Compounds > laquinimod
Page last updated: 2024-11-13

laquinimod

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Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID54677946
CHEMBL ID66092
CHEBI ID134738
SCHEMBL ID39441
SCHEMBL ID39440
MeSH IDM0452523

Synonyms (58)

Synonym
HY-13010
abr-215062
laquinimod ,
abr215062
abr 215062
CHEBI:134738
abr-215062 free acid
tv-5600 free acid
CHEMBL66092
AKOS005146322
248281-84-7
3-quinolinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-n-ethyl-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-n-phenyl-
908sy76s4g ,
5-chloro-n-ethyl-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-n-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide
n-ethyl-n-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-5-chloro-1-methyl-2-oxoquinoline-3-carboxamide
laquinimod [inn]
unii-908sy76s4g
n-ethyl-n-phenyl-5-chloro-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxoquinoline-3-carboxamide
BCP9000840
CS-0839
laquinimod,abr-215062
BCP0726000056
laquinimod pound notabr215062
NCGC00346701-01
PB32648
5-chloro-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-n-ethyl-n-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide
laquinimod [who-dd]
laquinimod [mi]
S2787
laquinimod,5-chloro-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl-phenyl-amide
gtpl7639
n-ethyl-n-phenyl-5-chloro-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxamide
GKWPCEFFIHSJOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
MLS006010210
MLS006010286
smr004701305
SCHEMBL39441
SCHEMBL39440
laquinimod (abr-215062)
5-chloro-n-ethyl-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-n-phenylquinoline-3-carboxamide
FT-0698088
DTXSID30179536
AKOS025395670
J-521632
EX-A079
5-chloro-n-et-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-n-ph-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide
HMS3656N08
civentichem cv-4057
SW220142-1
abr-215062 (laquinimod)
DB06685
BCP04521
Q3487584
mfcd08689859
BS-16743
AMY6804
CCG-268120
NCGC00346701-07

