Compounds > l 743,872
Page last updated: 2024-11-08

l 743,872

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID468682
SCHEMBL ID875543
MeSH IDM0275011

Synonyms (12)

Synonym
l-743,872
cancidas (tm)
caspo
l-743872
(3s,6s,9s,11r,15s,18s,20r,21s,24s,25s)-21-(2-aminoethylamino)-3-[3-amino-1(r)-hydroxypropyl]-6-[1(s),2(s)-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-18-(10,12-dimethyltetradecanamido)-11,20,25-trihydroxy-15-[1(r)-hydroxyethyl]-1,4,7,13,16,22-hexaazatricyclo[22.3
n-[(2-aminoethylamino)-[(1r)-3-amino-1-hydroxy-propyl]-[(1s,2s)-1,2-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-trihydroxy-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-hexaoxo-[?]yl]-10,12-dimethyl-tetradecanamide
m991
162808-62-0
caspofungin ,
mk-0991
SCHEMBL875543
PD118451

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In the 263 patients, given caspofungin in randomized double-blind active-control trials to date, there have been no serious clinical or laboratory drug-related adverse events; caspofungin was discontinued in only 2% of these patients because of drug-related adverse experiences."( Safety and tolerability of caspofungin acetate in the treatment of fungal infections.
Chodakewitz, JA; DiNubile, MJ; Nguyen, BY; Sable, CA, 2002)		0.31
" The safety and tolerability profile of caspofungin presented with a low incidence of adverse events in clinical trials."( Review of the safety, tolerability, and drug interactions of the new antifungal agents caspofungin and voriconazole.
Ullmann, AJ, 2003)		0.32
" No significant toxic effects were seen."( Efficacy and toxicity of caspofungin in combination with liposomal amphotericin B as primary or salvage treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies.
Bodey, GP; Champlin, R; Hachem, R; Kantarjian, H; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Raad, II; Rivero, GA; Thornby, J; Torres, HA, 2003)		0.32
" No clinically significant elevations of serum aminotransferases were observed, and no patient had concomitant therapy discontinued or interrupted due to a drug-related adverse event."( Safety of the concomitant use of caspofungin and cyclosporin A in patients with invasive fungal infections.
Arranz, R; Cisneros, JM; Garcia-Sanchez, PJ; Jurado, M; Lopez, J; Lopez-Duarte, M; Martino, ML; Morales, P; Olivé, T; Rovira, M; Sanz-Rodriguez, C; Solano, C, 2004)		0.32
" No serious adverse events occurred because of caspofungin."( Retrospective study of the hepatic safety profile of patients concomitantly treated with caspofungin and cyclosporin A.
Arduino, JM; Chodakewitz, J; Hachem, R; Kartsonis, N; Lipka, CJ; Marr, KA; Ngai, AL; Papanicolaou, G; Sable, C; Somani, J, 2004)		0.32
" Two patients discontinued caspofungin therapy because of drug-related adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy.
Boogaerts, M; Denning, DW; Kartsonis, NA; Maertens, J; Ngai, A; Patterson, TF; Petersen, FB; Petrikkos, G; Raad, I; Sable, CA; Selleslag, D; Taylor, A; Walsh, TJ, 2004)		0.32
" However, treatment of severe mycotic infections in patients taking co-medication is associated with the risk of severe adverse drug interactions."( Safety and potential of drug interactions of caspofungin and voriconazole in multimorbid patients.
Bauer, M; Graninger, W; Joukhadar, C; Kulemann, V, 2005)		0.33
" This agent is well tolerated and safe with respect to renal and hepatic function."( Safety of caspofungin for treating invasive nasal sinus aspergillosis in a kidney transplant recipient.
Al-Haj, KH; Al-Mousawi, M; Al-Saleh, M; Halim, MA; Johny, KV; Nair, MP; Nampoory, MR; Said, T; Samhan, M, 2005)		0.33
" None of the patients developed a serious drug-related adverse event or were discontinued for toxicity."( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of caspofungin in children and adolescents.
Adamson, PC; Bradshaw, SK; Flynn, PM; Kaplan, SL; Kartsonis, NA; Li, SX; Miller, A; Neely, MN; Roden, MM; Sable, CA; Schwartz, C; Seibel, NL; Shad, A; Stone, JA; Walsh, TJ, 2005)		0.33
" Nine patients experienced 11 drug-related adverse events, none were severe, and none led to drug discontinuation."( Efficacy and safety of caspofungin therapy in children with invasive fungal infections.
Auvrignon, A; Blanc, T; Galambrun, C; Merlin, E; Michel, G; Ribaud, P; Stéphan, JL, 2006)		0.33
"The concomitant use of caspofungin with CyA or TAC in liver transplant patients is safe and seemed to be without hepatotoxic effect."( Safety profile of concomitant use of caspofungin and cyclosporine or tacrolimus in liver transplant patients.
Broelsch, C; Fruhauf, N; Gensicke, J; Gu, Y; Malagó, M; Paul, A; Radtke, A; Rath, P; Saner, F, 2006)		0.33
" Caspofungin was generally well tolerated with no discontinuations due to serious or nonserious adverse experiences."( Single- and multiple-dose administration of caspofungin in patients with hepatic insufficiency: implications for safety and dosing recommendations.
Bi, S; Deutsch, PJ; Dilzer, S; Hesney, M; Lasseter, KC; Li, S; Migoya, E; Mistry, GC; Stone, JA; Winchell, G, 2007)		0.34
"This retrospective review evaluates the response to caspofungin when given to children with febrile neutropenia and describes adverse effects attributable to caspofungin, including risk of hepatotoxicity during concomitant therapy with cyclosporine."( Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for the empiric management of fever in neutropenic children.
Allen, U; Dekker, A; Drynan-Arsenault, J; Dupuis, LL; Koo, A; Maloney, AM; Naqvi, A; Sung, L, 2007)		0.34
" Adverse events (AE) and laboratory data were collected from all patients."( Efficacy and safety of caspofungin in solid organ transplant recipients.
Bradshaw, S; Kartsonis, N; Ngai, A; Petrovic, J; Sable, C; Taylor, A; Vuocolo, S; Williams-Diaz, A, 2007)		0.34
" Adverse events related to caspofungin occurred in generally similar proportions of elderly versus non-elderly patients with IC (clinical, 33% vs."( Efficacy and safety of caspofungin therapy in elderly patients with proven or suspected invasive fungal infections.
Dinubile, MJ; Kartsonis, NA; Lupinacci, RJ; Meibohm, AR; Sable, CA; Strohmaier, KM, 2008)		0.35
"Infections and adverse drug reactions both contribute substantially to mortality after allogeneic stem cell transplantation."( Comedication of caspofungin acetate and cyclosporine A after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation leads to negligible hepatotoxicity.
Behre, G; Christopeit, M; Eikam, M, 2008)		0.35
" Clinical and laboratory adverse events occurred in 17 (94%) and 8 (44%) patients, respectively."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of caspofungin in neonates and infants less than 3 months of age.
Bi, S; Bradshaw, SK; Chatterjee, A; Chow, JW; Fallon, M; Jafri, HS; Kartsonis, NA; Macias, M; Maiya, P; Pineros, J; Raghavan, J; Ruiz, G; Sáez-Llorens, X; Stone, JA; Strohmaier, KM; Sun, P, 2009)		0.35
" Clinical adverse events occurred in seven patients (78%); none were considered drug related."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of caspofungin in older infants and toddlers.
Adamson, PC; Bi, S; Bradshaw, SK; Dockendorf, MF; Jafri, HS; Kartsonis, NA; Knapp, K; Neely, M; Seibel, N; Stone, JA; Strohmaier, KM; Sun, P, 2009)		0.35
" The most common drug-related adverse events were fever, increased AST, increased ALT, and rash; few events were serious or required treatment discontinuation."( Safety experience with caspofungin in pediatric patients.
Bourque, M; Bradshaw, SK; Chow, JW; Groll, AH; Jafri, HS; Kartsonis, NA; Lehrnbecher, T; Maertens, J; Ngai, AL; Petrecz, M; Steinbach, WJ; Strohmaier, KM; Taylor, AF; Zaoutis, T, 2009)		0.35
" Possible toxic effects of caspofungin (5-300 μg ml(-1)) in corneal endothelial cells (CEC), primary human trabecular meshwork cells (TMC) and primary human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were evaluated after 24 h and under conditions of inflammatory stress by treatment with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or interleukin-6 (IL-6) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))."( Intraocular caspofungin: in vitro safety profile for human ocular cells.
Kampik, A; Kernt, M, 2011)		0.37
" Premature study drug discontinuations due to grade III/IV adverse events occurred in 1/18, 2/20, and 0/17 patients randomized to CAS, LAMB, and CASLAMB, respectively."( Randomized comparison of safety and pharmacokinetics of caspofungin, liposomal amphotericin B, and the combination of both in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients.
Cornely, OA; Gammelin, S; Gerss, J; Groll, AH; Heinz, WJ; Kolve, H; Lanvers-Kaminsky, C; Ostermann, H; Schwerdtfeger, R; Silling, G; Vieira Pinheiro, JP; Wuerthwein, G; Young, C, 2010)		0.36
" Safety was assessed based on drug-related adverse experiences (AEs)."( Efficacy and safety of caspofungin in obese patients.
Kartsonis, NA; Lupinacci, RJ; Ryan, DM, 2011)		0.37
" For all drugs, incidence of discontinuations because of treatment-related adverse events was similar for patients with malignancy (≤7."( Efficacy and safety of micafungin for treatment of serious Candida infections in patients with or without malignant disease.
Cornely, OA; Marty, FM; Pappas, PG; Stucker, F; Ullmann, AJ, 2011)		0.37
" Clinical and laboratory adverse events (AEs) were collected from all enrolled subjects and patients."( Overview of safety experience with caspofungin in clinical trials conducted over the first 15 years: a brief report.
Bourque, MR; Kartsonis, NA; Lupinacci, RJ; Ngai, AL; Strohmaier, KM, 2011)		0.37
" The proportion of patients who developed significant drug-related adverse event(s) (defined as a serious drug-related adverse event or a drug-related adverse event leading to study therapy discontinuation) was compared in 120 patients [caspofungin 50 mg, or 50 mg following a 70-mg loading dose on Day 1 (hereinafter, 70/50 mg) group: 60 patients; micafungin 150 mg: 60 patients]."( A double-blind comparative study of the safety and efficacy of caspofungin versus micafungin in the treatment of candidiasis and aspergillosis.
Izumikawa, K; Kamei, K; Kartsonis, NA; Kohno, S; Miyazaki, Y; Niki, Y; Oka, S; Takesue, Y; Yoshida, M; Yoshinari, T, 2013)		0.39
" No serious adverse effects were observed."( Efficacy and safety of caspofungin in critically ill patients. ProCAS Study.
Alvarez-Sánchez, B; de la Torre, MV; Domínguez-Roldán, JM; Garnacho-Montero, J; León-Gil, C; Loza-Vázquez, A; Ortiz-Leyva, C; Raurich-Puigdevall, JM; Socías-Crespi, L; Ubeda-Iglesias, A, 2012)		0.38
"In routine clinical practice conditions, caspofungin is effective and safe for the treatment of invasive fungal infections (IC/IA)."( Efficacy and safety of caspofungin in critically ill patients. ProCAS Study.
Alvarez-Sánchez, B; de la Torre, MV; Domínguez-Roldán, JM; Garnacho-Montero, J; León-Gil, C; Loza-Vázquez, A; Ortiz-Leyva, C; Raurich-Puigdevall, JM; Socías-Crespi, L; Ubeda-Iglesias, A, 2012)		0.38
" No other short-term or delayed adverse events were observed."( High-dose caspofungin as a component of combination antifungal therapy in 91 patients with neoplastic diseases and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a critical review of short-term and long-term adverse events.
Al Akhrass, F; Pande, A; Rodriguez, G; Safdar, A; Zuniga, J, 2015)		0.42
" Among the 20 patients, 10 (50%) had at least 1 drug-related adverse event which was considered related to caspofungin therapy."( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of caspofungin in Japanese pediatric patients with invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis.
Goto, H; Hara, J; Imaizumi, M; Ishiwada, N; Kaneko, T; Kartsonis, NA; Kato, K; Kawahara, S; Kawamoto, H; Kishino, H; Koike, K; Komada, Y; Kosaka, Y; Maeda, N; Mori, M; Takahashi, K; Yoshinari, T, 2015)		0.42
" There were no serious adverse effects on liver or renal function associated with the therapy."( Drug interactions and safety profiles with concomitant use of caspofungin and calcineurin inhibitors in allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation.
