Compounds > 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
Page last updated: 2024-12-07

1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid, commonly known as **DOTA**, is a macrocyclic chelating agent with a high affinity for metal ions, especially trivalent lanthanides and actinides.

**Structure and Properties:**

* DOTA has a central 12-membered ring containing four nitrogen atoms and four acetic acid groups attached to each nitrogen.
* It forms stable, octahedral complexes with metal ions.
* The complexation is very strong due to the high denticity (8 donor atoms) and the preorganized structure of DOTA.
* Its high stability makes it useful for a variety of applications.

**Importance in Research:**

DOTA's importance in research stems from its ability to bind and stabilize metal ions, making it a versatile tool in several fields:

1. **Nuclear Medicine and Imaging:**
* DOTA is widely used to chelate radioisotopes for various medical applications, such as:
* **Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging:** Radiolabeled DOTA complexes are used as tracers to diagnose and monitor various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
* **Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):** Paramagnetic metal ions chelated with DOTA can enhance MRI contrast, allowing for better visualization of specific tissues and organs.
* **Radiotherapy:** DOTA-based complexes can deliver targeted radiation to tumor cells.

2. **Biochemistry and Analytical Chemistry:**
* DOTA can be used to label proteins and other biomolecules with metal ions for analytical purposes, such as:
* **Fluorescence spectroscopy:** Fluorescent metal ions chelated with DOTA can be used to study protein dynamics and interactions.
* **Enzyme assays:** DOTA-labeled substrates can be used to monitor enzymatic activity.
* It's also used in sensor development for metal ion detection.

3. **Nanotechnology and Materials Science:**
* DOTA can be incorporated into nanomaterials to create functional materials with specific properties. For example, it can be used to:
* **Control the assembly of nanoparticles:** DOTA can be used as a linker to assemble nanoparticles into desired structures.
* **Functionalize surfaces:** DOTA-functionalized surfaces can be used to bind specific molecules or cells.

**Advantages of DOTA:**

* **High stability:** DOTA forms very stable complexes with metal ions, preventing the release of radioactive or toxic metal ions.
* **Versatility:** It can be modified to incorporate different functionalities, allowing for targeted delivery and specific applications.
* **Biocompatibility:** DOTA is generally well-tolerated in vivo.

**Overall, DOTA is a highly versatile and valuable tool for research and development in various fields. Its unique properties and ability to bind metal ions have led to significant advancements in medicine, biochemistry, and materials science.**

1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID121841
CHEMBL ID1721515
CHEBI ID61028
SCHEMBL ID18018
MeSH IDM0193869

Synonyms (69)

Synonym
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
2-[4,7,10-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl]acetic acid
tetraxetan
2,2',2'',2'''-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid
1,4,7,10-dota
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetic acid
2,2',2',2'''-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetryl)tetraacetic acid
tetraxetanum
CHEBI:61028 ,
NCI60_028933
dota acid
D06092
tetraxetan (usan)
60239-18-1
MLS001333612 ,
smr000857276
nsc-681107
nsc681107
dota
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid, >=97.0% (chn)
T1875
NCGC00246979-01
HMS2236N04
CHEMBL1721515
dot-a
tetraxetan [usan:inn]
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
1hte449dgz ,
unii-1hte449dgz
FT-0606756
EPITOPE ID:146095
AKOS015854210
nsc 681107
gtpl5538
HMS3373H02
2,2',2'',2'''-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetryl)tetraacetic acid
tetraxetan [usp-rs]
tetraxetan [inn]
dota [mi]
tetraxetan [usp monograph]
tetraxetan [usan]
SCHEMBL18018
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane n,n',n,n'-tetraacetic acid
WDLRUFUQRNWCPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
J-650232
2-[4,7,10-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl]acetic acid
1,4,7,10-tetraazacylododeane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
2-[4,7,10-tris(2-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododec-1-yl]ethanoic acid
bdbm88700
cid_121841
AC-31772
DTXSID60208984
mfcd00068657
F16414
CS-0046228
3-(dimethyloctadecylammonio)propanesulfonate
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n'n'',n'''-tetraacetic acid
AS-19566
BCP13075
Q161515
gadoterate-meglumine
AMY5853
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic-acid
SY057414
A851290
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetic acid, min. 98% dota
EN300-6503719
Z2681893158
gadobutrol impurity 1

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Because of observations in therapeutic trials of yttrium-90 (90Y) escape from radioimmunoconjugates and uptake by the skeleton with resultant bone marrow toxicity, the authors attempted to evaluate the importance of this factor by a comparison of the LD50 in healthy mice treated with 90Y that had been chelated with either of two high affinity chelators, methylbenzyldiethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) or bromoacetamidobenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazocyclododecane- N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (BAD)."( Comparative toxicity studies of yttrium-90 MX-DTPA and 2-IT-BAD conjugated monoclonal antibody (BrE-3).
DeNardo, GL; DeNardo, SJ; Fand, I; Kroger, LA; Kukis, DL; Meares, CF; Miers, LA; Renn, O; Salako, Q; Shen, S, 1994)		0.29
" The LD50 for 90Y-BrE-3-MX-DTPA was 220."( Comparative toxicity studies of yttrium-90 MX-DTPA and 2-IT-BAD conjugated monoclonal antibody (BrE-3).
DeNardo, GL; DeNardo, SJ; Fand, I; Kroger, LA; Kukis, DL; Meares, CF; Miers, LA; Renn, O; Salako, Q; Shen, S, 1994)		0.29
"This study reports the adverse events (AEs) observed with patient-tailored administered activity."( Toxicity and Tolerability of
DeBrabandere, S; Khatami, A; Laidley, DT; Reid, RH; Sistani, G; Sutherland, DEK, 2022)		0.72
"Tailoring the administered activity of 177Lu-DOTATATE to the individual patient with a variety of NETs is both safe and well-tolerated."( Toxicity and Tolerability of
DeBrabandere, S; Khatami, A; Laidley, DT; Reid, RH; Sistani, G; Sutherland, DEK, 2022)		0.72