Research Excerpts

Overview

Lquinimod is a quinoline-3-carboxamide and a novel oral immunomodulatory compound in clinical use. The drug is an anti-inflammatory agent with good central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability, and neuroprotective and myelorestorative properties.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Laquinimod is a quinoline-3-carboxamide and a novel oral immunomodulatory compound in clinical use."( Laquinimod Mitigated IL-1β-Induced Impairment of the Cartilage Extracellular Matrix in Human ATDC5 Chondrocytes.
Dan, F; Ruan, W; Xie, P; Yu, G; Yu, H, 2020)		2.72
"Laquinimod is a drug developed for the treatment of MS known to activate AHR, but the cellular targets of laquinimod are still not completely known."( Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation in Astrocytes by Laquinimod Ameliorates Autoimmune Inflammation in the CNS.
Alves de Lima, K; Borucki, DM; Chao, CC; Kaye, J; Kenison, JE; Li, Z; Quintana, FJ; Rothhammer, V; Takenaka, MC; Tjon, E, 2021)		1.59
"Laquinimod is an anti-inflammatory agent with good central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability, and neuroprotective and myelorestorative properties. "( Laquinimod has no effects on brain volume or cellular CNS composition in the F1 3xTg-AD/C3H mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Cutter, GR; Fu, M; Hayardeny, L; Hussain, RZ; Jaramillo, TC; Lambracht-Washington, D; Miller-Little, WA; Powell, CM; Rosenberg, RN; Stüve, O; Takahashi, M; Zhang, S, 2017)		3.34
"Laquinimod is an orally administered immunomodulatory substance currently under development for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and HD."( Laquinimod treatment in the R6/2 mouse model.
Blusch, A; Brunner, J; Ellrichmann, G; Fatoba, O; Gold, R; Hayardeny, L; Hayden, M; Reick, C; Saft, C; Sehr, D; Winklhofer, KF, 2017)		2.62
"Laquinimod is an oral immunomodulator in clinical development to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). "( Safety and in vivo immune assessment of escalating doses of oral laquinimod in patients with RRMS.
Bar-Ilan, O; Hayardeny, L; Mimrod, D; Paul, F; Richter, N; Samara, E; Sehr, T; Sorani, E; Spiegelstein, O; Thomas, K; Tumani, H; Ziemssen, T, 2017)		2.14
"Laquinimod is an immunomodulatory drug under clinical investigation for the treatment of the progressive form of multiple sclerosis (MS) with both anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. "( Laquinimod ameliorates excitotoxic damage by regulating glutamate re-uptake.
Bullitta, S; Centonze, D; De Vito, F; Fresegna, D; Gentile, A; Mandolesi, G; Musella, A; Rizzo, FR, 2018)		3.37
"Laquinimod is an orally dosed immuno-modulator currently under development for Huntington's disease (HD). "( The effect of laquinimod, a novel immuno-modulator in development to treat Huntington disease, on the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in healthy young women.
Bar-Ilan, O; Dror, V; Elgart, A; Korver, T; Mimrod, D; Spiegelstein, O; Zur, AA, 2019)		2.32
"Laquinimod is an orally administered compound that is under investigation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. "( Modulation of dendritic cell properties by laquinimod as a mechanism for modulating multiple sclerosis.
Furlan, R; Hubo, M; Jolivel, V; Jonuleit, H; Klebow, S; Kraus, SH; Luessi, F; Masri, J; Paterka, M; Poisa-Beiro, L; Siffrin, V; Tumani, H; Waisman, A; Yogev, N; Zipp, F, 2013)		2.1
"Laquinimod is a novel orally active agent with immunomodulatory properties that was shown to be effective in suppressing disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. "( Assessment of changes in immune measures of multiple sclerosis patients treated with laquinimod.
Barilan, O; Gilmore, W; Hayardeny, L; Kelland, EE; Lund, BT; Weiner, LP, 2013)		2.06
"Laquinimod is a new orally administered synthetic drug designed as an immunomodulator. "( Review of laquinimod and its therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis.
Gold, R; Thöne, J, 2013)		2.23
"Laquinimod is a novel oral drug that is currently being evaluated for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). "( Laquinimod, an up-and-coming immunomodulatory agent for treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Schulze-Topphoff, U; Varrin-Doyer, M; Zamvil, SS, 2014)		3.29
"Laquinimod is an immunomodulatory drug with neuroprotective potential. "( Laquinimod exerts strong clinical and immunomodulatory effects in Lewis rat experimental autoimmune neuritis.
Ambrosius, B; Gold, R; Hayardeny, L; Hayden, M; Pitarokoili, K; Schrewe, L, 2014)		3.29
"Laquinimod is a novel oral immunomodulatory drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). "( Effects of the anti-multiple sclerosis immunomodulator laquinimod on anxiety and depression in rodent behavioral models.
Amit, BH; Gil-Ad, I; Gueta, RU; Hayardeni, L; Taler, M; Tarasenko, I; Weizman, A, 2015)		2.11