Hino, M; Hirose, A; Koh, H; Koh, S; Kuno, M; Makuuchi, Y; Nakamae, H; Nakamae, M; Nakane, T; Nakashima, Y; Nanno, S; Nishimoto, M; Okamura, H; Takakuwa, T; Tokuwame, A; Yoshimura, T, 2017)		0.46
" There were no adverse events definitely attributable to the two antifungal agents."( Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Caspofungin Versus Micafungin in Pediatric Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: A Retrospective Analysis.
Maestro, A; Maximova, N; Schillani, G; Simeone, R; Zanon, D, 2017)		0.46
"One of the major adverse events of caspofungin and micafungin is hepatotoxicity, however, there are few reports compared the incidence of hepatotoxicity between caspofungin and micafungin."( Caspofungin versus micafungin in the incidence of hepatotoxicity in patients with normal to moderate liver failure.
Asai, N; Hagihara, M; Hirai, J; Kato, H; Kawasumi, N; Koizumi, Y; Matsuura, K; Mikamo, H; Nishiyama, N; Shibata, Y; Yamagishi, Y, 2017)		0.46
" Adverse events included liver dysfunction and electrolyte abnormalities, but no renal dysfunction or serious events were seen."( Efficacy and Safety of Caspofungin Treatment in Febrile Neutropenic Patients with Hematological Disorders: A Multicenter Consecutive Case Series.
Imamura, S; Inoue, H; Itoh, K; Iwasaki, H; Kinoshita, K; Morinaga, K; Nakayama, T; Shigemi, H; Tsukasaki, H; Ueda, T; Yamauchi, T; Yoshio, N, 2022)		0.72
" Randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of oral antifungals (any dose or regimen) on mycological cure, discontinuation rates and adverse events were included."( Comparative efficacy and safety of systemic antifungal agents for candidemia: a systematic review with network meta-analysis and multicriteria acceptability analyses.
Adam, LM; Böger, B; Domingos, EL; Fachi, MM; Pontarolo, R; Santos, JMMF; Tonin, FS; Vilhena, RO, 2022)		0.72

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"MK-0991 (L-743,872) is a potent antifungal agent featuring long half-life pharmacokinetics."( Preliminary animal pharmacokinetics of the parenteral antifungal agent MK-0991 (L-743,872).
Bouffard, FA; Dropinski, JF; Hajdu, R; Kropp, H; Pelak, BA; Sundelof, JG; Thompson, R, 1997)		0.3
" Concentrations were measured by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method and fitted into a three-compartment open pharmacokinetic model."( Compartmental pharmacokinetics of the antifungal echinocandin caspofungin (MK-0991) in rabbits.
Candelario, M; Groll, AH; Gullick, BM; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Piscitelli, SC; Walsh, TJ, 2001)		0.31
" Caspofungin displayed the most effective pharmacokinetic properties, with > or =99% killing at physiological concentrations."( In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of three antifungal agents against preformed Candida albicans biofilms determined by time-kill studies.
Bachmann, SP; López-Ribot, JL; Ramage, G; VandeWalle, K; Wickes, BL, 2002)		0.31
" The pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by nonparametric population pharmacokinetic analysis."( Pharmacodynamics of caspofungin in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: evidence of concentration-dependent activity.
Chi, J; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Tam, VH; Wiederhold, NP, 2004)		0.32
" The Cmax : MEC ratio appears to be the parameter most closely associated with the reduction of pulmonary fungal burden."( Pharmacodynamics of caspofungin in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: evidence of concentration-dependent activity.
Chi, J; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Tam, VH; Wiederhold, NP, 2004)		0.32
" The favorable pharmacokinetic profile of the echinocandins has been elucidated in animal and human studies."( Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of echinocandins.
Theuretzbacher, U, 2004)		0.32
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies were conducted in a murine model of systemic candidiasis to determine the pharmacodynamic parameter linked with caspofungin efficacy."( Pharmacodynamics of caspofungin in a murine model of systemic candidiasis: importance of persistence of caspofungin in tissues to understanding drug activity.
Deziel, M; Drusano, GL; Drusano, MF; Gumbo, T; Liu, W; Louie, A, 2005)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that the CAS 4 dose in rats produced drug exposure comparable to the human situation, visualized by similar 24 h AUC and trough concentrations."( Caspofungin: antifungal activity in vitro, pharmacokinetics, and effects on fungal load and animal survival in neutropenic rats with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; de Marie, S; Mathot, RA; ten Kate, MT; van Vianen, W, 2006)		0.33
" These various antifungal agents differ in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile."( [Systemic antifungals. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics].
Catalán, M; Montejo, JC, 2006)		0.33
" Plasma and tissue samples were taken from each animal for AmpB pharmacokinetic analysis and tissue distribution determinations."( Assessing the antifungal activity, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution of amphotericin B following the administration of Abelcet and AmBisome in combination with caspofungin to rats infected with Aspergillus fumigatus.
Bartlett, K; Risovic, V; Rosland, M; Sivak, O; Wasan, KM, 2007)		0.34
" Antifungal-drug pharmacokinetics was simulated in vitro, assuming a one-compartment model with an elimination half-life of 3 h and using a wide (1 to 10,000) range of initial concentrations."( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models of in vitro fungistatic and fungicidal effects against Candida albicans.
Couet, W; Grégoire, N; Marliat, M; Venisse, N, 2008)		0.35
"3 microg-h/ml, the peak concentration (C(1)) was 17."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of caspofungin in older infants and toddlers.
Adamson, PC; Bi, S; Bradshaw, SK; Dockendorf, MF; Jafri, HS; Kartsonis, NA; Knapp, K; Neely, M; Seibel, N; Stone, JA; Strohmaier, KM; Sun, P, 2009)		0.35
"Two cases are presented in which caspofungin and voriconazole levels and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined during the ECMO period."( Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin and voriconazole in critically ill patients during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Annaert, P; Hermans, G; Meersseman, P; Meersseman, W; Spriet, I; Verbesselt, R; Willems, L, 2009)		0.35
" Also pharmacokinetic parameters were identical to those reported in the literature."( Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin and voriconazole in critically ill patients during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Annaert, P; Hermans, G; Meersseman, P; Meersseman, W; Spriet, I; Verbesselt, R; Willems, L, 2009)		0.35
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics of this drug clearly distinguish it from the only representative of this family of antifungal agents available to date: caspofungin."( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: interactions and adverse effects. Comparison with other echinocandins].
Azanza, JR; Montejo, M, 2008)		0.35
"Previous pharmacodynamic studies using in vivo candidiasis models have demonstrated that the 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC is a good descriptor of the echinocandin exposure-response relationship."( In vivo comparison of the pharmacodynamic targets for echinocandin drugs against Candida species.
Andes, D; Bohrmuller, J; Diekema, DJ; Lepak, A; Marchillo, K; Pfaller, MA, 2010)		0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), steady-state area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC[τ]), and time to C(max) (T(max)) were assessed."( Lack of pharmacokinetic drug interaction between oral posaconazole and caspofungin or micafungin.
Beresford, E; Krishna, G; Ma, L; Medlock, M; Noren, C; Power, E; Vickery, D; Yu, X, 2011)		0.37
"4 µg·h/mL, peak concentration was 20."( Safety and pharmacokinetics of higher doses of caspofungin in healthy adult participants.
Bi, S; Comisar, W; Deutsch, PJ; Ghosh, K; Migoya, EM; Mistry, GC; Norcross, A; Stone, JA; Sun, P; Uemera, N; Wagner, JA; Winchell, GA, 2011)		0.37
" In the present study, we investigated the influence of hypovolaemic shock requiring fluid loading on the plasma and pulmonary pharmacokinetic parameters of caspofungin in the pig."( Effect of fluid loading during hypovolaemic shock on caspofungin pharmacokinetic parameters in pig.
Blayac, D; Castanier, M; Mardelle, V; Papazian, L; Quaranta, S; Roch, A; Sampol-Manos, E; Solas, C; Woloch, C, 2011)		0.37
" Caspofungin concentrations were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography, and a two-compartment population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed."( Effect of fluid loading during hypovolaemic shock on caspofungin pharmacokinetic parameters in pig.
Blayac, D; Castanier, M; Mardelle, V; Papazian, L; Quaranta, S; Roch, A; Sampol-Manos, E; Solas, C; Woloch, C, 2011)		0.37
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the peripheral volume of distribution of caspofungin and intercompartmental clearance were significantly higher in the shock group, as was the total apparent volume of distribution."( Effect of fluid loading during hypovolaemic shock on caspofungin pharmacokinetic parameters in pig.
Blayac, D; Castanier, M; Mardelle, V; Papazian, L; Quaranta, S; Roch, A; Sampol-Manos, E; Solas, C; Woloch, C, 2011)		0.37
" Drug concentrations in plasma (LAMB, 405 samples; CAS, 458 samples) were quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography and were analyzed using population pharmacokinetic modeling."( Population pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B and caspofungin in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients.
Boos, J; Cornely, OA; Groll, AH; Heinz, WJ; Hempel, G; Kolve, H; Lanvers-Kaminsky, C; Ostermann, H; Schwerdtfeger, R; Silling, G; Trame, MN; Würthwein, G; Young, C, 2012)		0.38
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis (PopPK) was performed using NONMEM (version 7) software."( Population pharmacokinetics of escalating doses of caspofungin in a phase II study of patients with invasive aspergillosis.
Boos, J; Cornely, OA; Farowski, F; Groll, AH; Hallek, M; Hempel, G; Müller, C; Trame, MN; Vehreschild, JJ; Vehreschild, MJ; Würthwein, G, 2013)		0.39
" Caspofungin pharmacokinetics were best described using a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model."( Weight drives caspofungin pharmacokinetic variability in overweight and obese people: fractal power signatures beyond two-thirds or three-fourths.
Gumbo, T; Hall, RG; Leff, R; Meek, C; Swancutt, MA, 2013)		0.39
" Our aim was the development and validation of a physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model in order to predict the pharmacokinetics in different patient populations, particularly in paediatrics."( Physiology-based pharmacokinetics of caspofungin for adults and paediatrics.
Cornely, OA; Groll, AH; Hempel, G; Stader, F; Vehreschild, JJ; Wuerthwein, G, 2015)		0.42
" Monte Carlo simulations were performed using previously published pharmacokinetic parameters and pharmacodynamic data to evaluate the ability of each echinocandin regimen in terms of fAUC/MIC (free drug area under the concentration-time curve/minimum inhibition concentration ratio) targets of caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin."( Assessment of echinocandin regimens by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis against Candida spp. in paediatric patients.
Ge, T; Liao, S; Xu, G; Yang, J; Zhu, L, 2015)		0.42
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation were undertaken using Pmetrics."( Caspofungin Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Continuous Veno-Venous Haemofiltration or Haemodiafiltration.
Brüggemann, RJ; Lefrant, JY; Lipman, J; Muller, L; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Saissi, G; Wallis, SC, 2017)		0.46
"Twelve pharmacokinetic profiles from nine patients were analysed."( Caspofungin Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Continuous Veno-Venous Haemofiltration or Haemodiafiltration.
Brüggemann, RJ; Lefrant, JY; Lipman, J; Muller, L; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Saissi, G; Wallis, SC, 2017)		0.46
" In this study nonlinear mixed-effects pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation was used to investigate caspofungin pharmacokinetics and explore dosing regimens in cats using caspofungin minimum effective concentrations (MECs)."( Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin acetate to guide optimal dosing in cats.
Barrs, VR; Foster, DJR; Leshinsky, J; McLachlan, A; Norris, R, 2017)		0.46
" For general and ICU patients with caspofungin 70/50 mg, AUC and Cmax were decreased with the increase of body weight (BW) and showed great variation."( Whole-body physiology-based pharmacokinetics of caspofungin for general patients, intensive care unit patients and hepatic insufficiency patients.
Chen, L; Chen, LM; Dong, YL; Liu, LC; Meng, T; Wang, X; Yan, Y; Yang, QT; Zhai, YJ; Zhang, T, 2018)		0.48
" To evaluate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics variability of echinocandins in critically ill patients by comparing the differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between critically ill patients and healthy volunteers or general patients."( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics variability of echinocandins in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Li, Y; Liu, D; Liu, X; Pan, Y, 2020)		0.56
" Studies investigating the pharmacokinetic parameters of echinocandins in critically ill patients, healthy volunteers or general patients were included."( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics variability of echinocandins in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Li, Y; Liu, D; Liu, X; Pan, Y, 2020)		0.56
" A population pharmacokinetic model of caspofungin was established using a non-linear mixed-effects model, which was utilised to investigate the effects of demographic indices, liver function and kidney function on pharmacokinetics."( Caspofungin pharmacokinetics and probability of target attainment in ICU patients in China.
