; Li, C; Li, CF; Li, CM; Li, F; Li, J; Li, L; Li, S; Li, X; Li, Y; Li, YB; Li, Z; Liang, C; Lin, J; Lin, XH; Ling, M; Link, TM; Liu, HH; Liu, J; Liu, M; Liu, W; Liu, YP; Lou, H; Lu, G; Lu, M; Lun, SM; Ma, Z; Mackensen, A; Majumdar, S; Martineau, C; Martínez-Pastor, JP; McQuaid, JR; Mehrabian, H; Meng, Y; Miao, T; Miljković, D; Mo, J; Mohamed, HSH; Mohtadi, M; Mol, BWJ; Moosavi, L; Mosdósi, B; Nabu, S; Nava, E; Ni, L; Novakovic-Agopian, T; Nyamunda, BC; Nyul, Z; Önal, B; Özen, D; Özyazgan, S; Pajkrt, E; Palazon, F; Park, HW; Patai, Á; Patai, ÁV; Patzke, GR; Payette, G; Pedoia, V; Peelen, MJCS; Pellitteri, G; Peng, J; Perea, RJ; Pérez-Del-Rey, D; Popović, DJ; Popović, JK; Popović, KJ; Posecion, L; Povall, J; Prachayasittikul, S; Prachayasittikul, V; Prat-González, S; Qi, B; Qu, B; Rakshit, S; Ravelli, ACJ; Ren, ZG; Rivera, SM; Salo, P; Samaddar, S; Samper, JLA; Samy El Gendy, NM; Schmitt, N; Sekerbayev, KS; Sepúlveda-Martínez, Á; Sessolo, M; Severi, S; Sha, Y; Shen, FF; Shen, X; Shen, Y; Singh, P; Sinthupoom, N; Siri, S; Sitges, M; Slovak, JE; Solymosi, N; Song, H; Song, J; Song, M; Spingler, B; Stewart, I; Su, BL; Su, JF; Suming, L; Sun, JX; Tantimavanich, S; Tashkandi, JM; Taurbayev, TI; Tedgren, AC; Tenhunen, M; Thwaites, DI; Tibrewala, R; Tomsejm, M; Triana, CA; Vakira, FM; Valdez, M; Valente, M; Valentini, AM; Van de Winckel, A; van der Lee, R; Varga, F; Varga, M; Villarino, NF; Villemur, R; Vinatha, SP; Vincenti, A; Voskamp, BJ; Wang, B; Wang, C; Wang, H; Wang, HT; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, N; Wang, NC; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wen, N; Wesolowska, P; Willis, M; Wu, C; Wu, D; Wu, L; Wu, X; Wu, Z; Xia, JM; Xia, X; Xia, Y; Xiao, J; Xiao, Y; Xie, CL; Xie, LM; Xie, S; Xing, Z; Xu, C; Xu, J; Yan, D; Yan, K; Yang, S; Yang, X; Yang, XW; Ye, M; Yin, Z; Yoon, N; Yoon, Y; Yu, H; Yu, K; Yu, ZY; Zhang, B; Zhang, GY; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhang, S; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YW; Zhang, Z; Zhao, D; Zhao, F; Zhao, P; Zhao, W; Zhao, Z; Zheng, C; Zhi, D; Zhou, C; Zhou, FY; Zhu, D; Zhu, J; Zhu, Q; Zinyama, NP; Zou, M; Zou, Z, 2019)		0.51
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."(
Abbasi, S; Abd El-Wahab, A; Abdallah, M; Abebe, G; Aca-Aca, G; Adama, S; Adefegha, SA; Adidigue-Ndiome, R; Adiseshaiah, P; Adrario, E; Aghajanian, C; Agnese, W; Ahmad, A; Ahmad, I; Ahmed, MFE; Akcay, OF; Akinmoladun, AC; Akutagawa, T; Alakavuklar, MA; Álava-Rabasa, S; Albaladejo-Florín, MJ; Alexandra, AJE; Alfawares, R; Alferiev, IS; Alghamdi, HS; Ali, I; Allard, B; Allen, JD; Almada, E; Alobaid, A; Alonso, GL; Alqahtani, YS; Alqarawi, W; Alsaleh, H; Alyami, BA; Amaral, BPD; Amaro, JT; Amin, SAW; Amodio, E; Amoo, ZA; Andia Biraro, I; Angiolella, L; Anheyer, D; Anlay, DZ; Annex, BH; Antonio-Aguirre, B; Apple, S; Arbuznikov, AV; Arinsoy, T; Armstrong, DK; Ash, S; Aslam, M; Asrie, F; Astur, DC; Atzrodt, J; Au, DW; Aucoin, M; Auerbach, EJ; Azarian, S; Ba, D; Bai, Z; Baisch, PRM; Balkissou, AD; Baltzopoulos, V; Banaszewski, M; Banerjee, S; Bao, Y; Baradwan, A; Barandika, JF; Barger, PM; Barion, MRL; Barrett, CD; Basudan, AM; Baur, LE; Baz-Rodríguez, SA; Beamer, P; Beaulant, A; Becker, DF; Beckers, C; Bedel, J; Bedlack, R; Bermúdez de Castro, JM; Berry, JD; Berthier, C; Bhattacharya, D; Biadgo, B; Bianco, G; Bianco, M; Bibi, S; Bigliardi, AP; Billheimer, D; Birnie, DH; Biswas, K; Blair, HC; Bognetti, P; Bolan, PJ; Bolla, JR; Bolze, A; Bonnaillie, P; Borlimi, R; Bórquez, J; Bottari, NB; Boulleys-Nana, JR; Brighetti, G; Brodeur, GM; Budnyak, T; Budnyk, S; Bukirwa, VD; Bulman, DM; Burm, R; Busman-Sahay, K; Butcher, TW; Cai, C; Cai, H; Cai, L; Cairati, M; Calvano, CD; Camacho-Ordóñez, A; Camela, E; Cameron, T; Campbell, BS; Cansian, RL; Cao, Y; Caporale, AS; Carciofi, AC; Cardozo, V; Carè, J; Carlos, AF; Carozza, R; Carroll, CJW; Carsetti, A; Carubelli, V; Casarotta, E; Casas, M; Caselli, G; Castillo-Lora, J; Cataldi, TRI; Cavalcante, ELB; Cavaleiro, A; Cayci, Z; Cebrián-Tarancón, C; Cedrone, E; Cella, D; Cereda, C; Ceretti, A; Ceroni, M; Cha, YH; Chai, X; Chang, EF; Chang, TS; Chanteux, H; Chao, M; Chaplin, BP; Chaturvedi, S; Chaturvedi, V; Chaudhary, DK; Chen, A; Chen, C; Chen, HY; Chen, J; 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Langaro, MC; Langham, MC; Lao, X; Larocca, MC; Lassus, J; Lattimer, TA; Lazar, S; Le, MH; Leal, DB; Leal, M; Leary, A; Ledermann, JA; Lee, JF; Lee, MV; Lee, NH; Leeds, CM; Leeds, JS; Lefrandt, JD; Leicht, AS; Leonard, M; Lev, S; Levy, K; Li, B; Li, C; Li, CM; Li, DH; Li, H; Li, J; Li, L; Li, LJ; Li, N; Li, P; Li, T; Li, X; Li, XH; Li, XQ; Li, XX; Li, Y; Li, Z; Li, ZY; Liao, YF; Lin, CC; Lin, MH; Lin, Y; Ling, Y; Links, TP; Lira-Romero, E; Liu, C; Liu, D; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, LP; Liu, M; Liu, T; Liu, W; Liu, X; Liu, XH; Liu, Y; Liuwantara, D; Ljumanovic, N; Lobo, L; Lokhande, K; Lopes, A; Lopes, RMRM; López-Gutiérrez, JC; López-Muñoz, MJ; López-Santamaría, M; Lorenzo, C; Lorusso, D; Losito, I; Lu, C; Lu, H; Lu, HZ; Lu, SH; Lu, SN; Lu, Y; Lu, ZY; Luboga, F; Luo, JJ; Luo, KL; Luo, Y; Lutomski, CA; Lv, W; M Piedade, MF; Ma, J; Ma, JQ; Ma, JX; Ma, N; Ma, P; Ma, S; Maciel, M; Madureira, M; Maganaris, C; Maginn, EJ; Mahnashi, MH; Maierhofer, M; Majetschak, M; Malla, TR; Maloney, L; Mann, DL; Mansuri, A; Marelli, E; Margulis, CJ; Marrella, A; Martin, BL; Martín-Francés, L; Martínez de Pinillos, M; Martínez-Navarro, EM; Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez, D; Martínez-Velasco, A; Martínez-Villaseñor, L; Martinón-Torres, M; Martins, BA; Massongo, M; Mathew, AP; Mathews, D; Matsui, J; Matsumoto, KI; Mau, T; Maves, RC; Mayclin, SJ; Mayer, JM; Maynard, ND; Mayr, T; Mboowa, MG; McEvoy, MP; McIntyre, RC; McKay, JA; McPhail, MJW; McVeigh, AL; Mebazaa, A; Medici, V; Medina, DN; Mehmood, T; Mei-Li, C; Melku, M; Meloncelli, S; Mendes, GC; Mendoza-Velásquez, C; Mercadante, R; Mercado, MI; Merenda, MEZ; Meunier, J; Mi, SL; Michels, M; Mijatovic, V; Mikhailov, V; Milheiro, SA; Miller, DC; Ming, F; Mitsuishi, M; Miyashita, T; Mo, J; Mo, S; Modesto-Mata, M; Moeller, S; Monte, A; Monteiro, L; Montomoli, J; Moore, EE; Moore, HB; Moore, PK; Mor, MK; Moratalla-López, N; Moratilla Lapeña, L; Moreira, R; Moreno, MA; Mörk, AC; Morton, M; Mosier, JM; Mou, LH; Mougharbel, AS; Muccillo-Baisch, AL; Muñoz-Serrano, AJ; Mustafa, B; Nair, GM; Nakanishi, I; Nakanjako, D; Naraparaju, K; Nawani, N; Neffati, R; Neil, EC; Neilipovitz, D; Neira-Borrajo, I; Nelson, MT; Nery, PB; Nese, M; Nguyen, F; Nguyen, MH; Niazy, AA; Nicolaï, J; Nogueira, F; Norbäck, D; Novaretti, JV; O'Donnell, T; O'Dowd, A; O'Malley, DM; Oaknin, A; Ogata, K; Ohkubo, K; Ojha, M; Olaleye, MT; Olawande, B; Olomo, EJ; Ong, EWY; Ono, A; Onwumere, J; Ortiz Bibriesca, DM; Ou, X; Oza, AM; Ozturk, K; Özütemiz, C; Palacio-Pastrana, C; Palaparthi, A; Palevsky, PM; Pan, K; Pantanetti, S; Papachristou, DJ; Pariani, A; Parikh, CR; Parissis, J; Paroul, N; Parry, S; Patel, N; Patel, SM; Patel, VC; Pawar, S; Pefura-Yone, EW; Peixoto Andrade, BCO; Pelepenko, LE; Peña-Lora, D; Peng, S; Pérez-Moro, OS; Perez-Ortiz, AC; Perry, LM; Peter, CM; Phillips, NJ; Phillips, P; Pia Tek, J; Piner, LW; Pinto, EA; Pinto, SN; Piyachaturawat, P; Poka-Mayap, V; Polledri, E; Poloni, TE; Ponessa, G; Poole, ST; Post, AK; Potter, TM; Pressly, BB; Prouty, MG; Prudêncio, M; Pulkki, K; Pupier, C; Qian, H; Qian, ZP; Qiu, Y; Qu, G; Rahimi, S; Rahman, AU; Ramadan, H; Ramanna, S; Ramirez, I; Randolph, GJ; Rasheed, A; Rault, J; Raviprakash, V; Reale, E; Redpath, C; Rema, V; Remucal, CK; Remy, D; Ren, T; Ribeiro, LB; Riboli, G; Richards, J; Rieger, V; Rieusset, J; Riva, A; Rivabella Maknis, T; Robbins, JL; Robinson, CV; Roche-Campo, F; Rodriguez, R; Rodríguez-de-Cía, J; Rollenhagen, JE; Rosen, EP; Rub, D; Rubin, N; Rubin, NT; Ruurda, JP; Saad, O; Sabell, T; Saber, SE; Sabet, M; Sadek, MM; Saejio, A; Salinas, RM; Saliu, IO; Sande, D; Sang, D; Sangenito, LS; Santos, ALSD; Sarmiento Caldas, MC; Sassaroli, S; Sassi, V; Sato, J; Sauaia, A; Saunders, K; Saunders, PR; Savarino, SJ; Scambia, G; Scanlon, N; Schetinger, MR; Schinkel, AFL; Schladweiler, MC; Schofield, CJ; Schuepbach, RA; Schulz, J; Schwartz, N; Scorcella, C; Seeley, J; Seemann, F; Seinige, D; Sengoku, T; Seravalli, J; Sgromo, B; Shaheen, MY; Shan, L; Shanmugam, S; Shao, H; Sharma, S; Shaw, KJ; Shen, BQ; Shen, CH; Shen, P; Shen, S; Shen, Y; Shen, Z; Shi, J; Shi-Li, L; Shimoda, K; Shoji, Y; Shun, C; Silva, MA; Silva-Cardoso, J; Simas, NK; Simirgiotis, MJ; Sincock, SA; Singh, MP; Sionis, A; Siu, J; Sivieri, EM; Sjerps, MJ; Skoczen, SL; Slabon, A; Slette, IJ; Smith, MD; Smith, S; Smith, TG; Snapp, KS; Snow, SJ; Soares, MCF; Soberman, D; Solares, MD; Soliman, I; Song, J; Sorooshian, A; Sorrell, TC; Spinar, J; Staudt, A; Steinhart, C; Stern, ST; Stevens, DM; Stiers, KM; Stimming, U; Su, YG; Subbian, V; Suga, H; Sukhija-Cohen, A; Suksamrarn, A; Suksen, K; Sun, J; Sun, M; Sun, P; Sun, W; Sun, XF; Sun, Y; Sundell, J; Susan, LF; Sutjarit, N; Swamy, KV; Swisher, EM; Sykes, C; Takahashi, JA; Talmor, DS; Tan, B; Tan, ZK; Tang, L; Tang, S; Tanner, JJ; Tanwar, M; Tarazi, Z; Tarvasmäki, T; Tay, FR; Teketel, A; Temitayo, GI; Thersleff, T; Thiessen Philbrook, H; Thompson, LC; Thongon, N; Tian, B; Tian, F; Tian, Q; Timothy, AT; Tingle, MD; Titze, IR; Tolppanen, H; Tong, W; Toyoda, H; Tronconi, L; Tseng, CH; Tu, H; Tu, YJ; Tung, SY; Turpault, S; Tuynman, JB; Uemoto, AT; Ugurlu, M; Ullah, S; Underwood, RS; Ungell, AL; Usandizaga-Elio, I; Vakonakis, I; van Boxel, GI; van den Beucken, JJJP; van der Boom, T; van Slegtenhorst, MA; Vanni, JR; Vaquera, A; Vasconcellos, RS; Velayos, M; Vena, R; Ventura, G; Verso, MG; Vincent, RP; Vitale, F; Vitali, S; Vlek, SL; Vleugels, MPH; Volkmann, N; Vukelic, M; Wagner Mackenzie, B; Wairagala, P; Waller, SB; Wan, J; Wan, MT; Wan, Y; Wang, CC; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JF; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, S; Wang, WM; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, Z; Wang, ZG; Warriner, K; Weberpals, JI; Weerachayaphorn, J; Wehrli, FW; Wei, J; Wei, KL; Weinheimer, CJ; Weisbord, SD; Wen, S; Wendel Garcia, PD; Williams, JW; Williams, R; Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)		0.72
"Dose adjustments for individual drugs are not necessary with combined dosing of anaprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin and bismuth."( Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Anaprazole, Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin after Single-Dose Simultaneous Administration and the Effect of Adding Bismuth on Their Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Male Chinese Subjects.
Chen, J; Ding, S; Li, T; Liu, Y; Shao, F; Wang, L; Xie, L; Zhang, Z; Zhou, C; Zhou, S; Zhu, B; Zhu, J, 2023)		0.91
" This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 10-day vonoprazan-amoxicillin dual therapy as a first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection compared with B-quadruple and to explore the optimal dosage of amoxicillin in the dual therapy."( Ten-Day Vonoprazan-Amoxicillin Dual Therapy as a First-Line Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection Compared With Bismuth-Containing Quadruple Therapy.
Dang, YN; Gao, X; Li, LR; Li, WJ; Li, X; Qian, HS; Xu, XB; Yang, Z; Yuan, L; Zhang, GX; Zhang, M; Zhang, WF, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (2 Product(s))

Product Categories

Product CategoryProducts
Vitamins & Supplements2

Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Heaven Sent Wellgenix Balanced Essentials + Plus Liquid Vitamins Berry -- 32 fl ozHeaven SentVitamins & Supplementscitric acid, Antimony, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Kelp, Barium, Beryllium, Biotin, Bismuth, Boron, Bromide, Omega 3, Cerium, Cesium, Chromium, citric acid, Cobalt, Cystine, Vitamin E, fructose, Dysprosium, Erbium, Europium, Fluoride, Folate, Gadolinium, Gallium, Vitamin E, Glycine, Gold, Hafnium, Histidine, Holmium, Inositol, Iodine, Iodine, Isoleucine, Lanthanum, Leucine, Calcium Carbonate, Lithium, Lutetium, Lysine, Manganese, Methionine, Molybdenum, Neodymium, Niacin, Nickel, Niobium, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Praseodymium, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Rhenium, Riboflavin, Rubidium, Samarium, Scandium, Selenium, Serine, Silicon, Silver, Strontium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Terbium, Thallium, Thiamin, Thorium, Threonine, Thulium, Tin, Titanium, Tryptophan, Tungsten, Tyrosine, Valine, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Ytterbium, Yttrium, Zirconium2024-11-29 10:47:42
Olympian Labs Sea Nourishment Cran-Raspberry -- 32 fl ozOlympian LabsVitamins & SupplementsLipase, citric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Barium, Beta Carotene, Bismuth, Boron, Bromine, Cadmium, Cellulase, Cesium, Chloride, Chromium, citric acid, Citrulline, Cobalt, Cysteine, Cystine, Vitamin E, fructose, Germanium, Vitamin E, Glutamine, Glycine, Gold, Histidine, Hydrogen, Indium, Iodine, Iridium, Lanthanum, Lithium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B, Nickel, Niobium, Ornithine, Osmium, Palladium, Phosphorus, Platinum, Proline, Rhodium, Rubidium, Selenium, Serine, Silver, Strontium, Sulfur, Taurine, Tellurium, Thallium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, CoQ7, CoQ8, CoQ9, Uranium, Vanadium2024-11-29 10:47:42

