Compounds > ethambutol
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ethambutol

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Description

Ethambutol is a synthetic anti-tuberculosis drug that inhibits the synthesis of arabinogalactan, a key component of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It works by interfering with the action of the enzyme arabinosyltransferase, which is responsible for adding arabinose to the galactan backbone of the cell wall. This disruption leads to the formation of a weakened and fragile cell wall, making the bacteria more susceptible to attack by the host's immune system. Ethambutol is typically used in combination with other anti-tuberculosis drugs, such as rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide, to improve efficacy and reduce the risk of drug resistance. It is an important drug for treating tuberculosis, particularly in cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Ethambutol is studied to understand its mechanism of action, identify new targets for drug development, and develop more effective and safer treatment regimens for tuberculosis. '

Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID14052
CHEMBL ID44884
CHEBI ID4877
SCHEMBL ID3399
MeSH IDM0007814

Synonyms (92)

Synonym
KBIO1_000561
DIVK1C_000561
(2s,2's)-2,2'-(ethane-1,2-diyldiimino)dibutan-1-ol
etambutolo [dcit]
ethambutolum [inn-latin]
d-2,2'-(ethylenediimino)bis(1-butanol)
d-n,n'-bis(1-hydroxymethylpropyl)ethylenediamine
1-butanol, 2,2'-(1,2-ethanediyldiimino)bis-, (s-(r*,r*))-
(r)-2,2'-(1,2-ethanediyldiimino)bis-1-butanol
einecs 200-810-6
hsdb 3078
1-butanol, 2,2'-(1,2-ethanediyldiimino)bis-, (r)-
d-2,2'-(ethylenediimino)di-1-butanol
ethambutol [inn:ban]
1-butanol, 2,2'-(ethylenediimino)di-, (+)-
d-ethambutol
d,n,n'-bis(1-hydroxymethylpropyl)ethylenediamine
diambutol
etambutol [inn-spanish]
aethambutolum
SPECTRUM_001058
BSPBIO_002012
NCGC00178864-01
(+)-(s,s)-2,2'-(1,2-ethylenediimino)-di-1-butanol
myambutol (dihydrochloride)
(2s)-2-[2-[[(1s)-1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]amino]ethylamino]butan-1-ol
1-butanol, 2,2'-(1,2-ethanediyldiimino)bis-, (2s,2's)-
cl 40881 (dihydrochloride)
IDI1_000561
SPECTRUM5_000702
C06984
74-55-5
ethambutol
(+)-s,s-ethambutol
(2s,7s)-2,7-diethyl-3,6-diazaoctane-1,8-diol
(+)-ethambutol
(+)-n,n'-bis(1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl)ethylenediamine
DB00330
(s,s)-ethambutol
(+)-2,2'-(ethylenediimino)di-1-butanol
s,s-ethambutol
KBIOSS_001538
KBIO2_006674
KBIO3_001232
KBIO2_001538
KBIOGR_001209
KBIO2_004106
SPECTRUM3_000426
SPECTRUM4_000545
SPECTRUM2_001014
SPBIO_001167
NINDS_000561
CHEMBL44884
CHEBI:4877 ,
ethambutolum
(2r)-2-[2-(1-hydroxybutan-2-ylamino)ethylamino]butan-1-ol
(2s)-2-[2-[[(2s)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl]amino]ethylamino]butan-1-ol
D07925
ethambutol (inn)
servambutol (tn)
unii-8g167061qz
8g167061qz ,
etambutolo
purderal
(2s,2s)-2,2-(ethane-1,2-diyldiimino)dibutan-1-ol
ethambutol [hsdb]
ethambutol [vandf]
ethambutol [who-dd]
ethambutol [mi]
ethambutol [inn]
bdbm50448407
1-butanol,2,2'-(1,2-ethanediyldiimino)bis-, (2s,2's)-
HY-B0535
SCHEMBL3399
E-3950
ethambutol dihydrochloride, antibiotic for culture media use only
(2s,2's)-2,2'-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(butan-1-ol)
AB00053473_04
AB00053473_05
DTXSID8023006
(2s)-2-[(2-{[(2s)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)amino]butan-1-ol
SBI-0051375.P003
95E ,
(s,s)-2,2'-(1,2-ethanediyldiimino)bis-1-butanol
Q412318
AEUTYOVWOVBAKS-UWVGGRQHSA-N
BRD-K93231391-300-03-1
D94801
NCGC00178864-04
(2r*,2'r*)-2,2'-(ethane-1,2-diyldiimino)dibutan-1-ol
DTXSID901028179
EN300-150035

Research Excerpts

Overview

Ethambutol (EMB) is an important anti-tuberculosis drug used in the management of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) EMB is known to cause optic neuropathy and is an integral part of Antitubercular therapy.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ethambutol (EMB) is an antimycobacterial drug used extensively for the treatment of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. "( The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Amin, AG; Chatterjee, D; Goude, R; Parish, T, 2009)		2.05
"Ethambutol (EMB) is an important anti-tuberculosis drug used in the management of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). "( Characterization of embB mutations involved in ethambutol resistance in multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Zambia.
Bwalya, P; Chizimu, JY; Mbulo, G; Nakajima, C; Shrestha, D; Solo, ES; Suzuki, Y; Thapa, J, 2022)		2.42
"Ethambutol (EMB) is a first-line anti-tubercular drug that is known to cause optic neuropathy. "( Exploration of the Plausible Mechanism of Ethambutol Induced Ocular Toxicity by Using Proteomics Informed Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling.
Balhara, A; Giri, S; Ladumor, MK; Nankar, RP; Prasad, B; Singh, S; Syed, SD, 2022)		2.43
"Ethambutol (EMB) is a first-line antituberculosis drug currently being used clinically to treat tuberculosis. "(
Chen, L; Chen, X; Li, H; Liang, H; Liao, Q; Tan, Q; Wang, J; Wei, W; Wu, Z; Xu, L; Yu, M; Zhang, C; Zhao, Y, 2022)		2.16
"Ethambutol is an antibiotic used as a first line drug in the treatment of tuberculosis and a vision threatening side effect of EMB is ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy (EON). "( Ethambutol induced toxic optic neuropathy - A retrospective study in a tertiary eye care centre in Southern India.
Balakrishnan, HK; Jayasri, KN; Kowsalya, A; Sajja, S; Shanmugam, MK, 2022)		3.61
"Ethambutol is an integral part of Antitubercular therapy (ATT) and is often associated with optic neuropathy, However, neuroimaging of ethambutol induced optic neuropathy has been sparsely reported in the literature. "( "Neuroimaging in ethambutol induced optic neuropathy: MRI in time can save the vision".
Biswas, S; Murumkar, VS; Prabhuraj, AR; Saini, JS, 2021)		2.4
"Ethambutol is a bacteriostatic drug that affects cell wall integrity, but the effects of this drug on bacilli are not fully exploited."( New insights on Ethambutol Targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Baldin, VP; Campanerut-Sá, PAZ; Cardoso, RF; de Lima Scodro, RB; de Souza, EM; Evaristo, GPC; Fiorini, A; Ghiraldi-Lopes, LD; Meneguello, JE; Siqueira, VLD, 2019)		1.58
"Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial agent associated with toxic optic neuropathies."( Ethambutol toxicity exacerbating the phenotype of CMT2A2.
Arnold, WD; Binkley, EM; Epstein, A; Fonkem, E; Kissel, JT; Lawson, VH; Raymer, DS; Skordilis, MA, 2013)		2.55
"Ethambutol is an organic cation at physiological pH, and its major metabolite, 2,2'-(ethylenediimino)dibutyric acid (EDA), is zwitterionic."( Interaction of Ethambutol with human organic cation transporters of the SLC22 family indicates potential for drug-drug interactions during antituberculosis therapy.
Gründemann, D; Pan, X; Sweet, DH; Wang, L, 2013)		1.46
"Ethambutol (EMB) is a first-line antituberculosis drug; however, drug resistance to EMB has been increasing. "( Diagnostic accuracy of a molecular drug susceptibility testing method for the antituberculosis drug ethambutol: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Cheng, S; Cui, Z; Hu, Z; Li, Y, 2014)		2.06
"Ethambutol (EMB) is a frontline antituberculosis drug for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). "( ubiA (Rv3806c) encoding DPPR synthase involved in cell wall synthesis is associated with ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Chen, J; Cui, P; He, L; Jin, J; Wang, X; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2015)		2.08
"Ethambutol is a common medicine used for the treatment of tuberculosis, which can have serious side effects, such as retinal and liver dysfunction. "( Ethambutol neutralizes lysosomes and causes lysosomal zinc accumulation.
Fujimura, T; Furuya, N; Hattori, N; Imamichi, Y; Ishikawa, K; Kambe, T; Koike, M; Saiki, S; Sumiyoshi, K; Ueno, T; Yamada, D, 2016)		3.32
"Ethambutol (EMB) is a first-line anti-TB drug that is effective for preventing treatment failures caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that are resistant to other drugs."( Frequency of mutational changes in the embB among the ethambutol-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Iran.
Feizabadi, MM; Haeili, M; Hashemi Shahraki, A; Imani Fooladi, AA; Mohajeri, P; Rezaei, F; Zahednamazi, F, 2016)		1.4
"Ethambutol (EMB) is a first line drug in tuberculosis treatment inhibiting the biosynthesis of arabinogalactan, which is a component of the mycobacterial cell wall. "( The composition of cell wall skeleton and outermost lipids of Mycobacterium vaccae is modified by ethambutol treatment.
Dziadek, J; Korycka-Machała, M; Lisowska, K; Rumijowska-Galewicz, A, 2008)		2.01
"Ethambutol (EMB) is an important first line drug, however little information on its molecular mechanism of resistance and pathogenicity of resistant isolates is available. "( Progression of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in mice intravenously infected with ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Ayyagari, A; Dhole, TN; Dwivedi, SK; Krishnani, N; Nyati, KK; Srivastava, S, )		1.8
"Ethambutol is an oral anti-tuberculosis agent with chelating effects owing to its chemical structure which is similar to that of penicillamine. "( Serum copper (cu) alterations in pulmonary tuberculosis patients under treatment with ethambutol.
Abbasi Nazari, M; Kobarfard, F; Salamzadeh, J; Tabarsi, P, 2009)		2.02
"Ethambutol (EMB) is a first-line antitubercular drug that inhibits arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis. "( Genetic characterisation of the ethambutol resistance-determining region in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: prevalence and significance of embB306 mutations.
Brum, L; Macedo, R; Perdigão, J; Portugal, I; Ribeiro, A, 2009)		2.08
"Ethambutol (EMB) is a first-line drug for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). "( Minor contribution of mutations at iniA codon 501 and embC-embA intergenic region in ethambutol-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Kuwait.
Ahmad, S; Jaber, AA; Mokaddas, E, 2009)		2.02
"Ethambutol (EMB) is a major component of the first-line therapy of tuberculosis. "( Mycobacterium tuberculosis embB codon 306 mutations confer moderately increased resistance to ethambutol in vitro and in vivo.
Aly, S; Ehlers, S; Niemann, S; Plinke, C; Walter, K, 2011)		2.03
"Ethambutol is a commonly used first-line anti-tuberculosis agent, and its most important potential side-effect is ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy (EON). "( [Present status of ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy].
Wang, W; Xhang, XL; Yang, H, 2012)		2.15
"Ethambutol is an antimicrobial agent used frequently to treat tuberculosis. "( Ocular ethambutol toxicity.
Kosmorsky, GS; Lee, MS; Melamud, A, 2003)		2.22
"Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial agent often used to treat tuberculosis."( Optical coherence tomography can measure axonal loss in patients with ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy.
Agarwal, M; Sadun, AA; Zoumalan, CI, 2005)		1.28
"Ethambutol (EMB) is an important component of multidrug treatment regimens for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. "( Ethambutol ocular toxicity in treatment regimens for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.
Brown-Elliott, BA; Griffith, DE; Griffith, L; McLarty, J; Shepherd, S; Wallace, RJ, 2005)		3.21
"Ethambutol hydrochloride is a commonly used first-line anti-tuberculous agent. "( Ocular toxicity of ethambutol.
Chan, RY; Kwok, AK, 2006)		2.1
"Ethambutol is known to be an antituberculotic associated with ocular toxicity."( [Vision impairment in the course of lung tuberculosis treatment].
Czik, T; Sobota, I, 2006)		1.06
"Ethambutol (EMB) is a first-line drug used for antitubercular therapy in combination with other drugs as recommended by World Health Organization DOTS/DOTS-Plus regimens. "( Nucleotide polymorphism associated with ethambutol resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Ayyagari, A; Dhole, TN; Dwivedi, SK; Garg, A; Nyati, KK; Srivastava, S, 2006)		2.04
"Ethambutol is a useful first line antituberculous drug, but can cause significant visual impairment. "( Optic neuropathy associated with ethambutol in Koreans.
Choi, SY; Hwang, JM, 1997)		2.02
"Ethambutol is an essential medication in the management of tuberculosis. "( Ethambutol is toxic to retinal ganglion cells via an excitotoxic pathway.
Dreyer, EB; Heng, JE; Lessell, E; Levin, LA; Vorwerk, CK; Zurakowski, D, 1999)		3.19
"Ethambutol is an established front-line agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, and is also active against Mycobacterium avium infection. "( Ethambutol-sugar hybrids as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial cell-wall biosynthesis.
Bansal, N; Friedrich, J; Maddry, JA; Reynolds, RC; Rose, J; Suling, WJ, 1999)		3.19
"Ethambutol is an efficacious antituberculosis agent. "( Ethambutol-induced vacuolar changes and neuronal loss in rat retinal cell culture: mediation by endogenous zinc.
Jung, KH; Koh, JY; Sadun, AA; Shin, HC; Yoon, YH, 2000)		3.19
"Ethambutol (EMB) is a central component of drug regimens used worldwide for the treatment of tuberculosis. "( Molecular genetic analysis of nucleotide polymorphisms associated with ethambutol resistance in human isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Amin, AG; Dou, SJ; El Sahly, H; Göksel, S; Kreiswirth, BN; Moghazeh, SL; Musser, JM; Ramaswamy, SV; Stager, CE, 2000)		1.98
"Ethambutol is a strong metal-binding drug used for tuberculosis therapy."( Chelating drugs and zinc.
Weismann, K, 1986)		0.99

Effects

Ethambutol hydrochloride has been used in the treatment of tuberculosis for 25 years. It has no significant absorption characteristics beyond 200 nm due to its aliphatic saturated nature.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ethambutol has a narrow therapeutic index related to ocular toxicity."( Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: ethambutol dihydrochloride.
Amidon, GL; Barends, DM; Becker, C; Dressman, JB; Junginger, HE; Kopp, S; Midha, KK; Shah, VP; Stavchansky, S, 2008)		1.3
"Ethambutol resistance has mostly been related to mutations in the embB gene. "( Characterization of the embB gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Barcelona and rapid detection of main mutations related to ethambutol resistance using a low-density DNA array.
Alcaide, F; Coll, P; Español, M; Gonzalez-Martin, J; Mick, V; Moure, R; Salvadó, M; Tudó, G; Vicente, E, 2014)		2.05
"Ethambutol (EMB) has no significant absorption characteristics beyond 200 nm due to its aliphatic saturated nature. "( Ethambutol-Cobalt (II) ions complexation spectral characteristics and applications for quantitative analysis.
Atia, NN; Botros, SM; Ismail-Mohamed, AM; Mohamed, FA, 2015)		3.3
"Ethambutol has a narrow therapeutic index related to ocular toxicity."( Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: ethambutol dihydrochloride.
Amidon, GL; Barends, DM; Becker, C; Dressman, JB; Junginger, HE; Kopp, S; Midha, KK; Shah, VP; Stavchansky, S, 2008)		1.3
"Ethambutol hydrochloride has been used in the treatment of tuberculosis for 25 years. "( Toxic ocular effects of ethambutol.
Kahana, LM, 1987)		2.02

Actions

Ethambutol (EMB) is known to cause optic neuropathy and, more rarely, axonal polyneuropathy. It plays a pivotal role in the chemotherapy of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ethambutol is known to cause optic neuropathy and, more rarely, axonal polyneuropathy. "( Optochiasmatic and peripheral neuropathy due to ethambutol overtreatment.
Geyer, HL; Herskovitz, S; Schaumburg, HH; Slamovits, TL, 2014)		2.1
"Ethambutol (EMB) plays a pivotal role in the chemotherapy of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), including multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). "( Analysis of embCAB mutations associated with ethambutol resistance in multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from China.
Jiang, Y; Li, GL; Liu, HC; Sun, Q; Wan, KL; Wu, XC; Xiao, TY; Zeng, CY; Zhao, LL; Zhao, XQ, 2015)		2.12
"Ethambutol (EMB) can cause dose-related retrobulbar neuritis."( A rare adverse reaction to ethambutol: drug-induced haemolytic anaemia.
Barlascini, C; Gatto, P; Karamichali, S; Nicolini, A; Perazzo, A; Piroddi, IM; Strada, P, 2016)		1.45
"Ethambutol can cause optic neuropathy and deficiencies in color-opponent visual processing in patients treated for tuberculosis. "( Ethambutol alters spinule-type synaptic connections and induces morphologic alterations in the cone pedicles of the fish retina.
Kohler, K; Weiler, R; Zrenner, E, 1995)		3.18

Treatment

Treatment of 31 HIV infected patients with severe immunodeficiency and infection caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was evaluated in a retrospective study. Treatment with ethambutol or dendrimers (fourth generation) was demonstrated to increase ON interaction with both species of mycobacteria although not to the same extent.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"In ethambutol-treated cases a statistically significant increase in mean serum uric acid levels was observed in the second, third and fourth week of treatment."( Hyperuricaemia induced by ethambutol.
Agarwal, MC; Bihari, K; Narang, RK; Raina, AK; Sharma, SN; Singh, SN, 1983)		1.08
"Treatment with ethambutol plus rifampin appeared more successful (effective in five [100%] of five cases) than minocycline treatment (effective in 10 [71%] of 14 cases), although not significantly so (P = .28)."( Mycobacterium marinum skin infections. Report of 31 cases and review of the literature.
Edelstein, H, 1994)		0.63
"Treatment with ethambutol 15 mg/kg, rifabutin 6 mg/kg and amikacin 15 mg/kg (IV for 2-4 weeks) in 31 HIV infected patients with severe immunodeficiency and infection caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) was evaluated in a retrospective study. "( Efficacy of triple drug regimen of amikacin, ethambutol and rifabutin in AIDS patients with symptomatic Mycobacterium avium complex infection.
Jorup-Rönström, C; Julander, I; Petrini, B, 1993)		0.9
"Treatment with ethambutol or dendrimers (fourth generation) was demonstrated to increase ON interaction with both species of mycobacteria although not to the same extent."( Interaction of oligodeoxynucleotides with mycobacteria: implications for new therapeutic strategies.
Attia, SA; Davidson, MK; Hughes, JA; Rosenblatt, MN; Shepherd, VE, 1998)		0.64
"Treatment with ethambutol had different effect in both the strains resulting in decreased total phospholipid and cardiolipin content in EMB-susceptible strain and increased content in EMB-resistant strain, with no effect on fatty acyl group composition."( Effect of ethambutol on the phospholipids of ethambutol susceptible and resistant strains of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607.
Khuller, GK; Sareen, M, 1990)		1.02

