1,1'-dipropyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine profile

1,1'-dipropyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine, also known as **DiIC18(3)**, is a **lipophilic fluorescent dye** that is widely used in biological research.

**Why is it important for research?**

* **Membrane Staining:** DiIC18(3) is particularly useful for staining **cell membranes**. Its lipophilicity allows it to embed itself within the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes, making it a valuable tool for visualizing cell boundaries and membrane structures.
* **Live Cell Imaging:** DiIC18(3) is non-toxic to cells and can be used for **live cell imaging**, allowing researchers to study dynamic processes such as cell division, migration, and membrane trafficking in real-time.
* **Membrane Potential Monitoring:** DiIC18(3) is also sensitive to **membrane potential changes**. This property makes it useful for studying the electrical activity of cells and for investigating how changes in membrane potential influence various cellular processes.
* **Other Applications:** DiIC18(3) has also been used in research related to:
* **Lipid raft analysis:** DiIC18(3) can help distinguish different lipid domains within cell membranes, including lipid rafts.
* **Cell sorting:** DiIC18(3) can be used in conjunction with flow cytometry to sort cells based on their membrane characteristics.
* **Fluorescence microscopy:** DiIC18(3) is a versatile dye that can be used in various fluorescence microscopy techniques, such as confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy.

**Key Properties of DiIC18(3):**

* **Exhibits strong fluorescence:** DiIC18(3) emits strong red fluorescence when excited with a specific wavelength of light.
* **Highly lipophilic:** DiIC18(3) readily partitions into hydrophobic environments like cell membranes.
* **Relatively non-toxic:** DiIC18(3) is generally safe to use for live cell imaging.
* **Available in various forms:** DiIC18(3) can be purchased as a solution or as a pre-loaded probe for specific applications.

Overall, DiIC18(3) is a valuable tool for researchers studying various aspects of cell biology, membrane dynamics, and cellular function. Its ability to stain membranes, monitor membrane potential changes, and be used for live cell imaging makes it a versatile and widely employed fluorescent dye.

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	6439379
MeSH ID	M0178030

Synonym
2-(3-(1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-2h-indol-2-ylidene)-1-propenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-3h-indolium iodide
1,1'-dipropyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine
3h-indolium, 2-(3-(1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-2h-indol-2-ylidene)-1-propenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-, iodide
134564-83-3
dii-c3-(3)
(2z)-2-[(e)-3-(3,3-dimethyl-1-propylindol-1-ium-2-yl)prop-2-enylidene]-3,3-dimethyl-1-propylindole;iodide
3h-indolium,2-[3-(1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-2h-indol-2-ylidene)-1-propen-1-yl]-3,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-,iodide(1:1)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	19 (90.48)	18.2507
2000's	1 (4.76)	29.6817
2010's	1 (4.76)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	1 (4.76%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	20 (95.24%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
choline [no description available]	1.97	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyramine [no description available]	1.99	1	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	1.99	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiazoles [no description available]	1.99	1	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	1.99	1	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	1.99	1	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
t-butyloxycarbonyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine [no description available]	1.97	1
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	1.99	1	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	1.97	1	tripeptide
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	1.98	1	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
3,3'-dipropyloxadicarbocyanine 3,3'-dipropyloxadicarbocyanine: RN given refers to iodide	1.98	1
3,3'-dipentyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine 3,3'-dipentyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3'-dipentyloxacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3-pentyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-yl units at each end. A fluorescent compound that preferentially stains chronic myelogenic leukemia cells.	1.97	1	benzoxazolium ion; cyanine dye	fluorochrome
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	5.48	21	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
4-(4-dihexadecylaminostyryl)-n-methylpyridium 4-(4-dihexadecylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridium: RN refers to iodide. 4-(4-dihexadecylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridium : A pyridinium cation with a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 4-(dihexadecylamino)styryl substituent at the 4-position.	2.39	2	pyridinium ion; tertiary amine	fluorochrome
biotinyltyramide biotinyltyramide: used in sensitive light microscopic immunochemistry	1.99	1
bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials	1.97	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Anoxemia [description not available]	1.99	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	1.99	1
Aura [description not available]	1.99	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	1.99	1
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	1.99	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	1.99	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	1.99	1
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	1.97	1
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	1.97	1

1,1'-dipropyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine

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Research

Studies (21)

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