oxmetidine profile

Oxmetidine is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, developed in the 1970s. It was studied for its potential use in the treatment of peptic ulcers, but it was never marketed due to its short duration of action and potential side effects. The synthesis of oxmetidine involves a multi-step process starting with 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole. Oxmetidine's mechanism of action involves blocking histamine from binding to H2 receptors, which are found in the stomach lining. This results in reduced gastric acid secretion and can help alleviate symptoms of peptic ulcers. Despite not reaching the market, oxmetidine played an important role in the development of other H2 receptor antagonists, such as cimetidine and ranitidine, which have become widely used in the treatment of peptic ulcers and other gastrointestinal disorders.'

oxmetidine: specific histamine H2 receptor antagonist with MW around 1.8 times that of cimetidine; differs from cimetidine by carrying an isocytosine ring instead of a cyanoguanidine in side chain; RN given refers to parent cpd [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

oxmetidine : A 2-aminopyrimidin-4(1H)-one derivative bearing a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl group at the 5-position and with a 4-(5-methyl-(1H)imidazol-4-yl)-3-thiabutyl substituent attached to the 2-amino group. It is a specific histamine H2-receptor antagonist. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	51710
CHEMBL ID	2110657
CHEBI ID	7847
SCHEMBL ID	828414
MeSH ID	M0089817

Synonym
CHEBI:7847 ,
oxmetidinum
oxmetidina
5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-[(2-{[(5-methyl-1h-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)amino]pyrimidin-4(1h)-one
oxmetidine [inn:ban]
oxmetidina [inn-spanish]
einecs 276-926-6
brn 1053269
2-(2-(5-methyl-4-imidazolylmethylthio)ethyl)amino-5-piperonyl-4-(1h)-pyrimidinon
oxmetidinum [inn-latin]
4(1h)-pyrimidinone, 5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-((2-(((5-methyl-1h-imidazol-4-yl)methyl)thio)ethyl)amino)-
oxmetidine
72830-39-8
5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-[2-[(5-methyl-1h-imidazol-4-yl)methylsulfanyl]ethylamino]-1h-pyrimidin-6-one
unii-z504d030rf
z504d030rf ,
(1h)-pyrimidinone, 5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-((2-(((5-methyl-1h-imidazol-4-yl)methyl)thio)ethyl)amino)-
2-((2-(((5-methylimidazol-4-yl)methyl)thio)ethyl)amino)-5-piperonyl-4(1h)-pyrimidinone
oxmetidine [inn]
SCHEMBL828414
CHEMBL2110657
DTXSID30223149
5-(2h-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-[(2-{[(4-methyl-1h-imidazol-5-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)imino]-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-ol
Q7115700

Research Excerpts

Overview

Oxmetidine is an H2-receptor antagonist that has efficacy in the treatment of peptic ulcers. Oxmetidine contains a substituted isocytosine moiety in place of the cyanoguanidine group.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Oxmetidine is an H2-antagonist like cimetidine containing an imidazole ring in its molecule, but differing from cimetidine in that it contains in the side-chain a substituted isocytosine moiety in place of the cyanoguanidine group. "	( Oxmetidine in the short term treatment of active duodenal ulcer. A review and commentary. Chilovi, F; Comberlato, M; de Pretis, G; Dobrilla, G, 1989)	3.16
"Oxmetidine is an H2-receptor antagonist that has efficacy in the treatment of peptic ulcers. "	( Mechanism of oxmetidine (SK&F 92994) cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Chenery, R; Ripple, M; Rush, GF, 1985)	2.08
"Oxmetidine is a potent and specific antagonist of the histamine H2-receptor. "	( Toxicity of H2-receptor antagonists to isolated rat hepatocytes: structure-activity relationships. Alberts, D; Brown, TH; Durant, GJ; Lupo, S; Rush, GF; Yodis, LA, 1988)	1.72

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" At toxic concentrations, two of the least potent analogs, SK&F 92909 and SK&F 9205A both caused a rapid decrease in hepatocyte O2 consumption and ATP content which occurred before any evidence of cell injury."	( Toxicity of H2-receptor antagonists to isolated rat hepatocytes: structure-activity relationships. Alberts, D; Brown, TH; Durant, GJ; Lupo, S; Rush, GF; Yodis, LA, 1988)	0.27