Toxicity

Ethambutol is safe to use up to a dose of 20 mg/kg/day throughout the entire course of anti-tubercular therapy in children with drug-sensitive tuberculosis. The incidence of eth Ambutol-related toxic optic neuropathy has dramatically decreased since the recommendations for regular follow-up of patients treated with ethambutols.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"7%]); had similar rates of adverse drug reactions (7."( USPHS Tuberculosis Short-Course Chemotherapy Trial 21: effectiveness, toxicity, and acceptability. The report of final results.
Combs, DL; Geiter, LJ; O'Brien, RJ, 1990)		0.28
"An analysis of the adverse effects appearing in 101 patients during at least 4 months of chemotherapy for newly detected pulmonary tuberculosis between September, 1985 and July, 1987 was performed."( Adverse effects of antitubercular drugs and significance of measurement of the drug-stimulating lymphocyte transformation rate.
Umeki, S, )		0.13
" Secondly an epidemiological survey was attempted based on the 37 ethambutol toxicity cases registered to the Danish Board on Adverse Reactions 1972-81, making up 1% of those receiving antituberculous therapy."( Ocular ethambutol toxicity. A case report with electrophysiological considerations and a review of Danish cases 1972-81.
Fledelius, HC; Petrera, JE; Skjødt, K; Trojaborg, W, 1987)		0.97
"Optic neuritis, a well known adverse effect of ethambutol, is related to the dose and duration of the therapy."( A case of ocular toxicity to ethambutol--an idiosyncratic reaction?
Al-Shamali, MA; Fenech, FF; Karnik, AM, 1985)		0.82
" These cases plus similar reports in the literature suggest that isoniazid or rifampin, or both, may potentiate the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen, perhaps by induction of cytochrome P450 isozymes that oxidize acetaminophen to its toxic metabolites."( Hepatotoxicity associated with acetaminophen usage in patients receiving multiple drug therapy for tuberculosis.
Nelson, SD; Nolan, CM; Sandblom, RE; Slattery, JT; Thummel, KE, 1994)		0.29
"Because increased hepatotoxicity was observed with first line antituberculous agents using four drug standard induction therapy in orthotopic liver transplant patients, we evaluated the efficacy and adverse effects of a novel continuation regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis in orthotopic liver transplant patients at a University Hospital in New York City."( Tuberculosis in orthotopic liver transplant patients: increased toxicity of recommended agents; cure of disseminated infection with nonconventional regimens.
Emre, S; Meyers, BR; Miller, C; Papanicolaou, GA; Sheiner, P, 2000)		0.31
"Major adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs can cause significant morbidity, and compromise treatment regimens for tuberculosis (TB)."( Incidence of serious side effects from first-line antituberculosis drugs among patients treated for active tuberculosis.
Menzies, D; Parisien, I; Pelletier, M; Rocher, I; Valiquette, C; Yee, D, 2003)		0.32
" Group II also registered; the maximum cost and highest incidence of adverse effects."( Comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety profile of three anti-tuberculous regimens in Mangalore.
Beena, S; Pai, MR; Rao, KN, 2002)		0.31
" The most commonly recognized toxic effect of ethambutol is optic neuropathy, which generally is considered uncommon and reversible in medical literature."( Ocular ethambutol toxicity.
Kosmorsky, GS; Lee, MS; Melamud, A, 2003)		1.03
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32
" Measures to ensure a high level of awareness in medical staff and patients of this potential adverse effect appear to be the best current preventive method."( Ocular toxicity of ethambutol.
Chan, RY; Kwok, AK, 2006)		0.66
"The optic nerve is quite vulnerable to the toxic effect of drugs."( [Toxicity of recent and less recent drugs on the optic nerve. Does Viagra cause blindness?].
Cordonnier, M, 2007)		0.34
" The occurrence of adverse effects was also monitored."( Clinical evaluation and monitoring of adverse effects for fixed multidose combination against single drug therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
Chaudhry, A; Jamshaid, M; Zaka-Ur-Rehman, Z, 2008)		0.35
"Damage of the optic nerve (optic neuropathy) may be caused, apart from other reasons, by an adverse drug effect."( [Adverse effect optic neuropathy].
Martini, BC, 2008)		0.35
" The major side effect of the antibiotic ethambutol, commonly used in tuberculosis therapy, is a retinopathy, which may lead to selective RGC loss, if not detected in an early stage."( The G11778A LHON mutation does not enhance ethambutol cytotoxicity in a cybrid model.
Kirches, E; Mawrin, C; Pommer, R; Schoeler, S; Szibor, R, )		0.66
" Noninferiority was dependent on consistent results from a per-protocol and modified intention-to-treat analysis, using 2 different models for the latter, classifying all changes of treatment or refusal to continue treatment (eg, bacteriological failure/relapse, adverse event, default, drug resistance) as unfavorable (model 1) and classifying changes of treatment for reasons other than therapeutic outcomes according to their 18-month bacteriological outcome if available (post hoc model 2)."( Efficacy and safety of a 4-drug fixed-dose combination regimen compared with separate drugs for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: the Study C randomized controlled trial.
Anyo, G; Burgos, M; Cook, SV; Enarson, DA; Jindani, A; Kim, SJ; Lienhardt, C; Nunn, AJ; Rigouts, L; Yorke-Edwards, V, 2011)		0.37
" Adverse events related to trial drugs were similarly distributed among treatment groups."( Efficacy and safety of a 4-drug fixed-dose combination regimen compared with separate drugs for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: the Study C randomized controlled trial.
Anyo, G; Burgos, M; Cook, SV; Enarson, DA; Jindani, A; Kim, SJ; Lienhardt, C; Nunn, AJ; Rigouts, L; Yorke-Edwards, V, 2011)		0.37
" Human RPE cell line RPE50 and ARPE19 cells were pretreated with specific inhibitors or transfected with shRNAs of various PKC isozymes, including PKCα, β, ε, γ, and δ, to examine whether EMB-induced toxic effects were prevented."( PKCδ-dependent signaling mediates ethambutol-induced toxic effects on human retinal pigment cells.
Chen, ZY; He, MS; Tsai, RK; Wu, WC; Wu, WS, 2011)		0.65
" In contrast, pretreatment of the cells with specific inhibitors of PKCα, β, ε, or γ, or depletion of PKCα or β didn't influence the aforementioned EMB-triggered toxic effects."( PKCδ-dependent signaling mediates ethambutol-induced toxic effects on human retinal pigment cells.
Chen, ZY; He, MS; Tsai, RK; Wu, WC; Wu, WS, 2011)		0.65
" The cytotoxic effects against mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) in vitro were evaluated for 5c and 5d, which displayed no toxic effects (IC(50) > 1000 μM) against the mouse fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3."( Synthesis of 3-heteroarylthioquinoline derivatives and their in vitro antituberculosis and cytotoxicity studies.
Chitra, S; Manisankar, P; Muthusubramanian, S; Paul, N; Sriram, D; Yogeeswari, P, 2011)		0.37
" Four patients did not complete the 1-year treatment because of adverse events."( The clinical efficacy and safety of a fluoroquinolone-containing regimen for pulmonary MAC disease.
Fujita, M; Harada, E; Ikegame, S; Kajiki, A; Matsumoto, T; Miyazaki, M; Nakanishi, Y; Ouchi, H; Tao, Y; Uchino, J; Watanabe, K, 2012)		0.38
" Adverse events were mostly mild and no serious adverse events or drug discontinuations were reported."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
" Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial agent associated with toxic optic neuropathies."( Ethambutol toxicity exacerbating the phenotype of CMT2A2.
Arnold, WD; Binkley, EM; Epstein, A; Fonkem, E; Kissel, JT; Lawson, VH; Raymer, DS; Skordilis, MA, 2013)		2.74
"The incidence of ethambutol-related toxic optic neuropathy has dramatically decreased since the recommendations for regular follow-up of patients treated with ethambutol."( [Bitemporal hemianopia as presenting sign of severe ethambutol toxicity].
Boulanger Scemama, E; Le Hoang, P; Touitou, V, 2013)		0.98
" Toxic chiasmal lesions are rare, but in the absence of any tumoral lesion in the sellar area, a detailed history must be obtained in order to rule out drug toxicity, so as to prevent irreversible visual loss."( [Bitemporal hemianopia as presenting sign of severe ethambutol toxicity].
Boulanger Scemama, E; Le Hoang, P; Touitou, V, 2013)		0.64
" The primary outcome was death and secondary outcome measures were 6 month disability, repeat MRI changes and serious adverse events (SAEs)."( Safety and efficacy of levofloxacin versus rifampicin in tuberculous meningitis: an open-label randomized controlled trial.
Bhoi, SK; Kalita, J; Misra, UK; Prasad, S, 2014)		0.4
" We also assessed safety and tolerability by monitoring adverse events."( Efficiency and safety of the combination of moxifloxacin, pretomanid (PA-824), and pyrazinamide during the first 8 weeks of antituberculosis treatment: a phase 2b, open-label, partly randomised trial in patients with drug-susceptible or drug-resistant pul
Burger, DA; Conradie, A; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Donald, PR; Eisenach, K; Everitt, D; Ive, P; Mendel, CM; Ntinginya, NE; Page-Shipp, L; Pym, A; Reither, K; Schall, R; Spigelman, M; van Niekerk, C; Variava, E; Venter, A; von Groote-Bidlingmaier, F, 2015)		0.42
" Frequencies of adverse events were similar to standard treatment in all groups."( Efficiency and safety of the combination of moxifloxacin, pretomanid (PA-824), and pyrazinamide during the first 8 weeks of antituberculosis treatment: a phase 2b, open-label, partly randomised trial in patients with drug-susceptible or drug-resistant pul
Burger, DA; Conradie, A; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Donald, PR; Eisenach, K; Everitt, D; Ive, P; Mendel, CM; Ntinginya, NE; Page-Shipp, L; Pym, A; Reither, K; Schall, R; Spigelman, M; van Niekerk, C; Variava, E; Venter, A; von Groote-Bidlingmaier, F, 2015)		0.42
"Hepatotoxicity is a serious adverse effect of tuberculosis treatment."( Drug-induced hepatotoxicity and tuberculosis in a hospital from the Argentinian northeast: cross-sectional study.
Achinelli, FR; Ferreyra, FG; Golemba, AS; Martearena, RE; Rovai, GB, 2015)		0.42
" Since we lack a regional registry, this casuistry could be the kickoff for the creation of regional and/or national records of anti-tuberculosis drugs adverse effects and pharmacologic vigilance."( Drug-induced hepatotoxicity and tuberculosis in a hospital from the Argentinian northeast: cross-sectional study.
Achinelli, FR; Ferreyra, FG; Golemba, AS; Martearena, RE; Rovai, GB, 2015)		0.42
"3%] in the RPT 450 mg, RPT 600 mg and RMP groups), as were ⩾grade 3 adverse events (0/54 [0%], 1/51 [2."( Two-stage activity-safety study of daily rifapentine during intensive phase treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Barnes, GL; Carman, D; Chaisson, RE; Dawson, R; Dorman, SE; Efron, A; Gupte, N; Hoffman, J; McIlleron, H; Narunsky, K; Whitelaw, A, 2015)		0.42
" Daily RPT was safe and well-tolerated."( Two-stage activity-safety study of daily rifapentine during intensive phase treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Barnes, GL; Carman, D; Chaisson, RE; Dawson, R; Dorman, SE; Efron, A; Gupte, N; Hoffman, J; McIlleron, H; Narunsky, K; Whitelaw, A, 2015)		0.42
" The combination of anti-TB drugs (4-Tabs)- isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA) and ethambutol (ETB) are effective in the management of the disease, however, their toxic effect is a major concern."( Ameliorative Effects of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Fraction from Garcinia Kola Seed, on Hepato-renal Toxicity of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Wistar Rats.
Adaramoye, OA; Adefisan, A; Adeyemi, O; Akanni, OO; Kehinde, AO; Oyinlola, I, 2016)		0.65
"These findings suggest that anti-TB drugs elicit oxidative damage in liver and kidney of rats while KV protects against the adverse effects via antioxidative mechanism."( Ameliorative Effects of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Fraction from Garcinia Kola Seed, on Hepato-renal Toxicity of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Wistar Rats.
Adaramoye, OA; Adefisan, A; Adeyemi, O; Akanni, OO; Kehinde, AO; Oyinlola, I, 2016)		0.43
"To assess whether increasing the dose of rifampicin (RMP) from 10 mg/kg to 15 or 20 mg/kg results in an increase in grade 3 or 4 hepatic adverse events and/or serious adverse events (SAE)."( A randomised Phase II trial to evaluate the toxicity of high-dose rifampicin to treat pulmonary tuberculosis.
Atwine, D; Bonnet, M; Borgulya, G; Burgos, M; Checkley, AM; de Fernandes, RA; de Patiño, IW; Dubash, F; Gonzales, T; Harrison, TS; Jindani, A; Mitchison, D; Patel, N; Shrestha, B, 2016)		0.43
"No significant increase in adverse events occurred when the RMP dose was increased from 10 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg."( A randomised Phase II trial to evaluate the toxicity of high-dose rifampicin to treat pulmonary tuberculosis.
Atwine, D; Bonnet, M; Borgulya, G; Burgos, M; Checkley, AM; de Fernandes, RA; de Patiño, IW; Dubash, F; Gonzales, T; Harrison, TS; Jindani, A; Mitchison, D; Patel, N; Shrestha, B, 2016)		0.43
" Primary outcome was death and secondary outcomes were disability as assess by Barthel Index score and adverse events."( Safety and efficacy of additional levofloxacin in tuberculous meningitis: A randomized controlled pilot study.
Betai, S; Bhoi, SK; Kalita, J; Misra, UK, 2016)		0.43
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Adverse events associated with second-line drugs (SLDs) can have severe impact on efficient management."( Frequency of adverse events observed with second-line drugs among patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Hosmane, GB; Jain, A; Kushwaha, RA; Prasad, R; Singh, A; Srivastava, R, 2016)		0.43
"To know the frequency of adverse events due to SLDs in patients of MDR-TB."( Frequency of adverse events observed with second-line drugs among patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Hosmane, GB; Jain, A; Kushwaha, RA; Prasad, R; Singh, A; Srivastava, R, 2016)		0.43
" Adverse events associated with treatment were recognized primarily by clinical evidence and/or laboratory investigations that were advised at baseline and whenever clinically indicated during course of treatment."( Frequency of adverse events observed with second-line drugs among patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Hosmane, GB; Jain, A; Kushwaha, RA; Prasad, R; Singh, A; Srivastava, R, 2016)		0.43
"119 adverse events were reported in 46 (46."( Frequency of adverse events observed with second-line drugs among patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Hosmane, GB; Jain, A; Kushwaha, RA; Prasad, R; Singh, A; Srivastava, R, 2016)		0.43
"MDR-TB can be cured successfully with appropriate combination of drugs if adverse events associated with them can be managed aggressively and timely."( Frequency of adverse events observed with second-line drugs among patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Hosmane, GB; Jain, A; Kushwaha, RA; Prasad, R; Singh, A; Srivastava, R, 2016)		0.43
"Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ATDH) is a serious adverse reaction to anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment."( Association between TXNRD1 polymorphisms and anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in a prospective study.
He, JQ; Ji, GY; Liu, QQ; Sandford, AJ; Wang, Y; Wu, JC; Wu, SQ; Zhang, MM, 2016)		0.43
" The characteristics of RMR-TB were compared with those with adverse events to rifampin (RAE-TB)."( Treatment outcomes of rifampin-sparing treatment in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with rifampin-mono-resistance or rifampin adverse events: A retrospective cohort analysis.
Jo, KW; Kim, WS; Lee, SD; Park, S; Shim, TS, 2017)		0.46
" The anti-TB drugs of first choice were developed more than 4 decades ago and present several adverse effects, making the treatment of TB even more complicated and the development of new chemotherapeutics for this disease imperative."( New hydrazides derivatives of isoniazid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Higher potency and lower hepatocytotoxicity.
Aiub, CAF; Araujo-Lima, CF; Boechat, N; Castelo-Branco, FS; Costa, TEMM; Costa-Lima, MM; de Lima, EC; Domingos, JLO; Felzenszwalb, I; Gomes, KM; Henriques, MG; Lourenço, MCS; Penido, C; Pinto, AC, 2018)		0.48
" However, their neurotoxicity could cause adverse effect and the patients with end-stage renal disease are especially vulnerable due to the reduction in renal drug clearance."( Ethambutol and isoniazid induced severe neurotoxicity in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Chen, Y; Li, H; Peng, H; Si, M, 2018)		1.92
"All grade 3 & 4 adverse events (AEs) and their relationship to treatment for patients who had taken at least one dose of therapy in the REMoxTB clinical trial were recorded."( Toxicity associated with tuberculosis chemotherapy in the REMoxTB study.
Amukoye, EI; Crook, AM; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Gillespie, SH; Hanekom, M; McHugh, TD; Mendel, CM; Meredith, SK; Murphy, ME; Murthy, SE; Nunn, AJ; Phillips, PPJ; Singh, KP; Spigelman, M; Tweed, CD; Wills, GH, 2018)		0.48
" The most common adverse events on standard therapy related to hepatobiliary, musculoskeletal and metabolic disorders."( Toxicity associated with tuberculosis chemotherapy in the REMoxTB study.
Amukoye, EI; Crook, AM; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Gillespie, SH; Hanekom, M; McHugh, TD; Mendel, CM; Meredith, SK; Murphy, ME; Murthy, SE; Nunn, AJ; Phillips, PPJ; Singh, KP; Spigelman, M; Tweed, CD; Wills, GH, 2018)		0.48
" Therefore, this side effect is thought to be unrecognized by most physicians."( Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis caused by rifampicin: An increasing and often overlooked side effect in elderly patients
.
Iwata, K; Nagata, M; Ohji, G, 2019)		0.51
" Incidence rate of adverse effects was 19."( Efficacy and safety of cholecalciferol-augmented anti-tuberculosis therapy for treatment of naïve patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: A randomized, controlled, clinical study.
Abd-Ellatief, RB; Hasanain, AFA; Nafee, AMA; Zayed, AAH, 2019)		0.51
" In addition, adding vitamin D3 to ATT provides extra protection against the hepatic and muscular adverse effects of ATT."( Efficacy and safety of cholecalciferol-augmented anti-tuberculosis therapy for treatment of naïve patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: A randomized, controlled, clinical study.
Abd-Ellatief, RB; Hasanain, AFA; Nafee, AMA; Zayed, AAH, 2019)		0.51
" In conclusion, regimen including PZA seems to be safe for late elderly patients with pulmonary TB."( Safety of pyrazinamide-including regimen in late elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: A prospective randomized open-label study.
Asaoka, M; Baba, T; Hagiwara, E; Katano, T; Kitamura, H; Komatsu, S; Ogura, T; Okuda, R; Sekine, A; Suido, Y, 2019)		0.51
" We investigated the incidence of adverse events and cure rates according to HIV status for patients receiving standard TB therapy in the trial."( Toxicity related to standard TB therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis and treatment outcomes in the REMoxTB study according to HIV status.
Crook, AM; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Gillespie, SH; McHugh, TD; Mendel, CM; Meredith, SK; Mohapi, L; Murphy, ME; Nunn, AJ; Phillips, PPJ; Singh, KP; Spigelman, M; Tweed, CD, 2019)		0.51
" Grade 3 and 4 adverse events (AEs) were summarised by MedDRA System Organ Class."( Toxicity related to standard TB therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis and treatment outcomes in the REMoxTB study according to HIV status.
Crook, AM; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Gillespie, SH; McHugh, TD; Mendel, CM; Meredith, SK; Mohapi, L; Murphy, ME; Nunn, AJ; Phillips, PPJ; Singh, KP; Spigelman, M; Tweed, CD, 2019)		0.51
"HIV-positive patients receiving standard TB therapy in the REMoxTB study were at greater risk of adverse events during treatment but cure rates were similar when compared to a matched sample of HIV-negative patients."( Toxicity related to standard TB therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis and treatment outcomes in the REMoxTB study according to HIV status.
Crook, AM; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; Gillespie, SH; McHugh, TD; Mendel, CM; Meredith, SK; Mohapi, L; Murphy, ME; Nunn, AJ; Phillips, PPJ; Singh, KP; Spigelman, M; Tweed, CD, 2019)		0.51
"8%) discontinued EMB due to various adverse effects."( Treatment Outcomes after Discontinuation of Ethambutol due to Adverse Events in
Chong, YP; Jo, KW; Kim, OH; Kwon, BS; Kwon, YS; Park, YE; Shim, TS, 2020)		0.82
"These findings suggest that treatment outcomes are unsatisfactory in patients with MAC-LD who discontinue EMB owing to adverse events."( Treatment Outcomes after Discontinuation of Ethambutol due to Adverse Events in
Chong, YP; Jo, KW; Kim, OH; Kwon, BS; Kwon, YS; Park, YE; Shim, TS, 2020)		0.82
" The main toxic effect of the substances was related to inhibition of mitochondrial dehydrogenases (succinate dehydrogenase and α-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase) usually followed by suppression of activity of hydrolytic enzymes (acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase)."( Cytochemical Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Combined Antituberculosis Substances on Metabolic State of Blood Lymphocytes.
Dolgushin, MV, 2020)		0.56
"Completion of tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment is important to optimize efficacy; treatment-related adverse events (AEs) sometimes result in discontinuation."( Risk Factors for Adverse Events in Household Contacts Prescribed Preventive Treatment for Drug-resistant Tuberculosis Exposure.
Amanullah, F; Becerra, MC; Cranmer, LM; Fuad, J; Gandhi, NR; Hussain, H; Jaswal, M; Keshavjee, S; Lash, TL; Malik, AA; Omer, SB; Salahuddin, N; Siddiqui, S, 2021)		0.62
" Adverse events were categorized using the AE grading tables of the National Institutes of Health."( Risk Factors for Adverse Events in Household Contacts Prescribed Preventive Treatment for Drug-resistant Tuberculosis Exposure.
Amanullah, F; Becerra, MC; Cranmer, LM; Fuad, J; Gandhi, NR; Hussain, H; Jaswal, M; Keshavjee, S; Lash, TL; Malik, AA; Omer, SB; Salahuddin, N; Siddiqui, S, 2021)		0.62
"To evaluate incidence of toxic optic neuropathy in patients receiving ethambutol (EMB) for 6 months and to identify its early indicators."( Prospective study to evaluate incidence and indicators for early detection of ethambutol toxicity.
Dhiman, R; Guleria, R; Mandal, S; Mohan, A; Padhy, SK; Phuljhele, S; Saxena, R; Sharma, P, 2021)		1.08
" Adverse reaction to anti-TB chemotherapy is frequent and affects the course of the therapy, leading sometimes to discontinuation of drugs."( Isolated testicular tuberculosis with ethambutol cutaneous toxicity: A combination of two rare entities.
Cavadas, S; Ladeira, I; Leal, MDS; Pereira, FG, )		0.4
" Recently, the guidelines of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme of India have been revised to allow for fixed dose and longer duration of ethambutol use; this is likely to result in an increase in vision-threatening adverse effects."( Ethambutol toxicity: Expert panel consensus for the primary prevention, diagnosis and management of ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy.
Gandhi, R; Garg, R; Kalaiselvan, V; Karna, S; Lodha, R; Menon, V; Mohan, A; Phuljhele, S; Prakash, A; Saxena, R; Singh, D, 2021)		2.26
"We used the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) database (2009-2018)."( Analysis of Adverse Drug Reactions to First-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs Using the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System.
Byeon, SJ; Choi, JH; Chung, SJ, 2022)		0.72
"Ethambutol is safe to use up to a dose of 20 mg/kg/day throughout the entire course of anti-tubercular therapy in children with drug-sensitive tuberculosis."( Ocular Toxicity of Ethambutol During Both Intensive and Continuation Phases of Anti-Tubercular Therapy in Children.
Ali, MK; Mandal, A; Mane, SS; Pustake, M; Yadav, N, 2022)		2.49