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
pnictogenAny p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.
metal atomAn atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (6,194)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901998 (32.26)18.7374
1990's927 (14.97)18.2507
2000's984 (15.89)29.6817
2010's1611 (26.01)24.3611
2020's674 (10.88)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials671 (10.07%)5.53%
Reviews526 (7.90%)6.00%
Case Studies237 (3.56%)4.05%
Observational10 (0.15%)0.25%
Other5,218 (78.32%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (143)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Antibiotic Susceptibility-based Tailored Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Treatment in Patients With Penicillin Allergy: a Prospective Clinical Trial [NCT03708848]Phase 4112 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-05Completed
Rescue Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: A Randomized Non-Inferiority Trial of Minocycline or Tetracycline in Bismuth Quadruple Therapy [NCT04531059]Phase 4368 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-15Completed
Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Using a Bismuth Quadruple Therapy Among Asymptomatically Infected Adults in El Paso, Texas: A Pilot Study. [NCT01335334]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-03-31Recruiting
Twice-a-day PPI, Tetracycline, Metronidazolequadruple Therapy With Pylera® or Lactobacillus Reuteri for Treatment naïve or for Retreatment of H. Pylori: Two Randomized Pilot Studies [NCT03925818]99 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-29Terminated(stopped due to Lactobacillus reuteri (Gastrus®) was not anymore available in the region)
The Efficacy of Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy in the First-line Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in 10 Days and 14 Days: a Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study [NCT05586113]Phase 4398 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-06Not yet recruiting
Rescue Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: A Randomized and Non-inferiority Trail of High-dose Esomeprazole and Amoxicillin Dual Therapy Versus Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy [NCT04678492]Phase 4658 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-20Completed
THE EFFECT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION THERAPY TO GASTRIC WALL THICKNESS BEFORE THE LAPAROSCOPIC SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY [NCT03757650]Phase 43 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-01Completed
Analysis of the Impact of Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Eradication on Salivary Microbiome in Adults by 16S Pyrosequencing [NCT03730766]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-08-01Recruiting
Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Rates of Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy vs Modified Quadruple Therapy in Korea; Open-label, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03665428]Phase 4233 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-16Completed
Rescue Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: A Randomized and Non-inferiority Trail of Berberine Plus Amoxicillin Quadruple Therapy Versus Tetracycline Plus Furazolidone Quadruple Therapy [NCT03609892]Phase 4658 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-01Completed
A Prospective, Single-center, Open-label, Clinical Trial to Compare the 10-day Sequential Therapy and 7-day Culture Based Tailored Therapy for the Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori [NCT02373280]600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-08-31Recruiting
Efficacies of Antimicrobial Susceptibility-Guided Versus Empirical Therapy for Rescue Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection-A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03658746]Phase 4420 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-01Completed
Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori First-line Treatment: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Different Tetracycline Doses and Frequencies. [NCT05431075]Phase 4407 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-31Not yet recruiting
Visiting Staff, Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [NCT04853875]Phase 4104 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-19Completed
Comparison of Genotypic Resistance Guided Versus Susceptibility Testing Guided Therapy for the Third-line Eradication of H. Pylori- a Multicenter Randomized Trial [NCT03555526]Phase 4320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-12-15Recruiting
Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Rescue Therapy: A Multicenter Randomized Non-Inferiority Trial of Different Tetracycline Doses and Frequencies. [NCT05432115]Phase 4407 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-25Recruiting
A Randomized Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral TAK-438 20mg Compared to Lansoprazole 30mg Once- or Twice-Daily in the Treatment of Endoscopically Confirmed Gastric Ulcer Subjects With or Without Helicoba [NCT03050307]Phase 3234 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-17Completed
A Prospective, Single-center, Randomized, Open-label, Parallel Design Clinical Trial to Compare the 14-day Bismuth Quadruple Therapy and 7-day Culture Based Tailored Therapy for the Eradication of Helicobacter as a Rescue 2nd Therapy. [NCT02359331]370 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Terminated
10-Day Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Guided Triple Therapy Versus 14-Day Empirical Tailored Therapy for the First-line Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection-A Randomized Controlled Trail [NCT03571230]Phase 4400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-07-01Not yet recruiting
Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing High Dose Amoxicillin Versus Tetracycline Based Quadruple Therapy as Second-line Treatment for Resistant Helicobacter Pylori Infection [NCT02175927]Phase 4312 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
Bismuth Quadruple Therapy Versus Standard Triple Therapy for the First-line Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Children: Efficacy and Safety [NCT06143124]Phase 4216 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-03Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of a 14-day Modified Sequential Therapy for Refractory Helicobacter Pylori Infection: an Open Randomized Pilot Study [NCT03658733]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-15Not yet recruiting
Gastrointestinal Preparation and Efficacy of Saccharomyces Boulardii as a Pre-treatment for Helicobacter Pylori Rescue Therapy [NCT05191875]106 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-12-01Completed
Efficacy and Safety of a 14-day Modified Sequential Therapy for Refractory Helicobacter Pylori Infection: a Pilot Study [NCT03616405]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-04-01Not yet recruiting
The Evaluation of Saccharomyces Boulardii Sachets Combined With Standard Quadruple Therapy for Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori: a Prospective, Multi-Center Trial [NCT03688828]360 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-11Completed
Crystalline Exposition During Pediatric Cranial CT Imaging [NCT03665181]23 participants (Actual)Observational2018-10-02Completed
A Randomized Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral TAK-438 20 mg Compared to Lansoprazole 30 mg Once- or Twice-Daily in the Treatment of Endoscopically Confirmed Duodenal Ulcer Subjects With or Without Helic [NCT03050359]Phase 3533 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-05Completed
A Real World Study of Bismuth Colloidal Pectin Granules Quadruple Therapy for H. Pylori Eradication [NCT04660123]Phase 4959 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-20Completed
A Prospective Double-blind, Randomized, Sham-controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effect of a Lead Free Drape on Scatter Radiation Exposure to Endoscopy Staff During Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography [NCT02063841]Early Phase 12 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Rifabutin-containing Triple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Rescue Treatment: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05874544]Phase 4357 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-16Recruiting
Efficacy of Tailored for Helicobacter Pylori Rescue Treatment Based on Antimicrobial-susceptibility Testing [NCT03413020]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-03Completed
A Phase 1, Double-Blind, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Quadruple Therapy (Bismuth, Clarithromycin, and Amoxicillin) With TAK-438 Versus Quadruple Therapy With Lansoprazole [NCT02892409]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-05Completed
Study on The Efficacy and Safety of Berberine,Amoxicillin and Vonoprazan Containing Triple Therapy in Helicobacter Pylori First-Line Eradication [NCT05014334]Phase 4300 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-12-01Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Berberine Hydrochloride, Amoxicillin and Rabeprazole Triple Therapy in the First Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori [NCT04697186]Phase 4524 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-07Completed
Optimized Bismuth Quadruple Therapy vs Triple Standard Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: Clinical Efficacy Randomized Trial [NCT05664685]Phase 4204 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-17Recruiting
The Most Appropriate Prescription of the First-line, the Second-line, and the Third Treatment for H. Pylori Eradication Among Patients Who Are Comorbid Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT05475431]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-05-06Enrolling by invitation
Efficacy of Vonoprazan-containing Triple Therapy Versus Empiric Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for First-line Helicobacter Pylori Treatment: a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05726734]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-06Not yet recruiting
[NCT02873065]Phase 40 participants Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Comparison of Efficacy of Bismuth Potassium Citrate, Pectin Bismuth Capsules, and Pectin Bismuth Granules in the Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori (Hp) First-line Quadruple Regimen: a Multicenter, Randomized, Prospective, Comparative Clinical Trial [NCT04209933]Phase 4240 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-25Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Quadruple Therapy by Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium, Metronidazole, and Tetracycline Given X 10 Days With Omeprazole in Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori: A Comparison to Omeprazole, Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin Given X 7 Days [NCT00669955]Phase 3440 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
A Comparison of Four Different Treatment Regimens as the First-line Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori in Chinese Children and Investigation of Resistance and Impact factors-a Multicenter Study [NCT03365609]1,440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-09-20Recruiting
Bismuth-Metronidazole Triple Versus Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori First-line Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04667299]Phase 4270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-20Recruiting
Comparing the Efficacy and Impact on Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Reverse Hybrid Therapy and Bismuth Quadruple Therapy in Helicobacter Pylori Eradication [NCT02547038]352 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
A Single-center, Randomized, Open-label, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetic Drug-drug Interaction of the Quadruple Therapy With Anaprazole/Amoxicilin/Clarithromycin/Bismuth in Healthy Chinese Male Subjects [NCT04444011]Phase 132 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-07-01Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of High-dose Dual Therapy Versus Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy for First-line Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection - A Prospective, Randomized, Comparative Study [NCT02483715]Phase 4589 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of the Impact of Bismuth Subsalicylate on Antimicrobial Use Among Adult Diarrhea Outpatients in Pakistan [NCT02047162]400 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
Efficacy of 7-day Versus 14-day Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for the Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori : A Multicenter Randomized Non-Inferiority Trial [NCT05997433]254 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-02Recruiting
Effects of High-dose Dual Therapy and Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication on Intestinal Microecology [NCT05742568]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-01Recruiting
Efficacy of High Dose of Amoxicillin And Metronidazole Plus Bismuth For Helicobacter Pylori Treatment In Naive Patients : A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03557437]Phase 4216 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-25Completed
An Open Randomized Controlled Study of Bismuth Quadruple Therapy With Cefuroxime as Rescue Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Infection [NCT04723472]82 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-01Suspended(stopped due to Want to modify the study further)
Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Amoxicillin and Metronidazole Based Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy With Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin Based Quadruple Therapy for First-line Helicobacter Pylori Eradication [NCT02175901]Phase 4215 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
Effect of Oral Helicobacter Pylori Infection on the Efficacy of Gastroluminal Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Therapy [NCT05790525]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-22Recruiting
A Randomized Double-Blind, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Bismuth-Containing Quadruple Therapy With Oral TAK-438 20 mg Compared to Esomeprazole 20 mg Twice Daily in Subjects With Helicobacter Pylori Infection [NCT04198363]Phase 3510 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-04-30Completed
The Observation on the Efficacy of Dual Therapy Based on Vonoprazan in Eradicating Helicobacter Pylori [NCT06004401]400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-20Not yet recruiting
An Exploratory Study of The Effect of Bismuth Subsalicylate on The Gut Microbiome and Host Response in Healthy Adults [NCT05930197]Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-31Recruiting
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Clarithromycin/Bismuth Containing Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori First-line Treatment [NCT02732249]Phase 466 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-01Completed
A Comparison of High-dose Dual Therapy and Half-dose Clarithromycin-containing Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for H.P Eradication in Elderly Patients [NCT04101708]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-20Not yet recruiting
The Associations Between the Gastric Mucosal Pathology and the Eradication Rate of H.Pylori :A Multicenter Study [NCT04030715]1,200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-09-01Recruiting
Comparison Between Tailored Therapy Guided by a Non-invasive Antibiotic Susceptibility Test and Empiric Treatment for First-line Helicobacter Pylori Eradication in Patients With Dyspepsia: a Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT04107194]Phase 3362 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-14Recruiting
Efficacies of Susceptibility-guided vs Empiric Therapy for Rescue Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection - A Prospective Randomized, Comparative Study [NCT05332444]Phase 4450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-11Recruiting
Comparison of 7-day Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)-Clarithromycin Containing Triple Therapy and 10-day Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Eradication as First-line Regimen: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02557932]Phase 3352 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Can Treatment With Bismuth Reduce Toxicity to Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy? A Clinical, Prospective, Randomized, Blinded Examination of Patients Suffering From Hematological Malignancies Treated With Intensive Chemotherapy and/or Radiotherapy. [NCT00892502]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
Bismuth Quadruple Therapy in Helicobacter Pylori Rescue Therapy: A Multicenter Randomized Non-Inferiority Trial of Different Tetracycline Doses and Frequencies. [NCT05802888]Phase 4260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-12Recruiting
Comparison of 7-day and 14-day Bismuth Based Quadruple Therapy for Secondary Helicobacter Pylori Eradication. [NCT00841854]Phase 4199 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
Efficacies of High-dose Dual Therapy With or Without Bismuth Versus Amoxicillin-metronidazole Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for First-line Helicobacter Pylori Eradication - A Prospective, Randomized, Comparative Study [NCT03897244]Phase 4702 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-05-30Recruiting
Proton Pump Inhibitors and the Risk of Hospitalization for Community-acquired Pneumonia: Replicated Cohort Studies With Meta-analysis [NCT02555852]4,238,504 participants (Actual)Observational2011-09-30Completed
Helicobacter Pylori Eradication and Follow-up in Zhongshan Hospital [NCT05061732]Phase 44,447 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-30Recruiting
Rescue Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: A Randomized and Non-inferiority Trail of Vonorazon and Amoxicillin Dual Therapy Versus Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy [NCT06168084]Phase 4688 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-06Recruiting
The Effect of Helicobacter Pylori Eradication on Liver Fat Content in Subjects With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [NCT01876108]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Comparison of the Efficacy of Clarithromycin-based Triple Therapy Versus Quadruple Therapies in the First Line Therapy of Helicobacter Pylori Infection- A Multicenter Randomized Comparative Trial [NCT01906879]Phase 41,620 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-06-30Recruiting
A Multicenter, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Pepto-Bismol® (Bismuth Subsalicylate) on Gastrointestinal Tolerability in Healthy Volunteers Receiving Oral TECFIDERA™ (Dimethyl Fumarate) Delayed-Release Capsules Twice Daily [NCT01915901]Phase 1175 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Comparison of the Efficacy of Levofloxacin-based Sequential Therapy and Bismuth Quadruple Therapy in the Second Line and Third Line Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Infection- A Multi-center Randomized Trial [NCT03148366]Phase 3560 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
Phytomedicine-based and Quadruple Therapies in Helicobacter Pylori Infection. A Comparative Randomized Trial [NCT02004197]Phase 2/Phase 3176 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Doxycycline- and Furazolidone-containing Quadruple Regimen is Superior of Tailored Therapy as Rescue Treatment for Helicobacter Pylori Infection After Failure of Several Therapy [NCT02894268]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-02-29Recruiting
An Open-Label, Randomized, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetic Interaction After Multiple Oral Doses of Tegoprazan, Metronidazole, Tetracycline and Bismuth in Healthy Volunteers [NCT04066257]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-17Completed
Helicobacter Pylori Eradication With Berberine Hydrochloride, Lansoprazole, Amoxicillin and Bismuth Versus Clarithromycin Bismuth, Lansoprazole and Amoxicillin: A Randomized, Open-label, Non-inferiority, Phase Ⅳ Trial [NCT02633930]Phase 4566 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Completed
A Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Egg Yolk Antibody in Adjuvant Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection [NCT05410223]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-06Recruiting
Comparison of Hybrid and Bismuth Containing Quadruple Therapies for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02541864]330 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
Phase IV, Multicenter, Open Label, Randomized Study in Parallel Groups To Assess The Efficacy And Safety Of Bismuth Tripotassium Dicitrate (De-Nol®) In Combination With Pantoprazole And Pantoprazole Monotherapy In Treatment Of Patients With NSAID Induced [NCT02788123]Phase 49 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-03Terminated(stopped due to Internal reassessment of the medicinal product development strategy by Sponsor)
Susceptibility-Guided Sequential Therapy Versus Empirical Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Infection: a Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT05549115]500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-20Recruiting
Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Clostridium Butyricum Capsule and Bacillus Coagulans Tablets With Hydrochloride,Esomeprazole,Amoxicillin and Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy: a Randomized,Single-center，Open-label,Phase Ⅳ Trail [NCT05237115]Phase 4600 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-05Completed
[NCT01481844]Phase 3101 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
Quadruple Therapy Using Esomeprazole, Colloidal Bismuth Subcitrate, Amoxicillin-Clavulanate, and Furazolidone in Patients Who Failed to Eradicate H. Pylori With Triple Therapy [NCT00520949]176 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
Efficacy of Antibiotic Susceptibility-based Tailored Versus Empiric Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori First-line Treatment：a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02935010]Phase 4382 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-05Completed
Intragastric pH and Bismuth Effect for H. Pylori Eradication [NCT02894892]21 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-15Completed
Rifabutin-containing Triple Therapy for Rescue Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04879992]413 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-05-07Completed
CURRENT PRACTICE STUDY OF ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT OF GASTRIC MALT LYMPHOMA [NCT00002682]Phase 25 participants (Actual)Interventional1995-08-10Completed
The Evaluation of Triple Therapy With Vonoprazan, Amoxicillin and Bismuth for Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori: a Prospective, Multi-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05189444]672 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-25Not yet recruiting
Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of 10 and 14 Days [NCT05049902]Phase 41,300 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-09-21Completed
Comparison of Vonoprazan Fumarate-based Triple Therapy Versus Proton Pump Inhibitor and Bismuth Based Quadruple Therapy in the Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori: a Single-center Prospective Open-label Controlled Study [NCT05097846]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-17Recruiting
Prospective Randomised Trial of First and Second Line Treatments of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Slovenia [NCT04359966]560 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-10Not yet recruiting
Doxycycline-containing Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Rescue Treatment: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05874570]Phase 4368 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-20Recruiting
Can Use of Bismuth Subsalicylate in Clostridium Difficile Patients Decrease the Length of Stay and Time to Resolution of Symptoms [NCT03592082]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Investigator left institution)
Helicobacter Pylori Treatment [NCT01668927]Phase 4424 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Treatment of Microscopic Colitis (Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis) With Budesonide, Bismuth or Fiber [NCT00184171]105 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-11-30Terminated(stopped due to insufficient data quality)
Efficacy of Quadruple Therapy Based on Fecal Molecular Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests as First-line Treatment for Helicobacter Pylori Infection [NCT05718609]Phase 4855 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-01Recruiting
Comparison of Different Helicobacter Pylori Detection Methods in Patients With Chronic Atrophic Gastritis [NCT04923113]281 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-28Completed
The HEART BREAK Study: Effects of Heart Imaging Radiation on DNA Double-Stranded Breaks in Blood Lymphocytes and Hair Follicle Cells [NCT02617888]228 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
A Phase 1, Double-Blind, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Quadruple Therapy (Bismuth, Clarithromycin, and Amoxicillin) With Vonoprazan Versus Quadruple Therapy With Esomeprazole [NCT04753437]Phase 144 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-06Completed
A Prospective, Multi-center, Randomized, Open-label, Parallel Design Clinical Trial to Compare 10-day Sequential Therapy and 14-day Modified Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for the Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori in Korea [NCT02159976]390 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
Ten-day Amoxicillin-containing Dual Therapy as First-line Helicobacter Pylori Treatment in Elderly Patients: a Randomized Trial [NCT05419674]Phase 4393 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-01Recruiting
Comparing 10-day Reverse Hybrid Therapy and 10-day Triple Therapy Plus Bismuth Therapy on Helicobacter Pylori Eradication [NCT04566211]440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-01Recruiting
[NCT01667575]Phase 4180 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
Levofloxacin-containing Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Treatment [NCT01667718]Phase 4161 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
[NCT01742429]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Standard or Short-course Vonoprazan Non-bismuth Triple Therapy or High-dose Dual Therapy Versus Rabeprazole-bismuth Quadruple Therapy for Primary Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: A Single-center, Randomised, Controlled Trial. [NCT06168214]Phase 41,404 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-04Recruiting
Ten Days Quadruple Versus Sequential Therapy as Empirical First and Second Line Treatment for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: a Randomized Crossover Trial [NCT01760824]391 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
The Effect and Safety of Jinghua Weikang Capsule Containing Quadruple Therapy for IgAN With Helicobacter Pylori Infection, a Randomized Pilot Study [NCT05320133]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-20Enrolling by invitation
Efficacy of Two Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Guided Antibiotic Selection Strategies in Salvage Helicobacter Pylori Treatment [NCT02988089]Phase 4480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-04-20Recruiting
A Prospective Randomized Trial of Levofloxacin-amoxicillin Triple Therapy vs. Levofloxacin-tetracycline Quadruple Therapy in Second-line Helicobacter Pylori Treatment [NCT02978157]102 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
Comparing the Efficacy of 14-day Therapy Doxycycline With Bismuth Subsalicylate Versus Levofloxacin With Tinidazole on Rate of Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori Infected Patients on Syrian Population [NCT04348786]Phase 478 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-02-01Completed
Phase I/II Trial Of Sequential Therapy With Cytarabine And Bismuth-213-Labeled HuM195 (Humanized Anti-CD33) In Patients With Advanced Myeloid Malignancies [NCT00014495]Phase 1/Phase 232 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-11-30Completed
The Effect of Different Time Intervals on Rescue Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection: a Prospective, Multicenter Observational Study [NCT05620589]626 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-11-11Not yet recruiting
Helicobacter Pylori and Body Iron in Adults [NCT03146325]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Study was not funded and PI has left the institution)
Effectiveness of Minocycline-Containing Bismuth Quadruple Therapy as First-Line Regimen for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication [NCT04558502]Phase 4339 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-05Not yet recruiting
The Clinical Trial on the Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori With Bismuth Agent Quadruple and Modified Ban Xia Xie Xin Decoction [NCT05586464]Phase 1600 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-01Not yet recruiting
Phase 3 Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Rifasutenizol (TNP 2198) in Combination With Rabeprazole and Amoxicillin in the Primary Treatment of Participants With H. Pylori Infection [NCT05857163]Phase 3700 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-18Recruiting
The Studies of Integrating Gastric and Gut Microbiota, F. Prausnitzii Metabolites, Microenvironment, and Epigenetics to Identify the Cancer Risk of H. Pylori-related Precancerous Conditions Through an AI System and Control the Risky by Probiotic Supplemen [NCT04527055]Phase 4312 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-06Enrolling by invitation
Vonoprazan Fumarate in Combination With Amoxicillin for the First-line Eradication - a Multicenter, Randomized, Parallel Controlled Study [NCT05196945]Phase 4316 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-31Not yet recruiting
A Phase II Clinical Trial of Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Treatment in Endoscopically Diagnosed Low-Grade Localized Gastric Lymphoma [NCT00003151]Phase 296 participants (Anticipated)Interventional1997-09-30Completed
Pilot and Randomized, Controlled Studies to Assess Stool Frequency of COVID + Patients Treated With Oral Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol): SABER-C and Lite-SABER-C (Specific Administration of Bismuth for Early Recovery of COVID-19) [NCT04811339]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-27Completed
Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Therapy in Portugal: Prospective, Randomized, Blind and Multicentre Trial on the Efficacy of Quadruple Therapies and Their Clinical Impact, and Immunological and Gut Microbiota Changes [NCT05449028]230 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-01Recruiting
Efficacies of Hybrid, High-dose Dual and Bismuth Quadruple Therapies for the First-line Anti-H Pylori Treatment and Tetracycline-levofloxacin Quadruple Therapy for the Second-line Anti-H Pylori Treatment - a Multicentre Randomized Trial [NCT03779074]Phase 3918 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-03Completed
Personalized Treatment for Refractory H Pylori Infection [NCT02547025]126 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-01Completed
Compare 14-day Reverse Hybrid Therapy and 14-day Triple Therapy Plus Bismuth on Helicobacter Pylori Eradication [NCT03321773]440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-31Recruiting
Efficacy of High-dose Dual Therapy Versus Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy for Rescue Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori Infection - A Prospective, Randomized, Comparative Study [NCT02490839]Phase 4450 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Adding Bismuth to Rabeprazole-based First-line Triple Therapy Does Not Improve the Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori [NCT03108287]Phase 4162 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-01Completed
Clarithromycin-, Metronidazole-, or Levofloxacin-containing Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori-infected Penicillin-allergic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05023577]Phase 4504 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-26Recruiting
An Open-label, Fixed-sequence Study to Evaluate the Drug-drug Interactions Between Tegoprazan Tablets and Bismuth Potassium Citrate Capsules, Amoxicillin Capsules, and Clarithromycin Tablets in Healthy Subjects [NCT05915871]Phase 122 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-03-23Completed
Proton Pump Inhibitor and Amoxicillin Combined Bismuth or Metronidazole for Helicobacter Pylori First-line Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05014685]Phase 4732 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-20Recruiting
Efficacy of High Dose of Dual Therapy Plus Bismuth for Helicobacter Pylori Treatment：a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03405584]Phase 4160 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-03Completed
Comparison of the Efficacy of Sequential Therapy and Bismuth Quadruple Therapy in the First Line and Second Line Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Infection- A Multi-center Randomized Trial [NCT03156855]Phase 4620 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-09-30Recruiting
Bismuth Subsalicylate's Role in the Prevention of Travelers' Diarrhea and Impact on Acquisition of Gut Antimicrobial Resistance Genes [NCT03535272]Phase 3482 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-05-20Recruiting
Effect of Helicobacter Pylori Eradication on Gastric Cancer Prevention in Korea: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02112214]Phase 35,224 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-06-30Active, not recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Furazolidone-based Quadruple Therapy With Vonoprazan as First-line Treatment for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: A Prospective Randomized Trial [NCT04907747]Phase 4234 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-18Recruiting
Bismuth-containing Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of 10 and 14 Days [NCT04901117]Phase 41,300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-30Not yet recruiting
Bismuth Quadruple Therapy With Tetracycline Versus Doxycycline as Rescue Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Infection: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05018923]Phase 4242 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-24Recruiting
A Randomized, Placebo- and Benchmark-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial of Anusol Topical Ointment to Evaluate Symptom Relief in Patients With Haemorrhoids [NCT05157711]Phase 366 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-11-25Completed
Eradication Efficacy and Safety of High-dose Dual Therapy Compared With Furazolidone-based Quadruple Therapy as a Rescue Treatment for Helicobacter Pylori Infection: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05176821]186 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-01Recruiting
Clinical Efficacy and Health Economic Evaluation of Susceptibility-Guided Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Infection Treatment：Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study [NCT05250050]Phase 4388 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-25Recruiting
Helicobacter Pylori Eradication With Berberine Hydrochloride,Esomeprazole,Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin Versus Bismuth,Esomeprazole,Amoxicillin,and Clarithromycin: a Randomized,Open-label, Non-inferiority, Phase Ⅳ Trail [NCT02296021]Phase 4612 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
Qingre Huashi Granules Combined the Modified Dual Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Infection Treatment in the Elderly Patient, a Multi-center, Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT05364619]160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-05Recruiting
A Prospective Open-label Study on Efficacy and Tolerability of Colloidal Bismuth Sub-citrate as Adjunctive Therapy to a Combination of Esomeprazole, Amoxicillin and Metronidazole for 10 Days for Helicobacter Pylori Elimination in Children [NCT03299725]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-11-24Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00014495 (1) [back to overview]Maximum Tolerated Dose
NCT00669955 (7) [back to overview]Number of Patients Experiencing Treatment Emergent Adverse Events.
NCT00669955 (7) [back to overview]H. Pylori Eradication and Presence or Past History of Peptic Ulcers
NCT00669955 (7) [back to overview]Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Confirmed by Urea Breath Test
NCT00669955 (7) [back to overview]Metronidazole Resistance
NCT00669955 (7) [back to overview]Overall Compliance to Study Medications
NCT00669955 (7) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Bismuth Plasma Concentrations Above the Toxic Level
NCT00669955 (7) [back to overview]Clarithromycin Resistance
NCT02159976 (4) [back to overview]Counts of Participants Whose Drug Compliance is More Than 85%
NCT02159976 (4) [back to overview]Counts of Participants With Adverse Event
NCT02159976 (4) [back to overview]Counts of Participants With Successful H. Pylori Eradication
NCT02159976 (4) [back to overview]Functional Dyspepsia Symptom Responses Rate
NCT02541864 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Which H. Pylori Was Eradicated
NCT02547038 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Which H. Pylori Was Eradicated
NCT02617888 (1) [back to overview]Number of Excess Double-strand DNA Break Foci Per Cell in Peripheral Blood Samples Post-imaging
NCT02892409 (8) [back to overview]Aeτ: Amount of Drug Excreted in Urine During a Dosing Interval for Bismuth
NCT02892409 (8) [back to overview]AUCτ: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to Time Tau Over the Dosing Interval for Bismuth
NCT02892409 (8) [back to overview]Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Bismuth
NCT02892409 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Discontinue Due to an Adverse Event (AE)
NCT02892409 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experience at Least One Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE)
NCT02892409 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Meet the Markedly Abnormal Criteria for Safety Electrocardiogram (ECG) Parameters at Least Once Post-dose
NCT02892409 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Meet the Markedly Abnormal Criteria for Safety Laboratory Tests at Least Once Post-dose
NCT02892409 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Meet the Markedly Abnormal Criteria for Vital Sign Measurements at Least Once Post-dose
NCT02978157 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Which H. Pylori Was Eradicated
NCT03050307 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Helicobacter Pylori Infected (HP+) Participants With Successful HP Eradication After 4 or 8 Weeks of Treatment
NCT03050307 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Endoscopically Confirmed Healing of Gastric Ulcers (GUs) at Weeks 4 or 8
NCT03050307 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Endoscopically Confirmed Healing of GU at Week 4
NCT03050307 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Post-treatment Resolution of Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With GU
NCT03050359 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Endoscopically Confirmed Healing of Duodenal Ulcers
NCT03050359 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Endoscopically Confirmed Healing of Duodenal Ulcer at Week 4
NCT03050359 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Helicobacter Pylori Infected (HP+) Participants With Successful HP Eradication After 4 or 6 Weeks of Treatment
NCT03050359 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Posttreatment Resolution of Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Duodenal Ulcer at Weeks 2 Through 6
NCT04198363 (1) [back to overview]Percentage of Helicobacter Pylori Positive (HP+) Participants With Successful HP Eradication at Week 4 Post-Treatment
NCT04753437 (5) [back to overview]AUCτ: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve During a Dosing Interval τ for Bismuth
NCT04753437 (5) [back to overview]Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Bismuth
NCT04753437 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Discontinued Study Drug Due to a Treatment-Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE)
NCT04753437 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experience at Least One Treatment-Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE)
NCT04753437 (5) [back to overview]Aeτ: Total Amount of Bismuth Excreted in Urine During a Dosing Interval τ for Bismuth
NCT04811339 (3) [back to overview]Day 3 Composite 3 Symptom Score
NCT04811339 (3) [back to overview]Day 3 Composite 5 Symptom Score
NCT04811339 (3) [back to overview]Measure of Daily Stool Frequency for Patients With COVID Treated With Bismuth