He, Z; Jiao, Z; Li, F; Yu, E; Zhou, M; Zou, Z, 2021)		0.62
"The population pharmacokinetic model established here described well the PK/PD characteristics of caspofungin in critically-ill Chinese patients."( Caspofungin pharmacokinetics and probability of target attainment in ICU patients in China.
He, Z; Jiao, Z; Li, F; Yu, E; Zhou, M; Zou, Z, 2021)		0.62
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed based on previously published data from children aged 3 months to 17 years."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of caspofungin to develop an extended dosing regimen in paediatric patients.
Gastine, S; Groll, AH; Hempel, G; Neely, MN; Walsh, TJ, 2022)		0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The antifungal activity of caspofungin acetate (CAS) alone and in combination with voriconazole (VRC) was evaluated in an immunosuppressed transiently neutropenic guinea pig model of invasive aspergillosis."( Efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with voriconazole in a Guinea pig model of invasive aspergillosis.
Coco, BJ; Kirkpatrick, WR; Patterson, TF; Perea, S, 2002)		0.31
"The activity of caspofungin (CFG) combined with amphotericin B (AMB) against azole-resistant Candida albicans was evaluated in vitro (chequerboard) and in vivo (murine)."( Efficacy of caspofungin combined with amphotericin B against azole-resistant Candida albicans.
Ghannoum, MA; Hossain, MA; Long, LA; Mukherjee, PK; Reyes, GH, 2003)		0.32
" Cytarabine metabolism was significantly decreased when combined with caspofungin or itraconazole."( In vitro evaluation of cytochrome P450-mediated drug interactions between cytarabine, idarubicin, itraconazole and caspofungin.
Colburn, DE; Giles, FJ; Oladovich, D; Smith, JA, 2004)		0.32
" We studied the activities of the combination of CAS and SMX against 31 Aspergillus isolates and compared them with that of SMX combined with amphotericin B (AMB) or itraconazole (ITC)."( In vitro activity of caspofungin combined with sulfamethoxazole against clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp.
Osherov, N; Shadkchan, Y; Shalit, I; Yekutiel, A, 2004)		0.32
"The in-vitro activity of nikkomycin Z was investigated in combination with polyenes, triazoles or echinocandins against 20 clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus with the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) method."( In-vitro activity of nikkomycin Z alone and in combination with polyenes, triazoles or echinocandins against Aspergillus fumigatus.
Alangaden, GJ; Chandrasekar, PH; Cutright, JL; Ganesan, LT; Manavathu, EK, 2004)		0.32
"The effects of caspofungin combined with amphotericin B were investigated with Candida glabrata."( Caspofungin in combination with amphotericin B against Candida glabrata.
Arzeni, D; Barchiesi, F; Fothergill, AW; Giannini, D; Greganti, G; Rinaldi, MG; Scalise, G; Spreghini, E, 2005)		0.33
" Consequently, azoles interact with a vast array of compounds."( Drug-drug interactions of antifungal agents and implications for patient care.
Amsden, JR; Gubbins, PO, 2005)		0.33
"The purpose of this study was to assess the antifungal activity, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution of amphotericin B (AmpB) following the administration of Abelcet and AmBisome alone and in combination with Caspofungin to rats infected with Aspergillus fumigatus."( Assessing the antifungal activity, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution of amphotericin B following the administration of Abelcet and AmBisome in combination with caspofungin to rats infected with Aspergillus fumigatus.
Bartlett, K; Risovic, V; Rosland, M; Sivak, O; Wasan, KM, 2007)		0.34
" Interest remains as to whether caspofungin, in combination with other antifungal classes, can improve the efficacy against IA."( Multicenter, noncomparative study of caspofungin in combination with other antifungals as salvage therapy in adults with invasive aspergillosis.
Aoun, M; Caillot, D; Cordonnier, C; Glasmacher, A; Herbrecht, R; Kartsonis, N; Killar, J; Maertens, J; Patterson, TF; Sable, C; Segal, BH; Taylor, A; Thiebaut, A, 2006)		0.33
"Caspofungin in combination with a triazole or polyene was an effective alternative as salvage therapy for patients with recalcitrant Aspergillus infections."( Multicenter, noncomparative study of caspofungin in combination with other antifungals as salvage therapy in adults with invasive aspergillosis.
Aoun, M; Caillot, D; Cordonnier, C; Glasmacher, A; Herbrecht, R; Kartsonis, N; Killar, J; Maertens, J; Patterson, TF; Sable, C; Segal, BH; Taylor, A; Thiebaut, A, 2006)		0.33
"The therapeutic efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate was evaluated in treatment of murine coccidioidomycosis."( Therapeutic efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate for coccidioidomycosis in a mouse model.
González, G; González, GM; Graybill, JR; Najvar, LK, 2007)		0.34
"This study indicates that caspofungin has efficacy against systemic coccidioidomycosis in a murine model given in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate."( Therapeutic efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with amphotericin B deoxycholate for coccidioidomycosis in a mouse model.
González, G; González, GM; Graybill, JR; Najvar, LK, 2007)		0.34
" In conclusion, posaconazole salvage therapy demonstrated greater efficacy and safety than HD-LPD/AMB alone or in combination with caspofungin in the salvage therapy of invasive aspergillosis in hematologic malignancy."( Novel antifungal agents as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: posaconazole compared with high-dose lipid formulations of amphotericin B alone or in combination with caspofungin.
Afif, C; Boktour, M; Hachem, RY; Hanna, HA; Jiang, Y; Kontoyiannis, DP; Raad, II; Torres, HA, 2008)		0.35
"In this text we evaluated the in vitro antifungal activities of terbinafine combined with caspofungin, miconazole, ketoconazole, and fluconazole against 17 Pythium insidiosum strains by using the microdilution checkerboard method."( In Vitro activity of terbinafine combined with caspofungin and azoles against Pythium insidiosum.
Alves, SH; Argenta, JS; Cavalheiro, AS; de Azevedo, MI; Maboni, G; Pereira, DI; Santurio, JM; Spader, TB, 2009)		0.35
"The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) and adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with antimycotics in hospitalized patients with hematopoietic SCT (HSCT)."( Drug interactions and adverse events associated with antimycotic drugs used for invasive aspergillosis in hematopoietic SCT.
Christen, S; Egger, SS; Gratwohl, A; Haschke, M; Krähenbühl, S; Leu, C; Meier, S, 2010)		0.36
"5% in combination with topical, oral, and intrastromal voriconazole."( Treatment of Alternaria keratitis with intrastromal and topical caspofungin in combination with intrastromal, topical, and oral voriconazole.
Kong, DC; Leung, L; Neoh, CF; Stewart, K; Vajpayee, RB, 2011)		0.37
"Intrastromal and topical caspofungin were employed in combination with voriconazole for the management of refractory Alternaria keratitis, with no observed adverse effects."( Treatment of Alternaria keratitis with intrastromal and topical caspofungin in combination with intrastromal, topical, and oral voriconazole.
Kong, DC; Leung, L; Neoh, CF; Stewart, K; Vajpayee, RB, 2011)		0.37
"Because published reports indicate that the antibiotic colistin (COL) has antifungal properties, this study investigated the antifungal in vitro activity of COL as single agent and in combination with the antifungal compounds voriconazole (VRC), caspofungin (CAS) and amphotericin B (AMB) against Scedosporium/Pseudallescheria spp."( In vitro activity of colistin as single agent and in combination with antifungals against filamentous fungi occurring in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Buer, J; Dittmer, S; Hamprecht, A; Lackner, M; Rath, PM; Schemuth, H; Sedlacek, L; Steinmann, E; Steinmann, J, 2013)		0.39
" These data suggest that the administration of low doses of caspofungin in combination with low doses of TMP-SMX may provide an improved treatment protocol for Pneumocystis infection clearance."( Therapeutic potential of caspofungin combined with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for pneumocystis pneumonia: a pilot study in mice.
Antunes, F; Cardoso, F; Cushion, MT; de Sousa, B; Esteves, F; Lobo, ML; Matos, O, 2013)		0.39
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effect of caspofungin (CAS) combined with fluconazole (FLU) on the biofilm biomass and cultivable viability and microstructure of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata mixed biofilm in vitro."( In vitro activity of Caspofungin combined with Fluconazole on mixed Candida albicans and Candida glabrata biofilm.
Angkananuwat, C; Bubphawas, M; Muanmai, S; Pesee, S; Sirivan, P; Tanarerkchai, N; Tancharoensukjit, S, 2016)		0.43
" Drug-drug interactions were assessed utilising the FICI, Bliss independence models and time-kill experiments."( Effect of caspofungin and micafungin in combination with farnesol against Candida parapsilosis biofilms.
Bozó, A; Domán, M; Gesztelyi, R; Kardos, G; Kovács, R; Majoros, L; Nagy, F; Tóth, Z, 2016)		0.43
" fumigatus In vitro both chelators had an indifferent effect when employed in combination with caspofungin."( Administration of Zinc Chelators Improves Survival of Mice Infected with Aspergillus fumigatus both in Monotherapy and in Combination with Caspofungin.
Atrouni, A; Calera, JA; Cavaillon, JM; d'Enfert, C; Ibrahim-Granet, O; Laskaris, P; Latgé, JP; Munier-Lehmann, H, 2016)		0.43
"The antifungal activity of tacrolimus in combination with antifungal agents against different fungal species has been previously reported."( Antifungal activities of tacrolimus in combination with antifungal agents against fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant Trichosporon asahii isolates.
Alves, SH; Azevedo, MI; Denardi, LB; Kubiça, TF; Oliveira, V; Santurio, JM; Severo, LC, )		0.13
"Caspofungin combined with clindamycin is an optional treatment for PCP when treatment with TMP-SMZ fails or in patients who cannot tolerate TMP-SMZ."( Successful treatment of severe Pneumocystis pneumonia in an immunosuppressed patient using caspofungin combined with clindamycin: a case report and literature review.
He, H; Huang, H; Li, H, 2016)		0.43
" Reports of the other fungi suggest that berberine, a component of traditional herb, inhibitors interact with antifungal agents to improve the treatment outcomes."( In Vitro Susceptibility of Berberine Combined with Antifungal Agents Against the Yeast Form of Talaromyces marneffei.
Andrianopoulos, A; Cao, CW; Guo, J; Hu, R; Huang, CY; Joseph, J; Li, TM; Li, XY; Li, YJ; Liang, G; Luo, H; Luo, XL; Pan, KS; Wen, LM; Zheng, DY; Zheng, YQ, 2019)		0.51
"We reviewed data of 9 patients admitted with SLE-PCP and treated with caspofungin combined with coSMZ at Tangshan Gongren Hospital from January 2013 to December 2017."( A retrospective study of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus combined with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia treated with caspofungin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
Chen, NF; Liu, XM; Tong, SQ; Wang, Q; Wang, ZG, 2019)		0.51
" However, the availability of clinical data about caspofungin combined with TMP/SMZ in the treatment of PCP in HIV-infected patients is limited."( Caspofungin combined with TMP/SMZ as a first-line therapy for moderate-to-severe PCP in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Huang, B; Jiang, F; Jiang, Z; Li, Q; Si, J; Tian, Q; Wei, B; Xu, R; Zhao, T, 2021)		0.62
"From January 2017 to December 2019, data of HIV-infected patients with moderate-to-severe PCP who received either TMP/SMZ alone or caspofungin combined with TMP/SMZ as first-line therapy were retrospectively reviewed to assess the effectiveness and safety of each regimen."( Caspofungin combined with TMP/SMZ as a first-line therapy for moderate-to-severe PCP in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Huang, B; Jiang, F; Jiang, Z; Li, Q; Si, J; Tian, Q; Wei, B; Xu, R; Zhao, T, 2021)		0.62
"Fluconazole, 12 mg/kg/day, combined with caspofungin (loading dose 3 mg/kg, at a maintenance dose of 2 mg/kg every 24 h) therapy was administered to premature infant with Candida bloodstream infection."( Successful fluconazole combined with caspofungin treatment of candida bloodstream infection in preterm infant: A case report.
Liu, L; Tu, Y; Xu, T; Yuan, G, 2021)		0.62
"All persistent candidemia resolved on fluconazole combined with caspofungin therapy."( Successful fluconazole combined with caspofungin treatment of candida bloodstream infection in preterm infant: A case report.
Liu, L; Tu, Y; Xu, T; Yuan, G, 2021)		0.62
"Fluconazole combined with caspofungin successfully treated Candida bloodstream infection in premature infants at 29 + 6 weeks' gestational age, but large-scale clinical trials are required."( Successful fluconazole combined with caspofungin treatment of candida bloodstream infection in preterm infant: A case report.