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This report presents the results of pharmacokinetic and dosimetric studies performed in 24 patients with different tumours."( Three-step radioimmunotherapy with yttrium-90 biotin: dosimetry and pharmacokinetics in cancer patients.
Chinol, M; Cremonesi, M; Ferrari, M; Grana, C; Paganelli, G; Prisco, G; Robertson, C; Stabin, MG; Tosi, G, 1999)		0.3
"Antibody fragments with optimized pharmacokinetic profiles hold potential for detection and therapy of tumor malignancies."( Radioiodinated versus radiometal-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen single-chain Fv-Fc antibody fragments: optimal pharmacokinetics for therapy.
Colcher, D; Kenanova, V; Longmate, J; Olafsen, T; Raubitschek, AA; Ruel, NH; Shively, JE; Williams, LE; Wu, AM; Yazaki, PJ, 2007)		0.34
" Development of BB2r-targeted agents, based on the bombesin (BBN) peptide, has largely involved the use of the bifunctional chelate approach in which the linking group serves several key roles including pharmacokinetic modification."( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic effects of various linking group using the 111In-DOTA-X-BBN(7-14)NH2 structural paradigm in a prostate cancer model.
Figueroa, SD; Garrison, JC; Hoffman, TJ; Naz, F; Rold, TL; Sieckman, GL; Sublett, SV; Volkert, WA, 2008)		0.35
" Melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of Ac-GluGlu-CycMSH[DOTA]-111In were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice and compared to that of 111In-DOTA-Gly-Glu-c[Lys-Nle-Glu-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Arg-Pro-Val-Asp] (111In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH; DOTA was coupled to the N-terminus of the peptide)."( Effect of DOTA position on melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of 111In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide.
Gallazzi, F; Guo, H; Miao, Y; Prossnitz, ER; Sklar, LA; Yang, J, 2009)		0.35
"DOTA position exhibited profound effect on melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of Ac-GluGlu-CycMSH[DOTA]-111In, providing a new insight into the design of lactam bridge-cyclized peptide for melanoma imaging and therapy."( Effect of DOTA position on melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of 111In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide.
Gallazzi, F; Guo, H; Miao, Y; Prossnitz, ER; Sklar, LA; Yang, J, 2009)		0.35
"Optimal PET imaging of tumors with radiolabeled engineered antibodies requires, among other parameters, matching blood clearance and tumor uptake with the half-life of the engineered antibody."( Site-specific conjugation of monodispersed DOTA-PEGn to a thiolated diabody reveals the effect of increasing peg size on kidney clearance and tumor uptake with improved 64-copper PET imaging.
Anderson, AL; Bading, JR; Carmichael, J; Colcher, D; Crow, D; Hudson, PJ; Leong, D; Li, L; Poku, E; Raubitschek, AA; Shively, JE; Turatti, F; Wheatcroft, D; Wheatcroft, MP; Yazaki, PJ, 2011)		0.37
" Clearance values ranged from 8 to 17 ml/day/kg, while beta half-life ranged from 8 to 12 days."( Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of a human monoclonal antibody to oxidized LDL in cynomolgus monkey using PET imaging.
Bullens, S; Bunting, S; Cherry, SR; Cowan, KJ; Damico-Beyer, LA; Griesemer, C; Kamath, AV; Kukis, DL; Rendig, S; Stenberg, Y; Williams, SP, 2012)		0.38
"5 scFv antibody fragment, this cognate series of bispecific antibodies were radioiodinated to determine their tumor targeting, biodistribution and pharmacokinetic properties in a mouse xenograft tumor model."( A series of anti-CEA/anti-DOTA bispecific antibody formats evaluated for pre-targeting: comparison of tumor uptake and blood clearance.
Andersen, JT; Channappa, D; Chea, J; Cheung, CW; Colcher, D; Crow, D; Lee, B; Li, L; Orcutt, KD; Poku, E; Raubitschek, A; Sandlie, I; Shively, JE; Wittrup, KD; Yazaki, PJ, 2013)		0.39
" The blood clearance curve was biphasic, with a distribution half-life of less than 3 min and an elimination half-life of ∼21."( 64Cu-DOTA as a surrogate positron analog of Gd-DOTA for cardiac fibrosis detection with PET: pharmacokinetic study in a rat model of chronic MI.
Bluemke, DA; Davies-Venn, C; Kim, H; Kim, I; Kim, JS; Lee, SJ; Paik, CH; Yang, BY; Yao, Z, 2016)		0.43
" Both in vitro and in vivo experiments of 18 synthesized PSMA inhibitor variants showed that systematic chemical modification of the linker has a significant impact on the tumor-targeting and pharmacokinetic properties."( Linker Modification Strategies To Control the Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)-Targeting and Pharmacokinetic Properties of DOTA-Conjugated PSMA Inhibitors.
Bauder-Wüst, U; Benešová, M; Eder, M; Haberkorn, U; Klika, KD; Kopka, K; Mier, W; Schäfer, M, 2016)		0.43
" A drug with a short half-life in the blood is less available at a target organ."( Novel "Add-On" Molecule Based on Evans Blue Confers Superior Pharmacokinetics and Transforms Drugs to Theranostic Agents.
Chen, H; Chen, X; Jacobson, O; Kiesewetter, DO; Liu, Y; Ma, Y; Niu, G; Weiss, ID; Wu, H, 2017)		0.46

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In these phase I studies, paclitaxel was combined with radioimmunotherapy in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer or advanced breast cancer."( High-dose radioimmunotherapy combined with fixed, low-dose paclitaxel in metastatic prostate and breast cancer by using a MUC-1 monoclonal antibody, m170, linked to indium-111/yttrium-90 via a cathepsin cleavable linker with cyclosporine to prevent human
Chew, HK; DeNardo, GL; Denardo, SJ; Goldstein, DS; Kukis, DL; Lamborn, KR; Lara, PN; Meares, CF; Natarajan, A; O'Donnell, RT; Richman, CM; Shen, S; Tuscano, JM; Wun, T; Yuan, A, 2005)		0.33
"111In/90Y-m170 targets prostate and breast cancer and can be combined with paclitaxel with toxicity limited to marrow suppression at the dose levels above."( High-dose radioimmunotherapy combined with fixed, low-dose paclitaxel in metastatic prostate and breast cancer by using a MUC-1 monoclonal antibody, m170, linked to indium-111/yttrium-90 via a cathepsin cleavable linker with cyclosporine to prevent human
Chew, HK; DeNardo, GL; Denardo, SJ; Goldstein, DS; Kukis, DL; Lamborn, KR; Lara, PN; Meares, CF; Natarajan, A; O'Donnell, RT; Richman, CM; Shen, S; Tuscano, JM; Wun, T; Yuan, A, 2005)		0.33

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" First, we examined the impact of the labeling procedure and the presence of the chelate, DOTA, on antibody bioavailability and survival."( Pharmacokinetics and bioactivity of 1,4,7,10-tetra-azacylododecane off',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-bismuth-conjugated anti-Tac antibody for alpha-emitter (212Bi) therapy.
Brechbiel, MW; Dobbs, D; Gansow, OA; Junghans, RP; Mirzadeh, S; Raubitschek, AA; Waldmann, TA, 1993)		0.29
"5%ID/g, presumably because of lower bioavailability due to more rapid clearance."( Comparative evaluation of synthetic anti-HER2 Affibody molecules site-specifically labelled with 111In using N-terminal DOTA, NOTA and NODAGA chelators in mice bearing prostate cancer xenografts.
Altai, M; Braun, A; Garske, U; Karlström, AE; Malmberg, J; Orlova, A; Perols, A; Sandström, M; Tolmachev, V; Varasteh, Z, 2012)		0.38
" This was further confirmed by the higher blood activity of (64)Cu-NODAGA-mAb7, which corresponds to increased bioavailability afforded by the enhanced in vivo stability of the agent."( Comparison of DOTA and NODAGA as chelators for (64)Cu-labeled immunoconjugates.
Azhdarinia, A; Ghosh, SC; Gore, K; Harvey, BR; Pinkston, KL; Robinson, H; Sevick-Muraca, EM; Wilganowski, N, 2015)		0.42

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Initiation of recovery (at 14-21 days) showed a dose-response relationship."( Determining maximal tolerable dose of the monoclonal antibody BR96 labeled with 90Y or 177Lu in rats: establishment of a syngeneic tumor model to evaluate means to improve radioimmunotherapy.
Mårtensson, L; Nilsson, R; Ohlsson, T; Senter, P; Sjögren, HO; Strand, SE; Tennvall, J; Wang, Z, 2005)		0.33
"The aim of this study was to investigate therapeutic efficacy and normal tissue toxicity of single dosage and fractionated targeted alpha therapy (TAT) in mice with HER2-expressing breast and ovarian cancer xenografts using the low dose rate radioimmunoconjugate (227)Th-DOTA-p-benzyl-trastuzumab."( Fractionated therapy of HER2-expressing breast and ovarian cancer xenografts in mice with targeted alpha emitting 227Th-DOTA-p-benzyl-trastuzumab.
Abbas, N; Brevik, EM; Dahle, J; Heyerdahl, H; Mollatt, C, 2012)		0.38
" Based on that result, a dosing regimen of (177)Lu-PNA-peptide, for radiologic effect, followed by the optimal mass of non-radioactive compound, for antisense effect, was designed."( Comparative biodistributions and dosimetry of [¹⁷⁷Lu]DOTA-anti-bcl-2-PNA-Tyr³-octreotate and [¹⁷⁷Lu]DOTA-Tyr³-octreotate in a mouse model of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia.
Balkin, ER; Jia, F; Lewis, MR; Liu, D; Miller, WH; Ruthengael, VC; Shaffer, SM, 2014)		0.4
" These results inform future GC imaging studies to optimize biomarker-targeted therapies based on dosage and timing for more clinically relevant imaging."( Pilot study of HER2 targeted 64 Cu-DOTA-tagged PET imaging in gastric cancer patients.
Colcher, DM; Fong, Y; Frankel, P; Hernandez, MC; Kim, J; Mortimer, JE; Park, J; Poku, E; Shively, J; Wong, J; Woo, Y; Yamauchi, D; Yazaki, P, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
chelatorA ligand with two or more separate binding sites that can bind to a single metallic central atom, forming a chelate.
copper chelatorA chelator that is any compound containing a ligand (typically organic) which is able to form a bond to a central copper atom at two or more points.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
azamacrocycleA cyclic macromolecule containing one or more nitrogen atoms in place of carbon either as the divalent group NH for the group CH2 or a single trivalent nitrogen atom for the group CH.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (9)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
ATAD5 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.004110.890331.5287AID504467
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1Plasmodium falciparum 3D7Potency8.91250.707912.194339.8107AID720542
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.23870.035520.977089.1251AID504332
chromobox protein homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency100.00000.006026.168889.1251AID540317
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)Homo sapiens (human)Potency79.43280.050127.073689.1251AID588590
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.00000.004611.374133.4983AID624297
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (22)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID602336High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Cherry Pick 022010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID602336High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Cherry Pick 022006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID602336High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Cherry Pick 022010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID602325High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Cherry Pick 022010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID602325High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Cherry Pick 022006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID602325High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Cherry Pick 022010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID602327High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Cherry Pick 022010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID602327High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Cherry Pick 022006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID602327High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Cherry Pick 022010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (738)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's12 (1.63)18.2507
2000's194 (26.29)29.6817
2010's416 (56.37)24.3611
2020's116 (15.72)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 20.80