Maximum Tolerated Dose

The maximum tolerated dose of bismuth Bi 213 monoclonal antibody M195 following cytarabine in patients with advanced myeloid malignancies. (NCT00014495)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionmCi/kg (Number)
Bismuth Bi 213 Monoclonal Antibody M195 & Cytarabine1

[back to top]

Number of Patients Experiencing Treatment Emergent Adverse Events.

"A treatment-emergent adverse event is defined as an event not present prior to exposure to the study medication or any event already present that worsens in either intensity or frequency following exposure to study medication up to 30 days after study discontinuation.~All safety analysis based on the safety population." (NCT00669955)
Timeframe: at the end of treatment (day 8-14), week 6 and wek 10 follow-up visits.

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quadruple Therapy (OBMT) 10 Days101
Triple Therapy (OAC) 7 Days112

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H. Pylori Eradication and Presence or Past History of Peptic Ulcers

Eradication rates in the subset of patients with peptic ulcer (current or past history) at baseline are reported based on the per protocol population. Eradication must be confirmed at week 6 and week 10 by a negative Urea Breath Test conducted within the allocated windows. (NCT00669955)
Timeframe: Week 6 and week 10 follow-up visits

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quadruple Therapy (OBMT) 10 Days18
Triple Therapy (OAC) 7 Days15

[back to top]

Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Confirmed by Urea Breath Test

H. pylori Eradication defined as a negative C13-UBT (urea breath test) result at both Week 6 and Week 10 follow-up visits. (NCT00669955)
Timeframe: Week 6 and week 10 follow-up visits

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Quadruple Therapy (OBMT) 10 Days166
Triple Therapy (OAC) 7 Days112

[back to top]

Metronidazole Resistance

Eradication rates in subset of patients infected with a bacterial strain confirmed as resistant to metronidazole at baseline. Resistance to metronidazole defined as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) above 8 ug/ml (NCT00669955)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Quadruple Therapy (OBMT) 10 Days38
Triple Therapy (OAC) 7 Days28

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Overall Compliance to Study Medications

Overall compliance: number of capsules dispensed - number of capsules returned/Number of prescribed capsules X 100. Percentages based on safety population (NCT00669955)
Timeframe: At the end of the treatment phase (days 8-14)

Interventionparticipants (Mean)
Quadruple Therapy (OBMT) 10 Days97.58
Triple Therapy (OAC) 7 Days97.47

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Number of Patients With Bismuth Plasma Concentrations Above the Toxic Level

Tolerability of OBMT with respect to plasma bismuth concentrations: number of patients with bismuth concentrations above the toxic level (50 ug per liter) (NCT00669955)
Timeframe: Baseline (both arms), end of treatment (Day 11-14) and end of study (Day 70) OBMT arm only

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Quadruple Therapy (OBMT) 10 Days0

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Clarithromycin Resistance

Eradication rates in subset of patients infected with a bacterial strain confirmed as resistant to clarithromycin at baseline. Resistance to clarithromycin defined as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 1 ug/ml and above (NCT00669955)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Quadruple Therapy (OBMT) 10 Days30
Triple Therapy (OAC) 7 Days2

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Counts of Participants Whose Drug Compliance is More Than 85%

(NCT02159976)
Timeframe: 4 weeks after termination of eradication therapy, up to 6 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sequential Therapy165
Modified Bismuth Quadruple Therapy170

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Counts of Participants With Adverse Event

(NCT02159976)
Timeframe: 4 weeks after termination of eradication therapy, up to 6 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sequential Therapy93
Modified Bismuth Quadruple Therapy72

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Counts of Participants With Successful H. Pylori Eradication

(NCT02159976)
Timeframe: 4 weeks after termination of eradication therapy, up to 6 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sequential Therapy146
Modified Bismuth Quadruple Therapy134

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Functional Dyspepsia Symptom Responses Rate

(NCT02159976)
Timeframe: 1 year after termination of eradication therapy

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
complete (≥75%)Satisfactory (50-74%)Partial (25-49%)Refractory (<25%)
In Eradication Failure Group0012
In Eradication Success Group44169

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Number of Participants in Which H. Pylori Was Eradicated

Repeated endoscopy with rapid urease test, histological examination and culture or urea breath tests are conducted to assess H. pylori status. (NCT02541864)
Timeframe: at the 6th week after the end of anti- H. pylori therapy

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pantoprazole+Bismuth+Tetra+Metro154
Hybrid Therapy154

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Number of Participants in Which H. Pylori Was Eradicated

Evaluate eradication outcome by endoscopy urease test and histology or urea breath test (Number of Participants With Complete Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori) (NCT02547038)
Timeframe: sixth week after the end of anti- H. pylori therapy

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pantoprazole+Bismuth+Tetra+Metro169
(Panto+Amox+Clar+Metr)+(Panto+Amox)170

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Number of Excess Double-strand DNA Break Foci Per Cell in Peripheral Blood Samples Post-imaging

The amount of excess DNA double-strand break foci per cell after cardiac computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) in female patients with and without breast shields, minus the amount of foci prior to CCTA. In addition, changes in DNA double-strand breaks from baseline following cardiac testing in the observational arm is being assessed in an observational manner. (NCT02617888)
Timeframe: Change from baseline double strand DNA breaks at 30 minutes post-imaging

Interventiongamma-H2AX foci in blood lymphocytes (Mean)
No Breast Shields0.183
Breast Shields0.159

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Aeτ: Amount of Drug Excreted in Urine During a Dosing Interval for Bismuth

(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Day 14 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 12 hours) post-dose

Interventionnanogram (ng) (Mean)
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-438497300
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole537600

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AUCτ: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to Time Tau Over the Dosing Interval for Bismuth

(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Day 14 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 12 hours) post-dose

Interventionhours nanogram per milliliter (h*ng/mL) (Mean)
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-438103.0
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole111.1

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Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Bismuth

(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Day 14 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 12 hours) post-dose

Interventionnanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Mean)
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-43828.08
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole30.14

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Percentage of Participants Who Discontinue Due to an Adverse Event (AE)

(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 17

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-4386.7
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole0.0

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Percentage of Participants Who Experience at Least One Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE)

(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 17

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-43853.3
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole66.7

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Percentage of Participants Who Meet the Markedly Abnormal Criteria for Safety Electrocardiogram (ECG) Parameters at Least Once Post-dose

(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 15

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-4380.0
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole6.7

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Percentage of Participants Who Meet the Markedly Abnormal Criteria for Safety Laboratory Tests at Least Once Post-dose

(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Baseline up Day 15

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Amylase (greater than [>] 2*upper limit of normal)Potassium (>6.0 millimole per liter [mmol/L])
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole6.76.7
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-4380.00.0

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Percentage of Participants Who Meet the Markedly Abnormal Criteria for Vital Sign Measurements at Least Once Post-dose

(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 15

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Body temperature (less than [<] 35.6 celsius [C])Body temperature (>37.7 C)Systolic blood pressure(<85 millimeter of mercury)Diastolic blood pressure(<50millimeter of mercury)
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole6.76.76.76.7
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-4380.06.76.76.7

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Number of Participants in Which H. Pylori Was Eradicated

Number of participants with negative H pylori status in follow-up tests as a measure of successful eradication (NCT02978157)
Timeframe: six weeks after the end of anti-H pylori therapy.