Liu, L; Tu, Y; Xu, T; Yuan, G, 2021)		0.62
" The patient's condition continued to deteriorate, and then underwent endotracheal intubation and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) combined with prone position ventilation until the lung lesion improved."( VV-ECMO combined with prone position ventilation in the treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A case report.
Bai, Y; Du, Q; Jia, L; Zhang, Z, 2022)		0.72
"VV-ECMO combined with prone position ventilation could be a useful choice for respiratory assistance in non-HIV PJP patients."( VV-ECMO combined with prone position ventilation in the treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A case report.
Bai, Y; Du, Q; Jia, L; Zhang, Z, 2022)		0.72
"Various factors, including genetic polymorphisms, drug-drug interactions, and patient characteristics influence the blood concentrations of tacrolimus in renal transplant patients."( Effect of drug combination on tacrolimus target dose in renal transplant patients with different
Du, Y; Guan, ZW; Li, Y; Tang, BH; Wei, AH; Zhang, SF, 2022)		0.72
" When PCP was suspected, chemotherapy was discontinued immediately, treatment of trimethoprim-sulfame thoxazole (TMP-SMX) combined with caspofungin against PC was started, and adjunctive methylprednisolone was used."( [Clinical Characteristic, Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Combined with Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia in Children].
Fang, JP; Hou, LL; Lin, SF; Liu, Y; Mai, YG; Wang, J; Xu, LH; Zhou, DH, 2022)		0.72
" CAS combined with PMB also significantly reduced the mixed biofilm biomass and fungal and bacterial viability mainly against carbapenem-resistant bacterium."( Caspofungin alone or combined with polymyxin B are effective against mixed biofilm of Aspergillus fumigatus and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
de Azevedo Melo, AS; Fortes, BN; Ishida, K; Scheunemann, G, )		0.13

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The pharmacology, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of caspofungin acetate are reviewed."( Caspofungin acetate: an antifungal agent.
Hoang, A, 2001)		0.31
" Caspofungin has a low bioavailability in the eye when given systemically."( Case Report: Beyond the Blood-retina Barrier: Intravitreal Caspofungin for Fungal Endophthalmitis.
Kakkassery, V; Kurzai, O; von Jagow, B, 2020)		0.56

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Once-daily dosing for MK-0991 is indicated by a graphical comparison of levels in the circulations of chimpanzees and mice."( Preliminary animal pharmacokinetics of the parenteral antifungal agent MK-0991 (L-743,872).
Bouffard, FA; Dropinski, JF; Hajdu, R; Kropp, H; Pelak, BA; Sundelof, JG; Thompson, R, 1997)		0.3
" infusion of 70 mg of [(3)H]MK-0991 to healthy subjects, excretion of drug-related material was very slow, such that 41 and 35% of the dosed radioactivity was recovered in urine and feces, respectively, over 27 days."( Metabolites of caspofungin acetate, a potent antifungal agent, in human plasma and urine.
Arison, BH; Baillie, TA; Balani, SK; Cui, D; Dean, DC; DeLuna, FA; Gries, A; Hop, CE; Kari, PH; Lin, JH; Ly, T; Pearson, PG; Silva, MV; Singh, R; Wallace, MA; Xu, X, 2000)		0.31
" Across the investigated dosage range, caspofungin displayed dose-independent pharmacokinetics."( Compartmental pharmacokinetics of the antifungal echinocandin caspofungin (MK-0991) in rabbits.
Candelario, M; Groll, AH; Gullick, BM; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Piscitelli, SC; Walsh, TJ, 2001)		0.31
" The CAS1, CAS3, and CAS6 dose regimens demonstrated dose-proportional exposure and maintained drug levels in plasma above the MIC for the entire 24-h dosing interval at doses that were > or =3 mg/kg/day."( Antifungal efficacy of caspofungin (MK-0991) in experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits: pharmacokinetics, drug disposition, and relationship to galactomannan antigenemia.
Avila, NA; Bacher, J; Francesconi, A; Groll, AH; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Schaufele, RL; Sein, T; Walsh, TJ, 2002)		0.31
" In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of caspofungin supports the clinical evaluation of once-daily dosing regimens for efficacy against fungal infections."( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in healthy men.
Bonfiglio, C; Deutsch, PJ; Greenberg, H; Hesney, M; Holland, SD; Hunt, TL; Schwartz, M; Sterrett, A; Stone, JA; Waldman, SA; Wickersham, PJ; Winchell, GA, 2002)		0.31
" The recommended dosage in adults is 70 mg IV on day 1 followed by 50 mg/d, with the duration of treatment depending on the severity of the patient's underlying condition and the clinical response."( Caspofungin: an echinocandin antifungal agent.
Fung, HB; Kirschenbaum, HL; Stone, EA, 2002)		0.31
"To briefly discuss the changing epidemiology of fungal infections and review currently available agents; provide a review of caspofungin; and discuss its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, dosing guidelines, safety and efficacy, and role in the treatment of invasive fungal infections as it relates to current antifungal therapy."( Caspofungin acetate for treatment of invasive fungal infections.
Gelone, SP; Pacetti, SA, 2003)		0.32
" Dosing is once daily and drug interactions are few."( Echinocandin antifungal drugs.
Denning, DW, 2003)		0.32
" This article reviews recent pertinent data with regard to dosing guidelines, efficacy, and toxicities of available systemic antifungal agents in the newborn."( Antifungal pharmacotherapy for neonatal candidiasis.
Bliss, JM; Gigliotti, F; Wellington, M, 2003)		0.32
" Three dosage groups (0."( Pharmacodynamics of caspofungin in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: evidence of concentration-dependent activity.
Chi, J; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Tam, VH; Wiederhold, NP, 2004)		0.32
"A concentration-dependent reduction in mean pulmonary fungal burden was evident in mice in the 1 mg/kg dosage-fractionation group, with significantly lower mean pulmonary fungal burden in mice dosed q48 h versus q6 h (P < ."( Pharmacodynamics of caspofungin in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: evidence of concentration-dependent activity.
Chi, J; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE; Prince, RA; Tam, VH; Wiederhold, NP, 2004)		0.32
" The echinocandins are targeted for once-daily dosing and are not metabolized through the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, and they are generally well tolerated due to lack of mechanism-based toxicity."( Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of echinocandins.
Theuretzbacher, U, 2004)		0.32
" Amphotericin B was discontinued and caspofungin initiated in all patients in a dosage of 1 mg/kg/d for 2 days followed by 2 mg/kg/d."( Caspofungin therapy of neonates with invasive candidiasis.
Alfaro, B; Araya, R; Castro, CE; Herrera, ML; Odio, CM; Pinto, LE; Sàenz, A; Vasquez, S; Walsh, TJ, 2004)		0.32
" oryzae in vivo and demonstrates an inverse dose-response effect."( Caspofungin inhibits Rhizopus oryzae 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase, lowers burden in brain measured by quantitative PCR, and improves survival at a low but not a high dose during murine disseminated zygomycosis.
Avanessian, V; Bowman, JC; Brown, K; Douglas, CM; Edwards, JE; Ibrahim, AS; Spellberg, B, 2005)		0.33
" Rational management would allow to choose appropriate antifungal drug, optimize dosage and duration of treatment and estimated costs, and above all to improve the chance to effectively control the life-threatening fungal infections."( [Drugs used in prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections in immunosuppressed children].
Balwierz, W, 2004)		0.32
"We have reported previously that prolonged caspofungin (CAS) dosing enhances survival in a murine model of central nervous system aspergillosis."( Efficacy of caspofungin against central nervous system Aspergillus fumigatus infection in mice determined by TaqMan PCR and CFU methods.
Clemons, KV; Imai, J; Singh, G; Stevens, DA, 2005)		0.33
" Caspofungin and voriconazole are increasingly prescribed in pediatric patients, although pediatric dosage finding and safety evaluations have not been completed."( New antifungal drugs and the pediatric cancer patient: current status of clinical development.
Groll, AH; Lehrnbecher, T, )		0.13
" This article reviews the clinical efficacy, side effect profile, dosing and administration schedule of caspofungin."( Caspofungin in the treatment of invasive fungal infections.
Keady, S; Thacker, M, 2006)		0.33
" Although licensed for adult use, the appropriate caspofungin dosing regimen in pediatric patients is not yet known."( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of caspofungin in children and adolescents.
Adamson, PC; Bradshaw, SK; Flynn, PM; Kaplan, SL; Kartsonis, NA; Li, SX; Miller, A; Neely, MN; Roden, MM; Sable, CA; Schwartz, C; Seibel, NL; Shad, A; Stone, JA; Walsh, TJ, 2005)		0.33
" Cure was not attained with any dosage combinations."( Comparative efficacies of conventional amphotericin b, liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome), caspofungin, micafungin, and voriconazole alone and in combination against experimental murine central nervous system aspergillosis.
Clemons, KV; Espiritu, M; Parmar, R; Stevens, DA, 2005)		0.33
"Although a paediatric dosage has not been established, caspofungin is occasionally used in paediatric patients."( Treatment with caspofungin in immunocompromised paediatric patients: a multicentre survey.
Attarbaschi, A; Beutel, K; Dworzak, MN; Grigull, L; Groll, AH; Herzog, N; Laws, HJ; Lehrnbecher, T; Schuster, FR, 2006)		0.33
" Increasing the dosage of caspofungin to 2, 3 or 4 mg/kg/day resulted in a dose-dependent significant increase in efficacy."( Caspofungin: antifungal activity in vitro, pharmacokinetics, and effects on fungal load and animal survival in neutropenic rats with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; de Marie, S; Mathot, RA; ten Kate, MT; van Vianen, W, 2006)		0.33
"The chemistry, pharmacology, spectrum of activity, resistance, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, dosage and administration, cost, and place in therapy of echinocandins are reviewed."( Echinocandins in the management of invasive fungal infections, Part 2.
Morris, MI; Villmann, M, 2006)		0.33
" Echinocandins are poor substrates of the cytochrome P450 enzyme family and can be safely co-administered with most drugs without the need for dosage adaptation."( The echinocandins: comparison of their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical applications.
Graninger, W; Joukhadar, C; Presterl, E; Wagner, C, 2006)		0.33
" Combination therapy, dosed on average for 31."( Multicenter, noncomparative study of caspofungin in combination with other antifungals as salvage therapy in adults with invasive aspergillosis.
Aoun, M; Caillot, D; Cordonnier, C; Glasmacher, A; Herbrecht, R; Kartsonis, N; Killar, J; Maertens, J; Patterson, TF; Sable, C; Segal, BH; Taylor, A; Thiebaut, A, 2006)		0.33
"First-line antifungal treatment strategies with voriconazole were both more effective and less costly over first-line strategies employing liposomal amphotericin B at a dosage of 4 mg/kg/day."( Economic evaluation of targeted treatments of invasive aspergillosis in adult haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in the Netherlands: a modelling approach.
Ament, AJ; de Groot, R; Donnelly, JP; Hübben, MW; Severens, JL; van 't Wout, J; Verweij, PE; Warris, A, 2007)		0.34
"This report investigated safety and dosing recommendations of intravenous caspofungin in hepatic insufficiency."( Single- and multiple-dose administration of caspofungin in patients with hepatic insufficiency: implications for safety and dosing recommendations.
Bi, S; Deutsch, PJ; Dilzer, S; Hesney, M; Lasseter, KC; Li, S; Migoya, E; Mistry, GC; Stone, JA; Winchell, G, 2007)		0.34
" insidiosum zoospores were divided into two groups: group 1 (control) and group 2 (treated with caspofungin at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/day for 20 consecutive days)."( Caspofungin in vitro and in vivo activity against Brazilian Pythium insidiosum strains isolated from animals.
Alves, SH; Argenta, JS; Ferreiro, L; Pereira, DI; Pötter, L; Santurio, JM; Spanamberg, A, 2007)		0.34
"This was an international, randomized, double-blind trial comparing micafungin (100 mg daily) and micafungin (150 mg daily) with a standard dosage of caspofungin (70 mg followed by 50 mg daily) in adults with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis."( Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis.
Arnold, LJ; Betts, RF; Buell, DN; De Waele, JJ; Digumarti, R; Dupont, BF; Horn, DL; Kovanda, LL; Nucci, M; Ostrosky-Zeichner, L; Pappas, PG; Reboli, AC; Rotstein, CM; Suh, B; Talwar, D; Vazquez, JA; Wu, C, 2007)		0.34
"Dosages of micafungin 100 mg daily and 150 mg daily were noninferior to a standard dosage of caspofungin for the treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis."( Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis.