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index20.80 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.70 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.85 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index23.28 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (20.80)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials16 (2.02%)5.53%
Reviews24 (3.03%)6.00%
Case Studies22 (2.78%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other730 (92.17%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (30)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Multicentre, Open-Label Phase I/II Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Biodistribution and Anti Tumour Activity of 177LU-OPS201 With Companion Imaging 68Ga OPS202 PET/CT in Previously Treated Subjects With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Cancers [NCT03773133]Phase 1/Phase 29 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-14Terminated(stopped due to High number of screen failures)
Phase I/II Study of Increasing Doses of Lutetium-177 Labeled Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody cG250 (177^Lu-DOTA-cG250) in Patients With Advanced Renal Cancer [NCT00142415]Phase 1/Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Yttrium-90 DOTA-TOC Intra-arterial (IA) Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT) for Neuroendocrine Tumor [NCT03197012]Early Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-01Completed
Theranostics of Radiolabeled Somatostatin Antagonists 68Ga-DOTA-JR11 and 177Lu-DOTA-JR11 in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors [NCT02609737]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-13Completed
Utility of Gallium-68-DOTA-Octreotate PET/CT in the Characterization of Pediatric Neuroendocrine Tumors [NCT04040088]Early Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-23Recruiting
Phase I/II Study of Veltuzumab Combined With 90Y-Epratuzumab Tetraxetan in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory, Aggressive Non- Hodgkin's Lymphoma [NCT01101581]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to No subjects enrolled)
Randomized Phase II Study Evaluating the Efficacy of 90Yttrium-epratuzumab Tetraxetan Radioimmunotherapy in Adults With CD22+ Relapsed/Refractory B-ALL [NCT02844530]Phase 20 participants (Actual)InterventionalWithdrawn
A Phase Ib Dose Finding Study Assessing Safety and Activity of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE in Newly Diagnosed Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (ES-SCLC) in Combination With Carboplatin, Etoposide and Tislelizumab in Induction and With Tislelizumab in Mainte [NCT05142696]Phase 139 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-13Recruiting
An International, Prospective, Open-label, Multi-center, Randomized Phase III Study Comparing Lutetium (177Lu) Vipivotide Tetraxetan (AAA617) Versus Observation to Delay Castration or Disease Recurrence in Adult Male Patients With Prostate-specific Membra [NCT05939414]Phase 3450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-03-29Not yet recruiting
PET Detection of CCR2 in Human Atherosclerosis [NCT04537403]Phase 1100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-01Recruiting
A Phase 1, Open Label, Randomized Study to Assess Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution and Radiation Dosimetry of Lutetium (177Lu) Lilotomab Satetraxetan (Betalutin®) Radioimmunotherapy in Patients With Relapsed Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma [NCT02657447]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-19Withdrawn(stopped due to Study is no longer relevant)
Targeted Molecular Probe for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Imaging and Therapy [NCT04592991]Early Phase 11 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-07Terminated(stopped due to We were only able to enroll 1 subject so we had no way to compare a control or other study groups and develop any kind of results. This study is essentially the same study as NCT04586452, which we would like to place focus and effort on that study.)
Phase II Study Of Lutetium-177 Labeled Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody Girentuximab (177Lu-DOTA-girentuximab) in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Cancer [NCT02002312]Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Phase I/II Study of Combination Veltuzumab (Anti-CD20) and Fractionated 90Y- Epratuzumab (Anti-CD22) Radioimmunotherapy in Patients With Follicular Lymphoma [NCT01147393]Phase 1/Phase 24 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Terminated(stopped due to closed to enrollment due to slow patient accrual)
Vorinostat to Augment Response to Lutetium-PSMA-617 in the Treatment of Patients With PSMA-Low Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer [NCT06145633]Phase 215 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-04-01Not yet recruiting
A Pilot Study of 68Ga-Dotatate PET CT for Radiation Treatment Response Assessment in Meningiomas [NCT03953131]Phase 113 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-10Completed
Head-to-head Comparison of 68Ga-DOTA-TATE and 68Ga-DOTA-JR11 PET/CT in Patients With Tumor-induced Osteomalacia [NCT04689893]Phase 150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-15Recruiting
An International, Multicenter, Open-label Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, Biodistribution, Dosimetry and Preliminary Efficacy of 177Lu-OPS201 for the Therapy of Somatostatin Receptor-positive Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) [NCT02592707]Phase 1/Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-06Terminated(stopped due to Terminated (Due to small number of ongoing patients. Patients ongoing at time of termination could choose to join study D-FR-01072-004 for long term follow-up.)
An Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Dose Escalation, Single-Center, Investigator-Initiated Trial to Determine the Safety, Dosimetry, and Preliminary Effectiveness of 177Lu-DOTA-EB-FAPI in Metastatic Radioactive Iodine Refractory Thyroid Cancer Patients With Pr [NCT05410821]Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-15Recruiting
Comparison of Positron Nuclide Labeled DOTA-FAPI PET and FDG PET Study in Colocrectal Cancer [NCT04750772]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-10-16Recruiting
Treatment of a Long-lasting Radiolabeled Somatostatin Analogue 177Lu-DOTA-EB-TATE in Patients With Advanced Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors [NCT03478358]Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-04-30Recruiting
A Phase Ib Dose Finding Study Assessing Safety and Activity of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma in Combination With Radiotherapy With or Without Temozolomide and in Recurrent Glioblastoma as Single Agent [NCT05109728]Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-10Recruiting
A Ph Ib Study of Fractionated 90Y-hPAM4 Plus Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Cancer Patients Receiving at Least 2 Prior Therapies. [NCT01510561]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to no subjects enrolled)
First-in-human Study of the Theranostic Pair [68Ga]Ga DOTA-5G and [177Lu]Lu DOTA-ABM-5G in Pancreatic Cancer [NCT04665947]Early Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-18Recruiting
A Phase I Study of Actinium-225 Labeled Humanized Anti-CEA M5A Antibody in Patients With CEA Producing Advanced or Metastatic Cancers [NCT05204147]Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-02Recruiting
Evaluation of Pretargeted Anti-CD20 Radioimmunotherapy Combined With BEAM Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for High-Risk B-Cell Malignancies [NCT02483000]Phase 13 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-01Terminated(stopped due to Closed early due to lack of funding)
Phase 1 Trial of 111Indium/225Actinium-DOTA-Daratumumab in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma [NCT05363111]Phase 115 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-22Recruiting
Phase I Study of Escalating Doses of 90Y-DOTA-Anti-CD25 Monoclonal Antibody Added to the Conditioning Regimen of Fludarabine, Melphalan, and Organ Sparing Total Marrow and Lymphoid Irradiation (TMLI) as Conditioning for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Trans [NCT05139004]Phase 112 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-19Recruiting
Phase 2 Study of ONC-392 Plus Lutetium Lu 177 Vipivotide Tetraxetan in Men With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC) Who Progressed on Androgen Receptor Targeting Agents (ARTA) [NCT05682443]Phase 1/Phase 2144 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-06Recruiting
Treatment of Recurrent or Progressive Meningiomas With the Radiolabelled Somatostatin Antagonist 177Lu-Satoreotide (PROMENADE-Study) [NCT04997317]Early Phase 118 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-21Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00142415 (4) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Best Overall Tumor Response
NCT00142415 (4) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Dose-limiting Toxicity (DLT) During Cycle 1
NCT00142415 (4) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events
NCT00142415 (4) [back to overview]Radiation Absorbed Doses by Organ for 177-Lu-cG250
NCT02483000 (3) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT02483000 (3) [back to overview]Dosimetry of Yttrium Y 90 DOTA-biotin
NCT02483000 (3) [back to overview]Incidence of Toxicity, Defined According to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Ae (0-48h) of IPN01072 in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Apparent Total Plasma Clearance of IPN01072 (Total CL) in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Apparent Volume of Distribution During Terminal Phase (Vz) of IPN01072 in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]AUC From Time Zero to Infinity (AUCinf) of IPN01072 in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]AUC of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Blood in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Cumulative Amount of Lu-177 Radioactivity Excreted Into the Urine (0 to 48 Hours) [Ae (0-48h)] in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Disease Control Rate (DCR)
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Fraction of IPN01072 Excreted Into the Urine (Fe) in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Maximal Uptake (%) of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Blood in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of IPN01072 in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Dose Limiting Toxicities (DLT)
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Overall Response Rate (ORR)
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Progression Free Survival (PFS)
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]T1/2 of IPN01072 in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration Time Curve (AUC) of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Discernible Organs in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in QLQ Gastro-intestinal. Neuroendocrine Tumour (GI.NET)21 at EOCT Visit
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire (QLQ)-C30 at EOCT Visit
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Cumulative Absorbed Organ Doses of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Cycles 1 and 3
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Cumulative Absorbed Organ Doses of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Cycles 1 and 3
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Cumulative Absorbed Organ Doses of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Cycles 1 and 3
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Highest Absorbed Dose of 177LU-IPN01072 to Each Discernible Organ in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Highest Absorbed Dose of 177LU-IPN01072 to Each Discernible Organ in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Maximum Uptake (%) of 177Lu-IPN01072 at Target Lesions and Discernible Organs in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Maximum Uptake (%) of 177Lu-IPN01072 at Target Lesions and Discernible Organs in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious TEAEs
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Specific Absorbed Dose Per Organ and Lesions of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Specific Absorbed Dose Per Organ and Lesions of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Time to Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of IPN01072 in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration Time Curve (AUC) of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Discernible Organs in Cycle 1
NCT02592707 (30) [back to overview]Terminal Half-Life (T1/2) of Radioactivity Concentrations of the Radiopharmaceutical in Blood in Cycle 1