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide were determined for each patient. No statistically significant difference was found in plasma pharmacokinetics. A significant decrease in the amount of unchanged ethambUTol excreted in urine was observed.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" A pharmacokinetic study in the mouse and rat indicated that the complex is eliminated by the kidney faster than DTPA, slower than [131I]hippuran and without significant renal retention."( Labeling of ethambutol with 99mTc using a new reduction procedure. Pharmacokinetic study in the mouse and rat.
Bally, P; Benbarek, M; Causse, JE; Couret, I; Cypriani, B; Descomps, B; Dupuy, A; Pasqualini, R; van der Valk, R; Weil, R, 1990)		0.66
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were interpreted by using an one-part model with absorption."( [Ethambutol pharmacokinetics in pulmonary tuberculosis patients].
Abramovich, AG; Bessarabova, TN; Ivleva, AIa; Sokolova, GB; Ziia, AV, )		1.04
" By an iteration process, based on non-linear regression analysis, the following pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated: Vd, Ka, Ke, T0."( Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs after oral isolated and simultaneous administration in triple combination.
Janků, I; Papezová, E; Stastná, J; Tousek, J; Zítková, L, 1983)		0.27
" The beta phase exhibited a mean half-life of approximately 2 hr on dialysis in comparison to off dialysis half-lives of 7 hr or longer in renal failure."( Clearance calculations in hemodialysis: application to blood, plasma, and dialysate measurements for ethambutol.
Benet, LZ; Lee, CS; Marbury, TC, 1980)		0.48
" Data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods and by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with zero-order absorption and first-order elimination."( Pharmacokinetics of ethambutol under fasting conditions, with food, and with antacids.
Bulpitt, AE; Childs, JM; Jaresko, GS; Jelliffe, RW; Nix, DE; Peloquin, CA, 1999)		0.63
" No statistically significant difference was found in plasma pharmacokinetics (C(max), t(max), AUC, half-life and MRT) and in the renal clearance, whereas a significant decrease in the amount of unchanged ethambutol excreted in urine was observed."( Effect of rifabutin on ethambutol pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.
Bani, M; Benedetti, MS; Breda, M; Brianceschi, G; Dolfi, L; Pellizzoni, C; Poggesi, I; Rimoldi, R; Rocchetti, M; Sassella, D, 1999)		0.8
" Pharmacokinetic studies in the rat show a very rapid elimination from the body after intravenous administration and a poor absorption after oral administration."( Synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterium activity of N-alkyl-1, 2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides. Preliminary toxicity and pharmacokinetic evaluation.
Fraschini, F; Gascón, AR; Pagani, G; Pedraz Muñoz, JL; Piersimoni, C; Pregnolato, M; Scaglione, F; Terreni, M; Ubiali, D, 2000)		0.31
" Introduction of a hydroxyl or a tertiary amino group in the N-alkyl chain resulted in an improved pharmacokinetic profile without affecting sensitively the antituberculous potency."( New N-alkyl-1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides as antituberculous agents with improved pharmacokinetics.
Pagani, G; Pedraz Muñoz, JL; Piersimoni, C; Pregnolato, M; Rodríguez Gascón, A; Terreni, M; Ubiali, D, 2002)		0.31
" We present detailed pharmacokinetic (PK) data for amikacin (AMK), ethambutol (EMB), INH, pyrazinamide (PZA), RIF, and levofloxacin in four female bongos."( Population pharmacokinetics of antituberculous drugs and treatment of Mycobacterium bovis infection in bongo antelope (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci).
Aguilar, R; Auclair, B; Maslow, JN; Mikota, SK; Peloquin, CA, 2002)		0.55
"The concentration and half-life of theophylline was decreased and its clearance was increased significantly at days 5-7 after administration of antituberculosis agents compared to before the therapy was started."( The clearance of theophylline is increased during the initial period of tuberculosis treatment.
Ahn, HC; Lee, YC, 2003)		0.32
" Concentration data were analyzed using non-compartmental and population pharmacokinetic methods."( Pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in children and adults with tuberculosis.
Ashkin, D; Auclair, B; Berning, SE; Bulpitt, AE; Burman, WJ; Jaresko, GS; Jelliffe, RW; Peloquin, CA; Stambaugh, JJ; Starke, JR; Steiner, P; Zhu, M, 2004)		0.65
" Pharmacokinetic profiles of SQ109 in mice following a single administration showed its C(max) as 1038 (intravenous (i."( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of SQ109, a new diamine-based antitubercular drug.
Coward, L; Gorman, G; Hanrahan, C; Jia, L; Nikonenko, B; Noker, P; Protopopova, M; Tomaszewski, JE, 2005)		0.33
"Integrating combinatorial lead optimization of [1,2]-diamine core structure based on ethambutol with high-throughput screening has led us to focus on three promising analogs (SQ37, SQ59 and SQ109) as potential anti-tubercular drug candidates from thousands of synthesized diamine analogs for further characterization of their biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties by using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and cassette dosing for pharmacokinetic screening."( Simultaneous estimation of pharmacokinetic properties in mice of three anti-tubercular ethambutol analogs obtained from combinatorial lead optimization.
Glaze, E; Gorman, GS; Jia, L; Noker, PE; Protopopova, M; Tomaszewski, JE, 2005)		0.78
"Evaluation of sources of pharmacokinetic variation can facilitate optimization of tuberculosis treatment regimens by identification of avoidable sources of variation and of risk factors for low or high drug concentrations in patients."( Determinants of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol pharmacokinetics in a cohort of tuberculosis patients.
Burger, A; Folb, PI; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Smith, P; Wash, P, 2006)		0.58
" A full pharmacokinetic curve for rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol was recorded after 6 weeks of daily TB treatment."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a higher rifampin dose versus the standard dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
Aarnoutse, RE; Alisjahbana, B; Nijland, HM; Parwati, I; Ruslami, R; van Crevel, R, 2007)		0.58
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)		0.35
" Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling was performed for rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol at steady state."( Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes.
Aarnoutse, RE; Adhiarta, IG; Alisjahbana, B; Kariadi, SH; Nijland, HM; Ruslami, R; van Crevel, R, 2010)		0.59
" Population pharmacokinetic parameters and their variability encountered in tuberculosis patients were utilized in Monte Carlo simulations to determine the probability that particular daily doses of the drugs would achieve or exceed the EC(90) in the epithelial lining fluid of 10,000 tuberculosis patients."( New susceptibility breakpoints for first-line antituberculosis drugs based on antimicrobial pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic science and population pharmacokinetic variability.
Gumbo, T, 2010)		0.36
" Ratio of peak concentration to MIC (C(max)/MIC) was linked to microbial kill rate."( Ethambutol optimal clinical dose and susceptibility breakpoint identification by use of a novel pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of disseminated intracellular Mycobacterium avium.
Deshpande, D; Gumbo, T; Leff, R; Meek, C; Srivastava, S, 2010)		1.8
"We retrospectively collected pharmacokinetic data of all patients treated for MAC lung disease in the Adult Care Unit at National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, in the January 2006 to January 2010 period; we retrospectively calculated areas under the time-concentration curve (AUC)."( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Daley, CL; Egelund, EF; Heifets, LB; Levin, A; Mouton, JW; Peloquin, CA; Totten, SE; van Ingen, J, 2012)		0.38
"We included 531 pharmacokinetic analyses, performed for 481 patients (84% females; mean age, 63 yr; mean body mass index, 21."( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Daley, CL; Egelund, EF; Heifets, LB; Levin, A; Mouton, JW; Peloquin, CA; Totten, SE; van Ingen, J, 2012)		0.38
" Pharmacodynamic indices for rifampicin, clarithromycin, amikacin, and moxifloxacin are seldom met."( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Daley, CL; Egelund, EF; Heifets, LB; Levin, A; Mouton, JW; Peloquin, CA; Totten, SE; van Ingen, J, 2012)		0.38
"This was a Phase II open-label multiple dose pharmacokinetic and safety study."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
"A total of 25 patients (56% male) completed the study; 21 had evaluable pharmacokinetic profiles."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
"Coadministration of efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine with a standard first-line TB treatment regimen did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of these drugs and was tolerated well by Tanzanian TB patients who are coinfected with HIV."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
" No pharmacokinetic data are available from South American children."( Pharmacokinetics of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Venezuelan children younger than 16 years of age: supportive evidence for the implementation of revised WHO dosing recommendations.
Aarnoutse, RE; de Groot, R; de Waard, JH; García, JF; Hermans, PW; López, D; Verhagen, LM; Warris, A, 2012)		0.38
"25 patients (83%) had an isoniazid Cmax below 3 mg/l and 23 patients (77%) had a rifampicin Cmax below 8 mg/l."( Pharmacokinetics of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Venezuelan children younger than 16 years of age: supportive evidence for the implementation of revised WHO dosing recommendations.
Aarnoutse, RE; de Groot, R; de Waard, JH; García, JF; Hermans, PW; López, D; Verhagen, LM; Warris, A, 2012)		0.38
" We therefore determined the pharmacokinetic characteristics of first-line TB drugs in Tanzanian patients using intensive pharmacokinetic sampling."( Pharmacokinetics of first-line tuberculosis drugs in Tanzanian patients.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Kibiki, GS; Mtabho, CM; Semvua, HH; Tostmann, A; van den Boogaard, J, 2013)		0.39
" Serum concentration-time profiles, maximum serum concentrations, time to achieve maximum serum concentrations, the half-life and the areas under the serum concentration-time curve for each of the four drugs were determined."( Pharmacokinetics and serum concentrations of antimycobacterial drugs in adult Turkish patients.
Arpag, H; Babalık, A; Bakirci, N; Çarpaner, E; Dagyildiz, L; Kuyucu, T; Ulus, IH, 2013)		0.39
"Wide variations in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed among patients."( Pharmacokinetics and serum concentrations of antimycobacterial drugs in adult Turkish patients.
Arpag, H; Babalık, A; Bakirci, N; Çarpaner, E; Dagyildiz, L; Kuyucu, T; Ulus, IH, 2013)		0.39
"This review will introduce pharmacokinetic parameters for key anti-TB drugs, as well as the indications and limitations of measuring these parameters in clinical practice."( Understanding pharmacokinetics to improve tuberculosis treatment outcome.
Heysell, SK; Reynolds, J, 2014)		0.4
"Individual pharmacokinetic variability is commonplace, underappreciated and difficult to predict without therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)."( Understanding pharmacokinetics to improve tuberculosis treatment outcome.
Heysell, SK; Reynolds, J, 2014)		0.4
" Rectal isoniazid produced an earlier Tmax compared with oral administration."( The pharmacokinetics of a single oral or rectal dose of concurrently administered isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).
Egelund, EF; Hunter, RP; Isaza, R; P Brock, A; Peloquin, CA, 2014)		0.61
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide were determined for each patient."( Impact of nonlinear interactions of pharmacokinetics and MICs on sputum bacillary kill rates as a marker of sterilizing effect in tuberculosis.
Chigutsa, E; Gumbo, T; McIlleron, H; Pasipanodya, JG; Sirgel, FA; Smith, PJ; van Helden, PD; Visser, ME, 2015)		0.66
"Thirty children aged 6 months to 15 years underwent intensive pharmacokinetic sampling for first-line anti-TB drugs at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi."( Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol.
Ardrey, A; Davies, GR; Dzinjalamala, F; Mlotha, R; Molyneux, E; Ward, S; Waterhouse, D, 2015)		0.64
"These data support recently revised WHO recommendations for dosing of anti-TB drugs in children, but dosing of ethambutol in children also appears inadequate by comparison with adult pharmacokinetic data."( Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol.
Ardrey, A; Davies, GR; Dzinjalamala, F; Mlotha, R; Molyneux, E; Ward, S; Waterhouse, D, 2015)		0.85
"The available pharmacokinetic data on anti-tubercular drugs in children raises the concern of suboptimal plasma concentrations attained when doses extrapolated from adult studies are used."( Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in Indian children.
Kabra, SK; Kanhiya, K; Lodha, R; Mukherjee, A; Singla, M; Velpandian, T, 2015)		0.66
" Data was analysed using population pharmacokinetic modelling."( Pharmacokinetics of Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol in Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary TB Patients in Tanzania.
Andersen, AB; Castel, S; Changalucha, J; Chigutsa, E; Christiansen, M; Denti, P; Faurholt-Jepsen, D; Friis, H; Hagen, CM; Jeremiah, K; McIlleron, H; PrayGod, G; Range, N; Wiesner, L, 2015)		0.67
"We evaluated ethambutol plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetic according to single nucleotide polymorphisms in ABCB1, OATP1B1, PXR, VDR, CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 genes."( Ethambutol plasma and intracellular pharmacokinetics: A pharmacogenetic study.
Allegra, S; Baietto, L; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; Cusato, J; D'Avolio, A; Fatiguso, G; Favata, F; Motta, I; Perri, GD, 2016)		2.25
"There are limited pharmacokinetic data for use of the first-line antituberculosis drugs during infancy (<12 months of age), when drug disposition may differ."( Pharmacokinetics of Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol in Infants Dosed According to Revised WHO-Recommended Treatment Guidelines.
Bekker, A; Donald, PR; Draper, HR; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, HM; Murray, S; Schaaf, HS; van der Laan, L; Wiesner, L, 2016)		0.68
" The relative bias and relative imprecision of each pharmacokinetic parameter for each drug were derived and assessed to choose the final designs."( Population pharmacokinetics, optimised design and sample size determination for rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide in the mouse.
Alameda, L; Chen, C; Ferrer, S; Ortega, F; Simonsson, US, 2016)		0.65
" The AZM Cmax was measured in patients receiving daily therapy (250 mg of AZM daily, n = 77) or intermittent therapy (500 mg of AZM three times weekly, n = 89) for MAC-LD and daily therapy for Mycobacterium abscessus complex LD (MABC-LD) (250 mg of AZM daily, n = 55)."( Peak Plasma Concentration of Azithromycin and Treatment Responses in Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease.
Daley, CL; Jeon, K; Jeong, BH; Kim, SY; Koh, WJ; Lee, SY; Moon, SM; Park, HY; Shin, SJ, 2016)		0.43
" Pyrazinamide pharmacokinetic (PK) data from 61 HIV/TB-coinfected patients in South Africa were used in the analysis."( Pharmacokinetics of Pyrazinamide and Optimal Dosing Regimens for Drug-Sensitive and -Resistant Tuberculosis.
Chirehwa, MT; Denti, P; McIlleron, H; Mthiyane, T; Onyebujoh, P; Rustomjee, R; Smith, P, 2017)		0.46
" Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling occurred in 63 patients after 6 weeks of treatment, and safety/tolerability was assessed."( Pharmacokinetics, Tolerability, and Bacteriological Response of Rifampin Administered at 600, 900, and 1,200 Milligrams Daily in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Colbers, A; Gillespie, SH; Haraka, F; Hoelscher, M; Kibiki, GS; Logger, JGM; Magis-Escurra, C; Mpagama, SG; Mtabho, CM; Phillips, PPJ; Plemper van Balen, G; Reither, K; Semvua, HH; Sumari-de Boer, IM; Te Brake, LHM; van den Boogaard, J; Wattenberg, M, 2017)		0.46
" A combined population pharmacokinetic model was developed to jointly describe the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir in 32 HIV-infected children (16 with MDR-TB receiving treatment with combinations of high-dose isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, ethionamide, terizidone, a fluoroquinolone, and amikacin and 16 without TB) who were established on a lopinavir-ritonavir-containing antiretroviral regimen."( Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Lopinavir-Ritonavir Administered with First- and Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in HIV-Infected Children Treated for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis.
de Kock, M; Denti, P; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Tikiso, T; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2018)		0.66
"Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling for pharmacokinetic (PK) studies and therapeutic drug monitoring have unique advantages over venous sampling."( Evaluation of dried blood spot sampling for pharmacokinetic research and therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-tuberculosis drugs in children.
Aarnoutse, RE; Aguirre, S; Alffenaar, JW; Chaparro, G; Coronel, R; Gomez, R; Gonzalez, F; Huisman, J; Jongedijk, E; Kerkhoff, J; Magis-Escurra, C; Martial, LC; Martinez, N; Molinas, G; Pérez, D; Rodríguez, M; Roman, M; Touw, DJ, 2018)		0.48
"Dosing recommendations for treating childhood tuberculosis (TB) were revised by the World Health Organization, yet so far, pharmacokinetic studies that have evaluated these changes are relatively limited."( Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs Among Children With Tuberculosis in Rural Tanzania.
Augustino, D; Gratz, J; Heysell, SK; Houpt, ER; Justine, M; Kibiki, GS; Kivuyo, S; Mduma, E; Mfinanga, S; Mmbaga, B; Nicodemu, I; Peloquin, CA; Thomas, TA; Yeconia, A; Zagurski, T, 2020)		0.56
" Inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability and the effect of age, nutritional status, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, acetylator genotype may need to be accounted for in striving for the dosages best suited for an individual."( Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Anti-Tubercular Drugs.
Kabra, SK; Lodha, R; Mukherjee, A, 2019)		0.51
"To perform a population pharmacokinetic study of ethambutol in HIV/TB patients, and to evaluate an intensified ethambutol weight-based dosing strategy to support pharmacokinetic target attainment."( Optimizing ethambutol dosing among HIV/tuberculosis co-infected patients: a population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation study.
Bisson, GP; Gumbo, T; Ivaturi, V; Mehta, K; Modongo, C; Pasipanodya, JG; Ravimohan, S; Srivastava, S; Vinnard, C; Weissman, D; Zetola, NM, 2019)		1.16
" Clinical and disease status markers, including HIV-associated systemic immune activation and gut dysfunction biomarkers, were evaluated as covariates of ethambutol pharmacokinetic parameters in non-linear mixed effects analysis."( Optimizing ethambutol dosing among HIV/tuberculosis co-infected patients: a population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation study.
Bisson, GP; Gumbo, T; Ivaturi, V; Mehta, K; Modongo, C; Pasipanodya, JG; Ravimohan, S; Srivastava, S; Vinnard, C; Weissman, D; Zetola, NM, 2019)		1.1
" In Monte Carlo simulations, a supplementary ethambutol dose of 400 mg daily led to >2-fold improvements in pharmacokinetic target attainment probabilities in lung tissue, both before and after ART initiation."( Optimizing ethambutol dosing among HIV/tuberculosis co-infected patients: a population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation study.
Bisson, GP; Gumbo, T; Ivaturi, V; Mehta, K; Modongo, C; Pasipanodya, JG; Ravimohan, S; Srivastava, S; Vinnard, C; Weissman, D; Zetola, NM, 2019)		1.16
"Whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) models have become an important tool in drug development, as they enable characterization of pharmacokinetic profiles across different organs based on physiological (systems-specific) and physicochemical (drug-specific) properties."( Ethambutol disposition in humans: Challenges and limitations of whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling in early drug development.
Carrara, L; Della Pasqua, O; Kloprogge, F; Magni, P; Pasotti, L; Teutonico, D, 2020)		2
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling generated estimates of drug exposure (Cmax and AUC) from individual-level post hoc Bayesian estimates of plasma and intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics."( Intrapulmonary Pharmacokinetics of First-line Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Malawian Patients With Tuberculosis.
Chasweka, M; Chirambo, AP; Chitani, A; Davies, GR; Dilly-Penchala, S; Else, LJ; Gordon, SB; Khoo, SH; Malamba, RD; McCallum, AD; Meghji, JZ; Mwandumba, HC; Pertinez, HE; Sheha, I; Sloan, DJ, 2021)		0.62
" Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of the four drugs and to simulate different dosing strategies."( Population Pharmacokinetic Properties of Antituberculosis Drugs in Vietnamese Children with Tuberculous Meningitis.
Bang, ND; Day, JN; Hoglund, RM; Ngo, VN; Nosoongnoen, W; Panjasawatwong, N; Pouplin, T; Tarning, J; Wattanakul, T, 2020)		0.56
" We report the first pharmacokinetic data for these FDC tablets in Zambian and South African children in the treatment-shortening SHINE trial."( Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs in Children With Tuberculosis, Using World Health Organization-Recommended Weight Band Doses and Formulations.
Aarnoutse, R; Chabala, C; Chirehwa, M; Choo, L; Gibb, D; Hesseling, AC; Hissar, S; Kapasa, M; Kinikar, A; LeBeau, K; Mave, V; McIlleron, H; Mulenga, V; Palmer, M; Turkova, A; van der Zalm, M; Wiesner, L; Wobudeya, E; Zimba, KM, 2022)		0.72
"Children with drug-susceptible tuberculosis in Malawi and South Africa underwent pharmacokinetic sampling while receiving first-line tuberculosis drugs as single formulations according the 2010 WHO recommended doses."( Optimizing Dosing and Fixed-Dose Combinations of Rifampicin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in Pediatric Patients With Tuberculosis: A Prospective Population Pharmacokinetic Study.
Bekker, A; Davies, G; Denti, P; Gonzalez-Martinez, C; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, HM; Rabie, H; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; van Rie, A; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, HJ, 2022)		0.72
" Serum CAM, 14-OH CAM, EB, and RFP concentrations were measured before and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 or 24 h after administration on days 14, 28, and 42, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."( Impact of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and 14-hydroxy clarithromycin in patients with multidrug combination therapy for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection.
Enoki, Y; Hasegawa, N; Iketani, O; Kizu, J; Komeya, A; Matsumoto, K; Taguchi, K; Uno, S; Uwamino, Y, 2022)		0.72
" Often antitubercular human dose selection is derived from pharmacokinetic data in plasma."( Prediction of lung exposure to anti-tubercular drugs using plasma pharmacokinetic data: Implications for dose selection.
Della Pasqua, O; Ferrer, S; Muliaditan, M; Ortega-Muro, F; Teutonico, D, 2022)		0.72
" The purpose of this study was to predict the levels of drug and EDBA in the eye using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."( Exploration of the Plausible Mechanism of Ethambutol Induced Ocular Toxicity by Using Proteomics Informed Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling.
Balhara, A; Giri, S; Ladumor, MK; Nankar, RP; Prasad, B; Singh, S; Syed, SD, 2022)		0.99
" Population pharmacokinetic models used plasma and intrapulmonary drug levels at 8 and 16 weeks."( High Intrapulmonary Rifampicin and Isoniazid Concentrations Are Associated With Rapid Sputum Bacillary Clearance in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Chasweka, M; Chirambo, AP; Chitani, A; Corbett, EL; Davies, GR; Ghany, JF; Gordon, SB; Khoo, SH; Malamba, R; Mallewa, JE; McCallum, AD; Meghji, JZ; Mwandumba, HC; Pertinez, HE; Shani, D; Sheha, I; Sloan, DJ, 2022)		0.72
"58 children were assessed for eligibilty and enrolled between June 25, 2016, and Feb 6, 2018; 44 had complete stool testing and serum pharmacokinetic data, and they were included in the analyses."( Enteropathogen spectrum and effect on antimycobacterial pharmacokinetics among children with tuberculosis in rural Tanzania: a prospective cohort study.
Alshaer, MH; Gratz, J; Heysell, SK; Houpt, ER; Justine, M; Kosek, M; Liu, J; Maro, A; Mduma, E; Mpagama, SG; Mujaga, B; Peloquin, CA; Rogawski McQuade, ET; Thomas, TA; Van Aartsen, D, 2022)		0.72
"Tanzanian children undergoing tuberculosis treatment rarely attained pharmacokinetic targets; enteropathogen carriage was common and enteropathogen burden was associated with significant reductions in the concentrations of some antimycobacterial drugs."( Enteropathogen spectrum and effect on antimycobacterial pharmacokinetics among children with tuberculosis in rural Tanzania: a prospective cohort study.
Alshaer, MH; Gratz, J; Heysell, SK; Houpt, ER; Justine, M; Kosek, M; Liu, J; Maro, A; Mduma, E; Mpagama, SG; Mujaga, B; Peloquin, CA; Rogawski McQuade, ET; Thomas, TA; Van Aartsen, D, 2022)		0.72
"We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science (1990-2021) for pharmacokinetic studies of first-line anti-TB drugs in children and adolescents."( Global estimates and determinants of antituberculosis drug pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.
Aarnoutse, RE; Agarwal, D; Alffenaar, JC; Antwi, S; Bang, ND; Bekker, A; Bell, DJ; Chabala, C; Choo, L; Davies, GR; Day, JN; Dayal, R; Denti, P; Donald, PR; Engidawork, E; Gafar, F; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Gibb, D; Graham, SM; Hesseling, AC; Heysell, SK; Idris, MI; Kabra, SK; Kinikar, A; Kumar, AKH; Kwara, A; Lodha, R; Magis-Escurra, C; Marais, BJ; Martinez, N; Mathew, BS; Mave, V; McIlleron, HM; Mduma, E; Mlotha-Mitole, R; Mpagama, SG; Mukherjee, A; Nataprawira, HM; Peloquin, CA; Pouplin, T; Ramachandran, G; Ranjalkar, J; Roy, V; Ruslami, R; Schaaf, HS; Shah, I; Singh, Y; Stevens, J; Sturkenboom, MGG; Svensson, EM; Swaminathan, S; Taxis, K; Thatte, U; Thee, S; Thomas, TA; Tikiso, T; Touw, DJ; Turkova, A; Velpandian, T; Verhagen, LM; Wasmann, RE; Winckler, JL; Yang, H; Yunivita, V, 2023)		0.91
" We aimed to determine whether children treated using World Health Organization-recommended or higher doses of first-line drugs achieve successful outcomes and sufficient pharmacokinetic (PK) exposures."( Effectiveness and Pharmacokinetic Exposures of First-Line Drugs Used to Treat Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Béranger, A; Gegia, M; Linh, NN; Mirzayev, F; Mohamed, A; Nahid, P; Radtke, K; Savic, RM; Schumacher, SG; Solans, BP, 2023)		0.91
" To address this gap, we formulate a whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for EPTB that for the first time includes the ability to simulate drug concentrations in the pleura and lymph node, the most commonly affected sites of EPTB."( A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for tuberculosis drug disposition at extrapulmonary sites.
Gadgil, CJ; Ramachandran, A, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