Arnold, LJ; Betts, RF; Buell, DN; De Waele, JJ; Digumarti, R; Dupont, BF; Horn, DL; Kovanda, LL; Nucci, M; Ostrosky-Zeichner, L; Pappas, PG; Reboli, AC; Rotstein, CM; Suh, B; Talwar, D; Vazquez, JA; Wu, C, 2007)		0.34
" Caspofungin, dosed for 2 to 162 (mean 36."( Efficacy and safety of caspofungin in solid organ transplant recipients.
Bradshaw, S; Kartsonis, N; Ngai, A; Petrovic, J; Sable, C; Taylor, A; Vuocolo, S; Williams-Diaz, A, 2007)		0.34
"41] for cyclosporin A), while the administered dosage remained stable."( Caspofungin as first-line therapy for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis after thoracic organ transplantation.
Daebritz, S; Groetzner, J; Kaczmarek, I; Meiser, B; Reichart, B; Strauch, J; Wahlers, T; Wittwer, T, 2008)		0.35
" The high dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 10 days did not appear to be necessary since a high-dose-step-down dosing schedule with 10 mg/kg/day for 3 days followed by 4 mg/kg/day for 7 days was equally effective."( Caspofungin prolongs survival of transiently neutropenic rats with advanced-stage invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Laurijsens, J; Mathot, RA; Rijnders, BJ; Tavakol, M; ten Kate, MT; van de Sande, WW; van Vianen, W; Vissers, J, 2008)		0.35
"The safety and concentration-dependent pharmacodynamic characteristics of the echinocandins make them ideal candidates for dosage escalation in the treatment of aspergillosis."( Comparison of the dose-dependent activity and paradoxical effect of caspofungin and micafungin in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Albert, ND; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE, 2008)		0.35
"We compared the activity of micafungin and caspofungin administered over a wide dosing range that encompasses clinical exposures (0."( Comparison of the dose-dependent activity and paradoxical effect of caspofungin and micafungin in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Albert, ND; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE, 2008)		0.35
"Both echinocandins exhibited dose-dependent reductions in fungal burden; however, caspofungin displayed a relatively steeper dose-response curve with a modest paradoxical increase in fungal burden that was not seen in micafungin-treated animals."( Comparison of the dose-dependent activity and paradoxical effect of caspofungin and micafungin in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Albert, ND; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lewis, RE, 2008)		0.35
"Extended interval dosing of the echinocandins has been suggested as a potential strategy to overcome the need for daily intravenous administration."( Therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of aminocandin (IP960) against disseminated candidiasis in mice.
Bocanegra, R; Graybill, JR; Lambros, C; Najarian, N; Najvar, LK; Patterson, TF; Wiederhold, NP, 2008)		0.35
" without bisecting any species group and represent a concentration that is easily maintained throughout the dosing period."( Correlation of MIC with outcome for Candida species tested against caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin: analysis and proposal for interpretive MIC breakpoints.
Alexander, BD; Andes, D; Brown, SD; Chaturvedi, V; Diekema, DJ; Ghannoum, MA; Knapp, CC; Ostrosky-Zeichner, L; Pfaller, MA; Rex, JH; Sheehan, DJ; Walsh, TJ, 2008)		0.35
" We compared patients who received 50 mg of caspofungin per day in a double-blind trial that used fluconazole as the comparator with patients who received the corresponding dosage in 2 similar earlier studies that used amphotericin as the comparator."( Double-blind active-control trials: beware the comparator you keep.
Dinubile, MJ, 2008)		0.35
" However, the small number of patients studied precludes any definitive recommendations about caspofungin dosing for this group comprising a broad range of ages and weights."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of caspofungin in neonates and infants less than 3 months of age.
Bi, S; Bradshaw, SK; Chatterjee, A; Chow, JW; Fallon, M; Jafri, HS; Kartsonis, NA; Macias, M; Maiya, P; Pineros, J; Raghavan, J; Ruiz, G; Sáez-Llorens, X; Stone, JA; Strohmaier, KM; Sun, P, 2009)		0.35
"Although information about the efficacy and safety experience with caspofungin at 50 mg/m(2) daily is available for children and adolescents, the dosing regimen in infants and toddlers 3 to 24 months of age has yet to be established."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of caspofungin in older infants and toddlers.
Adamson, PC; Bi, S; Bradshaw, SK; Dockendorf, MF; Jafri, HS; Kartsonis, NA; Knapp, K; Neely, M; Seibel, N; Stone, JA; Strohmaier, KM; Sun, P, 2009)		0.35
" We evaluated the safety and efficacy of caspofungin at 3 times the standard dosing regimen."( A Multicenter, double-blind trial of a high-dose caspofungin treatment regimen versus a standard caspofungin treatment regimen for adult patients with invasive candidiasis.
Baddley, JW; Bedimo, RJ; Betts, RF; Gareca, M; Herbrecht, R; Kartsonis, NA; Nucci, M; Queiroz-Telles, F; Ruiz-Palacios, G; Strohmaier, KM; Talwar, D; Taylor, AF; Tucker, KA; Young, JA, 2009)		0.35
"Both caspofungin dosing regimens were effective and well tolerated in patients with invasive candidiasis."( A Multicenter, double-blind trial of a high-dose caspofungin treatment regimen versus a standard caspofungin treatment regimen for adult patients with invasive candidiasis.
Baddley, JW; Bedimo, RJ; Betts, RF; Gareca, M; Herbrecht, R; Kartsonis, NA; Nucci, M; Queiroz-Telles, F; Ruiz-Palacios, G; Strohmaier, KM; Talwar, D; Taylor, AF; Tucker, KA; Young, JA, 2009)		0.35
" Specifically, this new drug has a greater volume of distribution, a higher elimination half-life and, moreover, an elimination system -- spontaneous degradation --, thus avoiding interactions with other drugs and allowing its use without dosage adjustments in patients with renal or liver impairment."( [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: interactions and adverse effects. Comparison with other echinocandins].
Azanza, JR; Montejo, M, 2008)		0.35
" Caspofungin dosage was 70 mg (day 1) followed by 50 mg/day."( An EORTC Phase II study of caspofungin as first-line therapy of invasive aspergillosis in haematological patients.
Akan, H; Ameye, L; Baila, L; Gallamini, A; Giagounidis, A; Herbrecht, R; Maertens, J; Marchetti, O; Martino, R; Meert, L; Paesmans, M; Shivaprakash, M; Sonet, A; Ullmann, AJ; Viscoli, C, 2009)		0.35
" In the persistently neutropenic model with A1163, aminocandin, CAS and micafungin (2-10mg/kg) were all effective at prolonging survival, with some impact on reducing culture burdens, even with alternate-day dosing (4mg/kg)."( Activity of aminocandin (IP960; HMR3270) compared with amphotericin B, itraconazole, caspofungin and micafungin in neutropenic murine models of disseminated infection caused by itraconazole-susceptible and -resistant strains of Aspergillus fumigatus.
Denning, DW; Morrissey, G; Sharp, A; Warn, PA, 2010)		0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), steady-state area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC[τ]), and time to C(max) (T(max)) were assessed."( Lack of pharmacokinetic drug interaction between oral posaconazole and caspofungin or micafungin.
Beresford, E; Krishna, G; Ma, L; Medlock, M; Noren, C; Power, E; Vickery, D; Yu, X, 2011)		0.37
" Caspofungin dosing was body-surface-area (BSA) based (50 mg/m2 daily after 70 mg/m2 on day 1)."( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of caspofungin in pediatric patients.
Bi, S; Bradshaw, S; Desai, R; Dockendorf, MF; Dong, Y; Kartsonis, NA; Li, CC; Ngai, AL; Stone, JA; Sun, P, 2011)		0.37
" Differences between the three echinocandins with regard to the route of metabolism, requirement for a loading dose, dose adjustment in patients with moderate to severe hepatic disease and different dosing schedules for different types of Candida infections have to be considered."( Pharmacology and metabolism of anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin in the treatment of invasive candidosis: review of the literature.
Kofla, G; Ruhnke, M, 2011)		0.37
" Because of the prolonged PAFE of these echinocandins, especially ANF and CAS, less frequent dosing during therapy of Cpa and Cgl infections could be considered."( Post-antifungal effects and time-kill studies of anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin against Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis.
Baltch, A; Bopp, LH; Michelsen, PP; Ritz, WJ; Smith, RP, 2011)		0.37
" Future investigations should focus on monitoring plasma caspofungin concentrations and optimal caspofungin dosing in shock patients."( Effect of fluid loading during hypovolaemic shock on caspofungin pharmacokinetic parameters in pig.
Blayac, D; Castanier, M; Mardelle, V; Papazian, L; Quaranta, S; Roch, A; Sampol-Manos, E; Solas, C; Woloch, C, 2011)		0.37
"The overall cost impact was evaluated by varying the percentage dosage required of each candin in different possible scenarios."( [Cost analysis of 3 candins in the treatment of invasive candidiasis in adult non-neutropaenic patients in Spain].
Barrueta, JA; Casado, MA; García-Vargas, M; Mir, N, )		0.13
"Extensive sets of data are required to investigate the potential use of a therapeutic drug monitoring with individualization of dosage of the antimycotic compound caspofungin."( An on-line solid phase extraction procedure for the routine quantification of caspofungin by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Kirchhoff, F; Maier, B; Ostermann, H; Rieger, C; Spöhrer, U; Vogeser, M, 2011)		0.37
"The currently recommended dosage regimen of caspofungin (50 mg/day) was developed for patients with invasive candidiasis."( Plasma concentrations of caspofungin at two different dosage regimens in a patient with hepatic dysfunction.
Alffenaar, JW; Brüggemann, RJ; Rodgers, MG; van der Elst, KC, 2012)		0.38
"My general pharmacokinetic scaling theory is discussed for the important matter of determining pediatric dosing for existing and new therapeutic drugs when optimal, or near-optimal, dosing for adults is known."( Scaling adult doses of antifungal and antibacterial agents to children.
Dawson, TH, 2012)		0.38
" Additionally, PAO supports could be moved between agar plates containing different concentrations of echinocandins to change dosage and to investigate the recovery of fungal microcolonies from these drugs."( Microcolony imaging of Aspergillus fumigatus treated with echinocandins reveals both fungistatic and fungicidal activities.
Ingham, CJ; Schneeberger, PM, 2012)		0.38
" Elevated dosage of CDC55, which acquired a C463T(P155S) mutation after FKS2-T1987C(S663P), ameliorated fitness."( Global analysis of the evolution and mechanism of echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata.
Babak, T; Chen, YL; Cowen, LE; Diezmann, S; Heitman, J; Hill, JA; Poutanen, SM; Rennie, RP; Singh-Babak, SD; Xie, JL, 2012)		0.38
" In 10-day studies dosing uninfected mice, minor renal tubular changes occurred after AmBisome or Abelcet at 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg with or without cyclophosphamide treatment; nephrosis occurred only with Abelcet in cyclophosphamide-treated mice."( Experimental central nervous system aspergillosis therapy: efficacy, drug levels and localization, immunohistopathology, and toxicity.
Clemons, KV; Schwartz, JA; Stevens, DA, 2012)		0.38
" Our data may be useful in optimizing dosing regimens for these agents and their combinations, although further studies are needed to explore the clinical usefulness of our results."( Postantifungal effect of the combination of caspofungin with voriconazole and amphotericin B against clinical Candida krusei isolates.
Dag, I; Kiraz, N; Kiremitci, A; Metintas, S; Oz, Y, 2013)		0.39
" pcVPC and SVPC showed the predictability of the model and further confirmed the linear PKs of CAS over the dosage range of 70 to 200 mg QD."( Population pharmacokinetics of escalating doses of caspofungin in a phase II study of patients with invasive aspergillosis.
Boos, J; Cornely, OA; Farowski, F; Groll, AH; Hallek, M; Hempel, G; Müller, C; Trame, MN; Vehreschild, JJ; Vehreschild, MJ; Würthwein, G, 2013)		0.39
" Therefore, the standard dosage of caspofungin is probably adequate for critically ill patients undergoing CVVH or CVVHD."( Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in critically ill patients on continuous renal replacement therapy.
Bellmann, R; Griesmacher, A; Joannidis, M; Pfisterer, H; Seger, C; Stienecke, E; Stippler, F; Weiler, S; Welte, R, 2013)		0.39
"We describe a patient treated with caspofungin and rifampin; after increasing the dosage of the former (70 mg/day) we observed an unexpectedly lower plasma exposure (AUC0-24 79."( Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin increased dosage in a patient on rifampin-containing anti-tubercular treatment.
Baietto, L; Bertucci, R; Calcagno, A; D'Avolio, A; De Rosa, FG; Di Perri, G; Pagani, N; Rostagno, R, 2013)		0.39
" The dosing design included monotherapy with posaconazole, monotherapy with caspofungin, and combination therapy with both."( Impact of in vivo triazole and echinocandin combination therapy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: enhanced efficacy against Cyp51 mutant isolates.