Number of Subjects With Best Overall Tumor Response

Tumor responses were evaluated using computed tomography and categorized according to RECIST v1.0 at baseline and at the end of every cycle (every 12 weeks) or after recovery from toxicity. Per RECIST v1.0 for target lesions and assessed by MRI: Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions [no evidence of disease]; Partial Response (PR): ≥ 30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Progressive Disease (PD): ≥ 20% increase in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Stable Disease (SD): small changes that do not meet above criteria. (NCT00142415)
Timeframe: Up to 9 months

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Cycle 1: Stable DiseaseCycle 1: Progressive DiseaseCycle 2: Partial ResponseCycle 2: Stable DiseaseCycle 2: Progressive DiseaseCycle 3: Stable DiseaseCycle 3: Progressive Disease
Cohort 1, 30 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2502101110
Cohort 2, 40 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2502101101
Cohort 3, 50 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2505112010
Cohort 4, 60 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2502101100
Cohort 5, 70 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2502000000
Cohort 6, 65 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2506002110

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Number of Subjects With Dose-limiting Toxicity (DLT) During Cycle 1

Subjects were monitored for AEs for ≥ 8 weeks after the last infusion of 177-Lu-DOTA-cG250 before dose escalation could be implemented. Toxicity was graded in accordance with the NCI CTCAE version 3.0. DLT was defined as the following treatment-related events: ≥ Grade 3 non-hematologic toxicity; ≥ Grade 4 hematologic toxicity (platelets < 25 × 10^9/L or leukocytes < 1.0 × 10^9/L) that persisted for > 4 weeks except anemia; thrombocytopenia < 10 × 10^9/L; clinically relevant myelotoxicity that required hospitalization and/or blood product transfusion (e.g., uncontrolled bleeding, infections that had to be treated clinically). (NCT00142415)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Any DLTGrade 4 ThrombocytopeniaGrade 4 LeukopeniaGrade 4 NeutropeniaGrade 3 EpistaxisGrade 3 FatigueGrade 3 Hematoma
Cohort 1, 30 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2500000000
Cohort 2, 40 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2500000000
Cohort 3, 50 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2501101000
Cohort 4, 60 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2500000000
Cohort 5, 70 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2502220111
Cohort 6, 65 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2501101000

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Number of Subjects With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events

Toxicity was graded in accordance with the NCI CTCAE version 3.0. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported based on clinical laboratory tests, physical examinations, and vital signs from pre-treatment through 4 weeks after the last dose of study treatment. (NCT00142415)
Timeframe: Up to 1 year

,,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Any TEAEMaximum Grade 3 TEAEMaximum Grade 4 TEAETreatment-related TEAESAEDeathTEAE Leading to Discontinuation
Cohort 1, 30 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2503002000
Cohort 2, 40 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2503013200
Cohort 3, 50 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2506116110
Cohort 4, 60 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2503003000
Cohort 5, 70 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2502022100
Cohort 6, 65 mCi/m^2 177-Lu-DOTA-cG2506326200

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Radiation Absorbed Doses by Organ for 177-Lu-cG250

After each 177-Lu-cG250 administration, 3 whole-body scintigrams were acquired (directly after injection and 2-4 days and 5-7 days post-injection) and blood samples were drawn at 5, 30, 60, and 120 min, 2-4 days, and 5-7 days post-infusion. Estimated radiation absorbed doses were calculated according to the Medical Internal Radiation Dose scheme, which permits estimation of the factors required to calculate dose to one organ attributable to a source in another organ. (NCT00142415)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionmGy/MBq (Mean)
Whole BodyLiverHeart WallRed Marrow (Image-based)Red Marrow (Blood-based)KidneyLungsTestesMetastases
Dosimetry Evaluable Analysis Set0.241.260.760.440.351.300.491.905.72

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Overall Survival

Overall survival will be estimated. (NCT02483000)
Timeframe: Up to 4 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment (PRIT)2

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Dosimetry of Yttrium Y 90 DOTA-biotin

Assessed using OLINDA dosimetry software. The estimated dose to normal organs and tumor sites will be described based on the tumor to normal organ ratios derived from dosimetry estimates coupled with the absorbed dose to normal organs based on the administered activity of yttrium Y 90 DOTA-biotin. (NCT02483000)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days after infusion

InterventioncGy/mCi (Median)
LiverSpleenLungsKidneysBone MarrowBrain
Treatment (PRIT)2.53.730.22911.43.750.229

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Incidence of Toxicity, Defined According to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0

Descriptive statistics on the number and percent toxicities will be calculated. (NCT02483000)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days after transplant

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Serious Adverse EventsOther (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
Treatment (PRIT)22

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Ae (0-48h) of IPN01072 in Cycle 1

Urine was collected during the first 48 hours post infusion to determine the renal excretion of 177Lu-IPN01072 at Cycle 1 for Part B only. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 0 to 4 hours, 4 to 24 hours, 24 to 48 hours in Cycle 1 of Part B

Interventionmcg (Mean)
Part B: All Participants141

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Apparent Total Plasma Clearance of IPN01072 (Total CL) in Cycle 1