The activity of TLC G-65 (a liposomal gentamicin preparation), alone and in combination with rifapentine, clarithromycin, clofazimine and ethambutol, was evaluated in the beige mouse (C57BL/6J--bgj/bgj) model of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"14C-Isoniazid (20 mg/kg po or iv) was administered alone or in combination with aspirin (100 mg/kg po), rifampin (30 mg/kg po), ethambutol (100 mg/kg po), or ethanol (3 g/kg po) to rats."( Drug interactions with isoniazid metabolism in rats.
Solomonraj, G; Thomas, BH, 1977)		0.46
"The activity of TLC G-65 (a liposomal gentamicin preparation), alone and in combination with rifapentine, clarithromycin, clofazimine and ethambutol, was evaluated in the beige mouse (C57BL/6J--bgj/bgj) model of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection."( TLC G-65 in combination with other agents in the therapy of Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice.
Cynamon, MH; Klemens, SP; Swenson, CE, 1992)		0.49
" However, pronounced antibacterial effects were seen when ethambutol was tested in combination with ciprofloxacin, rifampicin or rifabutin, which corresponded to significantly decreased resistance to these drugs in combination."( Susceptibility of Mycobacterium kansasii to ethambutol and its combination with rifamycins, ciprofloxacin and isoniazid.
Hjelm, U; Hoffner, SE; Kaustová, J; Kubín, M, 1992)		0.79
"The activity of clarithromycin in combination with ethambutol and rifampicin was tested at concentrations achievable in serum against 20 strains of Mycobacterium avium complex."( In vitro testing of clarithromycin in combination with ethambutol and rifampicin against Mycobacterium avium complex.
Dörtbudak, O; Lahonik, E; Stauffer, F, )		0.63
" If chemotherapy is initiated 3 wk after challenge (established infections), the activity of this double drug combination is less effective."( Activity of rifabutin alone or in combination with clofazimine or ethambutol or both against acute and chronic experimental Mycobacterium intracellulare infections.
Farhi, DC; Gangadharam, PR; Iseman, MD; Jairam, BT; Nguyen, AK; Perumal, VK; Rao, PN, 1987)		0.51
" tuberculosis were treated in the initial phase as inpatients for 2-3 months at random with either pyrazinamide (Z) or ethambutol (E) in combination with isoniazid (H) and rifampicin (R)."( [Which is the best drug combination for the short-term therapy of tuberculosis? A prospective randomized study with 190 patients].
Bezel, R; Brändli, O; Häcki, M; Karrer, W; Röthlisberger, K; Rubin, S, 1985)		0.48
" We investigated the activity of three doses of the semisynthetic benzoxazinorifamycin KRM 1648, alone or in combination with ethambutol or clarithromycin, in beige mice challenged with the MAC strain 101."( Activity of KRM 1648 alone or in combination with ethambutol or clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium in beige mouse model of disseminated infection.
Bermudez, LE; Inderlied, CB; Kolonoski, P; Young, LS, 1994)		0.75
"5 micrograms/ml dapsone significantly inhibited growth of MAC bacteria when used in combination with other drugs specifically acting at the mycobacterial cell-wall level."( Activity of subinhibitory concentrations of dapsone alone and in combination with cell-wall inhibitors against Mycobacterium avium complex organisms.
Goh, KS; Labrousse, V; Rastogi, N, 1993)		0.29
" malmoense isolates to a number of antibacterial drugs as well as their possible synergistic interactions when each of them was combined with ethambutol."( Susceptibility of Mycobacterium malmoense to antibacterial drugs and drug combinations.
Hjelm, U; Hoffner, SE; Källenius, G, 1993)		0.49
"The postantibiotic effect (PAE) of clarithromycin alone and in combination with ethambutol was determined for two clinical blood isolates of Mycobacterium avium complex."( Postantibiotic effect of clarithromycin alone and combined with ethambutol against Mycobacterium avium complex.
Benson, CA; Ellis, LC; Koenig, GI; Trenholme, GM, 1995)		0.76
"The in vivo activities of KRM-1648 alone or in combination with both ethambutol (EB) and kanamycin (KM) or clarithromycin (CAM) were tested against Mycobacterium intracellulare infections in beige mice."( Activity of KRM-1648 alone or in combination with both ethambutol and kanamycin or clarithromycin against Mycobacterium intracellulare infections in beige mice.
Amitani, R; Kuze, F; Murayama, T; Suzuki, K; Tanaka, E; Yamamoto, T, 1996)		0.78
" The potential therapeutic activities of these agents both alone and combined with ethambutol were evaluated in a human macrophage test system and in the beige mouse animal test system with MAC strain 101."( Activities of bay Y 3118, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin alone or in combination with ethambutol against Mycobacterium avium complex in vitro, in human macrophages, and in beige mice.
Barbara-Burnham, L; Bermudez, LE; Inderlied, CB; Kolonoski, P; Wu, M; Young, LS, 1996)		0.74
" The MIC of amoxycillin in combination with clavulanic acid was > or =2 mg/L for 27/30 (90%) isolates."( Susceptibility of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to amoxycillin in combination with clavulanic acid and ethambutol.
Abate, G; Miörner, H, 1998)		0.5
" Moxifloxacin at both concentrations in combination with ethambutol was significantly more active than each drug alone."( Activity of moxifloxacin by itself and in combination with ethambutol, rifabutin, and azithromycin in vitro and in vivo against Mycobacterium avium.
Aralar, P; Bermudez, LE; Inderlied, CB; Kolonoski, P; Petrofsky, M; Wu, M; Young, LS, 2001)		0.8
"The activities of clarithromycin or roxithromicin used in combination with other antimicrobial drugs were tested in human macrophages experimentally infected with 23 strains of Mycobacterium avium."( Efficacy of macrolides used in combination with ethambutol, with or without other drugs, against Mycobacterium avium within human macrophages.
Brandi, G; Celeste, AG; Salvaggio, L; Schiavano, GF; Sisti, M, 2001)		0.57
"The purpose of this study was to carry out drug-drug compatibility studies on pure first line anti-tuberculosis drugs, viz."( Drug-drug interaction studies on first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Bhutani, H; Jindal, KC; Singh, S, 2005)		0.33
" For TB drugs, equivalence was suggested for peak plasma concentrations when administered with and without efavirenz/tenofovir/emtricitabine."( Efavirenz, tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with first-line tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis-HIV-coinfected Tanzanian patients: a pharmacokinetic and safety study.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Fillekes, Q; Kibiki, GS; Kisanga, ER; Kisonga, RM; Mleoh, L; Mtabho, CM; Ndaro, A; Semvua, HH; van den Boogaard, J; van der Ven, A, 2013)		0.39
"Comprehensive information on the effects of cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) polymorphisms, clinical factors, and drug-drug interactions on efavirenz concentrations in HIV/tuberculosis-coinfected (HIV/TB) patients is unavailable."( Impact of pharmacogenetic markers of CYP2B6, clinical factors, and drug-drug interaction on efavirenz concentrations in HIV/tuberculosis-coinfected patients.
Lueangniyomkul, A; Mankatitham, W; Manosuthi, S; Manosuthi, W; Nilkamhang, S; Sukasem, C; Sungkanuparph, S; Thongyen, S, 2013)		0.39
" Moreover, the frequency of comorbidity with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and with diabetes is on the rise, increasing the risk of these patients for experiencing drug-drug interactions (DDIs) due to polypharmacy."( Interaction of Ethambutol with human organic cation transporters of the SLC22 family indicates potential for drug-drug interactions during antituberculosis therapy.
Gründemann, D; Pan, X; Sweet, DH; Wang, L, 2013)		0.74
"New compounds with antituberculosis activity and their combination with classic drugs have been evaluated to determine possible interactions and antagonism."( Potential of Casiopeínas® Copper Complexes and Antituberculosis Drug Combination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Barbosa, AR; Caleffi-Ferracioli, KR; Cardoso, RF; García-Ramos, JC; Leite, CQ; Pavan, FR; Ruiz-Azuara, L; Siqueira, VL; Toledano-Magaña, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Three studies were conducted to evaluate the potential drug-drug interactions between delamanid and antiretroviral drugs, including ritonavir, a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, and selected anti-TB drugs, including rifampin, a strong inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes."( Delamanid Coadministered with Antiretroviral Drugs or Antituberculosis Drugs Shows No Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions in Healthy Subjects.
Geiter, L; Mallikaarjun, S; Paccaly, A; Patil, S; Petersen, C; Shoaf, SE; Wells, C, 2016)		0.43
" Ultimately, the good permeability, moderate rates of metabolism and low risk of drug-drug interactions displayed by some of the synthesized compounds indicate that 2-(quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamides may yield candidates to use in the development of novel alternative therapeutics for tuberculosis treatment."( New insights into the SAR and drug combination synergy of 2-(quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamides against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Abbadi, BL; Back, DF; Basso, LA; Campos, MM; Giacobbo, BC; Grams, ES; Machado, P; Pissinate, K; Rodrigues-Junior, V; Santos, DS; Sperotto, N; Subtil, FT; Trindade, RV; Villela, AD, 2017)		0.46
" We describe the pharmacokinetics of and potential drug-drug interactions between lopinavir-ritonavir and drugs routinely used for MDR-TB treatment in HIV-infected children."( Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Lopinavir-Ritonavir Administered with First- and Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in HIV-Infected Children Treated for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis.
de Kock, M; Denti, P; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Tikiso, T; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2018)		0.48
"When RFP is combined with CAM in the treatment of pulmonary MAC infection, the blood concentration of CAM significantly decreased and that of the active metabolite 14-OH CAM increased, but not significantly."( Impact of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and 14-hydroxy clarithromycin in patients with multidrug combination therapy for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection.
Enoki, Y; Hasegawa, N; Iketani, O; Kizu, J; Komeya, A; Matsumoto, K; Taguchi, K; Uno, S; Uwamino, Y, 2022)		0.72
" Clofazimine (CFZ) has showed benefit in shortening DS-TB treatment in vivo from six to four months when used in combination with this regimen in murine models of experimental infection."( Assessment of the efficacy of clofazimine alone and in combination with primary agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro.
Anderson, R; Cholo, MC; Mashele, SA; Matjokotja, MT; Rasehlo, SSM; Steel, HC, 2022)		0.72
"In the current in vitro study, the inhibitory and bactericidal activities of CFZ in combination with the primary anti-TB drugs, RMP, INH and EMB against the AR and SR organisms in planktonic and biofilm-forming cultures, respectively, were evaluated by fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) and fractional bactericidal concentration index (FBCI) determinations, using the Loewe Additivity Model."( Assessment of the efficacy of clofazimine alone and in combination with primary agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro.
Anderson, R; Cholo, MC; Mashele, SA; Matjokotja, MT; Rasehlo, SSM; Steel, HC, 2022)		0.72
"In planktonic cultures, CFZ demonstrated synergistic growth inhibitory activity in combination with RMP and INH individually and collectively."( Assessment of the efficacy of clofazimine alone and in combination with primary agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro.
Anderson, R; Cholo, MC; Mashele, SA; Matjokotja, MT; Rasehlo, SSM; Steel, HC, 2022)		0.72
"Clofazimine exhibited synergistic effects in combination with primary anti-TB drugs against both planktonic and biofilm-forming cultures, showing potential benefit in augmenting treatment outcome when used during standard TB chemotherapy."( Assessment of the efficacy of clofazimine alone and in combination with primary agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro.
Anderson, R; Cholo, MC; Mashele, SA; Matjokotja, MT; Rasehlo, SSM; Steel, HC, 2022)		0.72

Bioavailability

Poor bioavailability of rifampicin (R) in combination with other anti-tuberculosis drugs such as isoniazid (H), pyrazinamide (Z), and ethambutol (E) is a subject of much concern for the last few decades. This study was conducted in healthy Chinese subjects to compare the bioavailability from a 4-drug FDC formulation versus that of separate formulations.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"In a pilot study involving 62 patients with open pulmonary tuberculosis, we established that slow acetyators and patients receiving intravenous rifampicin treatment showed a tendency towards a more rapid negativisation of the sputum culture than did fast acetyators (lower levels of isoniazid) or patients receiving oral rifampicin therapy (decreasing bioavailability of the rifampicin during treatment)."( [Significance of the acetylator phenotype and initial oral/intravenous rifampicin administration in the treatment of tuberculosis].
Loos, U; Musch, E; Schwabe, HK, 1990)		0.28
" The bioavailability of the active, orally administered rifampicin decreased from 93% after the first single oral dose to 68% after 3 weeks of oral and intravenous rifampicin therapy."( Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous rifampicin during chronic administration.
Eichelbaum, M; Jensen, JC; Loos, U; Mikus, G; Musch, E; Schwabe, HK, 1985)		0.27
" Mean bioavailability of ethambutol was approximately 28% and was not affected by the presence of aluminum hydroxide."( Absorption and disposition of ethambutol in rabbits.
Chen, MM; Lee, CS; Perrin, JH, 1984)		0.86
" The method was utilized for studying the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the drug."( Determination of ethambutol in plasma using selected ion monitoring.
Ohya, K; Sano, M; Shintani, S, 1980)		0.6
"Twenty male volunteers who were slow metabolisers of isoniazid, completed this single-blind, single-dose, randomised, cross-over study to compare the bioavailability of rifampicin (CAS 13292-46-1), isoniazid (CAS 54-85-3) and ethambutol (CAS 1070-11-7) from Myrin tablets (test preparation) with the bioavailability of these drugs from a combination of capsules containing rifampicin and tablets containing isoniazid and ethambutol (reference)."( Relative bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol from a combination tablet vs. concomitant administration of a capsule containing rifampicin and a tablet containing isoniazid and ethambutol.
Duursema, L; Groenewoud, G; Hundt, HK; Middle, MV; Mogilnicka, EM; Müller, FO; Schall, R; Swart, KJ, 1995)		0.72
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)		0.31
"The perceived need for simple, non-invasive methods of assessing the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in fixed-dose combination (FDC) anti-tuberculosis formulations."( The potential use of urinary excretion data for assessing the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in fixed dose combination anti-tuberculosis formulations.
Ellard, GA; Fourie, PB; Pillai, G; Smith, PJ, 2001)		0.31
"To compare the performance of methods based on urinary excretion data with those utilising plasma concentration-time profiles to assess the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in combined and single-drug formulations."( The potential use of urinary excretion data for assessing the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in fixed dose combination anti-tuberculosis formulations.
Ellard, GA; Fourie, PB; Pillai, G; Smith, PJ, 2001)		0.31
"There was good agreement between the relative bioavailability of the formulations using plasma and urinary excretion data, although the precision of the urinary-based estimates was slightly less than those derived from the plasma findings."( The potential use of urinary excretion data for assessing the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in fixed dose combination anti-tuberculosis formulations.
Ellard, GA; Fourie, PB; Pillai, G; Smith, PJ, 2001)		0.31
" The pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability after intravenous administration of three derivatives have been investigated."( New N-alkyl-1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides as antituberculous agents with improved pharmacokinetics.
Pagani, G; Pedraz Muñoz, JL; Piersimoni, C; Pregnolato, M; Rodríguez Gascón, A; Terreni, M; Ubiali, D, 2002)		0.31
" In this study, the relative bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide was assessed in a group of 14 healthy male subjects using the FDC tablet containing 4 drugs versus separate formulations at the same dose levels."( Bioequivalence assessment of rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide in a fixed dose combination of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol vs. separate formulations.
Agrawal, S; Bhade, SR; Kaul, CL; Kaur, KJ; Panchagnula, R; Singh, I, 2002)		0.52
" The objective of this investigation was to evaluate whether the World Health Organization (WHO) simplified screening protocol for the bioequivalence assessment of rifampicin can be used for the evaluation of other components of FDC so as to ensure the bioavailability of all drugs at tissue site."( Evaluation of bioequivalence of isoniazid and pyrazinamide in three and four drugs fixed dose combinations using WHO simplified protocol.
Agrawal, S; Kaul, CL; Panchagnula, R; Rungta, S; Sancheti, P, 2003)		0.32
"Poor bioavailability of rifampicin (R) in combination with other anti-tuberculosis drugs such as isoniazid (H), pyrazinamide (Z), and ethambutol (E) is a subject of much concern for the last few decades."( Bioavailability of rifampicin following concomitant administration of ethambutol or isoniazid or pyrazinamide or a combination of the three drugs.
Chandrasekaran, V; Gurumurthy, P; Immanuel, C; Prabhakar, R; Ramachandran, G; Venkatesan, P, 2003)		0.76
" Bioavailability was expressed as an index (BI) of area under time concentration curve (AUC) calculated from the plasma concentrations or proportion of dose of R excreted as R plus DR in urine with the combinations to that with R alone."( Bioavailability of rifampicin following concomitant administration of ethambutol or isoniazid or pyrazinamide or a combination of the three drugs.
Chandrasekaran, V; Gurumurthy, P; Immanuel, C; Prabhakar, R; Ramachandran, G; Venkatesan, P, 2003)		0.55
" HIV and HIV-tuberculosis patients who have diarrhea and cryptosporidial infection exhibit decreased bioavailability of antituberculosis drugs."( Decreased bioavailability of rifampin and other antituberculosis drugs in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease.
Bhagavathy, S; Gurumurthy, P; Hemanth Kumar, AK; Mahilmaran, A; Padmapriyadarsini, C; Paramesh, P; Rajasekaran, S; Ramachandran, G; Ravichandran, N; Sekar, L; Swaminathan, S; Venkatesan, P, 2004)		0.32
" The oral bioavailability was 4%."( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of SQ109, a new diamine-based antitubercular drug.
Coward, L; Gorman, G; Hanrahan, C; Jia, L; Nikonenko, B; Noker, P; Protopopova, M; Tomaszewski, JE, 2005)		0.33
" The relative/absolute bioavailability of the 4 antituberculosis drugs was enhanced several fold."( Chemotherapeutic efficacy of nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs.
Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, )		0.13
" The studies determined the bioavailability and bioequivalence of RMP-containing FDCs, and conformed with the requirements of the South African national drug regulatory authority for each of the active constituents."( Modification to improve efficiency of sampling schedules for BA/BE testing of FDC anti-tuberculosis drugs.
Folb, PI; Fourie, PB; Gabriels, GA; McIlleron, H; Smith, PJ, 2007)		0.34
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)		0.34
" In comparison to free drugs (which were cleared from plasma/organs within 12-24 h), there was a significant enhancement in the relative bioavailability of encapsulated drugs."( Alginate nanoparticles as antituberculosis drug carriers: formulation development, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential.
Ahmad, Z; Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, )		0.13
" The bioavailability of rifampin was determined by comparing rifampin exposure after oral versus intravenous administration."( Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes.
Aarnoutse, RE; Adhiarta, IG; Alisjahbana, B; Kariadi, SH; Nijland, HM; Ruslami, R; van Crevel, R, 2010)		0.36
" However, the quality of FDCs with respect to variable bioavailability is a major issue."( Oral bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide in a 4-drug fixed-dose combination compared with the separate formulations in healthy Chinese male volunteers.
Chen, M; Fu, L; Jin, H; Liu, C; Lu, Y; Wang, B; Xu, J; Zhao, W; Zheng, M; Zhou, L; Zhu, H, 2013)		0.65
"This study was conducted in healthy Chinese subjects to compare the bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide from a 4-drug FDC formulation versus that of the separate formulations."( Oral bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide in a 4-drug fixed-dose combination compared with the separate formulations in healthy Chinese male volunteers.
Chen, M; Fu, L; Jin, H; Liu, C; Lu, Y; Wang, B; Xu, J; Zhao, W; Zheng, M; Zhou, L; Zhu, H, 2013)		0.86
" Oral rifampin and oral ethambutol were well absorbed while rectal rifampin was not."( The pharmacokinetics of a single oral or rectal dose of concurrently administered isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).
Egelund, EF; Hunter, RP; Isaza, R; P Brock, A; Peloquin, CA, 2014)		0.92
"2h) and low absolute bioavailability (1."( Novel, potent, orally bioavailable and selective mycobacterial ATP synthase inhibitors that demonstrated activity against both replicating and non-replicating M. tuberculosis.
Chaturvedi, V; Dasgupta, A; Gupta, AD; Jaiswal, S; Kashyap, VK; Khan, SR; Krishnan, MY; Lal, J; Roy, KK; Saxena, AK; Sharma, A; Sharma, SK; Singh, S; Sinha, S; Srivastava, R, 2015)		0.42
" Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling found that influential covariates for the pharmacokinetics were weight, sex, and a 30% increased bioavailability among heterozygous carriers of SLCO1B1 rs1104581 (previously associated with low rifampin concentrations)."( Effect of SLCO1B1 Polymorphisms on Rifabutin Pharmacokinetics in African HIV-Infected Patients with Tuberculosis.
Egan, D; Hennig, S; Kellerman, T; McIlleron, H; Naiker, S; Owen, A; Pym, A; Reddy, T; Wiesner, L, 2016)		0.43
" Its bioavailability at an oral dose of 2 mg/kg was 15%."( Amphiphilic xanthones as a potent chemical entity of anti-mycobacterial agents with membrane-targeting properties.
Beuerman, RW; Cao, D; Corkran, HM; Dick, T; Koh, JJ; Lakshminarayanan, R; Lim, F; Lin, S; Liu, S; Mukherjee, D; Stocker, BL; Tan, DTH; Tan, DZ; Tan, JK; Timmer, MSM; Zou, H, 2016)		0.43
" MDR-TB treatment did not have a significant effect on the bioavailability, clearance, or absorption rate constants of lopinavir or ritonavir."( Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Lopinavir-Ritonavir Administered with First- and Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in HIV-Infected Children Treated for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis.
de Kock, M; Denti, P; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Tikiso, T; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2018)		0.48
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that 1 has an oral bioavailability with an average F-value of 27."( An antimycobacterial pleuromutilin analogue effective against dormant bacilli.
Eslamimehr, S; Franzblau, SG; Kong, Y; Kurosu, M; Lemieux, MR; Mitachi, K; Park, F; Pressly, JD; Siricilla, S; Wang, Y; Yang, D, 2018)		0.48
"Tetrazole, a bioisostere of the carboxylic acid group, can replace the carboxyl group in drugs to increase the lipophilicity, bioavailability and reduce side effects."( Recent advances of tetrazole derivatives as potential anti-tubercular and anti-malarial agents.
Chang, L; Ding, C; Feng, LS; Gao, C; Wu, X; Xu, Z; Yan, XF; Zhao, F, 2019)		0.51
" For preventing drug resistance and side-effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs, new methods for improving the bioavailability of APIs were investigated."( Properties of Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Solvents of l-Arginine and Ethambutol for Tuberculosis Treatment.
C Duarte, AR; P S Leitão, MI; Santos, F, 2018)		0.72
" Ethambutol serum concentrations were best explained by a two-compartment model with first-order elimination, with a significant improvement in oral bioavailability following ART initiation."( Optimizing ethambutol dosing among HIV/tuberculosis co-infected patients: a population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation study.
Bisson, GP; Gumbo, T; Ivaturi, V; Mehta, K; Modongo, C; Pasipanodya, JG; Ravimohan, S; Srivastava, S; Vinnard, C; Weissman, D; Zetola, NM, 2019)		1.81
"Low serum ethambutol concentrations were commonly observed among HIV/TB patients in Botswana, and the oral bioavailability of ethambutol increased following ART initiation."( Optimizing ethambutol dosing among HIV/tuberculosis co-infected patients: a population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation study.
Bisson, GP; Gumbo, T; Ivaturi, V; Mehta, K; Modongo, C; Pasipanodya, JG; Ravimohan, S; Srivastava, S; Vinnard, C; Weissman, D; Zetola, NM, 2019)		1.31
" PZA exists in four enantiotropically-related polymorphs (Forms α, δ, β and γ), but only Form α is considered suitable for pharmaceutical products due to its stability and bioavailability properties."( Tackling quantitative polymorphic analysis through fixed-dose combination tablets production. Pyrazinamide polymorphic assessment.
Antonio, M; Maggio, RM; Raffaghelli, M, 2021)		0.62
" In HIV+ children on lopinavir/ritonavir, bioavailability was reduced by 32% [median (IQR) steady-state Cmax = 0."( Population pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in African children: a pooled analysis.
Abdelwahab, MT; Andrieux-Meyer, I; Bekker, A; Chabala, C; Cotton, MF; Davies, G; Denti, P; Hesseling, A; Lee, J; McIlleron, H; Rabie, H; Tikiso, T; Wiesner, L; Zar, HJ, 2022)		1.01

