Compounds > 5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester
Page last updated: 2024-12-11

5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester: structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6433083
CHEMBL ID1201784
CHEBI ID134892
SCHEMBL ID1070663
MeSH IDM0378672

Synonyms (28)

Synonym
CHEBI:134892
5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester
hexyl 5-amino-4-oxopentanoate
hexaminolevulinate
CHEMBL1201784
hexyl 5-aminolevulinate
g7h20tki67 ,
unii-g7h20tki67
pentanoic acid, 5-amino-4-oxo-, hexyl ester
140898-97-1
aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester
hexaminolevulinate [vandf]
hexaminolevulinate [mi]
hexaminolevulinate [who-dd]
5-amino-4-oxopentanoic acid hexyl ester
SCHEMBL1070663
RYQOILLJDKPETL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
DTXSID40161487 ,
4-hexyloxycarbonyl-2-oxobutylammoniumchloride
DB06261
5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl-ester
Q27095709
STARBLD0000848
EN300-7513846
hexvixr
hexyl(5-amino-4-oxopentanoat)-hydrochlorid
dtxcid9083978
hexaminolevulinato

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Between 41% and 58% of the patients had at least 1 adverse event (AE), although predominantly mild to moderate."( Safety of hexaminolevulinate for blue light cystoscopy in bladder cancer. A combined analysis of the trials used for registration and postmarketing data.
Chang, SS; Gomella, LG; Grossman, HB; Stenzl, A; Witjes, JA; Zaak, D, 2014)		0.4
"This combined and detailed analysis of patients from 6 HAL-BLC studies with very comparable criteria shows that HAL-BLC is safe and poses very little additional risks other than expected for WL cystoscopy for bladder tumor resection in this specific patient population."( Safety of hexaminolevulinate for blue light cystoscopy in bladder cancer. A combined analysis of the trials used for registration and postmarketing data.
Chang, SS; Gomella, LG; Grossman, HB; Stenzl, A; Witjes, JA; Zaak, D, 2014)		0.4
" None of the 12 adverse events during surveillance were serious."( Efficacy and Safety of Blue Light Flexible Cystoscopy with Hexaminolevulinate in the Surveillance of Bladder Cancer: A Phase III, Comparative, Multicenter Study.
Bivalacqua, T; Daneshmand, S; DeCastro, J; Downs, T; Huang, W; Jones, J; Jones, JS; Kamat, A; Konety, B; Lotan, Y; O'Donnell, M; Patel, S; Pohar, K; Resnick, M; Schoenberg, M; Steinberg, G; Trabulsi, E; Woods, M, 2018)		0.48
"Office based blue light flexible cystoscopy significantly improves the detection of patients with recurrent bladder cancer and it is safe when used for surveillance."( Efficacy and Safety of Blue Light Flexible Cystoscopy with Hexaminolevulinate in the Surveillance of Bladder Cancer: A Phase III, Comparative, Multicenter Study.
Bivalacqua, T; Daneshmand, S; DeCastro, J; Downs, T; Huang, W; Jones, J; Jones, JS; Kamat, A; Konety, B; Lotan, Y; O'Donnell, M; Patel, S; Pohar, K; Resnick, M; Schoenberg, M; Steinberg, G; Trabulsi, E; Woods, M, 2018)		0.48
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded, and the safety of repeat use of HAL was determined by comparing the proportion of patients with AEs considered causally related to HAL in the surveillance examination compared to the OR examination."( Safety of repeat blue light cystoscopy with hexaminolevulinate (HAL) in the management of bladder cancer: Results from a phase III, comparative, multi-center study.
Bivalacqua, TJ; Daneshmand, S; DeCastro, J; Downs, T; Huang, WC; Jones, J; Jones, JS; Kamat, AM; Konety, B; Lotan, Y; O'Donnell, M; Patel, S; Pohar, KS; Resnick, MJ; Schoenberg, M; Steinberg, G; Taylor, J; Trabulsi, E; Woods, M, 2022)		0.72
"Repeat use of HAL is safe even when administered within a few weeks of receiving a dose of intravesical therapy."( Safety of repeat blue light cystoscopy with hexaminolevulinate (HAL) in the management of bladder cancer: Results from a phase III, comparative, multi-center study.
Bivalacqua, TJ; Daneshmand, S; DeCastro, J; Downs, T; Huang, WC; Jones, J; Jones, JS; Kamat, AM; Konety, B; Lotan, Y; O'Donnell, M; Patel, S; Pohar, KS; Resnick, MJ; Schoenberg, M; Steinberg, G; Taylor, J; Trabulsi, E; Woods, M, 2022)		0.72

