Compounds > robenacoxib
Page last updated: 2024-11-11

robenacoxib

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Description

robenacoxib: an NSAID, COX-2 inhibitor, and analgesic [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

robenacoxib : An aromatic amino acid that is 2-amino-5-ethylphenylacetic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl group. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor that is used in veterinary medicine for the relief of pain and inflammation in cats and dogs. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6433107
CHEMBL ID2107774
CHEBI ID76269
SCHEMBL ID6036596
MeSH IDM0549130

Synonyms (41)

Synonym
robenacoxib [inn]
2-[5-ethyl-2-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroanilino)phenyl]acetic acid
z588009c7c ,
onsior
unii-z588009c7c
robenacoxib
220991-32-2
(5-ethyl-2-((2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)amino)phenyl)acetic acid
cgs 34975
CHEMBL2107774
chebi:76269 ,
FT-0674451
robenacoxib [green book]
robenacoxib [mi]
robenacoxib [ema epar veterinary]
cgs-34975
robenacoxibum
{5-ethyl-2-[(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)amino]phenyl}acetic acid
SCHEMBL6036596
5-ethyl-2-(2',3',5',6'-tetrafluoroanilino)phenylacetic acid
ZEXGDYFACFXQPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
5-ethyl-2-(2',3',5',6'-tetrafluoroanilino) phenylacetic acid
5-ethyl-2-(2', 3',5',6'-tetrafluoroanilino)phenylacetic acid
5-ethyl-2-(2', 3', 5', 6'-tetrafluoroanilino)phenylacetic acid
5-ethyl-2-(2',3',5', 6'-tetrafluoroanilino)phenylacetic acid
C20708
DTXSID90176607 ,
J-014494
2-(5-ethyl-2-((2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)amino)phenyl)acetic acid
mfcd27966869
DB11455
Q7341121
NCGC00532515-01
BCP23758
A902615
CS-0065148
onsior tablets for cats
robenacoxib (ema epar veterinary)
dtxcid3099098
onsior injection
AKOS040747410