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Esomeprazole+Amox+Levo36
Esomeprazole+Bismuth+Tetra+Levo49

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Percentage of Helicobacter Pylori Infected (HP+) Participants With Successful HP Eradication After 4 or 8 Weeks of Treatment

HP infection status was determined by 13C-UBT. The urea breath test is used to detect infection with HP, a bacteria associated with stomach ulcers, by testing individual breath samples in a central laboratory. The data is provided only for HP+ participants. The participant could take 4 or 8 weeks of treatment for GU healing, then additional 4 weeks later, to have the urea breath test (UBT) test to detect HP. (NCT03050307)
Timeframe: 4 weeks post treatment (up to approximately 12 weeks)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
TAK-438 20 mg88.0
Lansoprazole 30 mg80.8

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Percentage of Participants With Endoscopically Confirmed Healing of Gastric Ulcers (GUs) at Weeks 4 or 8

Endoscopic healing was defined as the disappearance of all white coats associated with GUs confirmed endoscopically. (NCT03050307)
Timeframe: Week 4 or 8

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
TAK-438 20 mg91.1
Lansoprazole 30 mg94.7

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Percentage of Participants With Endoscopically Confirmed Healing of GU at Week 4

Endoscopic healing was defined as the disappearance of all white coats associated with GUs confirmed endoscopically. (NCT03050307)
Timeframe: Week 4

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
TAK-438 20 mg76.1
Lansoprazole 30 mg82.1

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Percentage of Participants With Post-treatment Resolution of Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With GU

The gastrointestinal symptoms included epigastric pain [postprandial, fasting, nocturnal], abdominal bloating, nausea/vomiting, heartburn, lack of appetite. The severity of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with GU were recorded as: none = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2 or severe = 3. The data is reported in categories for percentage of participants with resolution of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with GU. (NCT03050307)
Timeframe: Week 2 up to Week 8

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Epigastric Pain (Postprandial)Epigastric Pain (Fasting/Nocturnal)Abdominal BloatingNausea/VomitingHeartburnLack of Appetite
Lansoprazole 30 mg80.080.565.2100.085.790.0
TAK-438 20 mg78.985.081.3100.095.877.8

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Percentage of Participants With Endoscopically Confirmed Healing of Duodenal Ulcers

Endoscopic healing was defined as the disappearance of all white coats associated with duodenal ulcers as confirmed endoscopically. (NCT03050359)
Timeframe: Week 4 or Week 6

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
TAK-438 20 mg96.9
Lansoprazole 30 mg96.5

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Percentage of Participants With Endoscopically Confirmed Healing of Duodenal Ulcer at Week 4

Endoscopic healing is defined as the disappearance of all white coats associated with duodenal ulcers as confirmed endoscopically. (NCT03050359)
Timeframe: Week 4

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
TAK-438 20 mg89.2
Lansoprazole 30 mg88.4

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Percentage of Helicobacter Pylori Infected (HP+) Participants With Successful HP Eradication After 4 or 6 Weeks of Treatment

HP infection status was determined by ^13C Urea Breath Test (^13C-UBT). The urea breath test is used to detect infection with HP, a bacteria associated with stomach ulcers, by testing individual breath samples in a central laboratory. (NCT03050359)
Timeframe: 4 weeks post treatment (Up to 10 weeks)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
TAK-438 20 mg91.5
Lansoprazole 30 mg86.8

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Percentage of Participants With Posttreatment Resolution of Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated With Duodenal Ulcer at Weeks 2 Through 6

The percentage of participants with resolution of various gastrointestinal symptoms are reported as categories. Gastrointestinal symptoms included epigastric pain (postprandial, fasting, nocturnal), abdominal bloating, nausea/vomiting, heartburn and lack of appetite. The severity of subjective symptoms of erosive esophagitis were recorded as: none = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2 or severe = 3. (NCT03050359)
Timeframe: Week 2 up to Week 6

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Epigastric Pain (Postprandial)Epigastric Pain (Fasting/Nocturnal)Abdominal BloatingNausea/VomitingHeartburnLack of Appetite
Lansoprazole 30 mg91.890.187.394.495.5100.0
TAK-438 20 mg87.791.783.385.2100.090.9

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Percentage of Helicobacter Pylori Positive (HP+) Participants With Successful HP Eradication at Week 4 Post-Treatment

HP infection status was determined by ^13C Urea Breath Test (^13C-UBT). The urea breath test is used to detect infection with HP, a bacteria associated with stomach ulcers, by testing individual breath samples in a central laboratory. The percentages are rounded off to report the nearest ten. (NCT04198363)
Timeframe: Week 4 post-treatment

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Vonoprazan 20 mg86.8
Esomeprazole 20 mg86.7

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AUCτ: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve During a Dosing Interval τ for Bismuth

(NCT04753437)
Timeframe: Day 14: 0 to 12 hours after the morning dose

Interventionhour*nanogram/milliliter (h*ng/mL) (Geometric Least Squares Mean)
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Vonoprazan146
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Esomeprazole137

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Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Bismuth

(NCT04753437)
Timeframe: Day 14: 0 to 12 hours after the morning dose

Interventionnanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Geometric Least Squares Mean)
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Vonoprazan42.8
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Esomeprazole32.9

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Percentage of Participants Who Discontinued Study Drug Due to a Treatment-Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE)

(NCT04753437)
Timeframe: From the first dose of study drug up to Day 17

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Vonoprazan9.1
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Esomeprazole22.7

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Percentage of Participants Who Experience at Least One Treatment-Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE)

An adverse event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (e.g., a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a drug, whether or not it is considered related to the drug. A TEAE is defined as an AE with an onset that occurs after receiving study drug. (NCT04753437)
Timeframe: From the first dose of study drug up to Day 17

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Vonoprazan95.5
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Esomeprazole95.5

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Aeτ: Total Amount of Bismuth Excreted in Urine During a Dosing Interval τ for Bismuth

(NCT04753437)
Timeframe: Day 14: 0 to 12 hours after the morning dose

Interventionmicrograms (μg) (Mean)
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Vonoprazan1026
Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Esomeprazole1037

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Day 3 Composite 3 Symptom Score

The 3 symptom composite score was generated from 3 symptoms: Cough, Headache, and Fatigue. Each symptom was scored as such: 0 was not affected, 1 was little affected, 2 moderately affected, 3 severely affected. A composite score was generated using the score given for each individual symptom, ie. the sum of symptomatic score of Cough + symptomatic score of Headache + symptomatic score of Fatigue. The maximum and most symptomatic composite score could be 9 each day. The minimum score could be 0 . This score was calculated calculated for BL/day1, day 2 and day 3 . This outcome is the composite 3 symptom score on day 3. (NCT04811339)
Timeframe: This is the day 3 composite score

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Open Label BSS Therapy -Completed1.4

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Day 3 Composite 5 Symptom Score

The 5 symptom composite score was generated from 5 symptoms: Cough, Headache, Fatigue, Shortness of Breath, and Anosmia (no smell). Each symptom was scored as such: 0 was not affected, 1 was little affected, 2 moderately affected, 3 severely affected. A composite score was generated using the score given for each individual symptom, ie. the sum of symptomatic score of Cough + symptomatic score of Headache + symptomatic score of Fatigue + symptomatic score of Shortness of Breath + symptomatic score of anosmia. The maximum and most symptomatic composite score could be 15 each day. The minimum score could be 0. This score was calculated calculated for BL/day1, day 2 and day 3 . This outcome is the composite 5 symptom score on day 3. (NCT04811339)
Timeframe: The score was taken at BL (baseline)/day 1, Day 2 ( 24 hours after BSS started ) and Day 3 (48 hours after BSS started). This Outcome is Day 3 score.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Open Label BSS Therapy -Completed2.9

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Measure of Daily Stool Frequency for Patients With COVID Treated With Bismuth

Number of bowel movements recorded over the 3 day study. Baseline (BL) /day1 + Day 2 + Day 3 (NCT04811339)
Timeframe: 3 days