Dosage Studied

The predicted AUC0 for rifampicin dosed at 15 mg/kg was comparable to that of adults. The conduction velocity tended to decrease in the high ethambutol dosage (200 gm or more) group. These data support recently revised WHO recommendations for dosing of anti-TB drug.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" But this effect is small and does not justify a change in the usual dosage of rifampicin."( [The use of mycobacteria in the estimation of the concentration of antibiotics, antimycotics and antituberculotics (author's transl)].
Iwainsky, H; Reutgen, H; Sesser, I, 1978)		0.26
" Basing their comment on the published literature, they analyze the properties, pharmacology, toxicity, and side-effects of each medication, and define their dosage and modes of administration."( [Principles underlying the use of antituberculosis medication in children (author's transl)].
Besson-Leaud, M; Ollivier, A, )		0.13
" It rests on an optimum dosage in connection with a best suited combination, taking into consideration the relations of sensitiveness and side effects as well as consequent long-term treatment."( [Modern therapy and after-care in urogenital tuberculosis].
Kalweit, H; Lenk, S; Rothkopf, M, 1978)		0.26
" One group had received ethambutol in a mean dosage of 14."( Ethambutol and intra-ocular pressure.
Darbyshire, JH; Friedmann, AI; Kun, OJ; Pattisson, PR; Tall, R, 1978)		2.01
" The patient's cooperation during a systematic triple drug therapy in adequate dosage is important."( [Present status and treatment of urogenital tuberculosis].
Haubensak, K; Osterhage, HR, 1975)		0.25
" With both 600 and 1200 mg rifampicin dosage the bacteriological results at the end of a year were similar (5% bacteriologically unfavourable in each group)."( A comparative study of daily followed by twice- or once-weekly regimens of ethambutol and rifampicin in the retreatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: second report.
, 1976)		0.49
"The charge transfer complex formation between ethambutol and iodine was investigated and utilized as the basis for a sensitive spectrophotometric procedure for ethambutol and its dosage forms."( Sensitive assay procedure for ethambutol hydrochloride via charge transfer complex formation.
Dimattio, AS; Gerlach, ED; Tan, HS, 1977)		0.8
" The administration of isoniazid in standard dosage for one year in these situations will help greatly to reduce tuberculosis as a community health problem in the future."( The Jewish Hospital of St. Louis therapeutic grand rounds number 10. Chemoprophylaxis of tuberculosis.
Avioli, LV; Byrd, R; Lefrak, SS; Senior, RM, 1975)		0.25
" A dose-response experiment was performed with clarithromycin at 50, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of body weight administered daily by gavage to mice infected with approximately 10(7) viable MAC."( Activity of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex infection in beige mice.
Cynamon, MH; DeStefano, MS; Klemens, SP, 1992)		0.28
" Three of the patients were receiving a maintenance dosage of 15 mg/kg per day."( Toxic ocular effects of ethambutol.
Kahana, LM, 1987)		0.58
" Self-induction of rifampin clearance by chronic dosing with the drug may lead to subtherapeutic levels of rifampin."( Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in patients.
el-Attar, H; Israili, ZH; Rogers, CM, 1987)		0.27
" In the first study, when isoniazid was prescribed daily in a dosage of 20 mg/kg, 39% of the patients developed jaundice; however, when the dosage was reduced to 12 mg/kg, the incidence fell to 16%."( Three chemotherapy studies of tuberculous meningitis in children.
Duraipandian, M; Nagarajan, M; Prabhakar, R; Ramachandran, P; Ramakrishnan, CV; Tripathy, SP, 1986)		0.27
" Dosage adjustment is mandatory for EMB in patients with compromised renal function in order to achieve optimal therapy and to avoid undesirable side effects."( Ethambutol kinetics in patients with impaired renal function.
Benet, LZ; Brater, DC; Lee, CS; Varughese, A, 1986)		1.71
" Minor adverse reactions occurred with similar frequencies during daily (5%) and intermittent (5%) treatment but in no case was modification of rifampicin dosage required."( Safety of thrice-weekly rifampicin for tuberculosis in South-East Asian refugees.
McKenzie, DK; Mukerjee, CM, 1985)		0.27
" Current dosage recommendations are based on total body weight (TBW); drug toxicity might result in obese patients receiving TBW doses."( Dosage of antituberculous drugs in obese patients.
Geiseler, PJ; Maddux, MS; Manis, RD, 1985)		0.27
" The others received the same dosage of ethambutol and 450 mg."( Treatment of chronic drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with rifampin and ethambutol.
Eidus, L; Jeanes, CW; Jessamine, AG, 1972)		0.75
" The conduction velocity tended to decrease in the high ethambutol dosage (200 gm or more) group compared with the low dosage (200 gm or less) group."( Peripheral nerve conduction function in patients treated with antituberculotic agents, with special reference to ethambutol and isoniazid.
Sanagi, S; Takahashi, M; Takenaka, H; Takeuchi, H; Tarui, S, 1980)		0.72
" Additional pediatric pharmacokinetic studies are necessary to confirm the current dosage recommendation and use of these agents in the pediatric patient."( Clinical pharmacology of antitubercular drugs.
Blumer, JL; Reed, MD, 1983)		0.27
" This increase was independent of dosage of ethambutol."( Hyperuricaemia induced by ethambutol.
Agarwal, MC; Bihari, K; Narang, RK; Raina, AK; Sharma, SN; Singh, SN, 1983)		0.83
" In a controlled study of culture-positive advanced pulmonary tuberculosis we have compared treatment regimens with PZA in a dosage of less than 2 g and with ethambutol (EMB)."( [Pyrazinamide versus ethambutol in short-term therapy of lung tuberculosis. A randomized study].
Brändli, O; Fiala, W; Häcki, MA, 1983)		0.78
" Dosage of diazepam may require adjustment in patients with tuberculosis on chemotherapy."( Diazepam interaction with antituberculosis drugs.
Dengler, HJ; Greenblatt, DJ; Ochs, HR; Roberts, GM, 1981)		0.26
" Animals were killed 1, 2, 4, 7, and 24 h after dosage and radioactivity in various tissues was measured."( Tissue distribution of [14C]ethambutol in mice.
Eisner, HJ; Kaleita, E; Kelly, RG, 1981)		0.56
" An adaptation of the rapid oral desensitization protocol for penicillin was used, with the dosing intervals increased to account for the different kinetics of these drugs."( Oral desensitization to rifampin and ethambutol in mycobacterial disease.
Borish, LC; Matz, J; Rosenwasser, LJ; Routes, JM, 1994)		0.56
"310 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis disseminating bacteria received isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin (ethambutol) and pirazinamid in different regimens and dosage forms."( [Combined chemotherapy of patients with tuberculosis - new regimens and dosage forms].
Elistratova, NA; Khalbaeva, IV; Koriakin, VA; Sokolova, GB; Ziia, AV, 1993)		0.5
"For children aged 5 years or more, ethambutol can be recommended at a dosage of 15 mg/kg/day for routine treatment, without taking more precautions than for adults; this should be included in official recommendations."( Should ethambutol be recommended for routine treatment of tuberculosis in children? A review of the literature.
Trébucq, A, 1997)		1.03
" PZA is significantly dialyzed and should be dosed after hemodialysis."( The effect of hemodialysis on isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol.
Childs, JM; Fish, DN; Malone, RS; Peloquin, CA; Spiegel, DM, 1999)		0.54
" Mefloquine had borderline bactericidal activity at a dosage of 40 mg/kg daily (100% inhibition compared with a 1-week control), and significant inhibition was obtained at dosages of 40 mg/kg three times a week, as well as 20 mg/kg daily."( Mefloquine is active in vitro and in vivo against Mycobacterium avium complex.
Aralar, PA; Bermudez, LE; Inderlied, CB; Kolonoski, P; Wu, M; Young, LS, 1999)		0.3
" Adverse reactions related to rifabutin were a major problem, and for 24 (41%) of 59 patients the dosage was decreased or the drug was withdrawn."( Early results (at 6 months) with intermittent clarithromycin-including regimens for lung disease due to Mycobacterium avium complex.
Brown, BA; Cegielski, P; Griffith, DE; Murphy, DT; Wallace, RJ, 2000)		0.31
" The following details were recorded: age, sex, and systemic condition of the patients, daily dosage of EMB, duration of EMB treatment, visual function at the time of electrophysiologic investigation, time from the onset of blurred vision to the discontinuation of EMB treatment (symptom duration), and time from termination of EMB treatment until electrophysiologic investigation."( Ethambutol retinal toxicity: an electrophysiologic study.
Chiang, SC; Liu, JH; Wang, AG; Yen, MY, 2000)		1.75
" The rifampicin and desacetylrifampicin content of complete urinary collections made from 0-4 and 4-8 hours after dosage were determined using both the HPLC and a much simpler colorimetric procedure."( The potential use of urinary excretion data for assessing the relative bioavailability of rifampicin in fixed dose combination anti-tuberculosis formulations.
Ellard, GA; Fourie, PB; Pillai, G; Smith, PJ, 2001)		0.31
" The impairment of visual acuity and the duration of damage were related to the daily dosage significantly."( [Optic nerve neuropathy by ethambutol toxicity].
Chen, L; Liang, Y, 1999)		0.6
"To prevent the damage of optic nerves by the toxicity of ethambutol, the appropriate small dosage of ethambutol is recommended, regular examination and monitoring of visual function is necessary."( [Optic nerve neuropathy by ethambutol toxicity].
Chen, L; Liang, Y, 1999)		0.85
" The dissolution characteristics of the extemporaneous powder for suspension were also compared to the dissolution profiles of commercially available anti-tuberculosis tablet dosage forms."( Pharmaceutical formulation of a fixed-dose anti-tuberculosis combination.
Danckwerts, MP; Ebrahim, S; Pillay, V, 2003)		0.32
"The powder for suspension for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol hydrochloride all compared favourably to the dissolution rate from the commercially available tablet dosage forms."( Pharmaceutical formulation of a fixed-dose anti-tuberculosis combination.
Danckwerts, MP; Ebrahim, S; Pillay, V, 2003)		0.55
"9 months) after starting ethambutol therapy at a dosage ranging from 13 to 20 mg/kg/day (mean = 17 mg/kg/day)."( Ethambutol and optic neuropathy.
Chuenkongkaew, W; Samsen, P; Thanasombatsakul, N, 2003)		2.07
" There was no significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampicin as a component of Mairin-P and in combination with antitubercuous agents as free dosage forms."( [Assessment of the use of a multicomponent drug in the treatment of new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis].
Semenova, OV, 2003)		0.32
" These findings suggest that P-VECPs in pigmented rats can detect chemically induced visual toxicity even in cases of repeated dosing of a drug."( P-VECP can reveal visual toxicity in pigmented rats of repeated doses of ethambutol.
Iwaki, Y; Kimura, M; Miyata, H; Nakamura, I; Sasaki, S; Yagi, K, )		0.36
" Liver involvement of tuberculosis can have many facets and may be treated by gradual dosing of standard drugs."( Enlarged cervical lymph nodes and elevated liver chemistry tests: a therapeutic dilemma.
Dietrich, CG; Gartung, C; Geier, A; Lammert, F; Lorenzen, J; Matern, S; Wasmuth, HE, )		0.13
" Additionally, in terms of management of EMB-induced optic neuropathy, it is important to properly manage ethambutol dosing in patients with renal impairment and to achieve proper transition to a maintenance dose once an appropriate loading dose has been reached."( Optical coherence tomography can measure axonal loss in patients with ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy.
Agarwal, M; Sadun, AA; Zoumalan, CI, 2005)		0.78
"Integrating combinatorial lead optimization of [1,2]-diamine core structure based on ethambutol with high-throughput screening has led us to focus on three promising analogs (SQ37, SQ59 and SQ109) as potential anti-tubercular drug candidates from thousands of synthesized diamine analogs for further characterization of their biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties by using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and cassette dosing for pharmacokinetic screening."( Simultaneous estimation of pharmacokinetic properties in mice of three anti-tubercular ethambutol analogs obtained from combinatorial lead optimization.
Glaze, E; Gorman, GS; Jia, L; Noker, PE; Protopopova, M; Tomaszewski, JE, 2005)		0.78
"Serum drug concentrations were determined 2, 6, and 10 h after dosing in 36 HIV-infected patients with TB who were taking rifampin and in 49 who were taking ethambutol."( The clinical pharmacokinetics of rifampin and ethambutol in HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis.
Hafner, R; Peloquin, CA; Perlman, DC; Rainey, PM; Remmel, RP; Rosenkranz, S; Salomon, N; Segal, Y, 2005)		0.78
"With daily dosing of rifampin (600 mg), 26 (77%) of 34 patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 59%-89%]) had a low maximum concentration of rifampin (<8 microg/mL), and 12 (35%; 95% CI, 20%-54%) had a very low maximum concentration (<4 microg/mL)."( The clinical pharmacokinetics of rifampin and ethambutol in HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis.
Hafner, R; Peloquin, CA; Perlman, DC; Rainey, PM; Remmel, RP; Rosenkranz, S; Salomon, N; Segal, Y, 2005)		0.59
" Further studies are required to assess the implications of variations in antituberculosis drug concentrations for efficacy and safety before decisions are made to change the dosing strategy in patients at risk."( Determinants of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol pharmacokinetics in a cohort of tuberculosis patients.
Burger, A; Folb, PI; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Smith, P; Wash, P, 2006)		0.58
" Alginate nanoparticles hold great potential in reducing dosing frequency of antitubercular drugs."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of antitubercular drugs encapsulated in alginate nanoparticles at two doses.
Ahmad, Z; Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, 2006)		0.33
" Dosing frequency had little effect on 2-mo culture status or tolerability of therapy."( Moxifloxacin versus ethambutol in the first 2 months of treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis.
Burman, WJ; Chaisson, RE; Choudhri, S; Daley, CL; Engle, M; Goldberg, S; Johnson, JL; Mosher, AW; Munsiff, SS; Muzanye, G; Vernon, A; Zhao, Z, 2006)		0.66
" We concluded that polymeric nanoparticle based oral 4-drug combination bears significant potential to shorten the duration of TB chemotherapy, besides reducing the dosing frequency."( Chemotherapeutic efficacy of nanoparticle encapsulated antitubercular drugs.
Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, )		0.13
" Pyridoxine is preventative in low dosage and curative in high dosage."( [Isoniazid induced neuropathy: consider prevention].
De Broucker, T; Martinez-Almoyna, L; Steichen, O, 2006)		0.33
" Although the advantage of aminoglycosides is easily achieved high blood concentration, if aminoglycoside dosage is exceed 15 mg/kg, the possibility of auditory disturbance increase."( [Perspective of pulmonary MAC infection treatment].
Kurashima, A, 2007)		0.34
"Patients were treated in a controlled clinical trial with 2HRZE3/6HE with thrice-weekly direct dosing in the intensive phase and once-weekly with six doses self-administered in the continuation phase."( Evaluation of a non-rifampicin continuation phase (6HE) following thrice-weekly intensive phase for the treatment of new sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis.
, 2007)		0.34
" In current recommendations the dosage of EMB is calculated per kg body weight."( Ethambutol in paediatric tuberculosis: aspects of ethambutol serum concentration, efficacy and toxicity in children.
Detjen, A; Magdorf, K; Quarcoo, D; Thee, S; Wahn, U, 2007)		1.78
"To present two studies investigating an appropriate EMB dosage in children, and observational data on its toxicity and efficacy."( Ethambutol in paediatric tuberculosis: aspects of ethambutol serum concentration, efficacy and toxicity in children.
Detjen, A; Magdorf, K; Quarcoo, D; Thee, S; Wahn, U, 2007)		1.78
" It appears to be more valid to calculate the EMB dosage on the basis of body surface rather than body weight, leading to higher dosages especially in younger children."( Ethambutol in paediatric tuberculosis: aspects of ethambutol serum concentration, efficacy and toxicity in children.
Detjen, A; Magdorf, K; Quarcoo, D; Thee, S; Wahn, U, 2007)		1.78
"Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing ethambutol dihydrochloride as the only active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) are reviewed."( Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: ethambutol dihydrochloride.
Amidon, GL; Barends, DM; Becker, C; Dressman, JB; Junginger, HE; Kopp, S; Midha, KK; Shah, VP; Stavchansky, S, 2008)		0.77
"Reduction in the dosing frequency of antituberculosis drugs (ATDs) by applying drug delivery technology has the potential to improve the patient compliance in tuberculosis (TB)."( Alginate nanoparticles as antituberculosis drug carriers: formulation development, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential.
Ahmad, Z; Khuller, GK; Pandey, R; Sharma, S, )		0.13
" We present the six cases; four were clearly overdosed, but in two obese patients dosage was correctly calculated for total body weight (TBW)."( Ethambutol-induced optical neuropathy: risk of overdosing in obese subjects.
Alffenaar, JW; Hasenbosch, RE; Koopmans, SA; Kosterink, JG; van Altena, R; van der Werf, TS, 2008)		1.79
"Analysis of the case histories and previous reports suggest that optical neuropathy may at least partly be caused by EMB overdosing due to daily dosing based on TBW instead of dosing on lean body mass."( Ethambutol-induced optical neuropathy: risk of overdosing in obese subjects.
Alffenaar, JW; Hasenbosch, RE; Koopmans, SA; Kosterink, JG; van Altena, R; van der Werf, TS, 2008)		1.79
"Given an understanding of the risk factors for ethambutol optic toxicity, there exists a rationale for an optimization of ethambutol dosing protocols that can maximize the therapeutic effect while minimizing the incidence of optic toxicity."( Risk factors for ethambutol optic toxicity.
Sadun, AA; Talbert Estlin, KA, 2010)		0.96
" Therapy was performed according to regimens 3 and 1, by using individual dosage regimens depending on the extent and severity of a specific process, the presence of complications, and age-related features."( [Optimization of chemotherapy regimens in children with primary pulmonary tuberculosis].
Dovgaliuk, IF; Ovchinnikova, IuE; Starshinova, AA, 2009)		0.35
" The following three regimens were administered: regimen A (n = 9) consisted of CAM (400 mg/d), ethambutol (EB) [750 mg/d], and rifampicin (RFP) [450 mg/d]; regimen B (n = 12) consisted of CAM (800 mg/d), EB (750 mg/d), and RFP (450 mg/d); and regimen C (n = 13) consisted of CAM (800 mg/d), EB (1,000 mg/d), and RFP (600 mg/d) during the first 2 months followed by a reduction of the dosage of EB from 1,000 to 750 mg/d."( Therapeutic effects of various initial combinations of chemotherapy including clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.
Fukunaga, K; Hasegawa, N; Ishii, K; Ishizaka, A; Miyairi, M; Nishimura, T; Ohtani, S; Takeshita, K; Tasaka, S; Urano, T, 2009)		0.57
"6%), which included a daily dosage of 400 mg of CAM (9."( Therapeutic effects of various initial combinations of chemotherapy including clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.
Fukunaga, K; Hasegawa, N; Ishii, K; Ishizaka, A; Miyairi, M; Nishimura, T; Ohtani, S; Takeshita, K; Tasaka, S; Urano, T, 2009)		0.35
" The current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend an oral dosage of 10 (8-12) mg per kg body weight."( Rifampicin serum levels in childhood tuberculosis.
Detjen, A; Magdorf, K; Thee, S; Wahn, U, 2009)		0.35
" In children, it appears to be more valid to calculate RMP dosage on the basis of body surface area rather than body weight, leading to higher dosages especially in younger children."( Rifampicin serum levels in childhood tuberculosis.
Detjen, A; Magdorf, K; Thee, S; Wahn, U, 2009)		0.35
"Therapeutic drug monitoring allows to determine the best dosage regimen adapted to each patient optimizing the therapeutic benefits, while minimizing the risk for side effects."( Determination of antituberculosis drug concentration in human plasma by MALDI-TOF/TOF.
Ascenzi, P; Bevilacqua, N; Gullotta, F; Lauria, FN; Mancone, C; Notari, S; Pucillo, LP; Sergi, M; Tempestilli, M; Tripodi, M; Urso, R, 2010)		0.36
"A questionnaire regarding what antitubercular drugs, their dosage and for how long was asked to attending faculty in an International Conference on musculoskeletal infections."( A survey of prescribing pattern for osteoarticular tuberculosis: orthopaedic surgeons' and infectious disease experts' perspective.
Agarwal, A; Arora, A; Kumar, S, 2009)		0.35
" A dosage adjustment of bisoprolol is necessary if the clinical status of the patient requires treatment with the antituberculosis drug rifampicin."( [Urinary bladder tuberculosis and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillation: reduced efficacy of bisoprolol in hypertension].
Drechsler, A; Kirch, W, 2010)		0.36
" Use of pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic models has resulted in design of new doses and dosing schedules for disseminated MAC, as well as new susceptibility breakpoints for ethambutol and moxifloxacin."( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-based treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium.
Deshpande, D; Gumbo, T, 2011)		0.56
" The better results of lowering serum uric acid and protecting against renal failure were at the dosage of Que between 10 and 20 mg/kg."( [Preventive and therapeutic effects of quercetin on hyperuricemia and renal injury in rats].
Fu, R; He, W; Yao, F; Zhang, R, 2011)		0.37
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)		0.37
" Rifampicin concentrations during the dosing interval were determined by HPLC at three different timepoints: (i) after 2 weeks of TB therapy and before starting HIV therapy (T0); (ii) after 4 weeks of combined therapy (T1); and (iii) after 10 weeks of combined therapy (T2)."( Systemic exposure to rifampicin in patients with tuberculosis and advanced HIV disease during highly active antiretroviral therapy in Burkina Faso.
Bonkoungou, V; Carvalho, AC; Comelli, M; Cusato, M; Dembélé, SM; Kouanda, S; Matteelli, A; Nacanabo, R; Regazzi, M; Saleri, N; Villani, P, 2012)		0.38
" Thus, new and individualized ethambutol dosing regimens need to be designed for obese and extremely obese patients."( Ethambutol pharmacokinetic variability is linked to body mass in overweight, obese, and extremely obese people.
Gumbo, T; Hall, RG; Leff, RD; Meek, C; Swancutt, MA, 2012)		2.11
" In this article, a case series is presented to illustrate the value of individualized TB drug dosing in four patients with low TB drug concentrations."( Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of tuberculosis patients.
Aarnoutse, R; Boeree, M; Ijdema, D; Magis-Escurra, C; van den Boogaard, J, 2012)		0.38
" Average CAM dosage was increased from the early (517 mg/day) to the later (800 mg/day) period."( Relationship between clinical efficacy for pulmonary MAC and drug-sensitivity test for isolated MAC in a recent 6-year period.
Abe, M; Kato, S; Kobashi, Y; Mouri, K; Obase, Y; Oka, M, 2012)		0.38
" Trials of new drugs and new dosing strategies are needed."( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Daley, CL; Egelund, EF; Heifets, LB; Levin, A; Mouton, JW; Peloquin, CA; Totten, SE; van Ingen, J, 2012)		0.38
" New dosing strategies for rifampicin and ethambutol should be studied to increase the exposure to these drugs and thus maximise their impact."( Synergistic activity of rifampicin and ethambutol against slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria is currently of questionable clinical significance.
Boeree, MJ; Hoefsloot, W; Mouton, JW; van Ingen, J; van Soolingen, D, 2013)		0.92
" The administration of tacrolimus (1 mg) was started as the dosage of oral glucocorticoids was tapered."( Paradoxical response to disseminated non-tuberculosis mycobacteriosis treatment in a patient receiving tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor: a case report.
Imamura, Y; Izumikawa, K; Kakeya, H; Kohno, S; Miyazaki, T; Nakamura, S; Takazono, T; Yanagihara, K, 2014)		0.4
" This study demonstrates notable individual variability, indicating that dosing of these medications requires individual monitoring and provides additional information to guide the clinician when treating elephants."( The pharmacokinetics of a single oral or rectal dose of concurrently administered isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).
Egelund, EF; Hunter, RP; Isaza, R; P Brock, A; Peloquin, CA, 2014)		0.61
"Patients were enrolled in a single-arm clinical trial to receive intermittent dosing after at least 14 initial daily doses of RMP+PZA+EMB."( Intermittent tuberculosis treatment for patients with isoniazid intolerance or drug resistance.
Bock, N; Bozeman, L; Goldberg, SV; Hamilton, CD; Heilig, CM; Hershfield, E; Kyle, RP; Narita, M; Reves, R; Tapy, JM; Wing, D, 2014)		0.4
" BIW dosing was used in 77 and TIW in 21."( Intermittent tuberculosis treatment for patients with isoniazid intolerance or drug resistance.
Bock, N; Bozeman, L; Goldberg, SV; Hamilton, CD; Heilig, CM; Hershfield, E; Kyle, RP; Narita, M; Reves, R; Tapy, JM; Wing, D, 2014)		0.4
" There was a nonlinear increase in exposure to rifampin without an apparent ceiling effect and a greater estimated fall in bacterial load in the higher dosing groups."( A dose-ranging trial to optimize the dose of rifampin in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, D; Dawson, R; Diacon, AH; du Bois, J; Gillespie, SH; Heinrich, N; Hoelscher, M; Magis-Escurra, C; McHugh, TD; Narunsky, K; Phillips, PP; Plemper van Balen, G; Rehal, S; van Ingen, J; van Soolingen, D; Venter, A, 2015)		0.42
"Current guidelines for dosing of anti-TB drugs in children advocate higher doses for rifampicin and isoniazid despite limited availability of paediatric data on the pharmacokinetics of these drugs, especially from Africa, where the burden of childhood disease remains high."( Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol.
Ardrey, A; Davies, GR; Dzinjalamala, F; Mlotha, R; Molyneux, E; Ward, S; Waterhouse, D, 2015)		0.64
" Rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol were dosed at 10, 5, 25 and 20 mg/kg, respectively."( Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol.
Ardrey, A; Davies, GR; Dzinjalamala, F; Mlotha, R; Molyneux, E; Ward, S; Waterhouse, D, 2015)		0.91
" Predicted AUC0 -∞ for rifampicin dosed at 15 mg/kg was comparable to that of adults while the dose required to achieve ethambutol exposure similar to that in adults was 55 mg/kg or higher."( Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol.
Ardrey, A; Davies, GR; Dzinjalamala, F; Mlotha, R; Molyneux, E; Ward, S; Waterhouse, D, 2015)		0.85
"These data support recently revised WHO recommendations for dosing of anti-TB drugs in children, but dosing of ethambutol in children also appears inadequate by comparison with adult pharmacokinetic data."( Pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Malawian children: reconsidering the role of ethambutol.
Ardrey, A; Davies, GR; Dzinjalamala, F; Mlotha, R; Molyneux, E; Ward, S; Waterhouse, D, 2015)		0.85
" Drugs like tetrandrine may help to reduce drug dosage thus alleviate side effects."( Tetrandrine reverses drug resistance in isoniazid and ethambutol dual drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates.
Ji, Z; Li, L; Xu, K; Yan, J; Zhang, Z, 2015)		0.67
" We conducted this study with the aims of determining the plasma concentrations of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol achieved with different dosage of the anti-tubercular drugs so as to provide supportive evidence to the revised dosages and to evaluate the effects of malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics of these drugs in children."( Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in Indian children.
Kabra, SK; Kanhiya, K; Lodha, R; Mukherjee, A; Singla, M; Velpandian, T, 2015)		0.87
"Prospective drug estimation study was conducted in two groups of children, age 6 months to 15 years, with tuberculosis, with or without severe malnutrition, receiving different dosage of daily anti- tubercular therapy."( Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in Indian children.
Kabra, SK; Kanhiya, K; Lodha, R; Mukherjee, A; Singla, M; Velpandian, T, 2015)		0.66
"7%) children in the two dosing regimen, respectively."( Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in Indian children.
Kabra, SK; Kanhiya, K; Lodha, R; Mukherjee, A; Singla, M; Velpandian, T, 2015)		0.66