Andes, DR; Lepak, AJ; Marchillo, K; VanHecker, J, 2013)		0.39
" In specific clinical situations when altered pharmacokinetics can be expected or dosing guidelines are conflicting, it may be useful to measure concentrations."( Simultaneous quantification of anidulafungin and caspofungin in plasma by an accurate and simple liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometric method.
Alffenaar, JW; Greijdanus, B; Santoe, RN; Uges, DR; van der Elst, KC; van Hateren, K; van Wanrooy, MJ; Wessels, AM; Wilmer, CM, 2013)		0.39
" The dosage of caspofungin was 2 mg/kg/day, and the mean treatment duration was 14 days."( Successful caspofungin treatment of persistent candidemia in extreme prematurity at 23 and 24 weeks' gestation.
Jeon, GW; Sin, JB, 2014)		0.4
" We investigated the pharmacokinetics of caspofungin for the treatment of invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis in 20 Japanese pediatric patients using a pediatric-specific dosage based on body surface area."( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of caspofungin in Japanese pediatric patients with invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis.
Goto, H; Hara, J; Imaizumi, M; Ishiwada, N; Kaneko, T; Kartsonis, NA; Kato, K; Kawahara, S; Kawamoto, H; Kishino, H; Koike, K; Komada, Y; Kosaka, Y; Maeda, N; Mori, M; Takahashi, K; Yoshinari, T, 2015)		0.42
" Other animals, termed 'vulnerable' animals (n = 3 at 3 mg/kg and those dosed at 6 mg/kg (n = 6)), experienced greater than 60% decrease in CO (-66."( Cardiac response to centrally administered echinocandin antifungals.
Cleary, JD; Stover, KR, 2015)		0.42
" Other studies have laid the experimental and clinical foundation for use of extended dosing intervals for administration of echinocandins in treatment and prevention of candidemia and invasive candidiasis."( Development of New Strategies for Echinocandins: Progress in Translational Research.
Andes, DR; Azie, N; Walsh, TJ, 2015)		0.42
" Regardless of the clinical relevance of this paradoxical growth effect, understanding the specific actions of echinocandins is paramount to optimizing their use at either standard or higher dosing schemes, as well as developing future improvements in our antifungal arsenal."( Potential Microbiological Effects of Higher Dosing of Echinocandins.
Juvvadi, PR; Lamoth, F; Steinbach, WJ, 2015)		0.42
"This study aimed to investigate the cumulative fraction of response of various echinocandin (caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin) dosing regimens against Candida spp."( Assessment of echinocandin regimens by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis against Candida spp. in paediatric patients.
Ge, T; Liao, S; Xu, G; Yang, J; Zhu, L, 2015)		0.42
" Based on currently available data, some antifungals should be dosed based on total body weight (i."( Dosing of antifungal agents in obese people.
Hall, RG; Payne, KD, 2016)		0.43
" We aimed to study the pharmacokinetics of caspofungin and assess pharmacokinetic target attainment for various dosing strategies."( Dose Reduction of Caspofungin in Intensive Care Unit Patients with Child Pugh B Will Result in Suboptimal Exposure.
Aarnoutse, RE; Brüggemann, RJ; Burger, DM; de Lange, DW; Dorlo, TP; Martial, LC; Muilwijk, EW; Pickkers, P; Schouten, JA; van Leeuwen, HJ; van Zanten, AR; Verweij, PE, 2016)		0.43
" Various dosing regimens (loading dose/maintenance dose) were simulated: licensed regimens (I) 70/50 mg (for BW <80 kg) or 70/70 mg (for BW >80 kg); and (II) 70/35 mg (for Child-Pugh score B); and adapted regimens (III) 100/50 mg (for Child-Pugh score B); (IV) 100/70 mg; and (V) 100/100 mg."( Dose Reduction of Caspofungin in Intensive Care Unit Patients with Child Pugh B Will Result in Suboptimal Exposure.
Aarnoutse, RE; Brüggemann, RJ; Burger, DM; de Lange, DW; Dorlo, TP; Martial, LC; Muilwijk, EW; Pickkers, P; Schouten, JA; van Leeuwen, HJ; van Zanten, AR; Verweij, PE, 2016)		0.43
" PI(4,5)P2 levels increased in a dose-response manner at caspofungin concentrations of ≤4× MIC and progressively decreased at concentrations of ≥8× MIC."( Highly Dynamic and Specific Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate, Septin, and Cell Wall Integrity Pathway Responses Correlate with Caspofungin Activity against Candida albicans.
Badrane, H; Clancy, CJ; Nguyen, MH, 2016)		0.43
" Consistent with currently approved echinocandins, CD101 demonstrates a low potential for resistance development, which could be further enhanced in vivo by the high maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax)/area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) plasma drug exposure achieved with once-weekly dosing of CD101."( Characterization of In Vitro Resistance Development to the Novel Echinocandin CD101 in Candida Species.
Almaguer, AL; Bartizal, K; Locke, JB; Zuill, DE, 2016)		0.43
"Killing and postantifungal effects could be relevant for the selection of optimal dosing schedules."( Postantifungal effect of caspofungin against the Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis clades.
Eraso, E; Gil-Alonso, S; Jauregizar, N; Quindós, G, 2016)		0.43
" Blood samples were collected at seven sampling times during a dosing interval."( Caspofungin Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Continuous Veno-Venous Haemofiltration or Haemodiafiltration.
Brüggemann, RJ; Lefrant, JY; Lipman, J; Muller, L; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Saissi, G; Wallis, SC, 2017)		0.46
"No caspofungin dosing adjustment is necessary for patients undergoing either form of CRRT."( Caspofungin Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing Continuous Veno-Venous Haemofiltration or Haemodiafiltration.
Brüggemann, RJ; Lefrant, JY; Lipman, J; Muller, L; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Saissi, G; Wallis, SC, 2017)		0.46
" New dosing intervals are being explored to allow less frequent intravenous dosing in the ambulatory setting, and a new long-acting echinocandin, CD101, is being developed for weekly and topical administration."( New developments and directions in the clinical application of the echinocandins.
Chang, CC; Chen, SC; Slavin, MA, 2017)		0.46
" Dosage was appropriate in 69%, debatable in 8%, and inappropriate in 23%."( Assessment of high-priced systemic antifungal prescriptions.
Bachellier, P; Bru, V; Gourieux, B; Herbrecht, R; Launoy, A; Levêque, D; Lutun, P; Nivoix, Y; Poulat, C; Rohr, S; Woehl, ML, 2017)		0.46
" Nevertheless, costly antifungal prescriptions need to be optimized in particular for empirical therapy, dosage adjustment, and potential de-escalation to fluconazole."( Assessment of high-priced systemic antifungal prescriptions.
Bachellier, P; Bru, V; Gourieux, B; Herbrecht, R; Launoy, A; Levêque, D; Lutun, P; Nivoix, Y; Poulat, C; Rohr, S; Woehl, ML, 2017)		0.46
" In this study nonlinear mixed-effects pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation was used to investigate caspofungin pharmacokinetics and explore dosing regimens in cats using caspofungin minimum effective concentrations (MECs)."( Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin acetate to guide optimal dosing in cats.
Barrs, VR; Foster, DJR; Leshinsky, J; McLachlan, A; Norris, R, 2017)		0.46
" Four caspofungin dosing regimens were simulated: the licensed regimen, 70 mg/day, 100 mg/day or 200 mg/day."( Dosing of caspofungin based on a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index for the treatment of invasive fungal infections in critically ill patients on continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration.
Aguilar, G; Belda, FJ; Ezquer-Garín, C; Ferriols-Lisart, R; Guglieri-López, B; Pérez-Pitarch, A, 2018)		0.48
" In this study we developed a whole-body physiology-based pharmacokinetics (WB-PBPK) model to predict the pharmacokinetics (PK) of caspofungin, and combined with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to optimize clinical dosage regimens of caspofungin in different kinds of patients."( Whole-body physiology-based pharmacokinetics of caspofungin for general patients, intensive care unit patients and hepatic insufficiency patients.
Chen, L; Chen, LM; Dong, YL; Liu, LC; Meng, T; Wang, X; Yan, Y; Yang, QT; Zhai, YJ; Zhang, T, 2018)		0.48
" The population pharmacokinetics of caspofungin confirmed that adjustment of caspofungin dosage based on body surface area is most appropriate for pediatric use."( Body Surface Area-Based Dosing Regimen of Caspofungin in Children: a Population Pharmacokinetics Confirmatory Study.
de Beaumais, TA; Jacqz-Aigrain, E; Leroux, S; Shi, HY; Storme, T; Wang, XL; Yang, XM; Yang, YL; Zhang, DL; Zhao, W, 2019)		0.51
" Blood samples were collected at the end of CPFG dosing (0."( Evaluation of the effectiveness of caspofungin against febrile neutropenia and the factors related to the alteration in its plasma concentration.
Fujimura, M; Hara, T; Kato, H; Kitaichi, K; Miyahara, Y; Sadaka, Y; Shibata, Y; Soda, M; Suzuki, A; Tsukamoto, K; Tsurumi, H; Yamamoto, M; Yasue, M, 2019)		0.51
" Minimal fungicidal concentrations, in vitro dose-response and time-kill patterns were determined."( Antifungal activity and killing kinetics of anidulafungin, caspofungin and amphotericin B against Candida auris.
Berrio, I; Dudiuk, C; Gamarra, S; Garcia-Effron, G; Leonardelli, F; Macedo, D; Marin, A; Morales-Lopez, S; Salcedo, S; Theill, L; Yesid-Rodriguez, J, 2019)		0.51
"Careful consideration of drug-circuit interactions during continuous renal replacement therapy is essential for appropriate drug dosing in critically ill children."( Antimicrobial Disposition During Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Using an Ex Vivo Model.
Drover, DR; Elkomy, MH; Frymoyer, A; Hammer, GB; Purohit, PJ; Su, F; Sutherland, SM, 2019)		0.51
" These results could guide the formulation of individualised caspofungin dosing regimens for critically-ill patients."( Caspofungin pharmacokinetics and probability of target attainment in ICU patients in China.
He, Z; Jiao, Z; Li, F; Yu, E; Zhou, M; Zou, Z, 2021)		0.62
" Intravenous daily dosing for prophylaxis in the outpatient setting can however become a hurdle for adequate compliance in the paediatric population."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of caspofungin to develop an extended dosing regimen in paediatric patients.
Gastine, S; Groll, AH; Hempel, G; Neely, MN; Walsh, TJ, 2022)		0.72
"Simulations were performed to assess extended twice-weekly dosing for antifungal prophylaxis using caspofungin."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of caspofungin to develop an extended dosing regimen in paediatric patients.
Gastine, S; Groll, AH; Hempel, G; Neely, MN; Walsh, TJ, 2022)		0.72
" Simulations showed that a 200 mg/m2 twice-weekly regimen with maximal 200 mg total dose should result in exposures matching registered daily dosing as well as commonly used pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of caspofungin to develop an extended dosing regimen in paediatric patients.
Gastine, S; Groll, AH; Hempel, G; Neely, MN; Walsh, TJ, 2022)		0.72
"To observe the changes of hepatic function and efficacy of conventional dosage of caspofungin in the treatment of patients with different Child-Pugh scores."( Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for patients with hepatic insufficiency.
Ran, X; Tang, B; Wang, P; Zhang, A, 2022)		0.72
"003) compared with the controls, suggesting therapeutic concentrations of these antifungal agents cannot be guaranteed with standard dosing in patients on ECMO."( Variable Sequestration of Antifungals in an Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuit.
Armstrong-James, D; Brown, D; Carby, M; Diamond, S; Dunning, J; Gerovasili, V; Lyster, H; Maunz, O; Mills, J; Pitt, T; Reed, A; Roberts, JA; Simon, A, 2023)		0.91
" A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was used for dosage of caspofungin."( Caspofungin sequestration in a polyacrylonitrile-derived filter: Increasing the dose does not mitigate sequestration.