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" An approach to improve the bioavailability of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is the use of ALA derivatives instead of ALA."( Topical application of ALA and ALA hexyl ester on a subcutaneous murine mammary adenocarcinoma: tissue distribution.
Batlle, A; Casas, A; Fukuda, H; Perotti, C; Sacca, P, 2003)		0.32
" Hexaminolevulinate should ideally be confined to the bladder only, but it is likely that some absorption occurs during administration, and therefore the systemic bioavailability is of interest."( Determination of the bioavailability of [14C]-hexaminolevulinate using accelerator mass spectrometry after intravesical administration to human volunteers.
de Vries, DE; Garner, RC; Klem, B; Lappin, G; Nicholson, S; Oosterhuis, B; van de Wetering, J, 2006)		0.33
" However, in the case of deep, nodular-ulcerative lesions, the complete response rates are lower, possibly related to a lower bioavailability of PpIX."( Comparison of ALA- and ALA hexyl-ester-induced PpIX depth distribution in human skin carcinoma.
Ballini, JP; Dögnitz, N; Gabrecht, T; Lange, N; Salomon, D; van den Bergh, H; Wagnières, G; Zellweger, M, 2008)		0.35
" However, the effectiveness of ALA-PDT is limited by the relatively poor bioavailability of ALA and rapid conversion of PpIX to haem."( Hydroxypyridinone and 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy.
Battah, S; Dobbin, PS; Hider, RC; MacRobert, AJ; Zhou, T, 2017)		0.46
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
organonitrogen compoundAny heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
organooxygen compoundAn organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (12)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1481973Phototoxicity in human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability preincubated for 4 hrs followed by irradiation with blue light at 2.5 J/cm2 and subsequent incubation for 18 hrs measured after 24 hrs post treatment by MTT assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-27, Volume: 60, Issue:8
Hydroxypyridinone and 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy.
AID1589820Photodynamic anticancer activity against rat AY27 cells assessed as cell death at 0.5 uM incubated for 2 hrs followed by 10 mW/cm2 laser light irradiation for 30 mins and measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 29, Issue:12
Singlet oxygen-activatable Paclitaxel prodrugs via intermolecular activation for combined PDT and chemotherapy.
AID1481978Potency index, ratio of ALA LD80 to test compound LD80 for phototoxicity against human CNE2 cells2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-27, Volume: 60, Issue:8
Hydroxypyridinone and 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy.
AID519388Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli K-12 assessed as reduction in microbial viability incubated at 10 mM followed by irradiation at 120 J.cm2 light2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Effects on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria mediated by 5-aminolevulinic Acid and 5-aminolevulinic acid derivatives.
AID1481974Phototoxicity in human doxorubicin resistant MCF7/R cells assessed as reduction in cell viability preincubated for 4 hrs followed by irradiation with blue light at 2.5 J/cm2 and subsequent incubation for 18 hrs measured after 24 hrs post treatment by MTT 2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-27, Volume: 60, Issue:8
Hydroxypyridinone and 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy.
AID1481977Phototoxicity in human CNE2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability preincubated for 4 hrs followed by irradiation with 4 J/cm2 light dose measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-27, Volume: 60, Issue:8
Hydroxypyridinone and 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy.
AID1481972Phototoxicity in human KB cells assessed as reduction in cell viability preincubated for 4 hrs followed by irradiation with blue light at 2.5 J/cm2 and subsequent incubation for 18 hrs measured after 24 hrs post treatment by MTT assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-27, Volume: 60, Issue:8
Hydroxypyridinone and 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy.
AID1481980Dark toxicity against human KB cells assessed as cell survival at 100 uM after 4 hrs by MTT assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-27, Volume: 60, Issue:8
Hydroxypyridinone and 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy.
AID1589819Drug localization in mitochondria of rat AY27 cells at 0.5 uM assessed as protoporphyrin IX level after 2 hrs by Mitotracker deep Red staining-based confocal fluorescence microscopic method2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 29, Issue:12
Singlet oxygen-activatable Paclitaxel prodrugs via intermolecular activation for combined PDT and chemotherapy.
AID519387Induction of photoactive porphyrins in Escherichia coli K-12 at 10 mM exposed to irradiation at 120 J.cm2 light by HPLC2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4
Effects on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria mediated by 5-aminolevulinic Acid and 5-aminolevulinic acid derivatives.
AID1481993Dark toxicity against human KB cells preincubated for 4 hrs followed by compound washout measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-27, Volume: 60, Issue:8
Hydroxypyridinone and 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy.
AID1481966Drug metabolism in human KB cells assessed as formation of protoporphyrin 9 after 2 to 24 hrs by fluorescence spectrometer2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-27, Volume: 60, Issue:8
Hydroxypyridinone and 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (202)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901 (0.50)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's67 (33.17)29.6817
2010's113 (55.94)24.3611
2020's21 (10.40)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 11.42