" On the basis of limited experience, the combination of tube thoracostomy or catheter drainage and high-end dosing of anti-TB drugs has been recommended as an initial approach to these lesions."( Therapeutic drug monitoring and the conservative management of chronic tuberculous empyema: case report and review of the literature.
Barrie, J; Long, R; Peloquin, CA, 2015)		0.42
" He was treated with computed tomography-guided catheter drainage and TDM-guided high-end dosed anti-TB drugs (serum and pleural fluid drug concentrations) over a 10 month period."( Therapeutic drug monitoring and the conservative management of chronic tuberculous empyema: case report and review of the literature.
Barrie, J; Long, R; Peloquin, CA, 2015)		0.42
" The range of dosage was 15-19 mg/kg/day."( Visual function test for early detection of ethambutol induced ocular toxicity at the subclinical level.
Kim, KL; Park, SP, 2016)		0.7
"The dosing of drugs in critically ill patients undergoing renal replacement therapy is based on limited data."( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ethambutol and rifampicin in a tuberculosis patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome undergoing extended daily dialysis and ECMO treatment.
Ciesek, S; Hoeper, MM; Kielstein, JT; Kühn, C; Schmidt, JJ; Strunk, AK; Welte, T, 2016)		0.69
" We pooled data by study quality, design, region, dosing modality and patient characteristics."( Therapeutic drug monitoring in anti-tuberculosis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Al-Efraij, K; Campbell, JR; Cook, VJ; Johnston, J; Marra, F; Mota, L, 2016)		0.43
" These findings point to a discrepancy between accepted 2 h TDM thresholds and TB drug dosing recommendations."( Therapeutic drug monitoring in anti-tuberculosis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Al-Efraij, K; Campbell, JR; Cook, VJ; Johnston, J; Marra, F; Mota, L, 2016)		0.43
" Coadministration of Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir) with delamanid resulted in an approximately 25% higher delamanid area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the end of the dosing interval (AUCτ)."( Delamanid Coadministered with Antiretroviral Drugs or Antituberculosis Drugs Shows No Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions in Healthy Subjects.
Geiter, L; Mallikaarjun, S; Paccaly, A; Patil, S; Petersen, C; Shoaf, SE; Wells, C, 2016)		0.43
" The aim of this analysis was to characterize factors contributing to the variability in exposure and to evaluate drug exposures using alternative doses, thus providing evidence to support revised dosing recommendations for drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)."( Pharmacokinetics of Pyrazinamide and Optimal Dosing Regimens for Drug-Sensitive and -Resistant Tuberculosis.
Chirehwa, MT; Denti, P; McIlleron, H; Mthiyane, T; Onyebujoh, P; Rustomjee, R; Smith, P, 2017)		0.46
" There is an urgent need to improve the current therapy so as to reduce treatment duration and dosing frequency."( Nano-Formulation of Ethambutol with Multifunctional Graphene Oxide and Magnetic Nanoparticles Retains Its Anti-Tubercular Activity with Prospects of Improving Chemotherapeutic Efficacy.
Bhakta, S; Chrzastek, A; Fakurazi, S; Hussein, MZ; Maitra, A; Naeemullah, B; Saifullah, B, 2017)		0.78
" Its treatment is complicated by patients' noncompliance due to dosing frequency, lengthy treatment, and adverse side effects associated with current chemotherapy."( Novel Anti-Tuberculosis Nanodelivery Formulation of Ethambutol with Graphene Oxide.
Bhakta, S; Chrzastek, A; Fakurazi, S; Hussein, MZ; Maitra, A; Naeemullah, B; Saifullah, B, 2017)		0.71
" As irrational use and inadequate dosing of anti-TB drugs may contribute to the epidemic of drug-resistant TB, we assessed the drug types and dosages prescribed in the treatment of TB cases in a representative sample of health care facilities in Yunnan."( Prescription practice of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Yunnan, China: A clinical audit.
Chen, J; Chiang, CY; Innes, AL; Li, L; Xu, L, 2017)		0.46
" Outcomes of interest included the regimen used in the treatment of new and retreatment TB patients; and the proportion of patients treated with adequate dosing of anti-TB drugs."( Prescription practice of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Yunnan, China: A clinical audit.
Chen, J; Chiang, CY; Innes, AL; Li, L; Xu, L, 2017)		0.46
" The ability of dosed TB drugs to reach and sterilize bacteria within poorly-vascularized necrotic regions (caseum) of pulmonary granulomas is crucial for successful therapeutic intervention."( Spatial Quantification of Drugs in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Lesions by Laser Capture Microdissection Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCM-LC/MS).
Blanc, L; Chen, PY; Dartois, V; Prideaux, B; Zimmerman, M, 2018)		0.48
"Paraguayan children were treated according to the revised paediatric dosing scheme of the World Health Organization."( Evaluation of dried blood spot sampling for pharmacokinetic research and therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-tuberculosis drugs in children.
Aarnoutse, RE; Aguirre, S; Alffenaar, JW; Chaparro, G; Coronel, R; Gomez, R; Gonzalez, F; Huisman, J; Jongedijk, E; Kerkhoff, J; Magis-Escurra, C; Martial, LC; Martinez, N; Molinas, G; Pérez, D; Rodríguez, M; Roman, M; Touw, DJ, 2018)		0.48
"Our findings showed that NPs gave sustained release of drugs inside plasma and organs, thus decreasing dosage frequency, and their weekly dosage had therapeutic efficacy equivalent to daily dosage of free drugs."( Therapeutic implications of nano-encapsulated rifabutin, azithromycin & ethambutol against experimental
Grewal, TK; Majeed, S; Sharma, S, 2018)		0.71
" We evaluated plasma drug concentrations of rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol (EMB) among children undergoing TB treatment in Tanzania when these dosing recommendations were being implemented."( Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs Among Children With Tuberculosis in Rural Tanzania.
Augustino, D; Gratz, J; Heysell, SK; Houpt, ER; Justine, M; Kibiki, GS; Kivuyo, S; Mduma, E; Mfinanga, S; Mmbaga, B; Nicodemu, I; Peloquin, CA; Thomas, TA; Yeconia, A; Zagurski, T, 2020)		0.77
" Differences in median drug concentrations were compared on the basis of the weight-based dosing strategy using the Mann-Whitney U test."( Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs Among Children With Tuberculosis in Rural Tanzania.
Augustino, D; Gratz, J; Heysell, SK; Houpt, ER; Justine, M; Kibiki, GS; Kivuyo, S; Mduma, E; Mfinanga, S; Mmbaga, B; Nicodemu, I; Peloquin, CA; Thomas, TA; Yeconia, A; Zagurski, T, 2020)		0.56
"Among this cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-negative Tanzanian children, use of the revised dosing strategy for treating childhood TB did not result in the target drug concentration for RIF, INH, or EMB being reached."( Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs Among Children With Tuberculosis in Rural Tanzania.
Augustino, D; Gratz, J; Heysell, SK; Houpt, ER; Justine, M; Kibiki, GS; Kivuyo, S; Mduma, E; Mfinanga, S; Mmbaga, B; Nicodemu, I; Peloquin, CA; Thomas, TA; Yeconia, A; Zagurski, T, 2020)		0.56
"To perform a population pharmacokinetic study of ethambutol in HIV/TB patients, and to evaluate an intensified ethambutol weight-based dosing strategy to support pharmacokinetic target attainment."( Optimizing ethambutol dosing among HIV/tuberculosis co-infected patients: a population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation study.
Bisson, GP; Gumbo, T; Ivaturi, V; Mehta, K; Modongo, C; Pasipanodya, JG; Ravimohan, S; Srivastava, S; Vinnard, C; Weissman, D; Zetola, NM, 2019)		1.16
" Monte Carlo simulations were performed to compare pharmacokinetic target attainment under standard and intensified weight-based ethambutol dosing strategies."( Optimizing ethambutol dosing among HIV/tuberculosis co-infected patients: a population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation study.
Bisson, GP; Gumbo, T; Ivaturi, V; Mehta, K; Modongo, C; Pasipanodya, JG; Ravimohan, S; Srivastava, S; Vinnard, C; Weissman, D; Zetola, NM, 2019)		1.11
" Supplementary ethambutol dosing among HIV/TB patients may provide a strategy to optimize anti-TB treatment regimens in this high-risk population."( Optimizing ethambutol dosing among HIV/tuberculosis co-infected patients: a population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation study.
Bisson, GP; Gumbo, T; Ivaturi, V; Mehta, K; Modongo, C; Pasipanodya, JG; Ravimohan, S; Srivastava, S; Vinnard, C; Weissman, D; Zetola, NM, 2019)		1.26
" Based on the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society, she was started on weight-based dosing of clarithromycin, levofloxacin, ethambutol, isoniazid and injection amikacin daily."( Pulmonary
Gopalan, N; Hanna, LE; Joseph, B; Kannayan, S; Padmapriyadarsini, C; Perumal, BK; Saranathan, R; Sivaramakrishnan, GN, )		0.34
" Further studies are needed to identify appropriate regimens with adequate dosing of ATT for the management of paediatric TBM to improve treatment outcomes."( Tuberculous meningitis in children: Clinical management & outcome.
Daniel, BD; Grace, GA; Natrajan, M, 2019)		0.51
"Linezolid is increasingly used for the treatment of tuberculosis resistant to first-line agents, but the most effective dosing strategy is yet unknown."( Fourteen-Day Bactericidal Activity, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Linezolid in Adults with Drug-Sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Burger, DA; Dawson, R; De Jager, VR; Diacon, AH; Everitt, D; Mendel, CM; Narunsky, K; Nedelman, J; Pappas, F; Vanker, N, 2020)		0.56
" New data on optimal drug selection and dosing are emerging with the inclusion of children in clinical trials and ongoing research on age-related pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics."( Tuberculosis treatment in children: The changing landscape.
Huynh, J; Marais, BJ; Schaaf, HS; Thwaites, G, 2020)		0.56
"To allow for tailored dosing and overcome swallowing difficulties, compounded liquid medication is often required in pediatric patients."( Stability of Azathioprine, Clonidine Hydrochloride, Clopidogrel Bisulfate, Ethambutol Hydrochloride, Griseofulvin, Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nitrofurantoin, and Thioguanine Oral Suspensions Compounded with SyrSpend SF pH4.
Anagnostou, K; Cunha, CN; da Silva, SL; Dijkers, E; Ferreira, AO; Polonini, H, )		0.36
" Mean daily dosage of EMB was 17."( Prospective study to evaluate incidence and indicators for early detection of ethambutol toxicity.
Dhiman, R; Guleria, R; Mandal, S; Mohan, A; Padhy, SK; Phuljhele, S; Saxena, R; Sharma, P, 2021)		0.85
" Blood sampling was also performed 120  minutes after dosing for the detection of Cmax purpose."( Effect of interval between food intake and drug administration at fasting condition on the plasma concentrations of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in Chinese population.
Chu, N; Du, Y; Guo, R; Han, X; Pang, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Q, 2020)		0.56
"Optimal dosing of children with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) remains uncertain and is currently based on the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in adults."( Population Pharmacokinetic Properties of Antituberculosis Drugs in Vietnamese Children with Tuberculous Meningitis.
Bang, ND; Day, JN; Hoglund, RM; Ngo, VN; Nosoongnoen, W; Panjasawatwong, N; Pouplin, T; Tarning, J; Wattanakul, T, 2020)		0.56
"In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) revised dosing guidelines for treatment of childhood tuberculosis."( Optimizing Dosing and Fixed-Dose Combinations of Rifampicin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in Pediatric Patients With Tuberculosis: A Prospective Population Pharmacokinetic Study.
Bekker, A; Davies, G; Denti, P; Gonzalez-Martinez, C; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, HM; Rabie, H; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; van Rie, A; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, HJ, 2022)		0.72
" Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling and simulation was used to design the optimal FDC and weight-band dosing strategy for achieving the pharmacokinetic targets based on literature-derived adult AUC0-24h for rifampicin (38."( Optimizing Dosing and Fixed-Dose Combinations of Rifampicin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in Pediatric Patients With Tuberculosis: A Prospective Population Pharmacokinetic Study.
Bekker, A; Davies, G; Denti, P; Gonzalez-Martinez, C; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, HM; Rabie, H; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; van Rie, A; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, HJ, 2022)		0.72
" Optimal dosing of all drugs cannot be achieved with the current FDCs."( Optimizing Dosing and Fixed-Dose Combinations of Rifampicin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in Pediatric Patients With Tuberculosis: A Prospective Population Pharmacokinetic Study.
Bekker, A; Davies, G; Denti, P; Gonzalez-Martinez, C; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, HM; Rabie, H; Svensson, EM; van der Laan, LE; van Rie, A; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, HJ, 2022)		0.72
" Although ethambutol has been demonstrated to inhibit macrolide resistance, the ethambutol dosage is sometimes decreased due to concerns about optic neuropathy."( Low-dosage ethambutol, less than 12.5 mg/kg/day, does not worsen the clinical outcomes of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare disease: a retrospective cohort study.
Fujiwara, K; Furuuchi, K; Hanada, K; Kaburaki, S; Kurashima, A; Morimoto, K; Ohta, K; Shiraishi, Y; Tanaka, Y; Uesugi, F; Watanabe, F; Yoshiyama, T, 2022)		1.51
" Daily ethambutol dosage was not identified as a prognostic factor for any of the outcomes."( Low-dosage ethambutol, less than 12.5 mg/kg/day, does not worsen the clinical outcomes of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare disease: a retrospective cohort study.
Fujiwara, K; Furuuchi, K; Hanada, K; Kaburaki, S; Kurashima, A; Morimoto, K; Ohta, K; Shiraishi, Y; Tanaka, Y; Uesugi, F; Watanabe, F; Yoshiyama, T, 2022)		1.57
"An ethambutol dosage of 12."( Low-dosage ethambutol, less than 12.5 mg/kg/day, does not worsen the clinical outcomes of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare disease: a retrospective cohort study.
Fujiwara, K; Furuuchi, K; Hanada, K; Kaburaki, S; Kurashima, A; Morimoto, K; Ohta, K; Shiraishi, Y; Tanaka, Y; Uesugi, F; Watanabe, F; Yoshiyama, T, 2022)		1.73
" We describe the population pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in children with TB to guide dosing in this population."( Population pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in African children: a pooled analysis.
Abdelwahab, MT; Andrieux-Meyer, I; Bekker, A; Chabala, C; Cotton, MF; Davies, G; Denti, P; Hesseling, A; Lee, J; McIlleron, H; Rabie, H; Tikiso, T; Wiesner, L; Zar, HJ, 2022)		1.26
"We performed (1) minimum inhibitory concentration experiment, (2) isoniazid dose-response study using the hollow fiber system model (HFS-Mkn) to determine PK/PD optimized exposure, and (3) another HFS-Mkn study to determine the efficacy of high dose isoniazid (15 mg/kg/day) with standard dose rifampin (10 mg/kg/day) and ethambutol (15 mg/kg/day)."( Isoniazid pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics as monotherapy and in combination regimen in the hollow fiber system model of Mycobacterium kansasii.
Boorgula, GD; Gumbo, T; Heysell, SK; Shankar, P; Singh, S; Srivastava, S, 2023)		1.08
"36 kg, mean daily dosage of ethambutol was 17."( Ocular toxicity among patients taking anti-tubercular treatment.
Chapagain, S; Dahal, HN; Sitaula, RK; Sitaula, S; Thapa, S, 2022)		1.02
" Duration between optic nerve toxicity , usage of ethambutol and the drug dosage were noted."( Ethambutol induced toxic optic neuropathy - A retrospective study in a tertiary eye care centre in Southern India.
Balakrishnan, HK; Jayasri, KN; Kowsalya, A; Sajja, S; Shanmugam, MK, 2022)		2.42
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
antitubercular agentA substance that kills or slows the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
environmental contaminantAny minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
xenobioticA xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
ethanolamines
ethylenediamine derivativeAny organic amino compound that is a derivative of ethylenediamine.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (3)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency38.90180.01237.983543.2770AID1645841
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH]Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RvMIC3.12501.56004.69839.4100AID1698034
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (971)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID540875Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv18 harboring embB ATG-GTG (M306V) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1687560Antitubercular activity against PAS/INH/EMB/RMP-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Spec.210 assessed as inhibition of microbial growth by classical test tube method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 186Development of (4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine regioisomers as a new class of selective antitubercular agents.
AID1333278Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155 assessed as inhibition of respiratory ATP synthesis by measuring ATP level at 4 times MIC measured after 6 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay (Rvb = 212.7%)2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Amphiphilic xanthones as a potent chemical entity of anti-mycobacterial agents with membrane-targeting properties.
AID1698035Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth at 25 uM incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
Design and synthesis of new indanol-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as potent antitubercular and antimicrobial agents.
AID405182Tmax in tuberculosis patient at 750 mg, po coadministered with 450 mg, po rifampin2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a higher rifampin dose versus the standard dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
AID145296Tested for antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv kanamycin resistant strain1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 28, Issue:12
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 2,2'-dithiobis(benzamide) derivatives against Mycobacterium species.
AID569261Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 8732011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Synthesis and evaluation of anti-tubercular activity of new dithiocarbamate sugar derivatives.
AID1501037Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by Lowensteine-Jensen method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 139Recent advances of pyrazole-containing derivatives as anti-tubercular agents.
AID439075Antitubercular activity against drug-sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis by radiometric BACTEC460 method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Synthesis and evaluation of (S,S)-N,N'-bis-[3-(2,2',6,6'-tetramethylbenzhydryloxy)-2-hydroxy-propyl]-ethylenediamine (S2824) analogs with anti-tuberculosis activity.
AID495228Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 32C3 harboring embB497 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1765358Antimycobacterial activity against rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 35838 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 48 hrs by broth microdilution assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of new chalcone linked 5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid methyl esters potentially active against drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1143263Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing (E-47/94) assessed as growth inhibition after 2 to 3 weeks by turbidometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Discovery of pyrazolopyridones as a novel class of noncovalent DprE1 inhibitor with potent anti-mycobacterial activity.
AID569255Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Synthesis and evaluation of anti-tubercular activity of new dithiocarbamate sugar derivatives.
AID736913Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 5 days by fluorescence assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5
Antimycobacterial activity evaluation, time-kill kinetic and 3D-QSAR study of C-(3-aminomethyl-cyclohexyl)-methylamine derivatives.
AID1467546Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by Alamar blue assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14
One-pot microwave assisted stereoselective synthesis of novel dihydro-2'H-spiro[indene-2,1'-pyrrolo-[3,4-c]pyrrole]-tetraones and evaluation of their antimycobacterial activity and inhibition of AChE.
AID559763Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155 harboring PknG K181M mutant gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Protein kinase G is required for intrinsic antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria.
AID1463961Antimycobacterial activity MDR/XDR against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 7357/1998 incubated for 14 days by micromethod2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Development of water-soluble 3,5-dinitrophenyl tetrazole and oxadiazole antitubercular agents.
AID1862168Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis BCG for 7 days by resazurin-based microdilution assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 69Synthesis and evaluation of inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis UGM using bioisosteric replacement.
AID765271fAUC/MIC in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected mouse2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
A medicinal chemists' guide to the unique difficulties of lead optimization for tuberculosis.
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1463960Antimycobacterial activity MDR/XDR against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 234/2005 incubated for 14 days by micromethod2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Development of water-soluble 3,5-dinitrophenyl tetrazole and oxadiazole antitubercular agents.
AID540907Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-negative EMB-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis B52 harboring embB M306V mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495229Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 32C4 harboring embB497 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID143719In vitro antibacterial activity of compound against Mycobacterium avium MAC ATCC 157692002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-16, Volume: 12, Issue:18
New N-alkyl-1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides as antituberculous agents with improved pharmacokinetics.
AID540898Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B92 harboring embB GAC-GCC (D354A) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1331132Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 measured after 28 days by MABA method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-15, Volume: 26, Issue:24
Design, development of new synthetic methodology, and biological evaluation of substituted quinolines as new anti-tubercular leads.
AID540899Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-negative EMB-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv8 harboring embB M306V mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1589053Antimycobacterial against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv incubated for 7 days by MABA assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 29, Issue:18
5-Chloro-2-thiophenyl-1,2,3-triazolylmethyldihydroquinolines as dual inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and influenza virus: Synthesis and evaluation.
AID1687469Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 25618 assessed as inhibition of microbial growth incubated for 1 week by MABA method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 186Development of (4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine regioisomers as a new class of selective antitubercular agents.
AID627940Binding affinity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid synthase 1 at 500 uM by STD NMR spectrophotometric assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 21, Issue:16
Pyrazinamide, but not pyrazinoic acid, is a competitive inhibitor of NADPH binding to Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid synthase I.
AID1204851Antitubercular activity against Isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis assessed as parasite growth inhibition by REMA method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 98Synthesis, antimalarial and antitubercular activities of meridianin derivatives.
AID540873Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B59 harboring embB ATG-GTG (M306V) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID565993Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by twofold agar dilution method2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activities of triazoloquinolones.
AID540910Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis B5202 harboring embB M306V mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540868Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B56 harboring embB ATG-GTG (M306V) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1403710Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 25 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 145Identification and development of benzoxazole derivatives as novel bacterial glutamate racemase inhibitors.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID599274Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells assessed as cell viability at 100 uM after 72 hrs by XTT assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 46, Issue:6
Synthesis of N-substituted 2-[(1E)-alkenyl]-4-(1H)-quinolone derivatives as antimycobacterial agents against non-tubercular mycobacteria.
AID562268Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis harboring Mycobacterium smegmatis embB M292V mutant gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1435842Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by resazurin reduction microplate assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126New insights into the SAR and drug combination synergy of 2-(quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamides against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID285161Antimicrobial activity against non replicating persistence Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in anaerobic condition assessed as relative light unit after 11 days by LORA assay2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Low-oxygen-recovery assay for high-throughput screening of compounds against nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1263164Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv MTCC 300 at 6.25 ug/ml after 4 weeks by Lowenstein-Jensen medium method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24
Pyrazole clubbed triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine hybrids as an anti-tubercular agents: Synthesis, in vitro screening and molecular docking study.
AID251785Antimycobacterial activity of compound against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 1.88 ug/mL2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-02, Volume: 14, Issue:15
Antituberculous activity of some aryl semicarbazone derivatives.
AID294761Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus after 2 weeks by broth dilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives from Stachys sieboldi Miq and antibacterial evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, and Staphylococcus aureus.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1916620Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as bacterial growth inhibition measured after 7 days by broth microdilution assay2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 238Emerging impact of triazoles as anti-tubercular agent.
AID1439666Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by Alamar blue assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7
A robust synthesis of functionalized 2H-indazoles via solid state melt reaction (SSMR) and their anti-tubercular activity.
AID633936Antimycobacterial activity against multiple drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate T113 by alamar blue assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Mefloquine-oxazolidine derivatives, derived from mefloquine and arenecarbaldehydes: In vitro activity including against the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strain T113.