"Laquinimod is an orally active immunomodulatory small molecule that has shown clear clinical benefit in trials for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and in experimental rodent models that emulate multiple sclerosis (MS). "( In vitro assessment of the direct effect of laquinimod on basic functions of human neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.
Gilmore, W; Hayardeny, L; Kelland, EE; Lund, BT; Weiner, LP, 2014)		2.11
"Laquinimod is an oral therapeutic agent under investigation for the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD), Huntington's disease, lupus nephritis and multiple sclerosis. "( A phase II study of laquinimod in Crohn's disease.
Barkay, H; Brown, K; Colombel, JF; D'Haens, G; Feagan, BG; Haviv, A; Rutgeerts, P; Sakov, A; Sandborn, WJ, 2015)		2.18
"Laquinimod, is a potential oral immunomodulatory drug, for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). "( The role of laquinimod in modulation of the immune response in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Lessons from gene expression signatures.
Achiron, A; Gurevich, M; Hayardeny, L; Zilkha-Falb, R, 2015)		2.24
"Laquinimod (ABR-215062) is an oral immunomodulatory agent developed for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). "( Laquinimod (ABR-215062) for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis.
Constantinescu, CS; Constantinescu, SE, 2016)		3.32
"Laquinimod is an orally active immunomodulator that down-regulates proinflammatory cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and in the brain down-regulates astrocytic and microglial activation by modulating NFκB signalling."( Laquinimod dampens hyperactive cytokine production in Huntington's disease patient myeloid cells.
Dobson, L; Farmer, R; Hayardeny, L; Hayden, MR; Loupe, P; Tabrizi, SJ; Träger, U, 2016)		2.6
"Laquinimod (ABR-215062) is a new orally available carboxamide derivative, which is currently developed for relapsing remitting (RR) and chronic progressive (CP) forms of multiple sclerosis (MS; RRMS or CPMS) as well as neurodegenerative diseases. "( Laquinimod in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review of the data so far.
Linker, RA; Thöne, J, 2016)		3.32
"Laquinimod is a new once-daily oral administrable agent, which is under investigation in a phase 3 clinical trial for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and in a phase 2 clinical trial for primary progressive MS (PPMS)."( Laquinimod in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.
Hainke, U; Thomas, K; Ziemssen, T, 2016)		3.32
"Laquinimod is a first in class oral agent with high potential to reduce disease progression in RRMS and PPMS. "( Laquinimod in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.
Hainke, U; Thomas, K; Ziemssen, T, 2016)		3.32
"Laquinimod is an immunomodulatory compound that has shown neuroprotective benefits in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis. "( Laquinimod decreases Bax expression and reduces caspase-6 activation in neurons.
Caron, NS; Deng, Y; Ehrnhoefer, DE; Hayden, MR; Qiu, X; Tsang, M, 2016)		3.32
"Laquinimod is an oral drug currently being evaluated for the treatment of relapsing, remitting, and primary progressive multiple sclerosis and Huntington's disease. "( Laquinimod arrests experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
Amit-Romach, E; Ator, MA; Birnberg, T; Caballero, IS; Grossman, I; Hayden, MR; Hingaly, T; Kashi, R; Kaye, J; Knappertz, V; Laifenfeld, D; Laufer, R; Marantz, Y; Orbach, A; Piryatinsky, V; Raymond, E; Rubinstein, E; Shinar, D; Towfic, F, 2016)		3.32
"Laquinimod is a quinoline carboxamide showing structural similarities with kynurenic acid, which proved to have beneficial effects on reduction of brain atrophy and disability progression."( Kynurenine System and Multiple Sclerosis, Pathomechanism and Drug Targets with An Emphasis on Laquinimod.
Annus, A; Majlath, Z; Vecsei, L, 2018)		1.42
"Laquinimod is a new quinolonecarboxamide that has demonstrated efficacy in animal models of several autoimmune diseases, including MS. "( Oral laquinimod therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis.
Preiningerova, J, 2009)		2.31
"Laquinimod is a novel, orally administered immunomodulator that has advanced to the pre-submission stage and may become an alternative to the current injectable first-line treatments for relapsing MS."( Oral laquinimod therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis.
Preiningerova, J, 2009)		2.31
"Laquinimod (LAQ) is a new immunomodulatory drug shown to be effective in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS); however, its molecular target pathways are not well recognized. "( Laquinimod suppress antigen presentation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: in-vitro high-throughput gene expression study.
Achiron, A; Feldman, A; Gritzman, T; Gurevich, M; Orbach, R; Tuller, T, 2010)		3.25
"Laquinimod is a new quinolone-carboxamide that has shown efficacy in various animal models of autoimmune disease, including MS. "( Oral laquinimod treatment in multiple sclerosis.