The PK sampling was performed from Day 1 to Day 3 post infusion done at Cycle 1 for Part B only. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: Pre-infusion (Baseline) and 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours after the end of the infusion in Cycle 1

InterventionL/h (Mean)
Part B: All Participants9.58

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Apparent Volume of Distribution During Terminal Phase (Vz) of IPN01072 in Cycle 1

The PK sampling was performed from Day 1 to Day 3 post infusion done at Cycle 1 for Part B only. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: Pre-infusion (Baseline) and 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours after the end of the infusion in Cycle 1

InterventionLiter (Mean)
Part B: All Participants68.7

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AUC From Time Zero to Infinity (AUCinf) of IPN01072 in Cycle 1

The PK sampling was performed from Day 1 to Day 3 post infusion done at Cycle 1 for Part B only. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: Pre-infusion (Baseline) and 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours after the end of the infusion in Cycle 1

Interventionng*hour (h)/mL (Mean)
Part B: All Participants45.8

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AUC of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Blood in Cycle 1

The AUC of 177Lu-IPN01072 radioactivity in blood were computed for each administration of 177Lu-IPN01072. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: Pre-infusion (Baseline), 5 and 30 minutes, 1, 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 hours, 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycle 1

InterventionMBq*hour/L (Median)
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq623
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq901
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq690
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq720
All Participants726

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Cumulative Amount of Lu-177 Radioactivity Excreted Into the Urine (0 to 48 Hours) [Ae (0-48h)] in Cycle 1

Urine was collected during the first 48 hours post infusion to determine the renal excretion of 177Lu-IPN01072 at Cycle 1 only. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 0 to 6 hours, 6 to 24 hours, 24 to 48 hours post-infusion in Cycle 1 of Part A; 0 to 4 hours, 4 to 24 hours, 24 to 48 hours in Cycle 1 of Part B.

InterventionMbq (Median)
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq2586
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq3106
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq2640
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq2621
All Participants2787

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Disease Control Rate (DCR)

The DCR was defined as the percentage of participants who achieved a CR, a PR or a stable disease (SD) as BOR according to Investigator assessment RECIST version 1.1 criteria. SD: Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for progressive disease (PD), taking as reference the smallest sum diameters while on study. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: From the start of the first study medication (Cycle 1 Day 1) up to 2 years after the EOCT/death or lost to follow-up, maximum of 59 months.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq93.3
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq100.0
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq100.0
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq90.0
All Participants95.0

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Fraction of IPN01072 Excreted Into the Urine (Fe) in Cycle 1

Urine was collected during the first 48 hours post infusion to determine the renal excretion of 177Lu-IPN01072 at Cycle 1 for Part B only. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 0 to 4 hours, 4 to 24 hours, 24 to 48 hours in Cycle 1 in Part B

Interventionpercentage of drug excreted into urine (Mean)
Part B: All Participants52.9

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Maximal Uptake (%) of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Blood in Cycle 1

177Lu-IPN01072 uptake in blood was evaluated on site/locally using a gamma counter calibrated for 177Lu-IPN01072 according to the dosimetry operational manual. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: Pre-infusion (Baseline), 5 and 30 minutes, 1, 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 hours, 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycle 1

Interventionpercentage/liter (L) (Median)
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq3.66
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq2.98
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq2.77
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq3.32
All Participants3.03

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Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of IPN01072 in Cycle 1

The PK sampling was performed from Day 1 to Day 3 post infusion done at Cycle 1 for Part B only. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: Pre-infusion (Baseline) and 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours after the end of the infusion in Cycle 1

Interventionnanogram (ng)/milliliter (mL) (Mean)
Part B: All Participants10.7

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Number of Participants With Dose Limiting Toxicities (DLT)

DLTs were defined as study medication-related AEs with a severity of Grade 3 or higher are considered DLT, with the exception of hair loss, lymphopenia, nonfebrile neutropenia lasting <4 weeks and thrombocytopenia lasting <4 weeks. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: From the start of the first study medication (Cycle 1 Day 1) up to EOCT, maximum of 16 weeks.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq3
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq0
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq2
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq1
All Participants6

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Overall Response Rate (ORR)

The ORR was defined as the percentage of participants who achieved a complete response (CR) or a partial response (PR) as best overall response (BOR) according centralized to response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST) version 1.1 from investigator assessment. Participants with no tumour assessment after the start of study treatment were not evaluated. CR: Disappearance of all target lesions. Any pathological lymph nodes (whether target or non-target) must have reduction in short axis to <10 millimeter (mm). PR: At least a 30% decrease in the sum of diameters of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum diameters. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: From the start of the first study medication (Cycle 1 Day 1) up to 2 years after the EOCT/death or lost to follow-up, maximum of 59 months.

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq40.0
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq16.7
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq22.2
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq40.0
All Participants32.5

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Progression Free Survival (PFS)

The PFS was defined as the time from start of study treatment until occurrence of tumour progression or death, according to Investigator assessment RECIST version 1.1. Estimation of the median was based on the Kaplan-Meier method. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: From the start of the first study medication (Cycle 1 Day 1) up to 2 years after the EOCT/death or lost to follow-up, maximum of 59 months.

Interventionmonths (Median)
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq29.7
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq21.2
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq25.1
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq11.1
All Participants28.1

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T1/2 of IPN01072 in Cycle 1

The PK sampling was performed from Day 1 to Day 3 post infusion done at Cycle 1 for Part B only. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: Pre-infusion (Baseline) and 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours after the end of the infusion in Cycle 1

Interventionhours (Mean)
Part B: All Participants6.09

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Area Under the Concentration Time Curve (AUC) of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Discernible Organs in Cycle 1

The AUC of 177Lu-IPN01072 radioactivity in discernible organs were computed for each administration of 177Lu-IPN01072. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 hours, 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycle 1

,,
InterventionMBq*hour (Median)
Bone marrow (Image-based)Kidney (left + right)LiverSpleen
All Participants1758239111337772
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq174959667456701
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq3528966179187949

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Change From Baseline in QLQ Gastro-intestinal. Neuroendocrine Tumour (GI.NET)21 at EOCT Visit

The GI.NET21 module was intended for use among participants with gastrointestinal related (GI.- related) neuroendocrine tumours, who vary in disease stage and treatments. The module comprises 21 questions, consisting of 5 scales (endocrine symptoms, G.I. symptoms, treatment related symptom, social function, disease related worries) and 4 single items that assessed muscle /bone pain symptom, sexual function, information/communication function, and body image. Each question was quoted from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much). Each scale in the questionnaire was scored from 0 to 100. A higher value was equivalent to worse or more problems. Baseline was defined as the last non-missing measurement collected prior to the first dose of study drug (Day 1). (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and EOCT visit (30 months)

,,,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Endocrine symptomsG. I. symptomsTreatment related symptomSocial functionDisease related worries
All Participants-2.98-3.335.28-16.67-7.06
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq-5.12-3.585.62-19.67-8.98
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq11.10-6.70-6.70-22.30-22.20
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq-0.002.509.01-4.153.46
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq-5.55-13.30-0.30-30.53-18.05

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Change From Baseline in Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire (QLQ)-C30 at EOCT Visit

The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) score questionnaire (QLQ-C30) was used for QoL evaluation. Each scale in the questionnaire were scored (0 to 100) according to the EORTC recommendations in the EORTC QLQ-C30 scoring manual. The scale included a global health status, where high score for the global health status represents a high QoL. The functional scales consisted of physical functioning, role functioning, emotional functioning, cognitive functioning, social functioning, where a higher value reflects a better level of function. Nine symptoms scales included nausea and vomiting, pain, fatigue, dyspnoea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhoea and financial difficulties, where a higher value reflects worse symptoms. Baseline was defined as the last non-missing measurement collected prior to the first dose of study drug (Day 1). (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and EOCT visit (30 months)

,,,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Global Health StatusPhysical functioningRole functioningEmotional functioningCognitive functioningSocial functioning
All Participants3.840.263.855.123.208.97
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq1.27-2.053.8511.526.4115.38
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq16.700.000.00-25.000.000.00
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq-6.24-0.82-0.01-4.16-6.26-2.09
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq29.1510.0012.5010.4312.5012.50