Baud, FJ; Desnos-Ollivier, M; Jullien, V; Lamhaut, L; Lortholary, O, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (1,663)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's22 (1.32)18.2507
2000's698 (41.97)29.6817
2010's782 (47.02)24.3611
2020's161 (9.68)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 8.71

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index8.71 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.50 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.20 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (8.71)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials75 (4.35%)5.53%
Reviews193 (11.19%)6.00%
Case Studies384 (22.27%)4.05%
Observational7 (0.41%)0.25%
Other1,065 (61.77%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.5420monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.110aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.110acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.2110tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.0510gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
propionaldehyde
propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.		2.1110alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		2.0210glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		3.1810aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.8630alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
histamine
[no description available]		2.0110aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.0210elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.1710alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.0710cyclitol;
hexol
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		2.1310phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.1310bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
albendazole
[no description available]		3.1810aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
alexidine
alexidine: until June 1975 was mistakenly treated as synonym for chlorhexidine; RN given refers to parent cpd. alexidine : An amphipathic bisbiguanide with a structure consisting of two (2-ethylhexyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.610biguanidesantibacterial agent
berberine
[no description available]		2.2110alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
caffeine
[no description available]		2.5720purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
celecoxib
[no description available]		2.1310organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.8130aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.1310monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clotrimazole
[no description available]		3.3110conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.4520indolesfluorochrome
dapsone
[no description available]		2.1510substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		2.0710amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		2.1310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.1310
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.610dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		162535conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		8.8320aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.2510N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		3.1110nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		3.1810carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.1110
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.610isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.1110bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.0810phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.2110one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.0710monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.0610benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.0610dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.0510carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		5.03120dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.03101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		3.9130dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		2.0210dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.2110nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		3.15103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		3.1610aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		2.110piperidinescardiovascular drug
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		3.1810isoquinolines
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.4520phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
puupehenone
puupehenone: a cytotoxic sesquiterpene-methylene quinone isolated from marine sponge Stronglyophora hartmani		2.2510
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.4820isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.		2.1310N-substituted diamine;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		apoptosis inducer;
chelator;
copper chelator
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.3110aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.1610
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source		3.91120
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		2.482011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		2.7530glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		2.031011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		4.0620guanidines
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0410alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.1110C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.110aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		8.17181D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.5720benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		2.0810organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.4820diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
gliotoxin
Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.		2.0810dipeptide;
organic disulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
pyrazinoindole		antifungal agent;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
proteasome inhibitor
cytarabine
[no description available]		4.5640beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		3.1510L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.1710aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.2110organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
pyocyanine
Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.2110iminium betaine;
phenazines		antibacterial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
biological pigment;
virulence factor
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		2.110penicillanic acids
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.1310xanthene
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.1110pyrrole;
secondary amine
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.1110naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.13101,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		340isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		6.921101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine
pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.		2.0210diazine;
pyrimidines		Daphnia magna metabolite
thymidine monophosphate
Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).		2.9430thymidine 5'-monophosphatefundamental metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		6.14210
4-hydroxyphenylethanol
4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.1510phenolsanti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
protective agent
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.7730
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.110hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.5520organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		3.3560bis(azo) compound
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.5320acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.0510ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.3110zinc molecular entity
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		4.1340glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.0610D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
vantocil
polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.0620
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.5220manganese group element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.1310titanium group element atom
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.1310N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		2.1710metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.0210dihydrogen
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.0310
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		2.610
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		3.2310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		2.6101-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		3.8230anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.5420penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		2.110cephalosporinantibacterial drug
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		13.681223aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		3.1810phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		3.411aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.3110D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		2.1310phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		17.7735281,2,3-triazole
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.44203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		17.063726conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
fluphenacur
fluphenacur: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710aromatic ether;
benzoylurea insecticide;
dichlorobenzene;
N-acylurea;
organofluorine compound
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		2.1110carbapenems
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		3.1650carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		3.1610hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
tebuconazole
Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.		2.0310monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles
teflubenzuron
teflubenzuron: effective against development of house fly larvae (Musca domestica). teflubenzuron : A N-acylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide substituted by a 3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl group at the terminal nitrogen atom.		2.0710dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
N-acylurea		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid
alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid: alpha-hydroxy analog of leucine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid : A valeric acid derivative having a hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and a methyl substituent at the 4-position; an alpha-hydroxy analogue of leucine. A bacterial metabolite, it has also been isolated from amniotic fluid, was found in a patient with dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiency and is present in the urine of patients with short bowel syndrome.		2.1102-hydroxy fatty acid;
branched-chain fatty acid		metabolite
fenpropimorph
[no description available]		2.0310alkylbenzene
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		2.1110polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		2.1310
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.1310xanthene dyefluorochrome
artesunic acid
[no description available]		2.1110
dihydrorhodamine 123
dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes		2.0810
hydroxyitraconazole
hydroxyitraconazole: a hydroxylated metabolite of itraconazole; likely contributes importantly to the in vivo activity attributed to itraconazole		2.0510
clofarabine
[no description available]		2.110adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.4820methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		2.1310
methotrexate
[no description available]		2.4420dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
dihydroethidium
dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer		2.0810
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.110penicillanic acids
carbapenems
[no description available]		2.5420
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.0710amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		2.8630aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		13.041720antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		2.1110
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		3.1810divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.6730benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		8.63151bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		6.39150
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		8.75480
laminaran
beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.		6.66210
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.7280alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		2.6101-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
linezolid
[no description available]		3.1650acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
beta-hederin
beta-hederin: derived from beta-amyrin; other hederigenin based saponins are available		2.110triterpenoid
ergosterol
[no description available]		3.15503beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		3.2450farnesolplant metabolite
l 685818
L 685818: structure given in first source; the C18-hydroxy, C21-ethyl analog of FK-506; binds to FKBP-12; antagonizes FK-506 and rapamycin		2.4120
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.26170macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.1710ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.03102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.640
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.0510macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
laminaran
laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan		2.0710
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		2.0210L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
ravuconazole
ER 30346: structure in first source. ravuconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the butyl group is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 3 by hydroxy, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively (the R,R stereoisomer). It exhibits antifungal activity by inhibition of 14alpha demethylase, an enzyme involved in sterol synthesis, resulting in lysis of the fungal cell wall and fungal cell death. (NCIO4)		6.591001,3-thiazoles;
fluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles		antifungal drug;
antileishmanial agent;
EC 1.14.14.154 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		13.06992aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		17.3320911antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
glycosides
[no description available]		3.0240
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.5820stilbene
prednisolone hemisuccinate
prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.2510
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		2.0310aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.110aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
terbinafine
[no description available]		6.49230acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.1110barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
nnd 502
luliconazole: structure in first source		2.2510dichlorobenzene
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		2.110aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
fusafungin
fusafungin: antibiotic from Fusarium lateririum; for treatment of respiratory infections. enniatin : A class of six-membered cyclodepsipeptides found in several species of Fusarium fungi as mixtures.		3.3110
galactomannan
galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.		7.59161oligosaccharide
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		2.25102-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.8630biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		20.2348330antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
pyrvinium
pyrvinium: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms vanquin & vankin refer to pamoate[2:1]; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7810. pyrvinium : A quinolinium ion that is 1-methylquinolinium substituted by dimethylamino group at position 6 and a (E)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethenyl at position 2. It is a anthelminthic drug active against pinworms. The salts of pyrvinium can also be used as anticancer agents.		2.1110quinolinium ionanthelminthic drug;
antineoplastic agent
mangiferin
shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source		2.3110C-glycosyl compound;
xanthones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.1710alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
l 683590
immunomycin: from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure given in first source		2.0110ether;
lactol;
macrolide;
secondary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
perhexiline maleate
[no description available]		2.110
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.4420antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.4110carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.4820
1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan
1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan: structure given in first source		2.7530
bafilomycin a
[no description available]		210
c.i. fluorescent brightening agent 28
4,4'-bis({4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid : An organosulfonic acid comprising stilbene having 4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino groups at the 4 and 4'-positions and sulfo groups at the 2- and 2'-positions.		3.680
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		2.4620(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
papulacandins
papulacandins: isolated from Papularia sphaerosperma (Deutermycetes); see also papulacandin B; structures of papulacandins A,C & D in second source. papulacandin : Any of the carbohydrate-containing antibiotic compounds obtained from the deuteromycetous fungus Papularia sphaerosperma and generally consisting of o-orsellinic acid linked via a spirocyclic structure to a lactose moiety with two different side-chains: a shorter fatty-acid chain at the O-(6') position and a longer side-chain at the O-(3) position of the glucose moiety. Papulacandin D, the simplest member of the papulacandin family, lacks the O-(6'-acyl-beta-galactoside) at the O-(4) position of the glucose residue. The papulacandins show potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Geotrichum lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pneumocytis carinii, but are inactive against filamentous fungi, bacteria, and protazoa.		3.1210
tanespimycin
CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A		2.15101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.110
cilofungin
cilofungin: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin; a modified form of Echinocandin B; antimycotic agent against Candida albicans. cilofungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus spp. By inhibiting the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, it invades a fungus' ability to synthesize cell walls. A modified form of echinocandin B, it is an antimycotic agent against Candida albicans.		6.2941antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
isavuconazole
isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.		9.182011,3-thiazoles;
conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor;
orphan drug
bay 44-4400
Bay 44-4400: a semisynthetic derivative of anthelminitic cyclodepsipeptide; PF1022A. emodepside : A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.		3.3110cyclooctadepsipeptide;
semisynthetic derivative		antinematodal drug
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		3.6320biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.7530
nikkomycin
[no description available]		3.93120
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		2.0710
osu 03012
OSU 03012: a PDK-1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1310antibiotic antifungal drug;
aromatic amide;
glycine derivative;
organofluorine compound;
phenanthrenes;
pyrazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
mefenoxam
metalaxyl-M : A methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate that is the more active R-enantiomer of metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.		2.0410acylamino acid fungicide;
anilide fungicide;
D-alanine derivative;
methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate		agrochemical
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		4.8190nystatins
aminocandin
aminocandin: a lipopeptide belonging to the echinocandin class of antifungal compounds; inhibits glucan synthase. aminocandin : A member of the family of echinocandins that shows broad-spectrum in vitro activity against Aspergillus and Candida spp.		2.7430aromatic ether;
echinocandin;
homodetic cyclic peptide		antiinfective agent
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		3.1810
tyrocidine
Tyrocidine: An antibiotic mixture produced by Bacillus brevis which may be separated into three components, tyrocidines A, B, and C. It is the major constituent (40-60 per cent) of tyrothricin, gramicidin accounting for the remaining 10-20 per cent active material. It is a topical antimicrobial agent, that is very toxic parenterally.. tyrocidine A : A homodetic cyclic decapeptide consisting of D-Phe, L-Pro, L-Phe, D-Phe, L-Asn, L-Gln, L-Tyr, L-Val, L-Orn, and L-Leu residues coupled in sequence and cyclised head-to-tail.. tyrocidine : A mixtue of homodetic cyclic decapeptides produced by the soil bacterium Bacillus brevis.		2.110homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
peptide antibiotic		antibacterial agent;
bacterial metabolite
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		2.4120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		6.971311,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine
APX001A: has antifungal activity; structure in first source		2.7730
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.2510
chitosan
[no description available]		2.8830
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination
[no description available]		8.63151
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.5220
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination
Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.		2.110
aniline blue
aniline blue: fluorochrom widely used by botanists		2.0710
mannans
[no description available]		7.64171
enfumafungin
enfumafungin: from endophytic Hormonema species; structure in first source. enfumafungin : A triterpene glycoside and hemiacetal isolated from a fermentation of Hormonema sp. and which specifically inhibits glucan synthesis in fungal cells.		2.4920lactol;
monosaccharide derivative;
triterpenoid saponin		antifungal agent
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.0310
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.4620
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.8430
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine
sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor		2.1310benzoxazole
mk-3118
ibrexafungerp: a glucan synthase inhibitor with antifungal activity; structure in first source		2.5220
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.1710
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.2510benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
tigecycline
[no description available]		2.1710
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.9640
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		2.4120
bafilomycin b1
bafilomycin B1: structure given in first source		2.0710
daptomycin
[no description available]		2.1710
mulundocandin
mulundocandin: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin from Aspergillus sydowi No. Y-30462; active against yeasts and filamentous fungi; MF: C48-H77-N7-O16; structure given in first source		3.1210
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		5.62171
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.3110
echinocandin b
echinocandin B: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity; inhibits beta-1,3-glucan synthesis. echinocandin B : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity.		8.13141
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.08202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.0310guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.0310guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		4.1131cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		3.18102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.1510L-valyl esterantiviral drug
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.1810L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.0210
eye
[no description available]		2.1310
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		2.0410
pneumocandin b(0)
pneumocandin B(0): structure given in first source; isolated from Zalerion arboricola		3.8630
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.610
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.610
Infarct
[description not available]		03.4320
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.610
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.610
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		06.19300
Mucorales Infection
[description not available]		07.21240
Mucormycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.		07.21240
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		06.19300
Co-infection
[description not available]		03.2950
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		05.02100
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		08.29291
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		08.29291
Candidemia
A form of invasive candidiasis where species of CANDIDA are present in the blood.		012.48705
Candida Infection
[description not available]		020.3542830
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		020.3542830
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.4110
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.5120
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.4110
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5320
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.4110
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.5120
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.4110
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		02.5320
Disseminated Fungal Infection
[description not available]		09.06181
Infectious Endophthalmitis
Infectious condition of the internal eye.		05.58160
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		05.63270
Endophthalmitis
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.		05.58160
Candidiasis, Invasive
An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.		014.295813
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		03.76100
Blast Phase
[description not available]		02.4110
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		02.4110
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		010.61354
Fungemia
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.		015.049311
Disseminated Trichosporonosis
[description not available]		04.4370
Blast Crisis
An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.		02.4110
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		02.4110
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		010.61354
Recrudescence
[description not available]		011.57238
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		019.6222530
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		05.79140
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		019.6222530
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		04.3570
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		07.06320
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		07.06320
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		04.5890
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		04.5890
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		018.5126217
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		018.5126217
Pyrexia
[description not available]		015.035121
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		07.9492
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.4110
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		015.035121
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		07.9492
Febrile Neutropenia
Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.		05.5451
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		06.95140
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		06.95140
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		04.690
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		012.11344
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		04.690
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.6461
Hepatic Insufficiency
Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		04.231
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		05.3890
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		05.3890
Otomycosis
Fungus infection of the external ear, usually by ASPERGILLUS species		02.4110
External Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.4110
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.		02.4110
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		05.6161
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		05.6161
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		011.43406
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		011.43406
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.7220
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		02.4110
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.7220
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.4110
Candidiasis, Genital
[description not available]		04.15130
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.		04.15130
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis
[description not available]		010.34382
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		02.610
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.5220
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.5220
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		02.610
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0640
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		03.0640
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		09.5720