Interventionbowel movements (Mean)
Open Label BSS Completed Patients3

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		4.911O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.9610hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		8.0840ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.3920monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		3.1150aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.6630ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.39206-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		1.9310imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		6.95121azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		2.0610arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		1.9410acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.5120benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		5.3941aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.1510benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.7430benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		4.911amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		4.14160halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.4110alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		3.7521fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		3.3570amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		2.7830carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		3.7990monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		4.911amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		7.8740catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		12.89321alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		4.9321cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		6.37153tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		4.82330halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		3.79110chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		8.01162monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		8.6282trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		6.03210gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.6730guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		4.911dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
cytosine
[no description available]		2.1710aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		8.15502-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		8.72100sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		7.45672aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		3.74100alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		9.7190alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
glycolic acid
glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.		7.87302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alcohol		keratolytic drug;
metabolite
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		2.2110hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		7.81174carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		3.7330aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		4.78290elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.3110benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		2.110imidazole
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		6.64420diatomic iodinenutrient
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.41102-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		3.1850alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		4.911acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		9.66525metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.4120pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		3.0810pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		16.38976monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		2.7330nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		4.811nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		6.4881monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		1.9510gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		3.4370oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.2110alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.6330aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.03104-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
parathion
[no description available]		7.3820C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		2.9840aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		5.32160phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		2.110phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.4420phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		2.2510glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.5220azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		1.9410hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		2.8540divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		4.24190divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		2.520polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		4.811alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		2.7330sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		3.7630sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		7.8540primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		5.9371methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
tungstic(vi) acid
tungstic(VI) acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310tungsten coordination entity
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		1.9610pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		4.8721uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		14.595433isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.1510benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		1.9410p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		1.9710aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.730bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		2.7830alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		1.9510guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide. 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.		7.3620carbohydrazide;
phenols
phenytoin
[no description available]		1.9410imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		1.9510indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		7.6530monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		12.1282acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetarsol
[no description available]		1.9210acetamides;
anilide
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		3.0610monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
albendazole
[no description available]		4.9221aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		2.2110aluminium coordination entity
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		3.05101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		9.2430pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		8.5212benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.2110ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
atrazine
[no description available]		3.1920chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		4.911ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		3.7621benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
berberine
[no description available]		6.2152alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
busulfan
[no description available]		3.0410methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
caffeine
[no description available]		5.5751purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		3.3110aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		3.4780bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.2510dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		4.911hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		4.8732carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
cefixime
Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.		3.0810
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		3.1850quaternary ammonium ion
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		1.9310benzodiazepine
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		12.2102aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		1.9410benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.3311monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		3.9620organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		13.747833aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		2.4720
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		6.87233aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		5.6831benzamides
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		8.7521monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		3.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.1710clonidine;
imidazoline
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		2.110aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2.78304-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.0410acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		7.65301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		1.9410aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		5.5741amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		3.0510alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.0810carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		5.68250pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		2.110monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		4.57260dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		4.911ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		4.120N-acyl-amino acid
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		3.7630benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		4.911trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		4.6790
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		10.72321,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		7.5720conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		13.563420nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		3.3110gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.4120
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		1.9510aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		2.0310sulfonamide
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		3.5790dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		2.610glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		4.93120methoxybenzenes
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		2.0610carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		16.1835645aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.0110haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		3.4520bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		1.9310resorcinols
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.0710phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		1.9410benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		1.9410hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		4.9671monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		2.3420benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.3620dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		8.2460aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodoquinol
Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.		2.3420monohydroxyquinoline;
organoiodine compound		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.8430benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.2110dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
ioxaglate
Ioxaglic Acid: A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.. ioxaglic acid : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.		2.1510benzenedicarboxamide;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.7371carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		1.9810secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		7.1110catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.1110dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		5.3331benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		1.9310furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		12.974231benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lapachol
lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.		2.4720
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		8.41103monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.911biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.1710chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
edaravone
[no description available]		4.911pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		6.9610aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4820aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		4.911imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		7.6330organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		5.8670amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		5.6521guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		11.661818polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		7.4110C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		4.9570benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		23.28465193C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.0210maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		1.96101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		3.0410quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.0510nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		8.2650fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		14.212993-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		19.85221107aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		1.9910carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		1.9410ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		3.3311phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		1.9410aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		16.732218aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		2.3420benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol
4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.		3.3260monochlorophenol
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		1.9810aromatic amine
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0210aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.0510barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		3.4920acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		4.911barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		3.8212,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.3420pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phthalylsulfathiazole
phthalylsulfathiazole: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalylsulfathiazole : A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.		3.35111,3-thiazoles;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
piperazine
[no description available]		7.3820azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		8.17103pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		1.9910N-arylpiperazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.6930inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		9.77100potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid
para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.		2.0510aminobenzoate;
aromatic amino-acid anion		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		1.9510acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.3620benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		1.9410benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		3.64100benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		1.9410phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.3411xanthenes
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.4220phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		1.9610naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		4.811aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		11.262113benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.2110benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
roxatidine acetate
roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source		3.3711piperidines
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.6161pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		5.9641fluoride saltmutagen
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		2.8940inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		1.9210long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.1310aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine
Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine		1.9510sulfonamide antibioticantiinfective agent
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.610pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		9.5851pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.4980isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine
Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		6.9310pyridazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		3.81120substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		7.0810pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		2.3720
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.34201,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		1.98102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		4.8421benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		1.9910sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
temozolomide
[no description available]		5.0321imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.0410quaternary ammonium ion
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		3.0410dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		13.493519imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
triclosan
[no description available]		2.4110aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		1.9910trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		3.0650aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		10.3641dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source		2.0410
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		8.150inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		7.5320mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		3.763011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		8.7113211beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.1350alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		4.2541glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		1.9310pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		2.9240pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzimidazole
1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.		2.1710benzimidazole;
polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		7.39204-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.36202-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		1.95103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		3.311011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		8.7730non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		2.633011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		1.951017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
androsterone
[no description available]		1.941017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
etiocholanolone
Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.		1.941017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		1.941017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole
Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.		1.9710
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		5.23170penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		6.96102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.0610chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.3520alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		6.68181C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		9.0340aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		4.811amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		1.9510aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		3.9940pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		4.9681glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.3420pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		3.76100tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		2.420kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		1.9910D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		7.7161monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.110phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		4.0831amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		8.65559ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.4110benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		10.7661amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		2.3520amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.8421penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		8.43383organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		10.2131amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aniline
[no description available]		2.5320anilines;
primary arylamine
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		8.0650lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		6.7961aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		1.941020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		5.0121alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.3820antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.3820diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		3.6290chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		3.732111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
gliotoxin
Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.		1.9210dipeptide;
organic disulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
pyrazinoindole		antifungal agent;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
proteasome inhibitor
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.420formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		6.99104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		6.42131beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cytarabine
[no description available]		9.3611beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		2.3820nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		7.0810amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		10.0352amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		2.1110pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.5820erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		10.3841arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
methyl bromide
methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.		2.6530bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes;
methyl halides		algal metabolite;
fumigant insecticide;
marine metabolite
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		7.4920alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		7.6930alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
boranes
Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.		2.2110boranes;
mononuclear parent hydride
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.4620aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
cyclopropane
cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.		2.7730cycloalkane;
cyclopropanes		inhalation anaesthetic
1,1-difluoroethylene
1,1-difluoroethylene: structure		2.4110olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound
iodoform
[no description available]		5.2590iodomethanes
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		2.0210alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.3520monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		4.13111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
bromthymol blue
Bromthymol Blue: A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.. bromothymol blue : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl groups.		2102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
organobromine compound;
polyphenol;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
gibberellic acid
gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		2.1310C19-gibberellin;
gibberellin monocarboxylic acid;
lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		7.33112benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
tetraethyl lead
Tetraethyl Lead: A highly toxic compound used as a gasoline additive. It causes acute toxic psychosis or chronic poisoning if inhaled or absorbed through the skin.. tetraethyllead : An organolead compound consisting of four ethyl groups joined to a central lead atom.		3.0510organolead compound
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		2.420alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		7.2462alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
tetrabromobisphenol a
tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.		7.4920brominated flame retardant;
bromobisphenol
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		11.97201bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		1.9510enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		8.75513organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		1.95106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
1-naphthoic acid
naphthoic acid : An aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of a naphthalene skeleton substituted by one or more carboxy groups.		2.0410naphthoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
fungal xenobiotic metabolite
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		6.1391pyrrolidin-2-ones
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		6.39401monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source		2.1710hydroxybenzaldehydenematicide;
plant metabolite
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		5.0521mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
isatin
tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;		2.3110indoledioneEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.6730aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		3.0750xanthene
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.6630benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
2-toluidine
2-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is ortho to the methyl group.		2.1110aminotoluenecarcinogenic agent
durene
durene: structure. durene : A tetramethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.		2.4110tetramethylbenzene
dilactide
dilactide: structure given in first source		2.5720dioxanes
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.1510butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
lactobionic acid
[no description available]		1.9710disaccharideantioxidant
furfuryl alcohol
furfuryl alcohol: structure. furfuryl alcohol : A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.0810furans;
primary alcohol		Maillard reaction product
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		2.1710nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
sym-trinitrobenzene
Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.		2.0410trinitrobenzeneexplosive
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		4.811alkylbenzene
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
4-bromodiphenyl ether: induces apoptosis. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether : An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether substituted at position 4 by a bromo group.		3.3110aromatic ether;
organobromine compound
ethyl bromoacetate
[no description available]		4.911
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		210caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
acrolein
[no description available]		7.110enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
allylamine
Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.		2.0310alkylamine
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		7.3820aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.0510alkane
deanol
Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.		1.9510ethanolamines;
tertiary amine		curing agent;
radical scavenger
methyl isobutyl ketone
[no description available]		1.9610ketone
acetic anhydride
acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.		1.9710acyclic carboxylic anhydridemetabolite;
reagent
o-isopropyl xanthate
O-isopropyl xanthate: structure given in first source		2.1510thiocarbonyl compound
melamine
melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.		2.0710triamino-1,3,5-triazinexenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid
cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.		2.04101,3,5-triazinanes;
1,3,5-triazines;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound		xenobiotic
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.4720cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
[no description available]		2.7430
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		7.31111pyrrole;
secondary amine
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0810furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		5.4441mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
propylene
propylene: structure		7.110alkene;
gas molecular entity		refrigerant;
xenobiotic
3-hydroxy-3-methylbutene
3-hydroxy-3-methylbutene: narcotic, sleep-producing principle from hops; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ene : A tertiary alcohol that is 3-methylbut-1-ene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.1110olefinic compound;
tertiary alcohol		animal metabolite;
fragrance;
pheromone;
plant metabolite
2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol
2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol: structure		2.1110
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		6.4672aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.		2.0610dichlorophenol
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.1510methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
cyclonite
cyclonite: explosive & convulsant; structure. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane : An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.		2.11101,3,5-triazinanes;
N-nitro compound		explosive
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		5.1531naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
pentacene
[no description available]		2.0510acene;
pentacenes
2-ethylhexanoic acid
2-ethylhexanoic acid: structure in first source; wood preservative; 2-ethylhexanoic acid is active ingredient in Sinesto B		2.0510branched-chain fatty acid
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		2.6930NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
benzyl acetate
benzyl acetate : The acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.		2.0210acetate ester;
benzyl ester		metabolite
benzathine
benzathine: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locants for phenylmethyl groups; structure		7.8540diamine
citronellol
citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.		4.911monoterpenoidplant metabolite
ethyl acetoacetate
ethyl acetoacetate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. ethyl acetoacetate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid with ethanol.		2.0710ethyl esterantibacterial agent;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
diallyl glycol carbonate
CR 39: plastic used as a charged particle detector for superimposed autoradiography tissue images		2.0810
hexanoic acid
hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.0310medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
tetraphenylborate
Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.		7.0610
copper phthalocyanine
copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.		7.0210
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		4.9540dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		4.9521cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		2.0710ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		4.811indazole
benzofuran
benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.		2.17101-benzofurans;
benzofuran
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.0510adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		5.4541cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		5.2231isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		6.81011,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.3320diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		6.9410phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		5.9781azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
stibine
[no description available]		8.5820antimony hydride;
mononuclear parent hydride
perfluorooctanoic acid
perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.		2.830fluoroalkanoic acidcarcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
surfactant;
xenobiotic
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		1.9610ergoline alkaloid
silicon carbide
silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses		2.1510organosilicon compound
cyanogen
cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.		3.6980dinitrile;
pseudohalogen
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		5.8741imidazolidine-2,4-dione
propadiene
[no description available]		2.110allenes
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		6.99156calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		7.4620
cdta
CDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0110organooxygen compound
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		3.3270isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspergillic acid
aspergillic acid: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #865		2.3320pyrazines
benzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.110
dithiol
dithiol: structure		7.0210
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		3.3511carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.5220pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
caprolactone
hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.520epsilon-lactone
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		4.911
barium carbonate
barium carbonate : An inorganic carbonate salt of barium.		2.0510carbonate salt;
inorganic barium salt
abietic acid
abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.		210abietane diterpenoid;
monocarboxylic acid		plant metabolite
dithiazanine
Dithiazanine: 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.. dithiazanine : A cationic C3-cyanine dye with 3-ethylbenzothiazol-2-yl groups at both ends.		1.9310benzothiazoles;
benzothiazolium ion		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		7.7430organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		4.9113'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.4820
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		7.1110organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		10.09220C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
tropolone
Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.		2.3110alpha-hydroxy ketone;
cyclic ketone;
enol		bacterial metabolite;
fungicide;
toxin
phenylacetylene
phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS		7.0210benzenes
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		2.110amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
oxophenarsine
oxophenarsine: obsolete toxic arsenical for treatment of syphilis; useful against some neoplasms; major descriptor (64-83); on-line search ARSENICALS (64-83); Index Medicus search OXOPHENARSINE (64-83); structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		4.45240substituted aniline
1,2-ethanedithiol
1,2-ethanedithiol: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; RN in Chemline for cpd without locants for thiol groups: 26914-70-9		2.7830
uranyl acetate
uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3720
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.1510dialdehydebiomarker
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		1.9610carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		210arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.4110organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		2.4420phenoxazine
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.4320hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl
4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.		2.0610bipyridine
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.0810carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane: structure. octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane : A cyclosiloxane that is the octamethyl derivative of cyclotetrasiloxane.		7.0310cyclosiloxane;
organosilicon compound
malachite green
malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.		7.9130organic chloride saltantibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
teratogenic agent
2-naphthol orange
Acid Orange II: structure in first source		2.0710
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		3.110diester;
organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		4.911flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		4.911aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
methyl n-butyl ketone
Methyl n-Butyl Ketone: An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.. hexanone : A ketone that is a hexane carrying an oxo substituent at unspecified position.		1.9610ketone
trimethylantimony
[no description available]		210
2,3-pentanedione
pentane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is pentane substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by oxo groups.		2.0310alpha-diketone;
methyl ketone		flavouring agent
triphenyl bismuth
triphenyl bismuth: structure given in first source		8.580
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		210acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		3.0850
triphenyltin chloride
triphenyltin chloride: see also triphenyltin acetate, triphenyltin hydroxide. fentin chloride : An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a chloro group. A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.		7.0110chlorine molecular entity;
organotin compound		antifungal agrochemical;
immunosuppressive agent
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		7.41114cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
perfluoropentane
perfluoropentane: inert expander of tissue spaces, liquid at room temperature, but gaseous at body temperatures; used in experimental eye surgery; structure. perfluoropentane : A fluorocarbon that is pentane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		2.0510fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon		radioopaque medium;
ultrasound contrast agent
4-cyanophenol
4-cyanophenol: reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor		2.3110phenolsEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.81117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
potassium citrate
Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.		12.5564potassium saltdiuretic
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.		2.0510enoate esterallergen;
polymerisation monomer
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		5.1731ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
cyclopentenone
2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.		2.0210alicyclic ketone;
enone		Hsp70 inducer
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.110pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzyl viologen
Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.		2.110bipyridines
2-acetylpyridine
2-acetylpyridine: structure in first source		2.5120aromatic ketone
gallium arsenide
[no description available]		3.0140
calcium peroxide
[no description available]		4.811calcium oxides
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		4.3941
cadmium oxide
cadmium oxide: causes severe lung damage; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		2.8430cadmium molecular entity
germanium oxide
germanium oxide: has antimutagenic effects; RN given refers to cpd with MF GeO2		3.4470
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		2.0810alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.3770alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		5.3431manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		16.4416210zinc molecular entity
thorium dioxide
Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.		5.27100thorium molecular entity
lead sulfide
lead sulfide: surma refers to fine powder-like mascara, applied to conjunctival surfaces of eyes; originally contained antimony sulfide (derived from Urdu word for antimony); recently lead sulfide has been used due to scarcity of antimony; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-S; galena is the principal ore of lead sulfide. Black kohl stone and red-brown kohl stone are widely used in eye cosmetics in the Middle East, Asia and Africa		7.830
molybdenum disulfide
[no description available]		2.8330sulfide salt
cupric sulfide
copper(II) sulfide : A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.2110
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		1.9810
calcium silicate
[no description available]		2.0310inorganic calcium saltantacid;
flame retardant;
food anticaking agent
ferrous oxide
[no description available]		2.0710iron oxide
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.4120enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.8640alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		2.3320
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.		3.4980diarylmethane
strontium carbonate
[no description available]		2.0210
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.0310organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2510quaternary ammonium ion
diallyl trisulfide
[no description available]		2.2510organic trisulfideanti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
insecticide;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		1.9510benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
direct blue 15
direct blue 15: RN given refers to tetra-Na salt. Pontamine sky blue 5B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Pontamine sky blue 5B (acid form) with four equivalents of sodium hydroxide.		7.610
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source		2.0210
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; structure in 1st source		2.0410carbonyl compound
2-furoic acid hydrazide
2-furoylhydrazine: used for determination of carbohydrates		1.9610
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.2510thujeneplant metabolite
2,3-diketogulonic acid
2,3-Diketogulonic Acid: Metabolite of ASCORBIC ACID and the oxidized form of the lactone DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID.. 2,3-diketogulonic acid : A carbohydrate acid formally derived from gulonic acid by oxidation of the -OH groups at positions 2 and 3 to keto groups.		1.9310
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		1.9910D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		5.19311,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
diloxanide furoate
diloxanide furoate: structure. diloxanide furoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of furan-2-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2,2-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. It is a drug used for the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis.		1.9310carboxylic ester;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antiamoebic agent;
prodrug
streptomycin
[no description available]		9.7271antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		9.15532carbon oxoanion
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		1.9610
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.3420aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.		2.3720
cephalonium
cephalonium: used in treatment of bovine mastitis; Cepravin D.C. contains 250 mg cephalonium		3.9721cephalosporin
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		9.38268dioxolane
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.		8.711ammonium salt;
inorganic molecular entity;
inorganic nitrate salt		explosive;
fertilizer;
oxidising agent
dysprosium
Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.		2.7130f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		8.82110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		4.08140d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		7.12271elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		10.06961elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		8.23461chromium group element atommicronutrient
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		5.15101f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
niobium
Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.		5.42180vanadium group element atom
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		3.0410iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		5.75270metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		5.9310elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
plutonium
Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.		3.0750actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
praseodymium
Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.		2.7230f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
protactinium
Protactinium: A radioactive element of the actinide group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pa, atomic number 91, and atomic weight 231. It decays by alpha-emission.		2.1310actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		6.02110manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		3.2350cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		10.7961iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		3.91110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
scandium
Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.		2.3820d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		17.139342copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum
Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.		8.680vanadium group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		10.5190manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		9.7250f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		6.35310actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
thulium
Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.		7.9840f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		17.544944titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		4.91340chromium group element atommicronutrient
actinium
Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.		9.13410actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
scandium group element atom
americium
Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		1.9510actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		8.1650monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
arsine
arsine: structure. arsine : Arsane (AsH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. A specific arsine is preferably named as a substituted arsane.		2.1110arsanes;
arsine;
mononuclear parent hydride
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		8.04930cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		3.98130f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		6.02360chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
erbium
Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.		6.59262f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		4.31180f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		4.89100f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		10.09781copper group element atom;
elemental gold
hafnium
Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.		9.0740titanium group element atom
holmium
Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.		2.9940f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		8.01640actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		3.88120elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		2.0310monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
ytterbium
Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.		9.53230f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		6.18172d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		6.13380titanium group element atom
californium
Californium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.		1.9510actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		1.9910mercury coordination entitysensitiser
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		4.811D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
perchloric acid
[no description available]		1.9410chlorine oxoacid
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		4.911delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.0210iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		3.3811iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
phosphine
phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.		7.0210mononuclear parent hydride;
phosphanes;
phosphine		carcinogenic agent;
fumigant insecticide
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		1.9410diatomic bromine
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		9.92433barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		5.4441metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		2.0510inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		4.911inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite
[no description available]		2.1310inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		food preservative;
reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		2.6930calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		2.6930calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		7.68183calcium phosphate
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		2.8940chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.3920metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
tungstate
[no description available]		4.22130divalent inorganic anion;
tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		4.661inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		3.95130calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
zinc phosphate
zinc phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified Zn salt; see also record for ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT RN 7779-90-0; hopeite was non-print entry term to ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT 1982-91		3.68100
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		10.1280diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		4.87110diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
silver chloride
[no description available]		2.7730inorganic chloride;
silver salt
silver iodide
silver iodide: RN given refers to silver iodide [1:1]		3.2550
nickel sulfate
nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.		2.0310metal sulfateallergen
bismuth trichloride
[no description available]		8.3160
cesium bromide
[no description available]		2.1710
cesium iodide
cesium iodide: X-ray image intensifier		2.0810
fluorosulfonic acid
perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer		3.4470sulfur oxoacidNMR solvent
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		3.4260divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
thallium chloride
thallium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.0810inorganic chloride;
thallium molecular entity
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		5.3131elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		2.4620aluminium sulfate
radon
Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.		8.791070monoatomic radon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
tellurous acid
tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7530tellurium oxoacid
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.420cadmium coordination entity
ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate
ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate: slow-acting amine polymerization accelerator. parbenate : A benzoate ester that is ethyl benzoate substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4.		2.0510benzoate ester;
ethyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
camphoroquinone
camphoroquinone: a natural monoterpene, non-aromatic quinone; structure given in first source. bornane-2,3-dione : A bornane monoterpenoid that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 7 and 7 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 3.		2.4420bornane monoterpenoid;
carbobicyclic compound
chlormerodrin
Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.		2.6330organomercury compound;
ureas		diagnostic agent;
diuretic
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		3.63100
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		1.9410ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
tricalcium silicate
tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement		5.75290
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		9.34572titanium oxidesfood colouring
sodium tungstate(vi)
sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.		2.0710inorganic sodium saltreagent
tetrathionic acid
Tetrathionic Acid: A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.		1.9510sulfur oxoacid
salen
disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron		2.0810
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.0210
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		3.05106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
ferric nitrilotriacetate
ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)		2.0210iron chelatecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.4220C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
fluorides
[no description available]		5.32170halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
18-crown-6
18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.		2.3110crown ether;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		phase-transfer catalyst
stannic oxide
tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.		2.830tin oxide
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		3.5270chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
molybdenum dioxide
[no description available]		2.0610
iodine
[no description available]		6.91550halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		7.36202benzenes;
phenyl acetates
acetylacetone
acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.		2.0310beta-diketone
thymolphthalein
Thymolphthalein: Used as a pH indicator and as a reagent for blood after decolorizing the alkaline solution by boiling with zinc dust.		2.0310terpene lactone
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		1.931011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		4.911
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		5.41110
alkenes
[no description available]		8.5780
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		3.3110glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.5820beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
pivampicillin
Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.. pivampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.		1.9810penicillanic acid ester;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester		prodrug
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		7.8130pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		23.59472205penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		5.38212-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
gallium citrate
[no description available]		4.911
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.9840amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.0310taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p
[no description available]		4.4330peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		2.25101-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		4.911alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine
T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor		2.6320
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.3510benzamides;
carboxylic ester
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		2.0510conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		2.0610aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
metsulfuron methyl
metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.		3.14101,3,5-triazines;
benzoate ester;
N-sulfonylurea		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.0710delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		4.911aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		4.811naphthoic acid
n 0437, (-)-isomer
rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.3110tetralins
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		2.110organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.911monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		4.911monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		5.1221adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		7.681040trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
tantalum oxide
tantalum oxide: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; used for surgical implants		2.1110
cathinone
cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.		2.1102-aminopropiophenone;
monoamine alkaloid		central nervous system stimulant;
psychotropic drug
thiolactic acid
thiolactic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210mercaptopropanoic acid
barium oxide
[no description available]		2.9840
tellurium dioxide
[no description available]		2.4620
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		2.1110inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
barium fluoride
barium fluoride: detector material used in position emission tomography (PET) cameras		2.420
radon-220 atom
[no description available]		2.2510radon atom
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.610hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.911acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
atropine sulfate-diphenoxylate hydrochloride drug combination
atropine sulfate-diphenoxylate hydrochloride drug combination: contains diphenoxylate & atropine sulfate; see also record for Lyspafen whcih contains difenoxine & atropine sulfate		3.5420
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		4.811D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
cyclen
cyclen: macrocyclic polyamine metal-complexing agent. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane : An azacycloalkane that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.5720azacycloalkane;
crown amine;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		3.1850organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
allicin
[no description available]		8.711botanical anti-fungal agent;
sulfoxide		antibacterial agent
thionine
thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.		7.110
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		2.0710xanthene dyefluorochrome
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		8.65100iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		2.4820
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		4.8842cephalosporinfungal metabolite
ecabet
ecabet: structure in first source		8.4611diterpenoid
silver bromide
[no description available]		3.1950
boron nitride
[no description available]		2.4110nitride
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		1.9410fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
iridium radioisotopes
Iridium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.		2.7630
xenon radioisotopes
Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.		2.2110
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		2.9240phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.12501,2,3-triazole
formamidine
formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.		2.4110carboxamidine;
formamidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
1-piperideine
1-piperideine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.1510piperideine
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		3.7100anthocyanidin chloride
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		6.61422-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
cefaloram
cefaloram: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. cefaloram : A cephalosporin derivative with potent antibacterial activity which binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division, inactivation of which interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity, resulting in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causing cell lysis.		3.4211cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.		2.0610quinolines
camphorated parachlorophenol
camphorated parachlorophenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; Walkhoff solution is a 3% solution of camphorated parachlorophenol		2.7330
cryptand 2.2
cryptand 2.2: a macrocyclic diaza-crown ether; structure given in first source		2.0510
methylthymol blue
methylthymol blue: RN given refers to tetra-Na salt		710
xylenol orange
xylenol orange: carboxylate anion which exhibits characteristic visible spectrum when attached to a metal		2.3520
carbohydrazide
carbohydrazide: structure. carbohydrazide : A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.. carbonyl dihydrazine : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between hydrazinecarboxylic acid and hydrazine.		2.2510carbohydrazide;
one-carbon compound
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		3.6180cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
sodium oxide
[no description available]		2.7430
triphenylmethylphosphonium
triphenylmethylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
octadecyl palmitate
octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.		2.3520hexadecanoate ester;
wax ester		coral metabolite;
cosmetic
coamid
coamid: complex of cobalt & nicotinamide		1.9610
n,n'-dimethylpropyleneurea
N,N'-dimethylpropyleneurea: structure in first source		710
platinum oxide
[no description available]		2.610
strontium titanium oxide
[no description available]		2.1110
ytterbium fluoride
[no description available]		2.4820
14-hydroxyclarithromycin
14-hydroxyclarithromycin: major metabolite of A 56268; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		6.9910aminoglycoside
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		22.75334148macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bromates
Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.		2.4420bromine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
procion brilliant red m-2bs
[no description available]		210
manganese sulfide
manganese sulfide: colloidal MnS used as NMR contrast material; RN given refers to cpd with MF MnS		2.1510
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		4.87213-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane
2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane: structure given in first source		2.4820
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		5.6431iditolfungal metabolite
(3-isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane
(3-isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane: structure in first source		2.0310
indium arsenide
[no description available]		2.610
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		3.5370
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethofencarb
diethofencarb: structure given in first source. diethofencarb : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of (3,4-diethoxyphenyl)carbamic acid. A fungicide with strong activity against Botrytis cinerea and benzimidazole-resistant strains of Botryis spp.		7.610aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
carbanilate fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.7130D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
2-hydroxyterephthalic acid
2-hydroxyterephthalic acid: C8-H6-O5; structure in first source		2.0410
2,5-dihydroxypyridine
pyridine-2,5-diol : A dihydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.		4.911dihydroxypyridinemouse metabolite
coumarin 6
coumarin 6: structure in first source		2.1107-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
2,2'-biimidazole
2,2'-biimidazole: structure given in first source		2.1510
pregnanetriol
Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.		1.9410corticosteroid hormone
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.1710methyladenosine
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		6.49350cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
yttrium radioisotopes
Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.		5.3370
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		2.0310
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		1.9910beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		2.0810
n2 dental cement
N2 Dental Cement: root canal filling material containing 92% eugenol, rose oil, powder containing 72% zinc oxide & paraformaldehyde; do not confuse with N2, synonym for ethyl nitrite spirit; also used as dental cement; RN in Chemline for Kalzinol (no MF): 56748-44-8; RN for zinc-eugenol cement (contains zinc octadecanoate, cottonseed oil, eugenol, rosin, zinc acetate & zinc oxide): 8027-50-7		4.38210
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		2.0310
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane
(1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer		210
bismuth nitrate
[no description available]		9.03443
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		4.120N-acyl-amino acid
phosphites
Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.		2.0510phosphite ion;
trivalent inorganic anion
biioquinol
biioquinol: bismuth-iodide of above main heading		1.9610
bismuth iodide
bismuth iodide: RN given for cpd with unspecified MF		4.18170
homoorientin
homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source		4.811flavone C-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
radical scavenger
trypanothione
trypanothione disulfide : An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)-spermidine from the insect-parasitic trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata.		2.520organic disulfide
3-mercaptopicolinic acid
3-mercaptopicolinic acid: gluconeogenesis inhibitor; may also inhibit ATP-dependentphosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase		2.0310
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.830fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole
1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source		7.0810thiadiazole
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.		4.911phosphine derivative;
tricarboxylic acid		reducing agent
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.3110benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.		3.1350azamacrocyclechelator;
copper chelator
dysprosium dtpa
dysprosium DTPA: RN given refers to di-Na salt; RN for parent cpd not available 6/88		1.9910
diucifon
diucifon: contains 6-methyluracil & p,p-2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylpyrimidinyl-5-sulfonaminodiphenylsulfone		1.9610
saccharolactone
saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.		3.3110aldarolactone;
delta-lactone
niobium pentoxide
[no description available]		2.0310
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		2.5220carbene;
methanediyl
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		3.1750fullerenegeroprotector
c & b metabond
Super-bond: an adhesive resin composed of 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride (4-META), methylmethacrylates (MMA) and tri-n-butylborane (TBB)		3.3911
glycylglutamine
glycylglutamine: inhibitory neuropeptide derived from beta-endorphin; RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.0410dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite;
protective agent
n-acetylneuraminoyllactose
3'-sialyllactose: structure in first source		210
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid)
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid): a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical; has been complexed with gadolinium (see Gd-DOTP) and holmium		2.420
n-hydroxysuccinimide s-acetylthioacetate
N-hydroxysuccinimide S-acetylthioacetate: introduces sulfhydryl groups into proteins; structure given in first source		2.1310
culpin
culpin: structure given in first source; isolated from Preussia		2.0410
carbapenems
[no description available]		6.7942
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		4.911beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
perrhenate
perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re		3.3110monovalent inorganic anion;
rhenium oxoanion
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		4.911amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1710secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		17.375239-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
cysteinylcysteine
cysteinylcysteine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. Cys-Cys : A dipeptide formed from two L-cysteine residues.		2.0610dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		9.47133aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		6.1233methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		7.47211oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
gallium oxide
gallium oxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		8.1750
edotreotide
Edotreotide: DOTA - 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanetetracetic acid; structure given in first source; may be labelled with various radioisotopes		2.7530
neodymium oxide
neodymium oxide: has antineoplastic activity		2.110
yttria
yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3		2.1310
calcium aluminate
[no description available]		3.1950
ilmenite
ilmenite: cpd has MF: FeTiO3; RN in Chemline for other FeTiO3: 12022-71-8		2.4110
indium trichloride
indium trichloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
bismuth orthovanadate
bismuth vanadium tetraoxide: ferroelastic		12.57940
titanium phosphate
titanium phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified titanium phosphate		7.1110
gadolinium (+3) acetate
[no description available]		2.0210
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		5.8151chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
silver phosphate
silver phosphate: for chloride analysis in cystic fibrosis patch test		2.0810
peroxymonosulfate
peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)		6.161sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		2.110
n-(2-amino-3-(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)propyl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-n,n',n',n'',n''-pentaacetic acid
N-(2-amino-3-(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)propyl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-N,N',N',N'',N''-pentaacetic acid: used for (111)Indium labeling of monoclonal antibodies; structure in J Chem Soc (Perkin 1) 1992:1173-8; RN given refers to ((1alpha(S*),2beta)-(+-))-isomer		3.2860
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		2.6930
tartrazine
Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.		7.6120
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		1.9410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		3.3711
diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid
diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid: structure given in first source		2.1710
metaperiodate
metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.		6.9410iodine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
amplex red
Amplex Red: a component of the Amplex Red Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit		2.0710
ytterbium dtpa
ytterbium DTPA: used in computer tomography; has higher K-edge than iodine		1.9910
molybdenum blue
molybdenum blue: spray reagent prepared by dissolving molybdenum trioxide in H2SO4 & adding powdered molybdenum; for staining phospholipids in thin layer chromatography		2.0310
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		3.2960biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		4.811amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		6.0591
solpadeine
solpadeine: liquid analgesic combination of paracetamol, codeine phosphate, & caffeine in effervescent base with sorbitol		3.3611
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		4.911
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.0210imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		5.0121divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
nickel monoxide
[no description available]		2.4520
psyllium
Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.		3.110very long-chain fatty acid
propargylglycine
propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4220
fr dental filling
FR dental filling: contains powder consisting of calcium hydroxide 50%, zinc oxide 20%, barium sulfate 30% & liquid consisting of guaiacol-formaldehyde cpd 40%. propylene glycol 30%, dehydrated alcohol 15%, & castor oil 15%		1.9510
calcium aluminate ferrite
[no description available]		2.0310
ilaprazole
ilaprazole: structure in first source		3.9911benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
sorafenib
[no description available]		7.6620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		4.811aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		1.9710bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
cortisone
[no description available]		5.2510011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cellulose triacetate
cellulose triacetate: for hemodialysis filtration		2.0510
sodium sulfide
sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae		2.0310
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		5.1931
hafnia
Hafnia: A genus of straight, gram-negative bacterial rods which are facultatively anaerobic and motile by peritrichous flagella. This genus is found in human and animal feces, soil, water, and dairy products. It is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)		3.620
acivicin
[no description available]		1.9810isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
2-oxindole
2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.		2.3110gamma-lactam;
indolinone
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		2.8840
bortezomib
[no description available]		4.811amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
calcein am
calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.		2.07102-benzofurans;
acetate ester;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		7.4620
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		2.3110
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		1.9810
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		3.3511N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		2.4720peptide
amylopectin
Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.		3.0510
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		4.74100tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		3.0610
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		3.9640monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		1.9410cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		5.321alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		4.84211-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		7.1110cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		1.9610beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		1.93101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		8.7621cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
sultamicillin
sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam		4.911penicillanic acid ester
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.920cyclodextrin
sucrose octasulfate
[no description available]		2.420
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		2.110butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.1510cinnamic acidplant metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.2110retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		1.9610icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		4.911resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		5.5351retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		3.3860microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ferric hydroxide
ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9		2.0710
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.1510ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		8.07146D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.3820benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.57202-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		8.3611
lycopene
[no description available]		3.4611acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		7.9174macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-butenal
crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.		2.0210enal
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		1.9510olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		4.911
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		1.9510actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.25101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
arsphenamine
Arsphenamine: An organoarsenic compound that was commonly used for treating SYPHILIS and other diseases.		6.46360
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		10.651L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.911nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		2.3720flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
tyrosine o-sulfate
O(4')-sulfo-L-tyrosine : An O-sulfoamino acid that is L-tyrosine in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.		2.0410aryl sulfate;
L-tyrosine derivative;
O-sulfoamino acid		human metabolite
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		6.9710
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		7.38178one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		1.9210organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		2.0710acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine
[no description available]		2.1710metallophthalocyanine;
zinc tetrapyrrole		fluorochrome
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		2.48202-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
diphenylbutadiene
diphenylbutadiene: structure in first source		2.4110
tolfenamic acid
tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.		2.110aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		10.58334triterpenoid
geraniol
[no description available]		4.9113,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		9.4811diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
glycosides
[no description available]		7.1310
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		4.3460isomethyleugenol
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		1.9510triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		7.1510stilbene
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		2.1110diphosphate ion
dithizone
Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.		2.3520
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.6230
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		3.0550aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		1.9410pyrimidone
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		10.4331aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
thiohydantoins
Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.		4.811
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		3.3110capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine
[no description available]		2.0810acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.811cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		2.38202-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiosemicarbazide
thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.		7.4420hydrazines;
thiocarboxamide;
thioureas
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		5.8471one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
indigo carmine
Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.		2.830
unithiol
Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.		4.6461
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		2.1110aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		2.2510
tungsten carbide
tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		210
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		4.0831dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source		2.1510
nadp
[no description available]		4.911
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.0110
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		1.9510carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		20.49248137C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
pica
Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.		1.9410
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		5.88130alkali metal atom
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		2.4110nitrogen oxide
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		3.3811
ranitidine bismuth citrate
ranitidine bismuth citrate: Pylorid & Tritec are tradenames		19.06169100
quinine
[no description available]		9.99130cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
cystine
[no description available]		10.5551
galactaric acid
galactaric acid: STRUCTURE; RN given refers to parent cpd. galactaric acid : A hexaric acid resulting from formal oxidative ring cleavage of galactose.		1.9610hexaric acidhuman metabolite
calcium ammonium nitrate
calcium ammonium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. calcium ammonium nitrate : A mixture obtained by combining ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and water. It is widely used as a nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture.		7.6620
redta
REDTA: combination of di-Na EDTA , cetyltriammonium bromide & sodium hydroxide soln		210
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		2.5220
silicon nitride
[no description available]		2.4820
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.6530
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.1110
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		3.5920
alizarin red s
Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.		2.0710organic sodium salt;
organosulfonate salt		histological dye
homoserine lactone
homoserine lactone: a putative signal for starvation in E. coli; structure in first source. homoserinium lactone : The conjugate acid of homoserine lactone; major species at pH 7.3.. homoserine lactone : A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.		2.1510ammonium ion derivative;
organic cation
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.0210
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		8.4480
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		3.9940
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.9440inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
sodium niobate
[no description available]		3.1510
2-mercaptoacetate
2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.610monocarboxylic acid anion
diethyl maleate
diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.		1.9810ethyl ester;
maleate ester		glutathione depleting agent
quercetin
[no description available]		7.38207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		6.48141prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
luteolin
[no description available]		4.8113'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
rosin
rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.		210
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		5.1431disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.5120antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		1.9810oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		8.8620011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		2.1310oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		6.3222alpha-humulene
oleuropein
oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		4.911beta-D-glucoside;
catechols;
diester;
methyl ester;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
baicalein
[no description available]		2.7220trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
morusin
morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.		4.911extended flavonoid;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		4.911rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
ellagic acid
[no description available]		2.2510catechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
gefarnate
Gefarnate: A water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue.		3.3511organic molecular entity
plaunotol
plaunotol: RN refers to (Z,E,E)-isomer. plaunotol : A diterpenoid that is geranylgeraniol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 18.		1.9810diterpenoid;
primary alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
vulnerary
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		3.7930
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		7.1110cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
arbaprostil
Arbaprostil: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and can inhibit the growth of experimental tumors.		1.9610prostanoid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		2.6630cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
ubiquinone 8
[no description available]		4.911ubiquinonesbiomarker
codeine
[no description available]		6.4342morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		4.8642hydrochloride
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.0410antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.3110cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
brefeldin a
[no description available]		1.9810macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		4.2530morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		4.81111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
magnesium trisilicate
magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.3520
cinnamyl alcohol
cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).		2.0310cinnamyl alcoholplant metabolite
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		11.023940carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		6.6390carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		8.771020metalloid atom;
pnictogen
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		8.5180alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		4.52240alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		3.7530alkali metal atom
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		13.6887boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		7.16281alkaline earth metal atom
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		6.86370boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		9.631890metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		6.3280boron group element atom
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		7.95261boron group element atom
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		12.52241chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		1.9410
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		11.5991alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
astatine
Astatine: Astatine. A radioactive halogen with the atomic symbol At, and atomic number 85. Its isotopes range in mass number from 200 to 219 and all have an extremely short half-life. Astatine may be of use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism because it emits ALPHA PARTICLES.		7.25240elemental astatine
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		4.68280cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		7.39340carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		7.35201monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		12.33141boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
nitecapone
nitecapone: structure given in first source		6.9810hydroxycinnamic acid
phytochlorin
phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source		2.2110
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.3110gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		2.13102-trans-abscisic acid
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.08101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.0110ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
barium titanate(iv)
barium titanate(IV): RN given refers to parent cpd		3.5720
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		6.75551carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		8.81481chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
selenocysteine
Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.		2.1510
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		8.03870chalcogen;
metalloid atom
boron oxide
boron oxide: RN given refers to B2O3		2.4820boron oxide
trimethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.0310
polonium
Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).		14.832080chalcogen;
metal atom
radium
Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.		7.48370alkaline earth metal atom
francium
Francium: A radioactive alkali metal with the atomic symbol Fr, and atomic number 87. The mass numbers of known isotopes are 204-213, 217-224. Its valence is +1.		2.9640alkali metal atom
bismuth oxychloride
bismuth oxychloride: active against rotaviruses and enteric viruses		6.41500
thorium x
thorium X: used in therapy of Bechterew's disease		2.4220
polonium-210 atom
polonium-210 atom : The radioactive isotope of polonium with relative atomic mass 209.98286 and half-life of 138.376 days; the only naturally occurring isotope of polonium.		2.8930polonium atom
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture		4.6432
clinoptilolite
clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF		7.2510
bismuth germanium oxide
bismuth germanium oxide: used in positron emission tomography; RN given refers to cpd with MF Bi4-Ge3-O12		11.36371
valiant phd
Valiant PhD: composed of 52.5% silver, 29.5% tin, 17.5% copper, and 0.5% palladium		1.9910
indiloy
indiloy: quaternary alloy		1.9810
ostalloy
ostalloy: protective shield to reduce scatter dose to the testicle outside of radiation treatment field; composed of 50% bismuth, 26.7% lead, 13.3% tin & 10% cadmium; density 9.38g/cm(3)		3.0710
spirotrypan
spirotrypan: RN given refers to parent cpd		6.9310
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		4.911maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
pregnanediol
[no description available]		2.3420
simethicone
Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.		3.7621
microcystin rr
microcystin RR: structure given in first source; isolated cyanobacterium		2.5220microcystin;
organic molecular entity		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sultan
Sultan: root canal sealer		2.6830sulfonamide
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		9.6261imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		1.9610
corrole
corrole: structure in first source. corrole : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is the octadehydro drivative of corrin.		7.0610
barium sulfide
[no description available]		1.9610barium salt;
sulfide salt
platensimycin
platensimycin: has antidiabetic and antisteatotic activities; a pentacyclic ketolide (structurally similar to adamantane) connected by an amide bond to 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; inhibits cellular lipid biosynthesis; discovered while screening compounds from Streptomyces platensis bacteria in a South African soil sample with S. aureus bacteria deficient in FabF protein; structure in first source. platensimycin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the oxatetracyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.		7.0510aromatic amide;
cyclic ether;
cyclic ketone;
dihydroxybenzoic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
polycyclic cage		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
fumagillin
[no description available]		2.6230antibiotic antifungal drug;
carboxylic ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
meroterpenoid;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
fungal metabolite;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
sitafloxacin
sitafloxacin: structure in first source		3.1910
isoborneol
isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.4211borneol
bromopyruvate
[no description available]		7.6102-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
chloralose
Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.		2.3720
2,9-dicarboxy-1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.1110
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		6.15113biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
mannich bases
Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.		2.0510
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.5720
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		1.9310
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		12.994838magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.511benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
ferrihydrite
ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O		2.2510
disilver oxide
[no description available]		2.9740
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		3.4111
lenvatinib
lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.		4.911aromatic amide;
aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist;
orphan drug;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		2.0410oligopeptide
bismuth phosphate
bismuth phosphate: used in treatment of renal cysts		4.03140
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.3311organic molecular entity
tetraborate
tetraborate: RN given refers to ion(2-). borate ion : Any inorganic anion that is formally derived from boric acid. The term includes polymeric anions containing chains of BO3 structural units sharing one oxygen atom (e.g. di-, tri-, and tetraborates) as well as chains or rings sharing two oxygen atoms (e.g. metaborates).		7.0210
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		3.5570aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		5.0321dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
flb 457
FLB 457: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		210
thiocolchicoside
thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure		4.911glycoside
rucaparib
AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source		4.911azepinoindole;
caprolactams;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
zeolites
[no description available]		9.9481
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		11.84111
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate		22.9327397
yttrium silicate
yttrium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.0410
fluorapatite
fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.		2.4110
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		4.911
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		4.911
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		4.911
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.7730nystatins
carfilzomib
[no description available]		4.811epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		1.9810
granite
granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite		2.0810triazolopyrimidines
empagliflozin
[no description available]		4.811aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
tetrahydrofuryl ether		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		1.9810benzoxazole
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		1.9610
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		4.1401,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		1.9410
rifamycins
[no description available]		4.6830
ethidium homodimer
ethidium homodimer: structure		2.0710
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		3.9640
3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexane
3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexane: structure in first source		2.0510
fomblin y 04
fomblin Y 04: structure		2.0310
ammonium citrate
[no description available]		2.610ammonium salt;
citrate salt		buffer;
food emulsifier
lithium borate
lithium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Li2-B4O7; structure		2.7230borate salts
curcumol
[no description available]		4.911sesquiterpenoid
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		6.5632organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vonoprazan
1-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine: a proton pump inhibitor; structure in first source		9.921610pyrroles
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0510
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		4.4320
motilin
Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.		2.4110
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		4.911tannin
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		8.42187
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		2.7430
big gastrin
big gastrin: isolated from Zollinger-Ellison syndrome gastrinomas & hog antral mucosa; have encountered tetratricontapeptide & nonadecapeptide gastrin; big-big gastrin significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcers; big gastrin refers gastrin which has a longer peptide chain than the normal heptadecapeptide gastrin		1.9810
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		6.0551
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.9740
gastrin 17
gastrin-17 : One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		2.3920gastrinantineoplastic agent
calcium crimson
calcium crimson: a fluorescent calcium indicator		2.0510ammonium betaine;
sulfonamide		fluorochrome
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		7.62132glycoside
perovskite
calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.		5.35150
sodium titanate
[no description available]		3.8430
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.45801,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		3.251021-hydroxy steroid
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.4920chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
bismuth subsalicylate
bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.		20.2135380
dibutyltin diacetate
[no description available]		2.0810
bismuth subgallate
bismuth subgallate: RN given refers to parent cpd		6.23131
bismuth subcarbonate
[no description available]		6.65161bismuth coordination entity;
one-carbon compound
bibrocathol
bibrocathol: eye ointment; structure		2.6430
bi(otf)3
Bi(OTf)3: structure in first source		3.9230
3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine
APX001A: has antifungal activity; structure in first source		4.911