Research Excerpts

Overview

Robenacoxib (Onsior™) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug developed for canine and feline use for the control of pain and inflammation. The drug is a novel and highly selective inhibitor of COX-2 in dogs and cats and because of its acidic nature is regarded as being tissue-selective.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Robenacoxib (RX) is a veterinary cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor drug. "( Disposition kinetics of robenacoxib following intravenous and oral administration in geese (Anser anser domesticus).
Fadel, C; Giorgi, M; Laut, S; Lisowski, A; Poapolathep, A; Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, B, 2023)		2.66
"Robenacoxib (Onsior™) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug developed for canine and feline use for the control of pain and inflammation. "( Safety evaluation of the interchangeable use of robenacoxib in commercially-available tablets and solution for injection in cats.
Heit, MC; Helbig, R; King, SB; Seewald, W; Stallons, LJ; Thompson, CM; Toutain, CE, 2020)		2.26
"Robenacoxib is a cyclooxygenase-2 selective NSAID."( Efficacy and Safety of Injectable Robenacoxib for the Treatment of Pain Associated With Soft Tissue Surgery in Dogs.
Friton, G; Karadzovska, D; King, JN; King, S; Thompson, C, 2017)		1.46
"Robenacoxib is an NSAID with high selectivity for the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 isoform."( Efficacy and safety of oral robenacoxib (tablet) for the treatment of pain associated with soft tissue surgery in client-owned dogs.
Friton, G; Karadzovska, D; King, JN; King, S; Thompson, CM, 2017)		1.47
"Robenacoxib (Onsior™) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug developed for canine and feline use for the control of pain and inflammation. "( Safety evaluation of the interchangeable use of robenacoxib (Onsior™) tablets and solution for injection in dogs.
Heit, MC; Helbig, R; King, SB; Toutain, CE, 2017)		2.15
"Robenacoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug available for canine and feline use for the control of pain and inflammation marketed as Onsior™. "( Six-month safety evaluation of robenacoxib tablets (Onsior™) in dogs after daily oral administrations.
Brossard, P; Helbig, R; King, SB; Toutain, CE, 2018)		2.21
"Robenacoxib is a novel and highly selective inhibitor of COX-2 in dogs and cats and because of its acidic nature is regarded as being tissue-selective. "( The effect of robenacoxib on the concentration of C-reactive protein in synovial fluid from dogs with osteoarthritis.
Bennett, D; Eckersall, PD; Marchetti, V; McCulloch, E; Rota, A; Sbrana, S; Waterston, M, 2013)		2.19
"Robenacoxib is a new NSAID with high selectivity for the cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 isoform of COX."( Robenacoxib versus meloxicam for the management of pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs: a randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial.
Gruet, P; King, JN; Seewald, W, 2013)		2.55
"Robenacoxib is a newer nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for dogs and cats. "( Sparing effect of robenacoxib on the minimum alveolar concentration for blunting adrenergic response (MAC-BAR) of sevoflurane in dogs.
Fukui, S; Ishizuka, T; Itami, T; Miyoshi, K; Ooyama, N; Sano, T; Tamura, J; Yamashita, K, 2014)		2.18
"Robenacoxib is a NSAID with high selectivity for the cyclo-oxygenase-2 enzyme."( Robenacoxib versus meloxicam for the control of peri-operative pain and inflammation associated with orthopaedic surgery in cats: a randomised clinical trial.
Giraudel, JM; King, JN; Schmid, V; Seewald, W; Speranza, C, 2015)		2.58
"Robenacoxib is a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) developed for use in companion animals. "( In vitro and ex vivo inhibition of COX isoforms by robenacoxib in the cat: a comparative study.
King, JN; Lees, P; Schmid, VB; Seewald, W, 2010)		2.06
"Robenacoxib is a member of the coxib class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), with high selectivity for the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 isoform of COX. "( Robenacoxib vs. carprofen for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis; a randomized, noninferiority clinical trial.
Gruet, P; King, JN; Reymond, N; Seewald, W; Speranza, C, 2012)		3.26
"Robenacoxib is a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug developed for use in cats. "( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib in a feline tissue cage model of inflammation.
Elliott, J; King, JN; Lees, P; Pelligand, L; Toutain, PL, 2012)		2.08

Treatment

Robenacoxib treatment significantly decreased owner-assessed disability, (p = 0.01; 49% reduction in disability; effect size ~ 3), and improved temperament. RobenacOxib treatment stepped neuronal demise forward, revealing a detrimental effect of this anti-inflammatory agent.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Robenacoxib treatment significantly decreased owner-assessed disability, (p = 0.01; 49% reduction in disability; effect size ~ 0.3), and improved temperament (p = 0.0039) and happiness (p = 0.021) after 6 weeks."( Robenacoxib shows efficacy for the treatment of chronic degenerative joint disease-associated pain in cats: a randomized and blinded pilot clinical trial.
Adrian, D; C Budsberg, S; Gruen, ME; King, JN; King, SB; Lascelles, BDX; Parrish, RS, 2021)		2.79
"Robenacoxib treatment stepped neuronal demise forward, revealing a detrimental effect of this anti-inflammatory agent."( Salubrinal and robenacoxib treatment after global cerebral ischemia. Exploring the interactions between ER stress and inflammation.
Anuncibay-Soto, B; Fernández-López, A; Font-Belmonte, E; Gonzalez-Rodriguez, P; Pérez-Rodriguez, D; Regueiro-Purriños, M; Santos-Galdiano, M; Ugidos, IF, 2018)		1.56