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		016.7810534
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		07.26104
HbS Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Discitis
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.		03.0140
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		02.2510
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		03.0240
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		010.05382
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		010.05382
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.5220
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		04.78110
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		02.2110
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.2110
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		04.78110
Infective Endocarditis
[description not available]		06.23230
Pulmonary Stenoses
[description not available]		02.2510
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.		06.23230
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.830
Aspergilloses, Bronchopulmonary
[description not available]		08.85242
Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Infections of the respiratory tract with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		08.85242
Fuch's Endothelial Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.2510
Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy
Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.		02.2510
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.4920
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		05.77191
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.4370
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.4370
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		06.98161
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		06.98161
HIGM1
[description not available]		02.2510
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.5820
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		04.8110
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.4920
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		02.4920
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.8200
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		03.520
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		03.520
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.2510
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.2510
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		02.2510
Endocarditis, Non-Bacterial Thrombotic
[description not available]		02.2510
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		02.2510
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		02.2510
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.2510
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		04.7332
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.3110
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.3110
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.3110
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		03.1750
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.8230
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		011.35434
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.8230
Diathesis
[description not available]		04.1450
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		012.983218
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		012.983218
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1510
MODS
[description not available]		02.7830
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.7830
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.7730
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.1510
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.1510
Acute Infectious Thyroiditis
[description not available]		03.0610
Cryoglobulinemia
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.		03.0610
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		03.0610
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		03.6730
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		03.2150
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		03.2150
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1510
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.1510
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.1510
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.9940
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.1510
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.9940
Fungal Meningitis
[description not available]		04.0650
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.1510
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.1510
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		02.1710
Disseminated Fusariosis
[description not available]		03.2150
Fusariosis
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.		03.2150
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		04.5350
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		04.5350
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.7430
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		04.5890
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		04.5890
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		02.1710
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.1710
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		012.972116
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		03.940
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		03.940
Genital Tract Infections
[description not available]		02.1710
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.5320
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		03.8940
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.5320
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		03.8940
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		02.5220
Pus
[description not available]		02.1710
Adverse Effects, Long Term
[description not available]		02.1710
Atresia, Esophageal
[description not available]		02.1710
Esophageal Atresia
Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.		02.1710
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		02.5220
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		07.52181
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.52181
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		08.8593
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		03.1210
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		03.1210
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		08.8593
Chromoblastomycosis
Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)		02.7830
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		09.74511
Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous
A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.		02.4820
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.2110
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		04.6960
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.2110
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.2110
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		06.1762
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		06.1762
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		06.0450
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		03.74100
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		03.74100
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.7730
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.0810
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.0810
Adhesive Capsulitis
[description not available]		02.0810
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.		02.0810
Communicable Diseases, Emerging
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.		02.0810
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		03.6530
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.4620
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		03.1450
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.4620
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		03.1450
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		06.4191
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		06.4191
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		03.8840
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		03.8840
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.4370
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		02.110
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		02.110
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		02.7630
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		02.7630
Stomatitis, Denture
Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.		02.0810
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		04.8271
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		04.8271
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		0310
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		02.0810
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		02.0810
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.5120
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.5120
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.110
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		03.6590
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.110
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		09.19222
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.		02.110
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.110
Aspergillosis, Nervous System Invasive
[description not available]		04.75110
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.110
Neuroaspergillosis
Infections of the nervous system caused by fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS, most commonly ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS. Aspergillus infections may occur in immunocompetent hosts, but are more prevalent in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. The organism may spread to the nervous system from focal infections in the lung, mastoid region, sinuses, inner ear, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. Sinus infections may be locally invasive and enter the intracranial compartment, producing MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; cranial neuropathies; and abscesses in the frontal lobes of the brain. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch 27, pp62-3)		04.75110
Episcleritis
[description not available]		02.7430
Scleritis
Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.		02.7430
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.110
Carditis
[description not available]		02.4720
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.110
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.4720
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.110
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.110
Fournier Disease
[description not available]		02.5220
Lemierre Disease
[description not available]		02.110
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		03.4520
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		06.62102
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		06.62102
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections
MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).		05.2670
Dermatophytoses
[description not available]		02.520
Tinea
Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.		02.520
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		02.7430
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		02.7430
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.1110
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.4520
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.1110
Cutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis
[description not available]		02.830
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.1110
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.1110
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		02.1110
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		03.6590
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.4470
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		03.4470
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		02.1110
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.1110
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		02.1310
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.1310
Intra-Abdominal Infections
[description not available]		02.5220
Intraabdominal Infections
Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.		02.5220
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		03.0310
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		03.0310
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		03.0310
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		03.0310
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.1110
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.1110
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.1110
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.1110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		05.3690
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		05.3690
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		03.6730
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		03.4220
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		03.4220
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		02.4720
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.1310
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.1310
Candidiasis, Cutaneous
Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5420
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		02.1310
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.2360
Cutaneous Hyalohyphomycosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.1310
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.2360
IgA Vasculitis
A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.		02.1310
Encephalitis Infection
[description not available]		03.0410
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba
[description not available]		03.3920
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.		03.3920
Abscess, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4920
Lung Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		02.4920
Berger Disease
[description not available]		03.0410
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		03.0410
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.1310
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.1310
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.0850
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		04.0850
Heatstroke
[description not available]		02.1510
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.1510
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		02.1510
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.1510
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.1510
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.1510
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.1510
Heat Stroke
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.		02.1510
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		03.0610
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		03.0610
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		03.0610
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		03.0610
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses
[description not available]		05.0390
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.9610
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary
Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.		05.0390
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.9610
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		02.4420
Dermatomycoses
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.		04.5150
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.4420
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.4420
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		02.0510
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		03.2960
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.0510
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		03.2960
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.0510
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		03.4311
Ache
[description not available]		03.4311
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		03.4311
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		03.4311
Diaphragmatic Hernia
[description not available]		02.0410
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		04.5930
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		02.9610
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		04.5930
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		02.0510
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		02.0510
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.0410
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		02.0410
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.9610
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		03.3820
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		04.7840
Abscess, Abdominal
[description not available]		02.9610
Abdominal Abscess
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9610
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.4420
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		02.4420
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		05.4451
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		02.4620
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		04.260
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.0510
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.0510
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		08.59104
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.4320
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.0510
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.4320
Infection
[description not available]		03.6530
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		03.6530
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal
An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)		02.0510
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		02.0510
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		02.0510
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		08.5654
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		08.5654
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		02.9610
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		02.9610
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic
A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.		02.9610
Empyema, Thoracic
[description not available]		02.0510
Empyema, Pleural
Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.		02.0510
B-Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Aneurysm, False
Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.		02.0510
Aneurysm, Bacterial
[description not available]		04.1230
Foreign-Body Migration
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.		02.0510
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		02.9640
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		02.9610
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.9610
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.9610
Entomophthoramycosis
[description not available]		05.68100
Zygomycosis
Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.		05.68100
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.0510
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		02.0510
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.9540
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.9540
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.4420
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.4420
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		02.9710
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		02.9710
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Femoral Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FEMUR.		02.0510
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.0410
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.0410
Actinomycetoma
[description not available]		04.260
Mycetoma
A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.		04.260
Pythiosis
A granulomatous disease caused by the aquatic organism PYTHIUM insidiosum and occurring primarily in horses, cattle, dogs, cats, fishes, and rarely in humans. It is classified into three forms: ocular, cutaneous, and arterial.		02.4720
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.0510
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.0510
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		02.0510
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		02.9640
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		02.9640
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0610
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		02.0610
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.0610
Thyroiditis
Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.		02.4520
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		02.0510
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		02.0510
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		02.0510
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.4420
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		03.6430
Burns, Inhalation
Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.		02.0510
Dacryoadenitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Geotrichosis
Infection due to the fungus Geotrichum.		04.0650
Tracheal Diseases
Diseases involving the TRACHEA.		02.4820
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		02.0610
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.4520
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		02.4520
Embolus
[description not available]		02.4720
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		02.4720
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		03.3820
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		03.3820
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.		02.0610
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		02.0610
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.0610
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		02.4420
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		02.0610
Acute Mesenteric Arterial Embolus
[description not available]		02.0710
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.0710
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell
[description not available]		04.3711
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		05.7171
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		05.7171
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.		04.3711
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.0710
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.0710
P carinii Infection
[description not available]		03.6330
Pneumocystis Infections
Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.		03.6330
Blastomycosis, North American
[description not available]		02.0610
Blastomycosis
A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.		02.0610
Cyst
[description not available]		02.0710
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.0610
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		02.0610
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		03.3820
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		03.3820
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		02.9910
Alternariosis
Opportunistic fungal infection by a member of ALTERNARIA genus.		02.0710
Hypoalbuminemia
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).		02.0710
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.0710
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.0810
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.0810
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		02.0810
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.0810
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.0810
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		02.0810
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		02.0810
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.0710
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.0710
Autolysis
The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.		02.0810
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.		0310
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		02.9210
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		02.9210
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		06.9563
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		05.0131
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.0110
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		02.0110
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.4320
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		02.4320
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4
[description not available]		02.0210
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.		02.0210
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.0110
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		02.0210
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		03.1250
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		03.1250
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		02.4220
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		02.4220
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0210
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.0210
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.4320
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.4320
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.4320
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		02.4320
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.9310
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.9310
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.0210
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.0210
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		03.6330
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		03.6330
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		02.0210
Central Nervous System Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		02.9410
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		03.4111
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.0210
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		02.9410
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		02.9410
Gastric Volvulus
[description not available]		02.0210
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		02.0310
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		02.0310
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		03.3520
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		03.3520
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.0210
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.0310
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.0310
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.0310
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.8540
Delayed Graft Function
General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.0310
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.0310
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.0310
Chondritis, Costal
[description not available]		02.0310
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		02.0310
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		02.0310
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		02.0310
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.0310
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.0310
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		02.0310
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.0310
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.0310
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.0310
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		02.0310
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell
[description not available]		02.0310
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections
[description not available]		02.0310
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.0310
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.		02.0310
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		02.9410
Panophthalmitis
Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.		02.0310
Neuroectodermal Tumors
Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.		02.0310
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.0310
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.0310
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		02.0310
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		02.0310
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		02.0310
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		02.0410
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		02.0410
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.0310
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.0310
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.9510
Amaurosis Fugax
Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)		02.9510
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		02.9510
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.9510
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.0310
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.0310
Leukemia, Plasmacytic
[description not available]		02.0410
Leukemia, Plasma Cell
A rare, aggressive variant of MULTIPLE MYELOMA characterized by the circulation of excessive PLASMA CELLS in the peripheral blood. It can be a primary manifestation of multiple myeloma or develop as a terminal complication during the disease.		02.0410
ATLL
[description not available]		02.0310
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		02.0310
Bone Diseases, Infectious
Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.		02.0410
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		02.0410
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		02.0410
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.0410
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.0510
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		0210
Emesis
[description not available]		02.9210
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		02.9210
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.9210
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		0210
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		0210