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		2.6730organic molecular entity
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		4.911
silicate cement
Silicate Cement: A relatively hard, translucent, restorative material used primarily in anterior teeth. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)		3.74100
chitosan
[no description available]		3.7790
potassium borohydride
[no description available]		2.0210
tryparsamide
tryparsamide: was MH 1963-92; use TRYPANOCIDAL AGENTS to search TRYPARSAMIDE 1966-92		6.9210
lithium niobate
[no description available]		2.4420
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		13.643613inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
potassium bromate
potassium bromate: used as bread improver		2.0210bromate salt;
potassium salt		flour treatment agent
methyl orange
methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds		4.62240
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.		3.3611
neoarsphenamine
neoarsphenamine: was MH 1963-92; NEOARSENOBENZOL & NOVARSENOBENZENE were see NEOARSPHENAMINE 1976-92; use ARSENICALS to search NEOARSPHENAMINE 1966-92; very toxic former antisyphilitic agent still used occasionally for infections, including those in animals; it produces skin sensitization & has become a tool in the study of immunologic tolerance as a hapten		3.1860
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		1.9310
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		2.3520
antofloxacin
antofloxacin: antibiotic; 8-amino derivative of levofloxacin; structure in first source		4.7722
intrinsic factor
Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.		1.9610
niraparib
niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.		4.8112-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		1.9310
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.3420
mannans
[no description available]		4.911
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		4.2541
plx4032
[no description available]		4.811aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.3520
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		7.9995
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.520
potassium titanate
potassium titanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-TiO3		3.1510
mephedrone
mephedrone: a beta-keto (bk) designer drug; Central Nervous System Stimulants. mephedrone : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.		2.110amphetamines;
aromatic ketone;
secondary amino compound		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		4.8721
hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.		1.9910
tylosin
[no description available]		3.4311
4-methylethcathinone
4-methylethcathinone: structure in first source		2.110aromatic ketone
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		3.1510
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		2.2510polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		2.6630
chondroitin
Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		1.9410
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		6.11172ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		21.61295108
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.8540
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		9.95299
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		7.2274
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		25.8546391monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		1.9810benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		7.9240benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.3911
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		1.9410
teriflunomide
[no description available]		4.911(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic amide;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		drug metabolite;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
doxycycline hyclate
Tetraclean: antibiotic-based product for root canal irrigation to remove both the microorganisms and the smear layer present in the root canals; contains cetrimide (Cetrimonium Compounds)		3.4811
tigecycline
[no description available]		7.4110
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		6.9810heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bismuth salicylate
Bismuth Salicylate: MAGNESIUM SALICYLATE was entry term in SALICYLATES 1999-2005, indexed NM to SALICYLIC ACID 1981-1998		3.0450
ledermix
Ledermix: contains above two cpds		3.3911
byl719
[no description available]		4.811proline derivative
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		5.1962
gastrin-releasing peptide
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.		1.9810
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		6.2562aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		2.920
gluma
Gluma: bonding agent; aqueous solution of hydroxyethylmethacrylate & glutaral		2.0110
bismuth oxybromide
bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation		8.89801
lead radioisotopes
Lead Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.		6.8470
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		4.911
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		4.911
bismuth titanate
[no description available]		5.64130
antimony potassium tartrate
Antimony Potassium Tartrate: A schistosomicide possibly useful against other parasites. It has irritant emetic properties and may cause lethal cardiac toxicity among other adverse effects.		1.9810
pyrethrins
[no description available]		2.110
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		4.24190
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		4.911
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.5720
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		2.2510
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.0310
glaucarubin
Glaucarubin: (1 beta,2 alpha,11 beta,12 alpha,15 beta(S))-11,20-Epoxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroxy-15-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)picras-3-en-16-one. A quassinoid (Simaroubolide) from Simaruba glauca, a tropical shrub. It has been used as an antiamebic agent and is found to be cytotoxic. It may be of use in cancer chemotherapy.		6.9310
aqua regia
aqua regia: mixture of hydrochloric & nitric acids		2.0510
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		1.9410
zirconium diboride
[no description available]		2.0510
plutonium dioxide
plutonium dioxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pu-O2		1.9710
gibberellins
[no description available]		2.1310
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		4.2641
psma-617
PSMA-617: inhibits prostate-specific membrane antigen; structure in first source		2.1510
saponite
[no description available]		2.4110
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		11.0142
ettringite
ettringite: synthesis of ettringite from acid wastewaters of the aluminium anodising industry is a possible route of reducing the emissions to the environment, recovering at the same time resource materials as a useful marketable mineral		2.7430
lutetium orthosilicate
lutetium orthosilicate: LSO crystal layer is used in High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT) positron emission tomography (PET) scanners		2.520
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.5920
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.3820
lewis y antigen
[no description available]		2.0310
all-bond 2
All-Bond 2: a 2-component primer system; primer A contains 2% sodium salt of N-p-tolylglycineglycidyl methacrylate		2.420
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		4.0431
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		1.95103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.1510purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		1.9510guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		2.06102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		1.9510guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		8.0640folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.0510
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		4.911cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0710dacarbazine
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		1.9510nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
hematein
hematein: structure. hematein : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is -6a,7-dihydrobenzo[b]indeno[1,2-d]pyran-9-one carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 4, 6a and 10.		2.0510
5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one
5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one: impact-insensitive explosive; structure in first source		2.0510
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		2.520N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.4620
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.1510guanosinesbiomarker
2-naphthol orange
2-naphthol orange: structure; see also record for C.I. Solvent Orange 2		2.520
cupferron
cupferron: superoxide dismutase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810
eriochrome black t
[no description available]		7.3720
guanosine 5'-phosphoimidazolide
[no description available]		1.9510
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		2.2510imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
clothianidin
clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.		2.06101,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
clothianidin;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
alcian blue
Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.		1.9710
texaphyrin
texaphyrin: structure in first source. texaphyrin : A class of synthetic expanded porphyrins with a 22 pi-electron aromatic system. They are named after the state of Texas where these compounds were first synthesised.		3.1810
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		6.54100
eye
[no description available]		3.4170
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		2.0210
lacticin 481
lacticin 481: amino acid sequence given in first source; a lantibiotic; GenBank X71410 (L. lactis)		2.0210
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		1.9610
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		5.03410
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		5.0521
aluminum magnesium silicate
aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition		3.3811
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		027.911,252417
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		027.911,252417
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		022.7427763
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		017.7427763
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		012.121161
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		017.121161
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.7220
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.7220
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		06.31250
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		07.91321
Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
[description not available]		05.98290
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		07.91321
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		06.31250
Klatskin Tumor
Cholangiocarcinoma arising near or at the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts (COMMON HEPATIC DUCT). These tumors are generally small, sharply localized, and seldom metastasizing.		05.98290
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		06.06200
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		06.06200
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		02.4110
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		02.4110
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		012.68102
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.9740
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		07.68102
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		07.7130
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		016.8615144
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		021.8615144
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		05.2941
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		05.2941
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.7430
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		020.4424018
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		020.4424018
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		02.4820
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		09.97276
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		09.97276
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		09.77682
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		09.77682
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		05.4831
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		05.4831
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		07.03113
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		03.6330
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		03.6330
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		012.32286
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		012.32286
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		04.8871
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		04.8871
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		08.5686
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		08.5686
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		012.571311
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		04.7211
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		05.4641
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		05.9441
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		05.0221
Acinetobacter Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.		04.7211
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		06.3261
ADDH
[description not available]		05.1921
Bleb
[description not available]		04.7211
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		04.7621
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		011.554111
Lassitude
[description not available]		04.7211
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		04.7211
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		05.9142
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		06.9163
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		06.122
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		08.29143
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		04.721
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		08.3455
Paratyphoid Fever
A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.		04.6721
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		06.61121
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		06.1522
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		05.0221
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		07.0773
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		06.3261
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		04.7321
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		04.7211
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		05.1941
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		05.1921
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		08.8486
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		04.7621
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		09.52253
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		010.4331
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		05.4621
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		016.0810126
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		04.7211
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		04.7211
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		05.9142
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		011.9163
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		06.122
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		08.29143
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		016.575310
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		06.61121
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		04.7211
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		06.1522
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		04.7211
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		04.7211
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		05.4641
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		05.7641
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		010.7641
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		03.0120
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		02.610
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		03.0120
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		05.41151
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		05.41151
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		010.75226
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		010.75226
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		07.15112
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		012.15112
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		09.12204
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		09.12204
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		07.2983
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		07.2983
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		08.6104
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		022.2137747
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		013.6104
Margins of Excision
The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.		02.610
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.6530
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		015.123110
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		07.6530
Gastritis, Atrophic
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.		06.4892
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.3120
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		014.568019
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		05.4621
Apoplexy
[description not available]		03.5320
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		03.1210
Glucose Metabolic Disorder
[description not available]		03.1210
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		03.1210
Co-infection
[description not available]		05.4621
Neonatal Death
The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.		03.1210
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		03.1210
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		03.1210
Debility
[description not available]		03.1210
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		03.3220
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		03.9650
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		03.1210
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		06.342
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		03.1210
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		06.8142
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		03.1210
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		05.4321
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		03.1210
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		03.1210
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.1210
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		03.1210
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		03.1210
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		03.1210
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.6430
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		03.3220
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		014.568019
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		03.1210
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		06.0861
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		03.1210
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		06.342
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		03.1210
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		06.8142
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		03.1210
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		03.6130
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.1210
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		03.1210
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		05.4321
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		03.1210
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)		03.1210
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		03.1210
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		08.5320
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		03.1210
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		03.1210
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		03.3460
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		07.84710
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		07.84710
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		03.5120
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		03.5120
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.91120
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		05.12101
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		05.3641
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		05.12101
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		05.3641
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		011.81241
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		03.1140
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		03.93130
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		03.1140
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		03.93130
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		09.46267
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		09.14155
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.66100
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		014.14155
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		03.8440
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		04.71110
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		09.71110
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		03.6290
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		03.6290
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
[description not available]		05.7790
Indigestion
[description not available]		021.127452
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		021.127452
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.		05.7790
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		06.3161
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		06.3161
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		04.3170
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.4820
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		012.764322
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		012.764322
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		08.7485
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe
[description not available]		02.2510
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		09.9118
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		08.7485
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		08.7485
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.		02.2510
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		0450
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		02.2510
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		03.1960
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.2510
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		0450
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		02.2510
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		05.2941
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		05.2941
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		011.916410
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		04.7570
E coli Infections
[description not available]		09.64198
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		05.8651
Travel Sickness
[description not available]		03.4820
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		09.64198
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		05.8651
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		019.28277147
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		019.28277147
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		04.2120
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		04.2120
Disseminated Fungal Infection
[description not available]		02.2510
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		06.122
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		04.7211
Diathesis
[description not available]		09.9631
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		07.8444
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		06.122
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		06.4422
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		04.7211
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		04.7211
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		04.7211
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		04.7211
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		04.7211
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		06.82111
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		07.9364
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		08.33143
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		09.48195
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		04.7211
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		08.455
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		05.4431
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		04.7211
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		06.122
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		04.7211
Berger Disease
[description not available]		04.7211
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		04.7211
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		04.7211
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		07.0472
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		06.38161
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		04.7211
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		06.8141
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		06.0332
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		04.7211
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		04.7211
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		09.6588
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		010.42159
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		04.7211
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		05.0731
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		04.7211
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		08.5585
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.7211
Bucket Handle Tears
[description not available]		04.7211
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		04.7211
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		04.7211
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		06.82111
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		07.9364
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		013.33143
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		09.48195
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		04.7211
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		08.455
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		05.4431
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		04.7211
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		06.122
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		04.7211
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		04.7211
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		04.7211
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		04.7211
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		07.0472
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		06.38161
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		04.7211
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		04.9921
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		06.8141
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		05.1841
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		06.0332
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		04.7211
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		09.6588
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		010.42159
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		04.7211
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		05.0731
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		04.7211
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		07.8444
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		06.122
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		06.4422
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		04.7211
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		04.7211
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		04.7211
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		04.7211
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		07.7554
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		04.6211
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		06.22131
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		04.6211
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		04.6211
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic
Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		04.6211
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		07.7444
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		06.1751
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		07.7444
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		04.6211
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		04.6211
Ancylostomiasis
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.		04.6211
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		04.6211
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		05.2141
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		04.6211
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		04.6211
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		05.5861
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		05.1941
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		04.6211
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		05.5361
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		04.9631
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		04.6211
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		04.9421
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		04.6211
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		07.9664
Bleeding
[description not available]		06.1341
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.9831
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		04.6211
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		06.4482
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		04.6211
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		04.6211
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		05.0131
Pericementitis
[description not available]		05.9552
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		05.842
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.6211
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		04.6211
Linear Skull Fracture
[description not available]		04.7421
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		04.6211
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		04.7321
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		04.6211
Shoulder Injuries
Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.		04.6211
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		04.6211
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		04.6211
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		04.6211
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		05.2141
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		04.6211
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		04.6211
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		05.5861
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		05.1941
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		04.6211
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		04.6211
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		04.9421
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		04.6211
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		012.9664
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		06.1341
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		09.9531
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		07.86251
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		04.9831
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		04.6211
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		06.4482
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		04.6211
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		04.6211
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		05.0131
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		05.9552
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		05.842
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		04.6211
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		04.6211
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		04.6211
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		04.6211
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		06.22131
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		04.6211
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		04.6211
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.		04.6211
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		06.1751
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		04.6211
Eardrum Perforation
[description not available]		02.520
Tympanic Membrane Perforation
A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.		02.520
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		06.1841
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		06.1841
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		012477
Bewilderment
[description not available]		03.85120
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		03.0650
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		03.75110
Microscopic Colitis
[description not available]		04.7240
Colitis, Microscopic
A condition characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. This syndrome was first described in 1980 by Read and associates. Subtypes include COLLAGENOUS COLITIS and LYMPHOCYTIC COLITIS. Both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology.		04.7240
Recrudescence
[description not available]		017.8913967
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component
[description not available]		02.1310
Gliosarcoma
Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)		02.1310
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		07.09172
Bezoars
Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.		02.1510
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.1510
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		02.1510
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		03.2260
Amentia
[description not available]		03.3420
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		06.82460
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		08.3420
Lymphocytic Colitis
[description not available]		06.1960
Colitis, Lymphocytic
A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show infiltration of LYMPHOCYTES in the superficial EPITHELIUM and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria).		06.1960
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.1510
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		09.07563
Collagenous Colitis
[description not available]		06.370
Colitis, Collagenous
A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial COLLAGEN.		06.370
Teeth, Devitalized
[description not available]		08.12176
Tooth Fractures
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.		06.41114
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.5220
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.5220
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.1710
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		09.02102
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		09.02102
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.9740
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		02.9740
Exanthem
[description not available]		04.8142
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		04.8142
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.6630
Metastase
[description not available]		07.24221
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		07.24221
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		03.4220
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		03.4220
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		03.9320
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		03.9320
Great Pox
[description not available]		011.32733
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		011.32733
Flatus
[description not available]		05.931
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		05.931
Neglected Diseases
Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).		03.1210
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.		04.29200
Actinomyces Infections
[description not available]		02.2110
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		05.6873
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		010.6873
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		02.2110
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		02.2110
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		03.9520
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.2110
Bacteroidaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.		02.2110
Corynebacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.		03.5911
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		03.0750
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		03.0750
Dental Leakage
The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.		011.214218
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		07.66251
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		04.6921
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		04.6921
Autolysis, Dental Pulp
[description not available]		05.66102
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative
[description not available]		06.31202
Periapical Periodontitis
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.		06.31202
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		07.62164
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		07.62164
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		04.1631
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		04.6461
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		04.6461
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.6830
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		06.93103
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		02.9240
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		06.93103
Avian Leukosis
A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.		02.110
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		010.421313
Inflammation, Endodontic
[description not available]		05.5863
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		010.421313
Pulpitis
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.		05.5863
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.110
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		02.3420
Verruca
[description not available]		04.8130
Warts
Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.		09.8130
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		02.4520
Lip Diseases
Diseases involving the LIP.		02.420
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		02.110
Ameloblastoma
An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.		02.110
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		02.1110
Fractures, Compound
[description not available]		02.1110
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		04.0931
Emesis
[description not available]		06.0484
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		05.53120
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		02.1110
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		06.0484
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		06.11220
Dentin, Secondary
Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.		04.1331
Exposure, Dental Pulp
[description not available]		04.0931
Dental Pulp Exposure
The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.		04.0931
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		05.05160
Anomalous Dysplasia of Dentin
[description not available]		02.110
Root Resorption
Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.2760
Avulsed Tooth
[description not available]		02.7130
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.3920
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		02.3920
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.6630
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		03.8940
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		03.8940
Barrett Epithelium
[description not available]		02.1110
Barrett Esophagus
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.		02.1110
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		03.511
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		08.511
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		06.45320
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.1110
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.1110
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue
[description not available]		05.2343
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		08.95303
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.0410
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		05.721
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		03.320
Arthritis, Post-Infectious
[description not available]		03.2820
Water-related Diseases
[description not available]		03.0410
Arthritis, Reactive
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.		03.2820
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		03.0410
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		05.721
Leanness
[description not available]		02.1310
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.		04.2470
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.1510
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.1510
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		07.01101
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		012.01101
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.4120
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		07.4120
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.1510
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		04.3741
Parodontosis
[description not available]		02.940
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		02.940
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		04.0431
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		04.0431
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.6430
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		03.79110
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.9340
Aura
[description not available]		03.7940
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		03.7940
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		03.0250
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		03.0250
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		04.13170
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		04.13170
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		04.4251
Dermatoses
[description not available]		04.56100
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		09.4251
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		04.56100
Arsenic Encephalopathy
[description not available]		05.51170
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		01.9210
Hemorrhagic Diathesis
[description not available]		07.3320
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).		02.3320
Central Nervous System Syphilis
[description not available]		07.57341
Abscess, Amebic
[description not available]		04.45240
Amebiasis, Intestinal
[description not available]		07.01311
Amebiasis
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.		04.45240
Frambesia
[description not available]		03.0250
Yaws
A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by TREPONEMA PALLIDUM subspecies pertenue.		03.0250
Icterus
[description not available]		02.3320
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		02.3320
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		02.6130
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.6130
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		02.6130
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.6130
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		05.19121
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		03.0250
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0250
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		02.0410
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.4620
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		02.4620
Astroviridae Infections
Infections with ASTROVIRIDAE, causing gastroenteritis in human infants, calves, lambs, and piglets.		02.0510
Diarrheogenic Islet Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.4220
Dental Pulp Disease
[description not available]		04.4751
Dental Pulp Diseases
Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.		04.4751
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.6830
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.4220
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.0510
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		02.0510
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		03.2760
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		03.2760
Smear Layer
Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.		07.49246
Bacillus anthracis Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.		02.0510
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		03.2920
Microglossia
[description not available]		05.0131
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		03.2920
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		03.0650
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		02.0510
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		03.4411
Embolus
[description not available]		08.0350
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		08.0350
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.8540
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		03.1860
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		03.0350
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		03.0350
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		02.3320
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		03.0250
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.6230
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		02.3320
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		03.0250
Whooping Cough
A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.		07.6230
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		02.8540
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		02.8540
Francisella tularensis Infection
[description not available]		01.9210
Tularemia
A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.		06.9210
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		08.1860
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.2470
Periapical Diseases
Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.		04.6761
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		02.8940
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.8740
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.8740
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		0531
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		0531
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		02.0510
Empyema, Thoracic
[description not available]		02.0510
Empyema, Pleural
Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.		02.0510
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		02.0510
Acute Membranous Gingivitis
[description not available]		03.0350
Fusobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.		02.3320
Boils
[description not available]		02.3320
Infection
[description not available]		02.6230
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.6230
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.8540
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.6230
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		07.6230
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		06.5462
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		06.5462
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.8440
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		03.72110
Blood Clot
[description not available]		04.2640
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		04.2640
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage
[description not available]		02.0610