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In the cirrhotics, the bioavailability of the oral dose and the plasma elimination half-life after both oral and intravenous administration were significantly higher than in the controls."	( Oxmetidine (SK&F 92994): pharmacokinetic study in patients with in patients with liver cirrhosis. Baraldini, M; Facchini, A; Gasbarrini, G; Labo', G; Meliconi, R; Miglio, F; Serra, S; Stefanini, GF, 1985)	1.71
" The plasma concentration curve after oral administration in most patients exhibited two maxima, with peak concentrations appearing between 45 and 210 min after dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of oxmetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, after single oral and intravenous doses. Bodemar, G; Gotthard, R; Jönsson, KA; Norlander, B; Walan, A, 1983)	0.59

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In the cirrhotics, the bioavailability of the oral dose and the plasma elimination half-life after both oral and intravenous administration were significantly higher than in the controls."	( Oxmetidine (SK&F 92994): pharmacokinetic study in patients with in patients with liver cirrhosis. Baraldini, M; Facchini, A; Gasbarrini, G; Labo', G; Meliconi, R; Miglio, F; Serra, S; Stefanini, GF, 1985)	1.71
" Mean bioavailability was 36%."	( Gastric acid inhibition and oxmetidine kinetics in duodenal ulcer. Gugler, R; Rohner, HG; Somogyi, AA, 1982)	0.56
" The mean bioavailability of the drug was 70% (range 53-91%)."	( Pharmacokinetics of oxmetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, after single oral and intravenous doses. Bodemar, G; Gotthard, R; Jönsson, KA; Norlander, B; Walan, A, 1983)	0.59

Dosage Studied

oxmetidine 400 mg twice daily reduced mean hourly 24 hour intragastric pH by 59%. A twice daily dosage regimen should be evaluated in the treatment of duodenal ulceration.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The maximum pepsin output obtained from a set of complete dose-response curves of dimaprit was not statistically different from basal values."	( Comparison of the effects of structurally different H2-antagonists on acid and pepsin activity stimulated by dimaprit in conscious cats. Barocelli, E; Chiavarini, M; Impicciatore, M; Molina, E; Morini, G; Plazzi, PV, 1985)	0.27
" Investigative studies showed evidence for marked and sustained hypergastrinemia increasing on chronic dosing which was capable of restoring gastric acid secretion and pH to near control values."	( Gastric ECL-cell hyperplasia and carcinoids in rodents following chronic administration of H2-antagonists SK&F 93479 and oxmetidine and omeprazole. Betton, GR; Buckley, P; Dormer, CS; Pert, P; Price, CA; Wells, T, 1988)	0.48
" The expected antisecretory effect of a particular dosage regimen in patients with duodenal ulcer can be predicted mathematically from data derived from studies in normal volunteers."	( Comparison of the effects of gastric antisecretory agents in healthy volunteers and patients with duodenal ulcer. Burget, DW; Howden, CW; Hunt, RH; Jones, DB, 1986)	0.27
"These studies represent the first attempt to compare, concurrently, several once or twice daily dosage regimens of an H2-receptor antagonist for ulcer-healing efficacy in the same national population within the same time period, using the same criteria for patient selection, duration of treatment, and end-point."	( Role of nocturnal acid suppression on the rate of duodenal ulcer healing: clinical dose-range trials with oxmetidine. Evers, PW; Helfrich, HM; Jacob, LS; Schriver, RC, 1985)	0.48
" Twenty-four hour monitoring of intragastric pH showed that oxmetidine 400 mg twice daily reduced mean hourly 24 hour intragastric pH by 59%, suggesting that a twice daily dosage regimen should be evaluated in the treatment of duodenal ulceration."	( Oxmetidine: clinical pharmacological studies with a new H2-receptor antagonist. Brunet, PL; Burland, WL; Griffiths, R; Hunt, RH; Mills, JG; Milton-Thompson, GJ; Vincent, D, 1982)	1.95
" A rise in pH to greater than 5 occurred during the 2nd or 3rd hour after dosing which lasted for 2-5 hours depending on the dose administered."	( Effect of three single doses of oxmetidine administered intravenously on the volume and acidity of gastric secretion, serum prolactin and gastrin concentration in healthy volunteers. Clowdus, B; Creutzfeldt, W; Dillon, M; Fölsch, UR; Hasse, FM; von Kleist, E; Wichmann, GC, 1984)	0.55
" Considering the short-lasting effect on acid neutralization induced by the antacid dosage used in this study and the inability of oxmetidine treatment to influence volume densities and secretory activities of antral G- and D-cells it is concluded that mechanisms other than a change of antral pH may account for the results obtained during antacid treatment."	( Effect of antacid and H2-receptor blocker treatment on gastric endocrine cells. Arnold, R; Garbe, I; Koop, H; Mönnikes, H; Schwarting, H, 1984)	0.47