Toxicity

Robenacoxib was well tolerated at doses from 2 to 10 mg/kg/day. This 6-month study supports the safe use of Onsior™ (robenac Oxib) tablets in dogs for the intended dosing regimen.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Relative to placebo treatment, no significant adverse effects of robenacoxib were recorded in either study for clinical observations, haematological and clinical chemistry variables or macroscopic or microscopic lesions at necropsy."( Robenacoxib in the dog: target species safety in relation to extent and duration of inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2.
Arnaud, JP; Goldenthal, EI; Gruet, P; Jung, M; King, JN; Lees, P; Seewald, W, 2011)		2.05
" Safety endpoints included reports of adverse events, results of clinical examinations, including body weight, and clinical chemistry and hematology variables."( Clinical safety of robenacoxib in feline osteoarthritis: results of a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Bienhoff, SE; Budsberg, SC; King, JN; King, S; Lascelles, BD; Roberts, ES; Roycroft, LM, 2016)		0.76
"In all 193 cats and the subgroup of 40 animals with concurrent CKD, there were no differences between groups in frequencies of reported adverse events, body weight change or results of serum or urine chemistry or hematology variables."( Clinical safety of robenacoxib in feline osteoarthritis: results of a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Bienhoff, SE; Budsberg, SC; King, JN; King, S; Lascelles, BD; Roberts, ES; Roycroft, LM, 2016)		0.76
" The primary efficacy variable was treatment success/failure, with failure defined as the need for rescue therapy to control pain or withdrawal of the dog from the study due to an adverse event."( Efficacy and Safety of Injectable Robenacoxib for the Treatment of Pain Associated With Soft Tissue Surgery in Dogs.
Friton, G; Karadzovska, D; King, JN; King, S; Thompson, C, 2017)		0.73
" No significant differences between the robenacoxib and placebo groups in the frequency of reported adverse events were observed."( Efficacy and safety of oral robenacoxib (tablet) for the treatment of pain associated with soft tissue surgery in client-owned dogs.
Friton, G; Karadzovska, D; King, JN; King, S; Thompson, CM, 2017)		1.02
" All dogs were in good health through study termination and there were no serious adverse events during the course of the study."( Safety evaluation of the interchangeable use of robenacoxib (Onsior™) tablets and solution for injection in dogs.
Heit, MC; Helbig, R; King, SB; Toutain, CE, 2017)		0.71
"No serious adverse events were reported."( Six-month safety evaluation of robenacoxib tablets (Onsior™) in dogs after daily oral administrations.
Brossard, P; Helbig, R; King, SB; Toutain, CE, 2018)		0.77
"Robenacoxib was well tolerated at doses from 2 to 10 mg/kg/day and this 6-month study supports the safe use of Onsior™ (robenacoxib) tablets in dogs for the intended dosing regimen."( Six-month safety evaluation of robenacoxib tablets (Onsior™) in dogs after daily oral administrations.
Brossard, P; Helbig, R; King, SB; Toutain, CE, 2018)		2.21
" All cats were in good health through study termination and there were no serious adverse events during the study."( Safety evaluation of the interchangeable use of robenacoxib in commercially-available tablets and solution for injection in cats.
Heit, MC; Helbig, R; King, SB; Seewald, W; Stallons, LJ; Thompson, CM; Toutain, CE, 2020)		0.81
" Safety was evaluated from reported adverse events (AEs) and abnormalities detected on hematology and serum and urine chemistry analyses."( Clinical safety of robenacoxib in cats with chronic musculoskeletal disease.
Adrian, DE; Forster, S; Friton, G; King, JN; Lascelles, BDX; Seewald, W, 2021)		0.95
"50), but no related adverse clinical effects were detected."( Clinical safety of robenacoxib in cats with chronic musculoskeletal disease.
Adrian, DE; Forster, S; Friton, G; King, JN; Lascelles, BDX; Seewald, W, 2021)		0.95