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Cumulative Absorbed Organ Doses of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Cycles 1 and 3

The cumulative absorbed dose to the discernible organs (i.e., organs showing uptake) was evaluated centrally, using nuclear medicine images, as part of the dosimetry workflow. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 hours, 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycles 1 and 3

,
InterventionGray (Median)
Cycle 1: Bone marrow (image-based)Cycle 1: Kidney (left + right)Cycle 1: SpleenCycle 3: Bone marrow (image-based)Cycle 3: Kidney (left + right)Cycle 3: Spleen
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq0.3753.254.001.098.919.21
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq0.2853.553.550.84010.18.08

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Cumulative Absorbed Organ Doses of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Cycles 1 and 3

The cumulative absorbed dose to the discernible organs (i.e., organs showing uptake) was evaluated centrally, using nuclear medicine images, as part of the dosimetry workflow. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 hours, 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycles 1 and 3

InterventionGray (Median)
Cycle 1: Bone marrow (image-based)Cycle 1: Kidney (left + right)Cycle 1: LiverCycle 1: SpleenCycle 3: Bone marrow (image-based)Cycle 3: Kidney (left + right)Cycle 3: Spleen
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq0.7153.850.8104.351.489.417.58

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Cumulative Absorbed Organ Doses of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Cycles 1 and 3

The cumulative absorbed dose to the discernible organs (i.e., organs showing uptake) was evaluated centrally, using nuclear medicine images, as part of the dosimetry workflow. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 hours, 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycles 1 and 3

,
InterventionGray (Median)
Cycle 1: Bone marrow (image-based)Cycle 1: Kidney (left + right)Cycle 1: LiverCycle 1: SpleenCycle 3: Bone marrow (image-based)Cycle 3: Kidney (left + right)Cycle 3: LiverCycle 3: Spleen
All Participants0.4003.730.7653.451.1010.82.088.32
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq0.3194.310.7202.881.1112.32.086.93

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Highest Absorbed Dose of 177LU-IPN01072 to Each Discernible Organ in Cycle 1

The absorbed dose to the discernible organs (i.e., organs showing uptake) was evaluated centrally, using nuclear medicine images, as part of the dosimetry workflow. The organs considered for 177LU-IPN01072 image-based dosimetry assessment included: liver, bone marrow, kidney (left + right), and spleen. Highest absorbed dose of 177Lu-IPN01072 was calculated as described in the Dosimetry calculation procedure manual. Maximum value observed for each discernible organs across participants has been reported. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 and 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycle 1

,
InterventionGray (Number)
Bone marrow (image-based assay)Kidney (left + right)Spleen
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq0.505.865.90
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq0.695.074.09

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Highest Absorbed Dose of 177LU-IPN01072 to Each Discernible Organ in Cycle 1

The absorbed dose to the discernible organs (i.e., organs showing uptake) was evaluated centrally, using nuclear medicine images, as part of the dosimetry workflow. The organs considered for 177LU-IPN01072 image-based dosimetry assessment included: liver, bone marrow, kidney (left + right), and spleen. Highest absorbed dose of 177Lu-IPN01072 was calculated as described in the Dosimetry calculation procedure manual. Maximum value observed for each discernible organs across participants has been reported. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 and 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycle 1

,,
InterventionGray (Number)
Bone marrow (image-based assay)Kidney (left + right)LiverSpleen
All Participants3.598.551.268.07
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq0.978.551.268.07
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq3.594.870.816.00

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Maximum Uptake (%) of 177Lu-IPN01072 at Target Lesions and Discernible Organs in Cycle 1

177Lu-IPN01072 uptake in organs and lesions was evaluated centrally, using nuclear medicine images, as part of the dosimetry workflow. Uptake activity for organs of interest (i.e., body, bone marrow, kidney [left + right], healthy liver, and spleen) was determined. The maximal uptake in lesions was calculated for each lesion as: maximal activity divided injected activity*100. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 hours, 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycle 1

,
Interventionpercentage of injected drug activity (Median)
Bone marrow (image-based)Kidney (left + right)SpleenAll lesions
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq0.02501.601.781.18
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq0.02191.671.791.43

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Maximum Uptake (%) of 177Lu-IPN01072 at Target Lesions and Discernible Organs in Cycle 1

177Lu-IPN01072 uptake in organs and lesions was evaluated centrally, using nuclear medicine images, as part of the dosimetry workflow. Uptake activity for organs of interest (i.e., body, bone marrow, kidney [left + right], healthy liver, and spleen) was determined. The maximal uptake in lesions was calculated for each lesion as: maximal activity divided injected activity*100. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 hours, 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycle 1

,,
Interventionpercentage of injected drug activity (Median)
Bone marrow (image-based)LiverKidney (left + right)SpleenAll lesions
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq0.04204.311.761.272.36
All Participants0.03802.631.761.670.932
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq0.04691.521.961.500.651

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious TEAEs

AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a subject or clinical trial subject administered a medicinal product, which did not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. A serious AE (SAE) was classified as any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose results in death; AE was life threatening; required inpatient hospitalization or prolonged existing hospitalization; resulted in persistent or significant disability/ incapacity; was a congenital anomaly/birth defect; was an important medical event that may not result in death. TEAEs are defined as AEs that developed or worsened after start of treatment. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: From the start of the first study medication (Cycle 1 Day 1) up to 6 months after the last dose of study medication, maximum of 33 months

,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
TEAEsSerious TEAEs
All Participants408
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq152
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq61
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq92
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq103

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Specific Absorbed Dose Per Organ and Lesions of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Cycle 1

The specific absorbed dose was evaluated centrally, using nuclear medicine images, as part of the dosimetry workflow. Data are presented for all lesions, regardless of their anatomical localization. The organs considered for 177Lu-IPN01072 image-based dosimetry assessment included: liver, bone marrow, kidney (left + right), and spleen. The specific absorbed dose to the lesions was the absorbed dose by the lesion (unit: Gray) divided by the injected radioactivity (unit: GBq) for each lesion selected for dosimetry evaluation. The specific absorbed dose for a given organ was the absorbed dose by this organ (unit: Gray) divided by the injected radioactivity (unit: GBq). (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 hours, 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycle 1

,
InterventionGray/GBq (Median)
LesionsBone marrow (image-based)Kidney (left + right)Spleen
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq6.820.08500.8800.985
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq13.50.06500.7650.805

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Specific Absorbed Dose Per Organ and Lesions of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Cycle 1

The specific absorbed dose was evaluated centrally, using nuclear medicine images, as part of the dosimetry workflow. Data are presented for all lesions, regardless of their anatomical localization. The organs considered for 177Lu-IPN01072 image-based dosimetry assessment included: liver, bone marrow, kidney (left + right), and spleen. The specific absorbed dose to the lesions was the absorbed dose by the lesion (unit: Gray) divided by the injected radioactivity (unit: GBq) for each lesion selected for dosimetry evaluation. The specific absorbed dose for a given organ was the absorbed dose by this organ (unit: Gray) divided by the injected radioactivity (unit: GBq). (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 hours, 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycle 1

,,
InterventionGray/GBq (Median)
LesionsBone marrow (image-based)Kidney (left + right)LiverSpleen
All Participants5.000.09000.8790.1790.840
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq2.560.07961.050.1860.769
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq3.900.1350.7200.1700.945

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Time to Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of IPN01072 in Cycle 1

The PK sampling was performed from Day 1 to Day 3 post infusion done at Cycle 1 for Part B only. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: Pre-infusion (Baseline) and 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours after the end of the infusion in Cycle 1

Interventionhours (Median)
Part B: All Participants0.083

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Area Under the Concentration Time Curve (AUC) of 177Lu-IPN01072 in Discernible Organs in Cycle 1

The AUC of 177Lu-IPN01072 radioactivity in discernible organs were computed for each administration of 177Lu-IPN01072. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 hours, 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycle 1

,
InterventionMBq*hour (Median)
Bone marrow (Image-based)Kidney (left + right)Spleen
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq13862397727
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq15775788179