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
anti-ulcer drug	One of various classes of drugs with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate peptic ulcer or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.
H2-receptor antagonist	H2-receptor antagonists are the drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
imidazoles	A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
pyrimidone	A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.
benzodioxoles
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	71 (97.26)	18.7374
1990's	2 (2.74)	18.2507
2000's	0 (0.00)	29.6817
2010's	0 (0.00)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	13 (16.88%)	5.53%
Reviews	4 (5.19%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	60 (77.92%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
histamine [no description available]	4.16	5	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	1.96	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	1.97	1	0	imidazole
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.96	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	1.96	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	1.96	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	1.96	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	3.06	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	1.96	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.65	3	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	1.97	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	10.35	38	8	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	1.96	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	3.06	5	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	1.96	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	2.66	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	1.97	1	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.37	2	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	6.96	1	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	7.37	2	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.37	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	1.96	1	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	3.06	1	0	diarylmethane
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	1.96	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	1.96	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	1.96	1	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
bromobenzene [no description available]	1.96	1	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
thiazoles [no description available]	4.82	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	1.96	1	0	dihydrogen
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	1.96	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	1.96	1	0
4-methylhistamine 4-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 5 position on the ring.	1.96	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	histamine agonist; metabolite
nolinium bromide nolinium bromide: structure	1.97	1	0
impromidine Impromidine: A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.	2.88	4	0
tiotidine tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	4.48	4	0	thiazoles
mifentidine [no description available]	2.36	2	0
2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole 2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole: receptor H1 agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	1,3-thiazoles
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	1.96	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.37	2	0
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
isosafrole isosafrole: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	benzodioxoles
metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.	3.06	5	0	imidazoles
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.06	5	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	8.88	31	2	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
burimamide Burimamide: An antagonist of histamine that appears to block both H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It has been used in the treatment of ulcers.	2.36	2	0	imidazoles
nizatidine Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.	1.96	1	0
riopan [no description available]	1.96	1	0
sk&f 93479 SK&F 93479: inhibits nocturnal acid secretion	9.67	9	0
eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)	1.96	1	0	peptide
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	1.96	1	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	4.45	5	1
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	4.77	10	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.04	3	1
Bewilderment [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	8.23	16	8
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	8.23	16	8
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	2.87	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.36	2	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	1.96	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	1.96	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.66	3	0
Erosive Duodenitis [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Duodenitis Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.	3.35	1	1
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	3.35	1	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	6.96	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	1.96	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	1.97	1	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	1.97	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	6.97	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	1.97	1	0

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1079942	Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1079939	Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1079943	Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID1079949	Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1079941	Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1079933	Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1079938	Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1079944	Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1079945	Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1079931	Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1079935	Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1079934	Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079940	Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1079946	Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1079932	Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1079948	Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1079936	Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1079947	Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1079937	Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

oxmetidine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (24)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (2)

Drug Classes (3)

Bioassays (19)

Research

Studies (73)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 93.93

Study Types

oxmetidine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (24)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (2)

Drug Classes (3)

Bioassays (19)

Research

Studies (73)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 93.93

Study Types

Related Drugs (54)

Related Conditions (29)