AID502043Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATTC 27294 by microplate alamar blue assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 18, Issue:17
Design, synthesis, and in vitro antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial activities of N-{2-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]ethyl}ureas.
AID1071121Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 at 3.13 ug/ml after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay relative to control2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Antimycobacterial activity of nitrogen heterocycles derivatives: bipyridine derivatives. Part III.
AID1071108Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 at 12.5 to 50 ug/ml after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay relative to control2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Antimycobacterial activity of nitrogen heterocycles derivatives: bipyridine derivatives. Part III.
AID425190Antimycobacterial activity against multi drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11
A microwave-assisted facile regioselective Fischer indole synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel 2-aryl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,2-b]indoles.
AID522854Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Ethambutol optimal clinical dose and susceptibility breakpoint identification by use of a novel pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of disseminated intracellular Mycobacterium avium.
AID1756892Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC27294 measured after 28 days by two-fold serial dilution method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-05, Volume: 215Antitubercular properties of thiazolidin-4-ones - A review.
AID1076894Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as growth inhibition at 50 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-09, Volume: 76Development of antimycobacterial tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxamides and hexahydrocycloocta[b]thiophene-3-carboxamides: Molecular modification from known antimycobacterial lead.
AID599246Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 after 3 days by MTT assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 46, Issue:6
Synthesis of N-substituted 2-[(1E)-alkenyl]-4-(1H)-quinolone derivatives as antimycobacterial agents against non-tubercular mycobacteria.
AID1864508Substrate uptake at human OCT3 overexpressed in HEK293 cells incubated for 2 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID1174110Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 89Antimycobacterial activity of natural products and synthetic agents: pyrrolodiquinolines and vermelhotin as anti-tubercular leads against clinical multidrug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1204850Antitubercular activity against Rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis assessed as parasite growth inhibition by REMA method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 98Synthesis, antimalarial and antitubercular activities of meridianin derivatives.
AID540905Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv4401 by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID444318Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells assessed as cell viability at 10 ug/ml by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of 7-chloro-4-quinolinylhydrazones derivatives.
AID1072706Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Development of novel tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide based Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors: molecular hybridization from known antimycobacterial leads.
AID1333106Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155 after 24 hrs by broth dilution assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Amphiphilic xanthones as a potent chemical entity of anti-mycobacterial agents with membrane-targeting properties.
AID1391359Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene and N-methyl carbazole tethered 2-aminothiazoles and their cinnamamides as potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1854284Antitubercular activity against clinical isolate isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 35822 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 7 days by Presto blue resazurin microtiter plate assay2022RSC medicinal chemistry, May-25, Volume: 13, Issue:5
Synthesis and evaluation of triazole congeners of nitro-benzothiazinones potentially active against drug resistant
AID1383956Bactericidal activity against MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 591 after 4 weeks by MABA2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 1-(β-d-Ribofuranosyl)-4-coumarinyloxymethyl- / -coumarinyl-1,2,3-triazole.
AID1577333Antimycobacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 9449/2007 after 21 days2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-12, Volume: 62, Issue:17
Development of 3,5-Dinitrophenyl-Containing 1,2,4-Triazoles and Their Trifluoromethyl Analogues as Highly Efficient Antitubercular Agents Inhibiting Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribofuranose 2'-Oxidase.
AID664309Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 6.25 ug/ml by BACTEC MGIT method2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 53Synthesis of benzimidazolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2ylthio-N-phenyl (benzothiazolyl) acetamides as antibacterial, antifungal and antituberculosis agents.
AID433905Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar microdilution assay2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 44, Issue:8
Synthesis and antitubercular screening of imidazole derivatives.
AID565649Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC M300V mutant gene after 48 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID440895Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug resistant Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 by agar dilution method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
L-proline-catalysed facile green protocol for the synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of [1,4]-thiazines.
AID1488485Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for Swiss mouse BMDM to MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra ATCC 251772017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 27, Issue:16
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives as anti-tubercular agents.
AID565646Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC M300L mutant gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID448381Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 macrophage assessed as cell viability at 1 ug/mL after 48 hrs by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 19, Issue:17
Antitubercular activity of alpha,omega-diaminoalkanes, H2N(CH2)nNH2.
AID540885Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B70 harboring embB ATG-ATC (M306I) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1437019Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid/rifampicin/ethambutol-sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 4 days by Alamar blue assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4
Synthesis, antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activity of α,β-unsaturated amides and 2,4-disubstituted oxazoline derivatives.
AID1484392Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by NCCLS method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-16, Volume: 133Isoniazid derivatives and their anti-tubercular activity.
AID425652Total body clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID534422Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG-japan2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Susceptibility of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine strains to antituberculous antibiotics.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1594637Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis assessed as inhibition of parasite growth at 1 ug/ml incubated for 6 days by REMA method relative to untreated control2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-01, Volume: 29, Issue:11
Synthesis of diphenoxyadamantane alkylamines with pharmacological interest.
AID409956Inhibition of mouse brain MAOB2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID1240997Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 6 days by MTT assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
Guanidinium compounds with sub-micromolar activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluations.
AID1071102Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 7 days by broth microdilution assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Antimycobacterial activity of nitrogen heterocycles derivatives: bipyridine derivatives. Part III.
AID143718In vitro antibacterial activity of compound against Mycobacterium avium MAC ANI (wild type strain) isolated from infected patients.2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-16, Volume: 12, Issue:18
New N-alkyl-1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides as antituberculous agents with improved pharmacokinetics.
AID540900Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv8100 by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID333645Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 0.006 mg/ml by rapid radiometric method2004Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 67, Issue:11
Antibacterial activity of naphthoquinones and triterpenoids from Euclea natalensis root bark.
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1224523Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Praha 1 after 7 days by micromethod2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 821-Substituted-5-[(3,5-dinitrobenzyl)sulfanyl]-1H-tetrazoles and their isosteric analogs: A new class of selective antitubercular agents active against drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant mycobacteria.
AID775976Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as growth inhibition after 28 days by agar dilution method2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Development of 3-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine derivatives as novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors.
AID1696664Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by MABA assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
Design and synthesis of purine connected piperazine derivatives as novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1312205Antibacterial activity against actively replicative Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv measured after 7 days by MABA assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-15, Volume: 24, Issue:18
Design and development of new class of Mycobacterium tuberculosisl-alanine dehydrogenase inhibitors.
AID1609004Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra ITM-M006710 after 48 hr by resazurin dye based microdilution method2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 181Phenolic N-monosubstituted carbamates: Antitubercular and toxicity evaluation of multi-targeting compounds.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID294765Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 910 after 2 weeks by broth dilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives from Stachys sieboldi Miq and antibacterial evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, and Staphylococcus aureus.
AID289147Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 15, Issue:16
Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 4-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pyridines.
AID1372630Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as growth inhibition at 25 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1
Lead identification and optimization of bacterial glutamate racemase inhibitors.
AID445329Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1609005Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium aurum DSM 43999 after 72 hr by resazurin dye based microdilution method2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 181Phenolic N-monosubstituted carbamates: Antitubercular and toxicity evaluation of multi-targeting compounds.
AID765269fT>MIC in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected mouse2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
A medicinal chemists' guide to the unique difficulties of lead optimization for tuberculosis.
AID1464087Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by trypan blue staining based assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
meso-Dihydroguaiaretic acid derivatives with antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity.
AID565651Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC T270I mutant gene after 48 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID574591Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 761 obtained from pus of patient at 5 ug/ml by Bactec MGIT960 modified proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Emergence and molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the Delhi Region in India.
AID1374425Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by REMA2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-01, Volume: 28, Issue:5
Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and acid dissociation constants of methyl 5,5-diphenyl-1-(thiazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate derivatives.
AID594795Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
Synthesis, structure-activity relationship of novel substituted 4H-chromen-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylates as potential anti-mycobacterial and anticancer agents.
AID1738816Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as inhibition of microbial growth incubated for 1 week by alamar blue based assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 199Design and synthesis of thiourea-based derivatives as Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth and enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) inhibitors.
AID670864Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar diffusion method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 22, Issue:14
Synthesis and in vitro antitubercular activity of 4-aryl/alkylsulfonylmethylcoumarins as inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1272622Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 21 days by broth microdilution method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 26, Issue:3
Synthesis, in vitro antimycobacterial evaluation and docking studies of some new 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4',3':4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one schiff bases.
AID562265Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis harboring Mycobacterium smegmatis embB gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID632212Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24
Efficient synthesis and in vitro antitubercular activity of 1,2,3-triazoles as inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495205Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8C1 after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1266237Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by alamar blue assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 24, Issue:1
Replacement of cardiotoxic aminopiperidine linker with piperazine moiety reduces cardiotoxicity? Mycobacterium tuberculosis novel bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors.
AID285160Antimicrobial activity against non replicating persistence Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in aerobic condition assessed as bacterial density after 7 days2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Low-oxygen-recovery assay for high-throughput screening of compounds against nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540872Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv8 harboring embB ATG-GTG (M306V) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID117753Antitubercular activity (100 mg/kg) in the 31-day murine model1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 24, Issue:11
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 1-(arylamino)-1H-pyrroles and 4-(1H-pyrrol-1-ylimino)-2,5-cyclohexadienes.
AID1193922Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7
Development of 2-amino-5-phenylthiophene-3-carboxamide derivatives as novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA GyrB domain.
AID117756Antitubercular activity (12.5 mg/kg) in the 31-day murine model1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 24, Issue:11
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 1-(arylamino)-1H-pyrroles and 4-(1H-pyrrol-1-ylimino)-2,5-cyclohexadienes.
AID1706863Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 measured after 7 days by broth microdilution method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 212Synthesis and evaluation of new quinazoline-benzimidazole hybrids as potent anti-microbial agents against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID522850Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium ATCC 700898 infected in human THP1 cells assessed as extracellular bacterial killing2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Ethambutol optimal clinical dose and susceptibility breakpoint identification by use of a novel pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of disseminated intracellular Mycobacterium avium.
AID1058227Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium fortuitum2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24
Design and synthesis of novel antimicrobials with activity against Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis.
AID540889Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv10 harboring embB TTC-CTC (F320L) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID421756Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium fortuitum after 72 hrs2009Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3
Bioactive pyridine-N-oxide disulfides from Allium stipitatum.
AID729739Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 by agar dilution method2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of amino alcohol fused spirochromone conjugates.
AID562258Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing EmbC D280G mutant gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID559767Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis harboring PknG Msm gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Protein kinase G is required for intrinsic antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria.
AID370071Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 35822 after 14 days2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID529525Antimycobacterial activity against ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT210EMB-R-C1 assessed as bacterial colony formation at 37 degC after 10 to 11 days by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID445334Selectivity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv over human MRC5 cells2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID444317Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG assessed as cell viability at 1 ug/ml by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of 7-chloro-4-quinolinylhydrazones derivatives.
AID1706865Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 6841 by broth microdilution method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 212Synthesis and evaluation of new quinazoline-benzimidazole hybrids as potent anti-microbial agents against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID454542Antitubercular activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
A highly atom economic, chemo-, regio- and stereoselective synthesis and evaluation of spiro-pyrrolothiazoles as antitubercular agents.
AID1602928Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 7 days by resazurin microtiter assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Exploiting the furo[2,3-b]pyridine core against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1400027Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for African green monkey Vero cells to MIC100 for replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-15, Volume: 26, Issue:17
An antimycobacterial pleuromutilin analogue effective against dormant bacilli.
AID1069174Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by BacTiter-Glo assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 73Design, synthesis and evaluation of acridine and fused-quinoline derivatives as potential anti-tuberculosis agents.
AID1294351Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 incubated for 7 days by BacTiter-Glo cell viability assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 26, Issue:9
Design and synthesis of novel quinoxaline derivatives as potential candidates for treatment of multidrug-resistant and latent tuberculosis.
AID1163978Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by two-fold serial dilution assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Development of 2-(4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetamide derivatives as novel enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) inhibitors for the treatment of tuberculosis.
AID441083Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis CIB99 after 5 to 7 days by microplate alamar blue assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 19, Issue:19
Simple dihydrosphyngosine analogues with potent activity against MDR-Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540882Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B95 harboring embB ATG-ATA (M306I) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1315652Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv measured daily for 8 days by GFP-based fluorescence assay2016Journal of natural products, 06-24, Volume: 79, Issue:6
Lovastatin Analogues from the Soil-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG178.
AID574809Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 2474 horboring rpoB H526Y, katG D329A/R463L, gyrA D94G/S95T, rrs A1401G by CLSI method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Emergence and molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the Delhi Region in India.
AID1180392Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 50 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 22, Issue:15
Identification and development of 2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamides as Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors.
AID562263Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis embA gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID523292Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infected in B6 mouse assessed as 2 log reduction in bacterial burden in lungs orally treated in water-1% methylcellulose upto 8 days2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Fast standardized therapeutic-efficacy assay for drug discovery against tuberculosis.
AID144139Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium intracellular.1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 28, Issue:12
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 2,2'-dithiobis(benzamide) derivatives against Mycobacterium species.
AID540884Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B97 harboring embB ATG-ATC (M306I) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID370118Plasma concentration in Mycobacterium bovis BCG infected tuberculosis mouse model at 100 mg/kg, po after 4 hrs2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID540924Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis BAS7 harboring embB M306I mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1202003Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infected in Swiss mouse assessed as lung bacterial colony forming units at 10 mg/kg, po dosed daily for 28 days measured up to day 40 (Rvb = 31 10'7 CFU)2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 95Thiophene containing trisubstituted methanes [TRSMs] as identified lead against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID658541Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 2700 expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid synthase 1 gene after 72 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of natural products, Mar-23, Volume: 75, Issue:3
Antibacterial acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum olympicum.
AID1891918Antimycobacterial activity against Streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 35820 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 48 hrs by resazurin microtitre assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 64Identification of nitrofuranylchalcone tethered benzoxazole-2-amines as potent inhibitors of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrating bactericidal efficacy.
AID1174927Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 917/10 after 7 days by REMA resazurin microtiter assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Antitubercular activity of quinolizidinyl/pyrrolizidinylalkyliminophenazines.
AID540888Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B68 harboring embB TTC-TTA (F320L) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1390097Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 50 ug/ml after 48 hrs by MTT assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Synthesis and evaluation of 4',5'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,7'-thieno[2,3-c]pyran] analogues against both active and dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1488486Cytotoxicity against Swiss mouse BMDM assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTS assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 27, Issue:16
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives as anti-tubercular agents.
AID1124850Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by microplate alamar blue assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 24, Issue:7
Synthesis and antimycobacterial activities of some new thiazolylhydrazone derivatives.
AID589952Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of cinnamide derivatives: a molecular hybridization approach.
AID1236139Cytotoxicity against human THP1 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 48 hrs by resazurin dye reduction method2015Journal of natural products, Aug-28, Volume: 78, Issue:8
Callyaerins from the Marine Sponge Callyspongia aerizusa: Cyclic Peptides with Antitubercular Activity.
AID405179Cmax in tuberculosis patient at 750 mg, po coadministered with 600 mg, po rifampin2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a higher rifampin dose versus the standard dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
AID656228Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid-, rifampin-, ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 16 to 24 hrs by alamar blue assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8
Antimycobacterial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Tiliacora triandra against multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1624152Antitubercular activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 4 after 7 days2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164Synthesis and evaluation of α-aminoacyl amides as antitubercular agents effective on drug resistant tuberculosis.
AID1916606Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as bacterial growth inhibition measured after 7 days by MABA method2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 238Emerging impact of triazoles as anti-tubercular agent.
AID748581Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected in BALB/c mouse assessed as reduction in log10CFU at 100 mg/kg, po qd administered 7 days post-infection for 28 days relative to control2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, May-09, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Discovery of tetrahydropyrazolopyrimidine carboxamide derivatives as potent and orally active antitubercular agents.
AID1188166Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as growth inhibition by microdilution AlamarBlue broth assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-06, Volume: 85Sequential synthesis of amino-1,4-naphthoquinone-appended triazoles and triazole-chromene hybrids and their antimycobacterial evaluation.
AID370069Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 14 days2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID1406778Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as growth inhibition at 25 ug/ml after 48 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Synthesis and biological evaluation of dihydroquinoline carboxamide derivatives as anti-tubercular agents.