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Terminal Half-Life (T1/2) of Radioactivity Concentrations of the Radiopharmaceutical in Blood in Cycle 1

The terminal half-life was defined as the largest half-life of the decay curve of blood activity. (NCT02592707)
Timeframe: Pre-infusion (Baseline), 5 and 30 minutes, 1, 4, 24, 48, 72 to 96 hours, 144 to 168 hours post infusion in Cycle 1

Interventionhours (Median)
Part A: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq68.3
Part B Cohort 1: 177Lu-IPN01072 6 GBq109
Part B Cohort 3: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq123
Part B Cohort 6: 177Lu-IPN01072 4.5 GBq145
All Participants127

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.0340amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.0510monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.0110amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		3.1650alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.2110tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.610halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.0210chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.0510coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		2.0810medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		2.0610amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.0110alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
carbonic acid
Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.0310carbon oxoacid;
chalcocarbonic acid		mouse metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.520hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.4420metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		2.5520nitrogen oxoacid
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.2510octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.0410aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.0610pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.110azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		3.5820N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.0510isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-aminobenzamidine
4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source		2.0510
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		2.15101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0710benzamides
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		2.0310bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.4920acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		8.83351pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		2.1310alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.5120monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.110
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		2.610guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.110beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		2.0810aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.0710benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		2.0610amino acid
urethane
[no description available]		2.0210carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.02104-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.2110aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		2.4620amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		3.3460aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.0210D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.3260ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.4620amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.4920lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.1710aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0410amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		2.0610alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.0710amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.4720arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		2.110organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
benzothiazole
benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.		2.0810benzothiazolesenvironmental contaminant;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		2.4720nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
butane
butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.		2.0410alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant;
refrigerant
undecanoic acid
undecanoic acid : A straight-chain, eleven-carbon saturated medium-chain fatty acid found in body fluids; the most fungitoxic of the C7:0 - C18:0 fatty acid series.. undecanoate : A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of undecanoic acid; used in tandem with testosterone cation in the treatment of male hypogonadism. Major species at pH 7.3.		2.0810medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antifungal agent;
human metabolite
pamoic acid
pamoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810dicarboxylic acid
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.4110hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.0810naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0610amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.4420azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.03101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.110diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.1510organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		2.1110calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
rhein
[no description available]		2.2510dihydroxyanthraquinone
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		2.061017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		2.0610C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
maleimide
[no description available]		2.9840dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
glycyl-glycyl-glycine
glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.		2.4620tripeptide zwitterion;
tripeptide
pyridine n-oxide
pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.		2.4520pyridine N-oxidesdrug metabolite
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.0510pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		3.4570
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		2.1710manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
pentachloromethylthiobenzene
[no description available]		3.5920
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.81302-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
sulfuryl fluoride
sulfuryl fluoride: fumigant		2.0710sulfuryl halidefumigant insecticide
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.7330fluorescein isothiocyanate
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.1110D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dysprosium
Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.		2.9640f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
lanthanum
[no description available]		4.0740f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		10.58675d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.8230elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		2.0510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.5520metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
praseodymium
Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.		2.110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
promethium
Promethium: A radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pm, and atomic number 61. It has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a beta-particle source for thickness gauges.		2.0110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		2.4320manganese group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		2.110iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.7530f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
scandium
Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.		3.98120d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		4.0740manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		3.3160f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		2.4620actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.830titanium group element atom
actinium
Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.		3.1850actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
scandium group element atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		2.1110chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		4.77290f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		6.62630f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		3.0840copper group element atom;
elemental gold
holmium
Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.		2.0110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
ytterbium
Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.		2.9440f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		3.1550d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		2.7930titanium group element atom
phosphine
phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.		2.1510mononuclear parent hydride;
phosphanes;
phosphine		carcinogenic agent;
fumigant insecticide
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.2510calcium phosphate
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.1110dihydrogen
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		2.0610deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		2.4120
gallium chloride
gallium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.1510titanium oxidesfood colouring
fluorides
[no description available]		2.0610halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
osmium tetroxide
Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.		2.1310osmium coordination entityfixative;
histological dye;
oxidising agent;
poison
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		5.35120benzenes;
phenyl acetates
alovudine
[no description available]		2.0710pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		3.6990pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
acetylgalactosamine
Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.		2.5220N-acetyl-D-hexosamine;
N-acetylgalactosamine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		3.8121taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		2.0510beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		3.9321peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
Duxon: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.110
fluorodopa f 18
fluorodopa F 18: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.1510(18)F radiopharmaceutical;
6-fluoro-L-dopa
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.0120
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.0610adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.110trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
caloreen
caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.		2.0510
cyclen
cyclen: macrocyclic polyamine metal-complexing agent. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane : An azacycloalkane that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.4820azacycloalkane;
crown amine;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
cyclam
cyclam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.4820azacycloalkane;
crown amine;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
phosphoramidic acid
phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds		2.0310phosphoric acid derivative
omega-aminocaprylic acid
8-aminooctanoic acid : An omega-amino fatty acid that is octanoic acid which carries an amino group at position 8.		2.0410medium-chain fatty acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		human metabolite
naphthalimides
Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.		2.1310
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.48201,2,3-triazole
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		7.012802-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		2.25101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
biocytin
biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.		2.0710azabicycloalkane;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thiabicycloalkane;
ureas		mouse metabolite
d-aspartic acid
[no description available]		2.1510aspartic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid		mouse metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.0110iditolfungal metabolite
combretastatin
combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN		2.0210
yttrium radioisotopes
Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.		9.32386
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		4.63250oligopeptide
1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane
1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane: structure in first source		3.1550
ruthenium tetraoxide
ruthenium tetraoxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of Ru-O4		2.1310
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.4620fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetate
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate: RN refers to Na salt		3.1750
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		2.110fullerenegeroprotector
gefitinib
[no description available]		2.0210aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
3-tyr-octreotide
3-Tyr-octreotide: cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin; potent somatostatin agonist; RN given refers to (R-(R*,R*))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/90		2.0510
statine
statine: amine component of pepstatin; structure		2.110
1,4,7-triazacyclononane-n,n',n''-triacetic acid
1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid: structure given in first source		5.43180
n-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate
[no description available]		2.0710
4-aminophenylethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetic acid
4-aminophenylethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid: bifunctional chelating agent for radioimmunotherapy studies; structure in first source		2.0110
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0810hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
carbapenems
[no description available]		2.1110
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.2510amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diamsar chelate
diamsar chelate: structure given in first source; chelating agent, coordinate with metal being chelated		3.5820
vatalanib
[no description available]		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.5220oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
edotreotide
Edotreotide: DOTA - 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanetetracetic acid; structure given in first source; may be labelled with various radioisotopes		2.7330
gadolinium oxide
gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3		2.0810
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		2.0810chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
n-(2-amino-3-(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)propyl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-n,n',n',n'',n''-pentaacetic acid
N-(2-amino-3-(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)propyl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-N,N',N',N'',N''-pentaacetic acid: used for (111)Indium labeling of monoclonal antibodies; structure in J Chem Soc (Perkin 1) 1992:1173-8; RN given refers to ((1alpha(S*),2beta)-(+-))-isomer		2.7230
diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid
diethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid: structure given in first source		2.0110
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		4.06140biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		2.4420divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
alanyl-glutamyl-aspartyl-glycine
epithalamin: epiphysial polypeptoid extract		2.0610
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diacetic acid
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diacetic acid: structure in first source		2.0710
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.4720N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
elastin
[no description available]		2.110oligopeptide
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		2.0110heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
puromycin
[no description available]		2.7730puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
alpha-aminobutyric acid
alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.		2.0710alpha-aminobutyric acid;
D-alpha-amino acid
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.110cyclodextrin
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.110octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.4820stilbene
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		2.4110aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
tamoxifen
[no description available]		3.5311stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione
3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione: structure in first source		2.3110
quinine
[no description available]		2.3110cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-6-methyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-6-methyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid: a bifunctional chelating agent		2.4120
cystine
[no description available]		2.4620
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-phenylalanine
[no description available]		2.4820
phosphothreonine
Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.		2.0410L-threonine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
su 11248
[no description available]		2.4110monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
fosbretabulin
fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source		2.2510
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.0610carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		2.0710carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		3.1350metal atom;
pnictogen
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		5.7471boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.0310cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		3.570boron group element atom
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.7730cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
indium
[no description available]		3.3150
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		2.1110boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
strontium radioisotopes
Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.		2.0810
uroguanylin
uroguanylin: amino acid sequence given in first source; stimulates intestinal guanylate cyclase; GenBank Z83746 (pig)		2.0510
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		2.0310isoquinolines
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		4.580cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		3.5820carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.1110