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index11.42 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.49 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.91 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (11.42)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials35 (16.91%)5.53%
Reviews29 (14.01%)6.00%
Case Studies2 (0.97%)4.05%
Observational5 (2.42%)0.25%
Other136 (65.70%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		18.67202364-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.0410aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.0610indolesfluorochrome
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.4110conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
hypericin
[no description available]		3.5520
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		2.110aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		13.97382
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		6.0742mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		210ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		3.8521alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.0610pyrrolidin-2-ones
sulfan blue
sulfan blue: widely used to visualize lymph vessels for lymphography; structure		3.4211organic molecular entity
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		3.5520ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.06101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		3.4211
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		3.1810pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.15102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.2110taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		3.1810organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0610organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
methotrexate
[no description available]		3.1810dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
methyl 5-aminolevulinate
methyl 5-aminolevulinate: esterified form of aminolevulinic acid used as PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY. methyl 5-aminolevulinate : The methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application (often as the hydrochloride salt) results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.		7.54115delta-amino acid esterantineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.1310cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		3.1810acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.9540
chitosan
[no description available]		3.4211
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		3.4211
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		2.7220
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		2.0310
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		3.4211
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
HPV Infection
[description not available]		07.1543
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		011.11225
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		07.8595
High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion
[description not available]		04.7211
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
A cytological test finding that shows abnormal lesions of SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL cells.		04.7211
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		011.11225
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		07.8595
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		07.1543
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		017.512729
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		017.512729
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		07.49120
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		015.245419
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		05.9181
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		05.9181
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		06.371
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		02.7530
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		02.7530
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		03.6830
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		03.6830
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		011.45253
Acne
[description not available]		02.4110
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		02.4110
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		010.62223
Pain, Procedural
Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.		04.5111
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		04.5111
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		02.0810
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		02.0810
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		02.0810
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		08.4182
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		03.4811
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		03.4811
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.4811
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		15.4811
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.110
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		03.3160
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		02.7730
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.110
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		03.3160
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		02.7730
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.110
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.110
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.4420
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		02.4420
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		07.9784
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		19.9784
Ache
[description not available]		03.5111
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		04.4222
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		03.5111
Actinic Keratosis
[description not available]		04.8521
Keratosis, Actinic
White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.		04.8521
Recrudescence
[description not available]		04.7132
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.9740
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.9740
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.0410
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.4620
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		07.0410
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.4620
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.2960
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		02.0410
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.1350
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		02.0410
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.1350
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		02.0510
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		05.6921
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		05.4360
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		05.4360
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.0510
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.0510
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		02.0510
Cancer of Salivary Gland
[description not available]		02.0510
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.0510
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.		02.0510
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.4720
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4420
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.4720
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.0610
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.0610
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.0610
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.0610
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.0610
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.0610
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.0710
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.0710
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		05.4360
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		05.4360
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		03.4711
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0710
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4420
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell
Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.		02.0710
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.0110
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.0110
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.0110
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.0110
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0110
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.0110
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		02.0110
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		02.0110
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.0210
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.0210
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.9310
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.9310
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.9310
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.9310
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		05.2750
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.9310
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		02.0210
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		02.0210
Metastase
[description not available]		02.0310
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.0310
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0310
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		02.0310
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.0310
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.0310
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		02.0310
Emesis
[description not available]		02.0310
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.0310
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		02.0310
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.0310
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.0310
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.0310
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.4420
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		02.4420
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.0310
Barrett Epithelium
[description not available]		03.4211
Barrett Esophagus
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.		03.4211
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0410
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		03.4211
Itching
[description not available]		03.4211
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		03.4211
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		03.4211
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic
[description not available]		02.9510
As If Personality
[description not available]		01.9210
B-Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		0210
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		0210
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		0210
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		0210
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		0210
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		0210
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		0210