Fernández, O, 2011)		2.33
"Laquinimod is a novel, orally administered immunomodulator that has advanced to phase III study, a pre-submission stage to the regulatory agencies, and may become an alternative to the current injectable first-line treatments for RRMS."( Oral laquinimod treatment in multiple sclerosis.
Fernández, O, 2011)		2.33
"Laquinimod is a promising new orally administered substance which has demonstrated beneficial effects in placebo-controlled trials in patients with RRMS and is currently under investigation in two global Phase III trials."( Laquinimod: a promising oral medication for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Gold, R; Thöne, J, 2011)		2.53
"Laquinimod is a small, novel, orally active, well-tolerated molecule that significantly reduced gadolinium-enhancing lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). "( Insight into the mechanism of laquinimod action.
Brück, W; Wegner, C, 2011)		2.1
"Laquinimod is a novel, orally administered immune-modulatory molecule in advanced phase clinical trials in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. "( Laquinimod in multiple sclerosis.
Bar-Or, A; Giacomini, PS, 2012)		3.26
"Laquinimod is a promising, orally available compound that has been successfully evaluated in placebo-controlled phase II/III studies of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). "( Modulation of autoimmune demyelination by laquinimod via induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
Comi, G; Conrad, R; Ellrichmann, G; Gold, R; Hayardeny, L; Lee, DH; Linker, RA; Peruga, I; Seubert, S; Thöne, J; Wiese, S, 2012)		2.09
"Laquinimod is a novel oral drug that is currently being evaluated for the treatment of relapsing-remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS). "( Laquinimod, a quinoline-3-carboxamide, induces type II myeloid cells that modulate central nervous system autoimmunity.
Molnarfi, N; Nelson, PA; Sagan, SA; Schulze-Topphoff, U; Shetty, A; Sobel, RA; Varrin-Doyer, M; Zamvil, SS, 2012)		3.26
"Laquinimod is a novel, small, orally administered medication that has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. "( Laquinimod, a once-daily oral drug in development for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Brück, W; Zamvil, SS, 2012)		3.26
"Laquinimod is an orally active molecule that showed efficacy in clinical trials in multiple sclerosis. "( Oral treatment with laquinimod augments regulatory T-cells and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and reduces injury in the CNS of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Aharoni, R; Arnon, R; Eilam, R; Hayardeny, L; Saada, R; Sela, M, 2012)		2.15
"Laquinimod (LAQ) is a new oral immunomodulatory compound that reduces relapse rate, brain atrophy and disability progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). "( Reduced astrocytic NF-κB activation by laquinimod protects from cuprizone-induced demyelination.
Brakelmann, L; Brück, W; Hagemeier, K; Hanisch, UK; Hayardeny, L; John, GR; Kramann, N; Kuhlmann, T; Pförtner, R; Pham, T; Piryatinsky, V; Regen, T; Stadelmann, C; van Rossum, D; Wegner, C; Zhang, J, 2012)		2.09
"Laquinimod is an orally administered drug under development for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), lacking a fully elucidated mode of action. "( Laquinimod modulates B cells and their regulatory effects on T cells in multiple sclerosis.
Hayardeny, L; Melamed, D; Miller, A; Nussbaum, S; Snir, A; Staun-Ram, E; Toubi, E, 2012)		3.26
"Laquinimod is an immunomodulator that is currently in clinical trials. "( Determination of laquinimod in plasma by coupled-column liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection.
Edman, K; Eriksson, B; Gunnarsson, PO; Svensson, L, 2003)		2.1
"Laquinimod is a novel immunomodulatory substance developed as an orally available disease modifying treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS). "( Treatment with laquinimod reduces development of active MRI lesions in relapsing MS.
Barkhof, F; Linde, A; Nederman, T; Nordle, O; Polman, C; Sandberg-Wollheim, M, 2005)		2.12
"Laquinimod is a novel oral immunomodulatory substance, which is currently developed for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). "( Inhibition of the development of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by laquinimod (ABR-215062) in IFN-beta k.o. and wild type mice.
Axelsson, B; Leanderson, T; Ohlsson, L; Runström, A, 2006)		2
"Laquinimod (ABR-215062) is a synthetic compound currently undergoing clinical development for oral treatment of multiple sclerosis. "( Determination of the immunomodulator laquinimod in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry; development, validation and application of two methods in clinical pharmacokinetic profiling.
Edman, K; Gunnarsson, PO; Hansson, G; Olin, M; Sennbro, CJ; Svensson, LD, 2006)		2.05