everolimus
[no description available]		2.4110cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
tanespimycin
CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A		2.42201,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		2.4420gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
taxane
taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae		3.5110diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		2.0610oligopeptide
flag peptide
FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.		2.0410peptide
pasireotide
pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.		2.4720homodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		antineoplastic agent
ngr peptide
[no description available]		2.110
monomethyl auristatin e
[no description available]		2.0810
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		2.11101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
mdv 3100
[no description available]		2.0610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzamides;
imidazolidinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
thiocarbonyl compound		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.0810polypeptide
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		3.790
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.0410
echistatin
echistatin: 49 amino acid residues given in first source; from the venom of the viper Echis		2.0310
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		4.0640
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		2.0510
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.2110glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.11101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		2.0310
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		210
n,n'-bis(2-hydroxy-5-(ethylene-beta-carboxy)benzyl)ethylenediamine n,n'-diacetic acid
N,N'-bis(2-hydroxy-5-(ethylene-beta-carboxy)benzyl)ethylenediamine N,N'-diacetic acid: structure given in first source; a hexadentate ligand that chelates gallium; suitable for immunoscintigraphy with PET		2.830
chitosan
[no description available]		2.4110
15-amino-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid
15-amino-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid: structure in first source		2.0510
olaparib
[no description available]		2.1510cyclopropanes;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phthalazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		2.0510BODIPY compound
trelstar
Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.		2.1310
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		2.9940peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		4.1831
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		2.0810
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.0510benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.4620
gastrin-releasing peptide
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.		3.8830
lead radioisotopes
Lead Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.		4.7260
phthalocyanine
phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.		2.0810phthalocyanines;
tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.0810
psma-617
PSMA-617: inhibits prostate-specific membrane antigen; structure in first source		2.9430
dodecaborate
dodecaborate: RN given for disodium salt; structure in first source		2.4110
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		3.4111
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.0810
lutetium lu 177 dotatate
177Lu-DOTA-octreotate: an somatostatin receptor agonist		2.4520
exendin 3
exendin 3: from the gila monster lizard (Heloderma horridum); amino acid sequence given in first source		2.0510
68ga-dotanoc
68Ga-DOTANOC: a PET imaging compound specific to somatostatin receptors subtypes 2 and 5; no further info available 10/2005		3.1710
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.81100folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
arsenazo iii
Arsenazo III: Metallochrome indicator that changes color when complexed to the calcium ion under physiological conditions. It is used to measure local calcium ion concentrations in vivo.		2.0510
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.0510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.580
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.580
Infarct
[description not available]		02.610
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.2750
SAPHO Syndrome
[description not available]		02.920
Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome
Syndrome consisting of SYNOVITIS; ACNE CONGLOBATA; PALMOPLANTAR PUSTULOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; and OSTEITIS. The most common site of the disease is the upper anterior chest wall, characterized by predominantly osteosclerotic lesions, hyperostosis, and arthritis of the adjacent joints. The association of sterile inflammatory bone lesions and neutrophilic skin eruptions is indicative of this syndrome.		02.920
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		05.68161
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		04.4540
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		05.68161
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		112.16414
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.4110
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		14.4110
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		04.7461
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		04.7461
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		08.34324
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		08.34324
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.8630
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.4110
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.4110
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.4110
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		04.4160
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		04.4160
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4110
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.4110
Atheroma
[description not available]		02.830
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.4110
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.4110
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.4110
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.4110
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		06.76290
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.4110
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		06.76290
Angiosarcoma
[description not available]		02.4110
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4110
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.4110
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.4110
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.4110
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.8160
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		03.8160
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.4110
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.4110
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		03.8160
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		03.8160
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.4110
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).		02.4110
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		02.4110
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		02.4110
Fibromatosis
[description not available]		02.4110
Fibroma
A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.		02.4110
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		04.5890
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		04.5890
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		08.4184
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		08.4184
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		011.75833
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		011.75833
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid
A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)		02.4110
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		02.4110
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		04.21160
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		05.4131
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		04.21160
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		05.4131
Albright Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4110
Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.		02.4110
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.4110
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		02.4110
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.9640
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		06.8982
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.9640
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		06.8982
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		04.7290
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		04.7290
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		02.4110
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		02.4110
Parotiditis
[description not available]		02.920
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		03.3650
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		03.3340
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		06.18160
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		06.18160
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.5150
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		03.5150
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		09.57502
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		09.57502
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		03.5210
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		06.56171
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		03.5210
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		06.56171
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		03.0120
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic
[description not available]		02.610
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		03.0120
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.610
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		03.0120
Chloroma
[description not available]		02.610
Sarcoma, Myeloid
An extramedullary tumor of immature MYELOID CELLS or MYELOBLASTS. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		02.610
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.		02.610
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		02.610
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		02.610
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.610
Ganglioneuroblastoma
A moderately malignant neoplasm composed of primitive neuroectodermal cells dispersed in myxomatous or fibrous stroma intermixed with mature ganglion cells. It may undergo transformation into a neuroblastoma. It arises from the sympathetic trunk or less frequently from the adrenal medulla, cerebral cortex, and other locations. Cervical ganglioneuroblastomas may be associated with HORNER SYNDROME and the tumor may occasionally secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide, resulting in chronic diarrhea.		02.610
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		03.6990
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		03.6990
Rheumatism
[description not available]		02.610
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		02.610
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		02.5220
Ache
[description not available]		02.6920
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		02.6920
Cystosarcoma Phyllodes
[description not available]		02.610
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		02.5320
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		02.6920
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.610
Metastase
[description not available]		06.8893
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		06.8893
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.8930
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		03.6380
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.8930
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		03.6380
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.75100
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		03.1710
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		03.1710
Connective Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.1710
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		03.1710
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		06.62260
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.2510
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		02.2510
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.5520
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.5520
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		06.99150
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.7730
Infection
[description not available]		03.0610
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		03.0610
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		03.0610
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		03.0610
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.4920
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.52220
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.4920
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		03.6890
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4920
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.5220
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.26170
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1710
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.2110
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.		02.2110
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.2510
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage
[description not available]		02.2110
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.2110
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.4570
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.4920
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.4920
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		02.0810
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		02.0810
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		03.99130
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		03.99130
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.110
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		05.9691
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.110
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		05.9691
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.110
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).		02.110
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.110
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		02.110
Marfan Syndrome, Type I
[description not available]		02.110
Marfan Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.		02.110
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.110
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.1110
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.1110
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		04.1731
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		04.1731
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.1110
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.1110
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.1110
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		05.4170
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1110
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.1110
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		04.66100
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		04.66100
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		02.1110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.1310
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.520
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.1310
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.1310
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.520
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		04.4111
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		04.7821
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		04.7821
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		04.4111
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.1110
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.1110
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		02.1110
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		02.1310
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		02.1310
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		02.1310
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		02.1310
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		02.0510
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		02.0510
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		03.4311
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		03.4311
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.0510
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.0510
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.0510
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.4720
Micrometastases, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0610
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		02.4620
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		02.4620
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.0710
Cancer of Digestive System
[description not available]		02.9910
Digestive System Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.		02.9910
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.0710
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.0710
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.0710
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		03.8421
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		03.4611
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		02.0110
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.4120
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.4120
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		03.4111
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		03.4111
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.420
Epithelial Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4420
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.0310
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.0310
ATLL
[description not available]		02.0110
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		02.0110
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		03.3611
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		03.3611