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.0610
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.5730
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)		02.0610
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.0610
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.5730
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.0610
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.0610
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.0610
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		02.0610
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.0610
Otitis Media, Purulent
[description not available]		02.4320
External Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.4420
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.		02.4420
Otitis Media, Suppurative
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.		02.4320
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		02.0710
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		05.05100
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		05.05100
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		02.0710
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		04.0830
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.3520
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		02.9910
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.3520
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		03.4611
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		08.4611
Tongue, Hairy
A benign condition of the tongue characterized by hypertrophy of the filiform papillae that give the dorsum of the tongue a furry appearance. The color of the elongated papillae varies from yellowish white to brown or black, depending upon staining by substances such as tobacco, food, or drugs. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4520
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		03.0750
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.6330
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		07.6330
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.3720
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.3720
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.3720
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.3720
Abscess, Periapical
[description not available]		02.4520
Blast Phase
[description not available]		03.3911
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		03.3911
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		03.3911
Blast Crisis
An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.		03.3911
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		03.3911
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic
A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.		03.3911
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		07.4120
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.4120
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		02.4220
Cecal Diseases
Pathological developments in the CECUM.		02.6530
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		02.940
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.8840
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		02.940
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.8840
Ache
[description not available]		06.23104
Dental Fistula
An abnormal passage in the oral cavity on the gingiva.		02.4220
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		011.23104
Chorioretinitis
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.		02.9210
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		02.9210
Uveitis, Posterior
Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.		02.9210
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		06.64112
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		06.64112
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.0110
Epilepsies, Myoclonic
A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.		02.0110
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		02.3620
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		03.6130
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		03.6130
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		03.3670
Glaucoma, Angle Closure
[description not available]		01.9310
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		01.9310
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.		01.9310
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		02.3520
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		03.63100
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		03.7421
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		02.3420
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		02.3420
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		03.0350
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		08.0350
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		03.63100
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		03.63100
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		06.9310
Rheumatism
[description not available]		04.160
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		04.160
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		01.9310
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		01.9310
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		01.9310
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		01.9310
Infections, Spirochaetales
[description not available]		01.9310
Latent Stage Syphilis
[description not available]		04.94150
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		02.3420
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		03.3470
Chancre
The primary sore of syphilis, a painless indurated, eroded papule, occurring at the site of entry of the infection.		04.2441
Congenital Syphilis
[description not available]		05.4151
Syphilis, Congenital
Syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (Hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. Ocular and neurologic changes may also occur.		05.4151
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		01.9310
Thyroiditis
Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.		07.3420
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.8640
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		02.8640
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		06.9310
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		02.8640
Infections, Trichomonas
[description not available]		02.6230
Trichomonas Infections
Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.		02.6230
Joint Pain
[description not available]		02.3620
Arthropathies
[description not available]		03.3370
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		03.3370
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		07.3620
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		01.9310
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		01.9310
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		02.3320
Vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.		02.3320
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		02.6230
Endemic Goiter
[description not available]		01.9310
Nodular Goiter
[description not available]		01.9310
Goiter, Nodular
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.		01.9310
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
[description not available]		02.3420
Trichomoniasis, Human
[description not available]		02.6230
Trichomonas Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.		02.6230
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
[description not available]		01.9310
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		03.4380
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		03.4380
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		01.9310
Sore Throat
[description not available]		09.5761
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.3620
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		04.5761
Diseases of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		01.9310
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		03.3370
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		01.9310
Inflammation, Perinephrium
[description not available]		01.9310
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		06.9310
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		04.3780
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		03.0350
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		04.3780
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		03.0350
Trichocephaliasis
[description not available]		03.1960
Trichuriasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.		03.1960
Intra-Abdominal Infections
[description not available]		01.9310
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.		02.3420
Intraabdominal Infections
Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.		01.9310
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		01.9310
Adnexal Diseases
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).		06.9310
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		01.9310
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		01.9310
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9310
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9310
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		01.9310
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).		01.9310
Chloasma
[description not available]		02.3320
Lentigines
[description not available]		01.9310
Lentigo
Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).		01.9310
Melanosis
Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.		02.3320
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		02.8640
Palsy
[description not available]		02.8540
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		07.8540
Leukorrhea
A clear or white discharge from the VAGINA, consisting mainly of MUCUS.		03.0350
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		04.0331
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		04.842
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.260
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		04.81130
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		03.260
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		04.1260
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		03.89130
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		08.89130
Skin Syphilis
[description not available]		03.0350
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		010.1662
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		01.9310
Abscess, Peritonsillar
[description not available]		02.3320
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9310
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		06.9310
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.6330
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		07.6330
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.3420
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		07.3420
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		02.3320
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		02.3320
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		02.3420
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3420
Candidiasis, Genital
[description not available]		01.9310
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.		01.9310
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		04.5861
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		04.0231
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.3320
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.		03.7840
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		01.9310
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		06.65250
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		05.85170
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		07.6330
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		02.3320
Porphyria
[description not available]		02.3420
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		04.0231
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		07.3320
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		01.9310
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		06.65250
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		010.85170
Myxedema
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.		01.9310
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		02.3320
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		02.3420
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.3420
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.3420
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		08.07135
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		08.07135
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.6330
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.6330
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		01.9310
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		02.3520
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		01.9310
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		01.9310
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		03.2620
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		03.2620
Locomotor Ataxia
[description not available]		02.6330
Aortitis, Syphilitic
[description not available]		03.64100
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		01.9310
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		01.9310
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.3620
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		03.7421
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.3620
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		03.7421
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		01.9310
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida
[description not available]		02.3420
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		07.6330
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.6330
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		01.9410
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		03.5630
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.8510
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.8510
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		02.8510
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		03.7320
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.8510
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.8510
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		02.8510
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		03.7320
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		03.2720
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.3420
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.3420
Epulides
[description not available]		02.3620
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.6530
Gingival Diseases
Diseases involving the GINGIVA.		02.3620
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.6530
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.3420
Halitosis
An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.		01.9410
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		07.6330
Pinta
An infectious disease of the skin caused by Treponema carateum that occurs only in the western hemisphere. Age of onset is between 10 and 20 years of age. This condition is characterized by marked changes in the skin color and is believed to be transmitted by direct person-to-person contact.		01.9410
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.6330
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		09.0231
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.6330
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		02.3420
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		02.3420
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		01.9410
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		02.3420
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.8640
Arboviral Encephalitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		07.8640
Cyst
[description not available]		02.3320
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous
[description not available]		01.9410
Craniopharyngioma
A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)		06.9410
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		01.9410
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9410
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		02.3420
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		01.9410
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		02.3420
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		01.9410
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		01.9410
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		01.9410
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		02.3420
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.3420
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		03.5530
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		03.5530
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		01.9410
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		01.9410
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		01.9410
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		02.8510
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.8510
Erythremia
[description not available]		03.9550
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		02.8510
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.8510
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		03.9550
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		08.89130
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		05.0152
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		05.0152
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		01.9410
Aminoaciduria, Renal
[description not available]		01.9410
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		01.9410
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		02.8510
Heat Collapse
[description not available]		02.8510
Entamoeba histolytica Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.3420
Pyoderma
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9310
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		01.9310
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		01.9310
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		01.9310
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		01.9310
Cecitis
[description not available]		01.9310
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0210
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		03.0850
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		03.0850
B cepacia Infection
[description not available]		02.0110
Orchitis
Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		02.6230
Shingles
[description not available]		01.9210
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		06.9210
Aphthae
[description not available]		01.9210
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		01.9210
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		01.9210
Empyema, Pleural, Tuberculous
[description not available]		01.9210
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		06.9210
Pityriasis Rosea
A mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of salmon-colored maculopapular lesions. The most striking feature is the arrangement of the lesions such that the long axis is parallel to the lines of cleavage. The eruptions are usually generalized, affecting chiefly the trunk, and the course is often self-limiting.		02.6330
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		01.9210
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		01.9210
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		01.9210
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		02.6230
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		02.3420
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		02.6230
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		02.3420
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		01.9210
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		06.9210
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.4220
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.8740
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.4220
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.8740
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		02.0210
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.0210
Cranial Nerve V Injury
[description not available]		02.0210
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		02.0210
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		04.7370
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		07.3420
Lupus Vulgaris
A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.		01.9210
Adenitis
[description not available]		01.9210
Peritonitis, Tuberculous
A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.		01.9210
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		01.9210
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		01.9210
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.3520
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.3520
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		02.0210
Furcation Defects
Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption.		03.4111
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.3720
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3720
Uveal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.		02.0210
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		02.0310
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.6930
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		07.22440
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.0310
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.0310
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.3820
Dens in Dente
Anomaly of the tooth, found chiefly in upper lateral incisors. It is characterized by invagination of the enamel at the incisal edge.		02.0310
Fecal Impaction
Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.		02.0310
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.		06.9210
Pityriasis
A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)		06.9210
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		01.9410
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
[description not available]		01.9410
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		01.9410
Oligodendroglioma
A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)		01.9410
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.6630
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.6630
Infectious Myelitis
[description not available]		01.9510
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		03.5630
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		03.5630
Bagassosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.		01.9610
Pneumoconiosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.		01.9610
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.6430
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.6430
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		02.6530
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.3520
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		02.6530
Argyria
A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.5730
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		01.9610
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		05.9861
Infections, Vibrio
[description not available]		02.8810
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		03.2820
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		03.2820
Periapical Cyst
[description not available]		02.3820
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.3720
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.3720
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		08.54104
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		08.54104
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3720
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		02.3720
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		03.7620
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		03.7620
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		02.3820
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		02.3820
Pyloric Stenosis
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.		01.9610
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.3720
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		02.3720
Manganese Poisoning
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)		04.0330
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		01.9610
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms
[description not available]		01.9610
Spasms, Infantile
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)		01.9610
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		02.6530
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		03.0550
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		08.0550
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		02.6530
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis
A condition characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall, the submucosa and/or subserosa of the INTESTINE. The majority of the cysts are found in the JEJUNUM and the ILEUM.		07.6530
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		01.9510
Greater Tuberosity Fractures
[description not available]		01.9510
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.3620
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		01.9810
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		01.9810
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9810
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		02.3920
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		02.3920
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		02.3920
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.3920
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		04.6132
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		04.6132
Human Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenovirus Infections, Human
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.		01.9810
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		01.9810
Action Tremor
[description not available]		08.3470
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		08.3470
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		09.58134
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		03.0550
Keratocysts
[description not available]		01.9810
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		02.3920
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.0650
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.8140
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.8140
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		08.5930
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		01.9810
ATLL
[description not available]		04.2940
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		04.2940
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		03.2820
Epidural Neoplasm, Malignant
[description not available]		02.910
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		02.910
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		03.2820
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		01.9810
Osteoradionecrosis
Necrosis of bone following radiation injury.		01.9810
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		01.9810
Enteropathy, Exudative
[description not available]		02.3720
Gastritis, Familial Giant Hypertrophic
[description not available]		01.9810
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.3720
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		03.3120
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		03.3120
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		01.9810
Colon Diverticula
[description not available]		01.9810
Diverticulum, Colon
A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.		01.9810
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.910
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection
[description not available]		02.910
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		02.910
HTLV-I Infections
Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.		02.910
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.6430
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		01.9810
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		01.9810
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		02.8940
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		02.910
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		02.910
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		02.6930
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		03.3711
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		03.2820
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		03.2820
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		01.9910
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		01.9910
Hives
[description not available]		02.420
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.420
Foreign-Body Migration
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.		01.9910
Pouch Ileitis
[description not available]		06.9332
Pouchitis
Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).		06.9332
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		03.7921
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		03.7921
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		01.9910
Caries, Cervical
[description not available]		01.9910
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		04.0431
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		04.0431
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		02.4120
Addison's Anemia
[description not available]		01.9910
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		01.9910
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		01.9910
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		0210
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		0210
Cancer of Duodenum
[description not available]		03.2920
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		0210
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		01.9910
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		03.5730
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		0210
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		0210
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		0210
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		0210
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		02.8740
Conductive Hearing Loss
[description not available]		0210
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		02.8740
Gastric Outlet Obstruction
The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.		03.3911
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		03.3911
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		03.3911
Odontalgia
[description not available]		02.9210
Toothache
Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.		02.9210
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		02.8740
Laryngeal Spasm
[description not available]		0210
Laryngismus
A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.		0210
Alopecia Circumscripta
[description not available]		02.3920
Cadmium Poisoning
Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.		03.5730
Alopecia Areata
Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.		02.3920
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		0210
Belching
[description not available]		02.9210
Tooth Resorption
Resorption of calcified dental tissue, involving demineralization due to reversal of the cation exchange and lacunar resorption by osteoclasts. There are two types: external (as a result of tooth pathology) and internal (apparently initiated by a peculiar inflammatory hyperplasia of the pulp). (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p676)		03.3911
Cot Death
[description not available]		0210
Itching
[description not available]		04.3622
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		04.3622
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		03.3911
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		03.3911
Peptic Ulcer Perforation
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.		03.3911
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.3911
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.3911
Botulism, Infantile
[description not available]		0210
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		0210
Botulism
A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)		0210
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		0210
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.4120
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.9210
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.9210
Histomoniasis
[description not available]		02.9210
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		01.9510
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		01.9510
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		01.9510
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		01.9510
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
[description not available]		02.8710
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal
[description not available]		02.8710
Osseous Paget's Disease
[description not available]		02.8710
Hemorrhagic Proctocolitis
[description not available]		02.8710
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.8710
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.		02.8710
Osteitis Deformans
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.		02.8710
Proctocolitis
Inflammation of the RECTUM and the distal portion of the COLON.		02.8710
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.8710
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		01.9510
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		01.9510
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.8710
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		02.8710
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.8710
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		02.8710
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		01.9510
Acne
[description not available]		01.9510
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		01.9510
Bed Sores
[description not available]		01.9510
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		01.9510
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease)
[description not available]		02.3720
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.8640
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome
A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))		02.3720
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.8640
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		01.9510
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		01.9510
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.8710
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		02.8710
Humeral Fractures
Fractures of the HUMERUS.		01.9510
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		01.9510
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		01.9510
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Blastomycosis, North American
[description not available]		01.9510
Blastomycosis
A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.		01.9510
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		01.9510
Alastrim
[description not available]		01.9510
Smallpox
An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)		01.9510
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		03.3370
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		03.7840
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		02.8610
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.8610
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		03.7840
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		02.8610
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		01.9510
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		01.9510
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		01.9510
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		01.9510
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		01.9510
Psychoses, Alcoholic
A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.		01.9510
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		01.9510
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		01.9510
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.3520
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		01.9510
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Plant Poisoning
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.		02.8610
Focal Neurologic Deficits
[description not available]		03.0450
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		01.9510
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		03.0550
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		03.0550
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		01.9510
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.3520
Aneuploid
[description not available]		01.9510
Esophageal Hernia
[description not available]		03.3311
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		01.9510
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		01.9510
Megacolon
Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.		01.9510
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		01.9510
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		01.9510
As If Personality
[description not available]		02.3520
Astasia-Abasia
[description not available]		01.9510
Acquired Language Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Language Disorders
Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.		01.9510
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		01.9510
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		01.9510
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		01.9810
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		01.9810
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		01.9810
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		01.9810
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.8910
Anguilluliasis
[description not available]		01.9810
Strongyloidiasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.		01.9810
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		01.9810
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		01.9810
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3820
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.3820
Alactasia
[description not available]		02.8910
Lactose Intolerance
The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.		02.8910
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		02.3820
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		02.3820
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		07.3820
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		02.3820
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.3620
Cholesteatoma
A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.		01.9710
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.		01.9710
Teeth, Impacted
[description not available]		03.3611
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		03.7721
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		01.9710
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		01.9710
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		01.9710
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		01.9710
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		01.9710
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute
[description not available]		01.9710
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).		01.9710
Achlorhydria
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.		03.2920
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.3720
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		01.9710
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		02.3620
Jaw Cysts
Saccular lesions lined with epithelium and contained within pathologically formed cavities in the jaw; also nonepithelial cysts (pseudocysts) as they apply to the jaw, e.g., traumatic or solitary cyst, static bone cavity, and aneurysmal bone cyst. True jaw cysts are classified as odontogenic or nonodontogenic.		01.9710
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		02.3620
Actinomycetales Infections
Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.		01.9710
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		01.9710
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.6630
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		02.6630
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.3620
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		02.3720
Dermatitis Seborrheica
[description not available]		01.9610
Dermatitis, Seborrheic
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.		01.9610
Myelopathy
[description not available]		01.9710
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		01.9710
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		01.9710
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		01.9710
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.6530
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.		01.9710
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.6530
Scrotal Hydrocele
[description not available]		01.9710
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		01.9710
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		01.9710
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.		02.8810
Auricular Cancer
[description not available]		01.9610
Ear Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).		01.9610
Disgerminoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		01.9610
Dysgerminoma
A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)		01.9610
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		01.9610
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		02.8610
Cancer of the Tonsil
[description not available]		02.8610
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		02.8610
Tonsillar Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.		02.8610
Gangliocytoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		01.9510
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		01.9410
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
[description not available]		01.9410
Neurodermatitis
An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.		01.9410
Aprosodia
[description not available]		02.3520
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		01.9410
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		06.9410
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Day Blindness
[description not available]		03.0450
Diverticula
[description not available]		01.9410
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		02.3520
Food Poisoning, Salmonella
[description not available]		01.9410
Salmonella Food Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.		01.9410
Ranula
A form of retention cyst of the floor of the mouth, usually due to obstruction of the ducts of the submaxillary or sublingual glands, presenting a slowly enlarging painless deep burrowing mucocele of one side of the mouth. It is also called sublingual cyst and sublingual ptyalocele.		02.3520
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		01.9410
Achromatopsia
Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.		01.9410
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		01.9410
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		01.9410
Choked Disk
[description not available]		01.9410
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		01.9410
Color Vision Defects
Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.		01.9410
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		01.9410
Aspiculariasis
[description not available]		01.9510
Hymenolepiasis
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.		01.9510
Eye Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.		03.3311
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		02.8610
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		02.8610
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		02.8610
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		02.8610
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		01.9410
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		01.9410
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		01.9410
Diaphragmatic Hernia
[description not available]		02.3520
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		01.9410
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		01.9510
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		01.9510
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		01.9510
Pseudarthrosis
A pathologic entity characterized by deossification of a weight-bearing long bone, followed by bending and pathologic fracture, with inability to form normal BONY CALLUS leading to existence of the false joint that gives the condition its name. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Keratoacanthoma
A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.		01.9510
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		01.9410
Eye Manifestations
Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.		01.9410
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		01.9410
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.8610
Beryllium Disease
Disease resulting from exposure to beryllium. Entry into the body is not limited to the inhalation route.		02.8610
Berylliosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal BERYLLIUM or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. Berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to BRONCHIOLITIS; PULMONARY EDEMA; and pneumonia.		02.8610
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.8610
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		01.9410
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		01.9410
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		01.9410
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		01.9410
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		01.9410
Ambiguous Genitalia
[description not available]		01.9410
Bilirubin Encephalopathy
[description not available]		01.9410
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		01.9410
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		01.9410
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		01.9410
Kernicterus
A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)		01.9410
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		01.9410
Disorders of Sex Development
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.		01.9410
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		01.9410
Water Intoxication
A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.		01.9410
Acantholysis Bullosa
[description not available]		01.9410
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.		01.9410
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9410
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		01.9410
Embryopathies
[description not available]		01.9410
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.		01.9410
Epulides, Giant Cell
[description not available]		01.9410
Bone Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9410
Granuloma, Giant Cell
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.		01.9410
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9410
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9410
Calciphylaxes
[description not available]		01.9410
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		02.3520
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		02.3520
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		01.9410
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		01.9410
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		01.9410
Oral Manifestations
Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury.		01.9410
Lentiginosis, Perioral
[description not available]		01.9410
Deficiency, Riboflavin
[description not available]		01.9410
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
A hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving CHROMOSOME 19. It is characterized by the presence of INTESTINAL POLYPS, consistently in the JEJUNUM, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with MELANIN spots of the lips, buccal MUCOSA, and digits.		01.9410
Allotriophagy
An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.		01.9410
Erythrocytosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		06.9410
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		06.9410
Carbuncle
An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration.		01.9410
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		03.3311
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		03.3311
Borrelia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BORRELIA.		01.9410
Abortion, Veterinary
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.		01.9410
Aerophagy
Spasmodic swallowing of air.		01.9410
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9410
Ornithosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Psittacosis
Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.		01.9410
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9410
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		01.9410