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Laquinimod was shown to inhibit both disease development and histopathological changes in the CNS."( Inhibition of the development of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by laquinimod (ABR-215062) in IFN-beta k.o. and wild type mice.
Axelsson, B; Leanderson, T; Ohlsson, L; Runström, A, 2006)		1.28

Treatment

Laquimod was associated with reduced numbers of monocyte/macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. Laquinimod treatment restored BDNF expression to its level in healthy controls. Treatment ameliorated spontaneous colitis in mice.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Laquinimod-treated patients showed more abnormal laboratory levels in liver enzymes, P-amylase, C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen, but most shifts were clinically non-significant."( Safety and in vivo immune assessment of escalating doses of oral laquinimod in patients with RRMS.
Bar-Ilan, O; Hayardeny, L; Mimrod, D; Paul, F; Richter, N; Samara, E; Sehr, T; Sorani, E; Spiegelstein, O; Thomas, K; Tumani, H; Ziemssen, T, 2017)		1.41
"In laquinimod-treated patients with multiple sclerosis we consistently found reduced chemokine and cytokine secretion by conventional CD1c+ dendritic cells upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation."( Modulation of dendritic cell properties by laquinimod as a mechanism for modulating multiple sclerosis.
Furlan, R; Hubo, M; Jolivel, V; Jonuleit, H; Klebow, S; Kraus, SH; Luessi, F; Masri, J; Paterka, M; Poisa-Beiro, L; Siffrin, V; Tumani, H; Waisman, A; Yogev, N; Zipp, F, 2013)		1.17
"Laquinimod treatment was associated with reduced numbers of monocyte/macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes, as well as with induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in spleens and kidneys."( Laquinimod delays and suppresses nephritis in lupus-prone mice and affects both myeloid and lymphoid immune cells.
Hahn, BH; Lourenço, EV; Palma-Diaz, MF; Skaggs, BJ; Wong, M, 2014)		2.57
"Laquinimod treatment was associated with an excellent safety and tolerability profile."( Laquinimod, an up-and-coming immunomodulatory agent for treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Schulze-Topphoff, U; Varrin-Doyer, M; Zamvil, SS, 2014)		2.57
"Laquinimod treatment ameliorated spontaneous colitis in Il10(-/-) mice, which was associated with decreased T-cell-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines. "( Laquinimod ameliorates spontaneous colitis in interleukin-10-gene-deficient mice with improved barrier function.
Dong, J; Gong, J; Li, J; Li, Y; Shen, X; Sun, J; Wang, H; Zhao, J; Zhu, W; Zuo, L, 2015)		3.3
"Oral laquinimod treatment reversed established RR-EAE and was associated with reduced central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, decreased Th1 and Th17 responses, and an increase in regulatory T cells (Treg)."( Laquinimod, a quinoline-3-carboxamide, induces type II myeloid cells that modulate central nervous system autoimmunity.
Molnarfi, N; Nelson, PA; Sagan, SA; Schulze-Topphoff, U; Shetty, A; Sobel, RA; Varrin-Doyer, M; Zamvil, SS, 2012)		2.28
"Laquinimod treatment restored BDNF expression to its level in healthy controls."( Oral treatment with laquinimod augments regulatory T-cells and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and reduces injury in the CNS of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Aharoni, R; Arnon, R; Eilam, R; Hayardeny, L; Saada, R; Sela, M, 2012)		1.42
"Treatment with laquinimod 0.5 mg showed consistent effects on remission (48.3% (CI 31% to 66%) vs 15.9% (CI 9% to 27%)), response 100 (55.2% (CI 37% to 71%) vs 31.7% (CI 22% to 44%)) and response 70 (62.1% (CI 44% to 77%) vs 34.9% (CI 24% to 47%)) versus placebo."( A phase II study of laquinimod in Crohn's disease.
Barkay, H; Brown, K; Colombel, JF; D'Haens, G; Feagan, BG; Haviv, A; Rutgeerts, P; Sakov, A; Sandborn, WJ, 2015)		1.08
"Treatment with laquinimod for 6 months rescued atrophy in the striatum, in certain cortical regions, and in the corpus callosum of YAC128 HD mice."( Laquinimod rescues striatal, cortical and white matter pathology and results in modest behavioural improvements in the YAC128 model of Huntington disease.
Caron, NS; Chuang, KH; Franciosi, S; Garcia-Miralles, M; Hayardeny, L; Hayden, MR; Hong, X; Huang, Y; Lin, RY; Papapetropoulos, S; Pouladi, MA; Tan, LJ; To, XV, 2016)		2.22
"Treatment with laquinimod resulted in a significant and persistent increase in BDNF serum levels of MS patients when compared to baseline and placebo-treated patients."( Modulation of autoimmune demyelination by laquinimod via induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
Comi, G; Conrad, R; Ellrichmann, G; Gold, R; Hayardeny, L; Lee, DH; Linker, RA; Peruga, I; Seubert, S; Thöne, J; Wiese, S, 2012)		0.98
"Treatment with laquinimod as compared with placebo was associated with a modest reduction in the mean (±SE) annualized relapse rate (0.30±0.02 vs. "( Placebo-controlled trial of oral laquinimod for multiple sclerosis.
Boyko, A; Comi, G; Filippi, M; Jeffery, D; Kappos, L; Montalban, X; Rocca, MA, 2012)		1.01