Pharmacokinetics

The population pharmacokinetic analysis performed showed that the 1-2mg/kg dosage chosen provided consistent robenacoxib exposure in a wide range of canine patients. Results from previous feline studies showed that, despite a short half-life in blood, the effect of robenayxib persisted for 24 h in clinical studies.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The purpose of this population analysis was to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties of robenacoxib in blood and stifle joint synovial fluid of dogs."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of blood and joint synovial fluid concentrations of robenacoxib from healthy dogs and dogs with osteoarthritis.
Burgener, C; Giraudel, JM; Gruet, P; Jung, M; King, JN; Letellier, IM; Peyrou, M; Silber, HE, 2010)		0.8
"A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with linear elimination was developed to describe blood concentrations of robenacoxib."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of blood and joint synovial fluid concentrations of robenacoxib from healthy dogs and dogs with osteoarthritis.
Burgener, C; Giraudel, JM; Gruet, P; Jung, M; King, JN; Letellier, IM; Peyrou, M; Silber, HE, 2010)		0.79
" Results from previous feline studies showed that, despite a short half-life in blood, the effect of robenacoxib persisted for 24 h in clinical studies."( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib in a feline tissue cage model of inflammation.
Elliott, J; King, JN; Lees, P; Pelligand, L; Toutain, PL, 2012)		0.85
" The population pharmacokinetic analysis performed showed that the 1-2mg/kg dosage chosen provided consistent robenacoxib exposure in a wide range of canine patients."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of blood concentrations of robenacoxib in dogs with osteoarthritis.
Fink, M; Giraudel, JM; Gruet, P; Jung, M; King, JN; Letellier, I; Mochel, JP; Peyrou, M, 2013)		0.84
" Individual animal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition were generated by PK/PD modelling."( Differential pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib and ketoprofen in a feline model of inflammation.
Elliott, J; Hormazabal, V; King, JN; Lees, P; Pelligand, L; Toutain, PL, 2014)		0.63
" However, the multi-dose and pharmacodynamic studies are necessary to establish more accurately its safety and efficacy in sheep."( Robenacoxib pharmacokinetics in sheep following oral, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration.
Fadel, C; Giorgi, M; Lisowski, A; Poapolathep, A; Sartini, I; Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, B, 2022)		2.16
" Plasma drug concentrations were determined by HPLC followed by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis of the data."( Pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib after a single intramuscular dose in smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis).
Cox, S; Fayette, MA; Minich, DJ, 2023)		1.23

Bioavailability

Robenacoxib is used to treat acute conditions in cats. It can be administered by IV or SC injection, orally after food withholding, or orally with a small amount of food to obtain optimal bioavailability and Cmax.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Mean bioavailability was 69% and median time to maximum concentration (Cmax) was 1 hour for cats after SC administration of robenacoxib, whereas mean bioavailability was 49% and 10% and median time to Cmax was 1 hour and 30 minutes after oral administration to cats after food withholding and after cats were fed their entire ration, respectively."( Effects of route of administration and feeding schedule on pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib in cats.
Jung, M; King, JN; Lees, P; Maurer, MP; Schmid, VB; Seewald, W, 2013)		0.82
"For treatment of acute conditions in cats, it is recommended to administer robenacoxib by IV or SC injection, orally after food withholding, or orally with a small amount of food to obtain optimal bioavailability and Cmax."( Effects of route of administration and feeding schedule on pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib in cats.
Jung, M; King, JN; Lees, P; Maurer, MP; Schmid, VB; Seewald, W, 2013)		0.85
"502 L/kg/h and the bioavailability was high (78%)."( Modeling of Large Pharmacokinetic Data Using Nonlinear Mixed-Effects: A Paradigm Shift in Veterinary Pharmacology. A Case Study With Robenacoxib in Cats.
Elliott, J; King, JN; Mochel, JP; Pelligand, L; Soubret, A, 2016)		0.64
" The mean bioavailability following SC and PO administrations were 45."( Robenacoxib pharmacokinetics in sheep following oral, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration.
Fadel, C; Giorgi, M; Lisowski, A; Poapolathep, A; Sartini, I; Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, B, 2022)		2.16