Toxicity

The most effective and safe dose of laquinimod for patients with multiple sclerosis may be 0.5 mg.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" One serious adverse event (SAE) of perichondritis was reported, which was unrelated to laquinimod (0."( Safety and in vivo immune assessment of escalating doses of oral laquinimod in patients with RRMS.
Bar-Ilan, O; Hayardeny, L; Mimrod, D; Paul, F; Richter, N; Samara, E; Sehr, T; Sorani, E; Spiegelstein, O; Thomas, K; Tumani, H; Ziemssen, T, 2017)		0.92
" Risk of adverse events: The risk of diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, and all adverse events did not significantly increase (p > 0."( The effects and side effects of laquinimod for the treatment of multiple sclerosis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.
Abbastabar, H; Bitarafan, S; Harirchian, MH; Mohammadpour, Z; Noureini, SK; Rouhi, F, 2020)		0.84

Pharmacokinetics

The combination of COC and laquinimod treatment was found to be safe, tolerable, and devoid of any noticeable pharmacokinetic interaction. These results indicate that coadministration of laquimod with moderate to strong inhibitors of CYP3A or strong inducers of CYC3A may give rise to significant drug interactions.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In conclusion, our developed methods were found to be selective, sensitive, robust and suitable for applications in clinical pharmacokinetic profiling."( Determination of the immunomodulator laquinimod in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry; development, validation and application of two methods in clinical pharmacokinetic profiling.
Edman, K; Gunnarsson, PO; Hansson, G; Olin, M; Sennbro, CJ; Svensson, LD, 2006)		0.61
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic profiling of laquinimod, EE and LNG were collected on day 21 and day 22 of Cycles 1 and 3 pre-dose and multiple times post-dose."( The effect of laquinimod, a novel immuno-modulator in development to treat Huntington disease, on the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in healthy young women.
Bar-Ilan, O; Dror, V; Elgart, A; Korver, T; Mimrod, D; Spiegelstein, O; Zur, AA, 2019)		1.13
"The combination of COC and laquinimod treatment was found to be safe, tolerable, and devoid of any noticeable pharmacokinetic interaction."( The effect of laquinimod, a novel immuno-modulator in development to treat Huntington disease, on the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in healthy young women.
Bar-Ilan, O; Dror, V; Elgart, A; Korver, T; Mimrod, D; Spiegelstein, O; Zur, AA, 2019)		1.17
" These results indicate that coadministration of laquinimod with moderate to strong inhibitors of CYP3A or strong inducers of CYP3A may give rise to significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions."( The Effect of CYP3A Induction and Inhibition on the Pharmacokinetics of Laquinimod, a Novel Neuroimmunomodulator.
Elgart, A; Greenblatt, DJ; Loupe, PS; Mimrod, D; Spiegelstein, O; Weiss, S; Zur, AA, 2020)		1.04

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

Laquinimod is an orally dosed immuno-modulator currently under development for Huntington's disease (HD) To determine the drug-drug interaction potential, interaction assessments were conducted in healthy volunteers.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Phase II studies in relapsing MS demonstrate a dose-response effect on disease activity, measured by number of active lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging, and show favorable tolerability and safety based on clinical and laboratory indicators."( Oral laquinimod therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis.
Preiningerova, J, 2009)		0.87
" Phase II studies in RRMS demonstrate a dose-response effect on disease activity, measured by the number of active lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging, and show favourable tolerability and safety based on clinical and laboratory indicators."( Oral laquinimod treatment in multiple sclerosis.
Fernández, O, 2011)		0.88
" Further studies are necessary to evaluate both neuroprotective efficacy and optimal dosage of laquinimod in more detail."( Review of laquinimod and its therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis.
Gold, R; Thöne, J, 2013)		1.01
" New information about cardiovascular events is prompting the discontinuation of higher dosing regimens in both ongoing trials."( Laquinimod in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.
Hainke, U; Thomas, K; Ziemssen, T, 2016)		1.88
"Laquinimod is an orally dosed immuno-modulator currently under development for Huntington's disease (HD)."( The effect of laquinimod, a novel immuno-modulator in development to treat Huntington disease, on the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in healthy young women.
Bar-Ilan, O; Dror, V; Elgart, A; Korver, T; Mimrod, D; Spiegelstein, O; Zur, AA, 2019)		2.32
" Due to its extremely low solubility in water, it was difficult to develop an injectable liquid dosage form."( Injected laquinimod D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate polymeric micelles for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Chen, R; Tong, M; Wang, L; Xu, H; Xue, P; Yang, W; Yao, Q; Yuan, J; Zhao, Y; ZhuGe, D, 2020)		0.98
" To determine the drug-drug interaction potential of laquinimod with CYP3A inhibitors and inducers, interaction assessments were conducted in healthy volunteers using single-dose administration of laquinimod before and after multiple dosing of CYP3A inhibitors (ketoconazole, fluconazole, and cimetidine) or a CYP3A4 inducer (rifampin)."( The Effect of CYP3A Induction and Inhibition on the Pharmacokinetics of Laquinimod, a Novel Neuroimmunomodulator.
Elgart, A; Greenblatt, DJ; Loupe, PS; Mimrod, D; Spiegelstein, O; Weiss, S; Zur, AA, 2020)		1.04
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
aromatic amideAn amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (34)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID115205Inhibition of acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/N mice by 5 mg/kg/day p.o./s.c.2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 47, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxamides for treatment of autoimmune disorders: structure-activity relationship.
AID115059Inhibition of acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/N mice by 0.2 mg/kg/day p.o./s.c.2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 47, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxamides for treatment of autoimmune disorders: structure-activity relationship.
AID1322039Immunosuppressive activity in human PMA/ionomycin stimulated Jurkat T cells assessed as suppression of IL2 production at 10 uM pretreated with cells followed by PMA/ionomycin stimulation measured after 13 hrs by ELISA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21
Discovery and structure-activity relationship studies of quinolinone derivatives as potent IL-2 suppressive agents.
AID115068Inhibition of acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/N mice by 1 mg/kg/day p.o./s.c.2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-08, Volume: 47, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxamides for treatment of autoimmune disorders: structure-activity relationship.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (130)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's18 (13.85)29.6817
2010's90 (69.23)24.3611
2020's22 (16.92)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 42.42