Dosage Studied

Robenacoxib is a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with selectivity for inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 isoenzyme, in a canine model of synovitis. The recommended minimum dosage for robenac Oxib tablets in cats is 1 mg/kg once daily.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"The objectives of this study were to establish dose-response and blood concentration-response relationships for robenacoxib, a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with selectivity for inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 isoenzyme, in a canine model of synovitis."( Analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions of robenacoxib in acute joint inflammation in dog.
Jung, M; King, JN; Lees, P; Schmid, VB; Seewald, W; Spreng, DE, 2010)		0.83
" These results may explain the good efficacy observed with once-daily dosing in clinical trials and the high safety index of robenacoxib in dogs."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of blood and joint synovial fluid concentrations of robenacoxib from healthy dogs and dogs with osteoarthritis.
Burgener, C; Giraudel, JM; Gruet, P; Jung, M; King, JN; Letellier, IM; Peyrou, M; Silber, HE, 2010)		0.79
" The recommended minimum dosage for robenacoxib tablets in cats is 1 mg/kg once daily (range 1-2."( Safety of oral robenacoxib in the cat.
Hotz, R; King, JN; Lees, P; Reagan, EL; Roth, DR; Seewald, W, 2012)		1.01
"The purpose of this analysis was to investigate whether the recommended daily dosage of 1-2mg/kg robenacoxib provides consistent exposure when administered to dogs with chronic osteoarthritis (OA), and the need for dose adjustment in special patient populations."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of blood concentrations of robenacoxib in dogs with osteoarthritis.
Fink, M; Giraudel, JM; Gruet, P; Jung, M; King, JN; Letellier, I; Mochel, JP; Peyrou, M, 2013)		0.85
" Thirty-two healthy, young, experimentally naïve, purebred Beagle dogs were administered 0 (sham control, Group 1), 2, 6, and 10 mg/kg robenacoxib (corresponding to the upper end of the dosage range [1X, Group 2] and multiples thereof [3X and 5X, Group 3 and 4]), orally once daily for 6 months."( Six-month safety evaluation of robenacoxib tablets (Onsior™) in dogs after daily oral administrations.
Brossard, P; Helbig, R; King, SB; Toutain, CE, 2018)		0.97
"Robenacoxib was well tolerated at doses from 2 to 10 mg/kg/day and this 6-month study supports the safe use of Onsior™ (robenacoxib) tablets in dogs for the intended dosing regimen."( Six-month safety evaluation of robenacoxib tablets (Onsior™) in dogs after daily oral administrations.
Brossard, P; Helbig, R; King, SB; Toutain, CE, 2018)		2.21
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugAn anti-inflammatory drug that is not a steroid. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins.
non-narcotic analgesicA drug that has principally analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Non-narcotic analgesics do not bind to opioid receptors.
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitorA cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 2.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (5)

ClassDescription
aromatic amino acidAn amino acid whose structure includes an aromatic ring.
monocarboxylic acidAn oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.
organofluorine compoundAn organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.
secondary amino compoundA compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
phenylacetic acidsAny monocarboxylic acid that is phenylacetic acid or its substituted derivatives.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (56)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's1 (1.79)29.6817
2010's44 (78.57)24.3611
2020's11 (19.64)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 62.77

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index62.77 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.41 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.76 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index163.44 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.22 (0.95)

This Compound (62.77)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials25 (44.64%)5.53%
Reviews1 (1.79%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (1.79%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other29 (51.79%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		4.4422uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		6.0674carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		2.5320chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.110aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.1310benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		4.1731benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		3.4811benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		7.110ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.151011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thiazoles
[no description available]		6.1651,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		10.765124aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.17102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.1510prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tolfenamic acid
tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.		7.1710aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		8.8921morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		2.1710one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		4.3941prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		3.4611thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.5420benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
salubrinal
salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).		7.1710aminal;
organochlorine compound;
quinolines;
secondary carboxamide;
thioureas
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		2.1110
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.2110polypeptide
piroxicam
[no description available]		2.1510benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		6.911071,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		07.49105
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		07.94117
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.610
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.610
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		07.12118
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.610
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.12118
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		07.610
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.610
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		07.17109
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		07.17109
Arthropathies
[description not available]		03.711
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		06.0474
Ache
[description not available]		04.7432
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		03.711
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		06.0474
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		04.7432
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		03.9321
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		03.9321
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		07.1510
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.921
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		07.1710
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.1710
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		0421
Gait Disorders, Animal
[description not available]		03.921
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.0810
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.0810
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		02.1110
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.1110
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		04.4422
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		09.4422
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1510
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.1510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.0510
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.0510
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.0510
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.0510
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.0510
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0610
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.0610
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		07.0610
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		08.4611