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index42.42 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.98 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.10 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index62.48 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (42.42)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials15 (11.54%)5.53%
Reviews42 (32.31%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (0.77%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other72 (55.38%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
glycine
[no description available]		3.2110alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		8.2710aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		4.0820aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		2.1110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		4.0820(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		4.411aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		3.591117-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		17.0312015monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		3.2510amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		3.6120pyrrole;
secondary amine
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		4.0820isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.21101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
cuprizone
[no description available]		7.8430organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
ketene
ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.		7.0310ketene
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		8.591117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.2510alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
cladribine
[no description available]		7.3140organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.0410delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination
Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.		3.5911
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.3510benzenes;
phenyl acetates
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		3.0910glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		3.1310pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		4.411N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.35101,2,3-triazole
tocophersolan
tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2510tocol
mizoribine
[no description available]		3.2310imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		7.81190hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
triptolide
[no description available]		3.1610diterpenoid;
epoxide;
gamma-lactam;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		antispermatogenic agent;
plant metabolite
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.2110amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		3.0410alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		4.9140butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.1320macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		5.2402-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		7.31140diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		3.620
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		7.5160sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.1310homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		7.5160butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ajm300
AJM300: an alpha4 integrin antagonist		3.2510
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		4.4430N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
masitinib
[no description available]		3.21101,3-thiazoles;
benzamides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		4.4830
quinoline-3-carboxamide
quinoline-3-carboxamide: structure in first source		7.2110
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		3.2110
edratide
edratide: based on the complementarity determining region of human 16/6Id; do not confuse with CDR1 protein, human		3.2310
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		2.9340
ixazomib
ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.		3.2110benzamides;
boronic acids;
dichlorobenzene;
glycine derivative		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite;
orphan drug;
proteasome inhibitor
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		4.9940
glpg0634
[no description available]		3.3510
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.1310
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.730aromatic amide
teriflunomide
[no description available]		7.57170(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic amide;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		drug metabolite;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
paquinimod
[no description available]		2.0210
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.7530
mbp-8298
MBP-8298: a synthetic peptide analog of myelin basic protein for the treatment of multiple sclerosis		3.1510
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		3.2310
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55)
[no description available]		2.5520
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.1610
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		07.38220
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.0210
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		07.3190
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.610
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.610
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.610
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.610
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.7620
Infarct
[description not available]		07.610
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		07.610
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.610
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.610
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		07.610
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.85110
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.7830
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.85110
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.7830
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3560
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		013.22466
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		03.3560
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		115.22466
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		07.2510
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.2510
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		012.57287
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		114.57287
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		04.2230
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		06.9151
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		04.2230
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		18.9151
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		09.2192
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		05.821
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		04.5511
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		17.821
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.1710
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		03.1710
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.5720
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.1710
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		15.1710
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		03.1710
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		03.1710
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.5820
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.2510
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.2510
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		07.2510
Recrudescence
[description not available]		05.4422
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		04.4240
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		16.4240
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.1510
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.1510
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.1510
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		04.7961
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		16.7961
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1710
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.1710
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		03.5911
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		03.5911
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		02.2110
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		02.2110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.8721
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		03.5911
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		03.5911
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		07.5520
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.2110
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		03.0110
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.0110
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		05.5160
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		17.5160
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		03.0110
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental
[description not available]		03.6730
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.110
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		07.1110
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		03.0410
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		03.0410
Shingles
[description not available]		03.0410
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0410
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.0410
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.0410
Leukemic Infiltration
A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.		02.1310
Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.1310
Ache
[description not available]		04.3711
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		04.3711
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		04.3711
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.0710
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.0710
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.0310
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.0310