AID1463959Antimycobacterial activity MDR/XDR against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 9449/2007 incubated for 14 days by micromethod2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Development of water-soluble 3,5-dinitrophenyl tetrazole and oxadiazole antitubercular agents.
AID405184Half life in tuberculosis patient at 750 mg, po coadministered with 450 mg, po rifampin2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a higher rifampin dose versus the standard dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
AID529533Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT5310 expressing embB codon 306 ATG-ATA mutant at 37 degC after 3 to 4 weeks by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID1243388Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 25, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological evaluation of phaitanthrin congeners as anti-mycobacterial agents.
AID1174107Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin, ofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 89Antimycobacterial activity of natural products and synthetic agents: pyrrolodiquinolines and vermelhotin as anti-tubercular leads against clinical multidrug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1435648Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Praha 1 after 14 days by micromethod2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126S-substituted 3,5-dinitrophenyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols and tetrazole-5-thiols as highly efficient antitubercular agents.
AID405183Half life in tuberculosis patient at 750 mg, po coadministered with 600 mg, po rifampin2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a higher rifampin dose versus the standard dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
AID1236140Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 48 hrs by resazurin dye reduction method2015Journal of natural products, Aug-28, Volume: 78, Issue:8
Callyaerins from the Marine Sponge Callyspongia aerizusa: Cyclic Peptides with Antitubercular Activity.
AID599275Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells assessed as cell viability at 30 uM after 72 hrs by XTT assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 46, Issue:6
Synthesis of N-substituted 2-[(1E)-alkenyl]-4-(1H)-quinolone derivatives as antimycobacterial agents against non-tubercular mycobacteria.
AID143706In Vitro antimicrobial activity against the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) Wild type strain AN12000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 43, Issue:2
Synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterium activity of N-alkyl-1, 2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides. Preliminary toxicity and pharmacokinetic evaluation.
AID1224519Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 9449/2007 after 7 days by micromethod2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 821-Substituted-5-[(3,5-dinitrobenzyl)sulfanyl]-1H-tetrazoles and their isosteric analogs: A new class of selective antitubercular agents active against drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant mycobacteria.
AID1463962Antimycobacterial activity MDR/XDR against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 8666/2010 incubated for 14 days by micromethod2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Development of water-soluble 3,5-dinitrophenyl tetrazole and oxadiazole antitubercular agents.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID656232Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid-, rifampin-, ofloxacin-, streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 16 to 24 hrs by alamar blue assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8
Antimycobacterial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Tiliacora triandra against multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1400025Selectivity ratio of MIC for antibacterial activity against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv harboring pFCA-luxAB to MIC100 for antibacterial activity against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-15, Volume: 26, Issue:17
An antimycobacterial pleuromutilin analogue effective against dormant bacilli.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1061090Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as parasite growth inhibition after 28 days by agar dilution method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 24, Issue:1
Rational design, synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine-[1,2,3]triazole hybrids.
AID265977Cytotoxicity against Vero cell line2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 49, Issue:12
Discovery of new antitubercular oxazolyl thiosemicarbazones.
AID1315571Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 5 days by microplate alamar blue assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-04, Volume: 121Synthesis, characterization and antitubercular activities of novel pyrrolyl hydrazones and their Cu-complexes.
AID562239Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis by GFP-based fluorescence assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Modifying culture conditions in chemical library screening identifies alternative inhibitors of mycobacteria.
AID569262Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Synthesis and evaluation of anti-tubercular activity of new dithiocarbamate sugar derivatives.
AID476702Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 4 weeks by agar slant proportion method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8
Substituted hydrazinecarbothioamide as potent antitubercular agents: synthesis and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR).
AID574811Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by CLSI method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Emergence and molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the Delhi Region in India.
AID1854276Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 7 days by Presto blue resazurin microtiter plate assay2022RSC medicinal chemistry, May-25, Volume: 13, Issue:5
Synthesis and evaluation of triazole congeners of nitro-benzothiazinones potentially active against drug resistant
AID429097Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from tuberculosis patient assessed as percent specific isolates at 2 ug/ml by absolute-concentration method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Prevalence of and molecular basis for tuberculosis drug resistance in the Republic of Georgia: validation of a QIAplex system for detection of drug resistance-related mutations.
AID1463957Antimycobacterial activity MDR/XDR against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate Praha 4 incubated for 14 days by micromethod2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Development of water-soluble 3,5-dinitrophenyl tetrazole and oxadiazole antitubercular agents.
AID1698034Inhibition of InhA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed antitubercular activity by measuring inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 7 days by MABA assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 30, Issue:22
Design and synthesis of new indanol-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as potent antitubercular and antimicrobial agents.
AID1464091Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as inhibition of mycobacterial growth incubated for 2 weeks by MABA method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
meso-Dihydroguaiaretic acid derivatives with antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity.
AID540903Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-negative EMB-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv44 harboring embB M306I mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID771922Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as growth inhibition after 28 days by agar dilution method2014Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents, , Volume: 23, Issue:4
Synthesis, antitubercular and anticancer activity of new Baylis-Hillman adduct-derived
AID1891915Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium chelonae ATCC 6841 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth after 48 hrs by resazurin microtitre assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 64Identification of nitrofuranylchalcone tethered benzoxazole-2-amines as potent inhibitors of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrating bactericidal efficacy.
AID540914Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis B5402 harboring embB M306I mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID432680Antimycobacterial against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 44, Issue:9
A facile synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of novel spiro-pyrido-pyrrolizines and pyrrolidines.
AID448530Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 macrophage assessed as cell viability at 10 ug/mL after 48 hrs by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 19, Issue:17
Antitubercular activity of alpha,omega-diaminoalkanes, H2N(CH2)nNH2.
AID333829Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium phlei ATCC 11758 after 72 hrs by MTT assay2004Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12
Antimycobacterial coumarins from the sardinian giant fennel (Ferula communis).
AID540920Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis RvAS9 by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1546638Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as reduction in microbial growth after 7 days by alamar blue assay2020Journal of natural products, 01-24, Volume: 83, Issue:1
Usnic Acid Enaminone-Coupled 1,2,3-Triazoles as Antibacterial and Antitubercular Agents.
AID495235Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis NJT210GCC harboring embB406 GGC-GCC(Gly-Ala) mutation in embB gene after 4 weeks2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540897Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B96 harboring embB GAT-TAT (D328Y) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1060900Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as parasite growth inhibition after 28 days by agar dilution method2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 71Rational design and synthesis of novel dibenzo[b,d]furan-1,2,3-triazole conjugates as potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1624156Antitubercular activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 8 after 7 days2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164Synthesis and evaluation of α-aminoacyl amides as antitubercular agents effective on drug resistant tuberculosis.
AID370116Plasma concentration in Mycobacterium bovis BCG infected tuberculosis mouse model at 100 mg/kg, po after 1 hr2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID1204021Anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as inhibition of microbial growth incubated for 5 days by MABA method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 25, Issue:11
Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activity of 2-chloronicotinaldehydes based novel 1H-1,2,3-triazolylbenzohydrazides.
AID603735Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of highly functionalized tetrahydro-4(1H)-pyridinones.
AID574804Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 2474 obtained from sputum of patient at 5 ug/ml by Bactec MGIT960 modified proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Emergence and molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the Delhi Region in India.
AID738685Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for african green monkey Vero cells tp MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of trans 6-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yloxyalkylamine derivatives against drug susceptible, non-replicating M. tuberculosis H37Rv and clinical multidrug resistant strains.
AID1241003Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for human MRC5 cells to MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
Guanidinium compounds with sub-micromolar activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluations.
AID1333168Induction of membrane integrity impairment in Mycobacterium bovis BCG ATCC 35734 assessed as reduction in intracellular pH at 16 times MIC by CMFDA dye based fluorescence spectroscopic method2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Amphiphilic xanthones as a potent chemical entity of anti-mycobacterial agents with membrane-targeting properties.
AID540883Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B84 harboring embB ATG-ATC (M306I) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID562259Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing EmbC M286I mutant gene at 32 ug/ml2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID449435Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis XDR infected in MDBK by BACTEC analysis2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11
Pentacyclo-undecane derived cyclic tetra-amines: synthesis and evaluation as potent anti-tuberculosis agents.
AID476929Human intestinal absorption in po dosed human2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3
Neural computational prediction of oral drug absorption based on CODES 2D descriptors.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID694227Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22
The synthesis and antituberculosis activity of 5'-nor carbocyclic uracil derivatives.
AID495216Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C11 harboring embB397 CCG-TCG(Pro-Ser) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID587704Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 24 hrs by alamar blue assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 46, Issue:3
Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activity of novel amino alcohol derivatives.
AID1058226Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium kansasii2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24
Design and synthesis of novel antimicrobials with activity against Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis.
AID569258Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis 1042011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Synthesis and evaluation of anti-tubercular activity of new dithiocarbamate sugar derivatives.
AID649473Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 6 days by MTT assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 20, Issue:6
Anti-mycobacterial activities of some cationic and anionic calix[4]arene derivatives.
AID1297705Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by two-fold serial dilution method2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-30, Volume: 116Benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl(piperazin-1-yl)methanones as new anti-mycobacterial chemotypes: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and 3D-QSAR studies.
AID539118Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 20, Issue:23
Pyrazole derivatives from azines of substituted phenacyl aryl/cyclohexyl sulfides and their antimycobacterial activity.
AID1435638Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 5 days by microplate Alamar blue assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico molecular modeling of pyrrolyl benzohydrazide derivatives as enoyl ACP reductase inhibitors.
AID540890Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B71 harboring embB TTC-CTC (F320L) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID370255Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Kurono infected ICR mouse assessed as viable lung bacterial count at 40 mg/kg, po administered once daily measured after 28 days2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID405575Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 2 weeks by agar dilution method2008Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 71, Issue:6
Dihydroagarofuranoid sesquiterpenes, a lignan derivative, a benzenoid, and antitubercular constituents from the stem of Microtropis japonica.
AID551508Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium phlei ATCC 19249 after 72 hrs by broth microtiter dilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activities of 1-methyl-2-alkenyl-4(1H)-quinolones.
AID539834Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
A facile 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to 2-arylidene-1,3-indanediones: synthesis of dispiro-oxindolylpyrrolothiazoles and their antimycobacterial evaluation.
AID1296385Antimycobacterial activity against multi drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8666/2010 after 14 days by microdilution method2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 59, Issue:6
Development of 3,5-Dinitrobenzylsulfanyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and Thiadiazoles as Selective Antitubercular Agents Active Against Replicating and Nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID510548Tmax in diabetic tuberculosis patient at 15 mg/kg, po by HPLC analysis2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes.
AID625276FDA Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base Benchmark Dataset (LTKB-BD) drugs of most concern for DILI2011Drug discovery today, Aug, Volume: 16, Issue:15-16
FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
AID1372625Inhibition of recombinant Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis 168 N-terminal His-tagged glutamate racemase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using D-glutamate as substrate in presence of NAD+ by spectrophotometric based L-glutamate dehydrogenase enzym2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1
Lead identification and optimization of bacterial glutamate racemase inhibitors.
AID1406743Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 25 ug/ml after 48 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156Synthesis of carbohydrazides and carboxamides as anti-tubercular agents.
AID1273073Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG after 7 days by alamar blue assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Synthesis and anti-tuberculosis activity of glycitylamines.
AID529538Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT210 expressing embB codon 306 GTG mutant at 37 degC after 10 to 11 days by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID1624154Antitubercular activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 6 after 7 days2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164Synthesis and evaluation of α-aminoacyl amides as antitubercular agents effective on drug resistant tuberculosis.
AID1265024Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 5 days by microplate alamar blue assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 106Design of new phenothiazine-thiadiazole hybrids via molecular hybridization approach for the development of potent antitubercular agents.
AID540891Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B99 harboring embB CGC-CAC (R321H) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID144146Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium kansasii1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 28, Issue:12
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 2,2'-dithiobis(benzamide) derivatives against Mycobacterium species.
AID27167Delta logD (logD6.5 - logD7.4)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID540908Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis B5200 by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID565659Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing EmbC M286V mutant gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID599009Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11
Antimycobacterial activity of novel 1,2,4-oxadiazole-pyranopyridine/chromene hybrids generated by chemoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrile oxides.
AID333828Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 6841 after 72 hrs by MTT assay2004Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12
Antimycobacterial coumarins from the sardinian giant fennel (Ferula communis).
AID540886Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv11 harboring embB ATG-CTG (M306L) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1681007Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as reduction in microbial growth incubated for 7 days by alamar blue assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 30, Issue:19
Novel isoniazid embedded triazole derivatives: Synthesis, antitubercular and antimicrobial activity evaluation.
AID370271Cmax in human at 850 mg, po2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID1300945Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution technique2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-01, Volume: 26, Issue:11
Click-based synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel dibenzo[b,d]thiophene-1,2,3-triazoles with piperidine, piperazine, morpholine and thiomorpholine appendages.
AID1253865Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 5 days by microplate alamar blue assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Discovery of the disubstituted oxazole analogues as a novel class anti-tuberculotic agents against MDR- and XDR-MTB.
AID1167605Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by two-fold agar dilution method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 22, Issue:21
Development of benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-ones derivatives as novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA.
AID717596Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Molecular hybridization of bioactives: synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel dibenzofuran embodied homoisoflavonoids via Baylis-Hillman reaction.
AID565654Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC D249G mutant gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495206Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8C1 after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID529534Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT5310 expressing embB codon 306 ATG mutant at 37 degC after 3 to 4 weeks by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID1463958Antimycobacterial activity MDR/XDR against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate Praha 131 incubated for 14 days by micromethod2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Development of water-soluble 3,5-dinitrophenyl tetrazole and oxadiazole antitubercular agents.
AID1915642Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis My 331/88 (H37Rv) assessed as reduction in bacterial growth incubated for 14 days by microdilution method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 210An appraisal of anti-mycobacterial activity with structure-activity relationship of piperazine and its analogues: A review.
AID437746Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 30 days by agar microdilution method2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1
Application of Huisgen (3+2) cycloaddition reaction: synthesis of 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-yl-methyl [1,2,3]-triazoles and their antitubercular evaluations.
AID495221Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C14 harboring embB445 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID145298Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 28, Issue:12
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 2,2'-dithiobis(benzamide) derivatives against Mycobacterium species.
AID562266Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis harboring Mycobacterium smegmatis embB M292L mutant gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1378018Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138Triazole derivatives and their anti-tubercular activity.
AID421758Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 2700 after 72 hrs2009Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3
Bioactive pyridine-N-oxide disulfides from Allium stipitatum.
AID1691023Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv measured after 1 week by microplate alamar blue assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 193Design and development of ((4-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl) (5-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amide analogues as Mycobacterium tuberculosis ketol-acid reductoisomerase inhibitors.
AID565996Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG after 7 days by broth microdilution method2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activities of triazoloquinolones.
AID775491Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 23, Issue:21
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biological evaluation of some novel 1,3,5-triazine-Schiff base conjugates as potential antimycobacterial agents.
AID1416768Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 2 weeks by broth microdilution method2018MedChemComm, Jan-01, Volume: 9, Issue:1
Synthesis and
AID733061Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by BacTiter-Gl Microbial Cell Viability assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5
A facile three-component [3+2]-cycloaddition for the regioselective synthesis of highly functionalised dispiropyrrolidines acting as antimycobacterial agents.
AID1706864Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium abscessus ATCC 19977 by broth microdilution method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 212Synthesis and evaluation of new quinazoline-benzimidazole hybrids as potent anti-microbial agents against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID370072Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 35837 after 14 days2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID1864500Substrate activity at human OCT1 overexpressed in HEK293 cells at 2.5 uM incubated for 2 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID1174923Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 29/10 after 7 days by REMA resazurin microtiter assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Antitubercular activity of quinolizidinyl/pyrrolizidinylalkyliminophenazines.
AID738687Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by resazurin assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of trans 6-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yloxyalkylamine derivatives against drug susceptible, non-replicating M. tuberculosis H37Rv and clinical multidrug resistant strains.
AID425653Renal clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID529526Antimycobacterial activity against rifampin, ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate A2558 at 37 degC after 3 to 4 weeks by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID1227981Antimycobacterial activity against GFP expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra assessed as microbial growth inhibition incubated at 37 degC for 7 days by fluorescence based assay2015Journal of natural products, Apr-24, Volume: 78, Issue:4
Eremophilane Sesquiterpenes and Diphenyl Thioethers from the Soil Fungus Penicillium copticola PSU-RSPG138.
AID289148Antimycobacterial activity against drug-sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis CIBIN 687 isolates2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 15, Issue:16
Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 4-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pyridines.
AID294759Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 2 weeks by broth dilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives from Stachys sieboldi Miq and antibacterial evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, and Staphylococcus aureus.
AID733062Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by microdilution alamar Blue broth assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5
A facile three-component [3+2]-cycloaddition for the regioselective synthesis of highly functionalised dispiropyrrolidines acting as antimycobacterial agents.
AID562264Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis embA V280M gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1636357Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID405180Cmax in tuberculosis patient at 750 mg, po coadministered with 450 mg, po rifampin2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a higher rifampin dose versus the standard dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
AID1435652Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 234/2005 after 14 days by micromethod2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126S-substituted 3,5-dinitrophenyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols and tetrazole-5-thiols as highly efficient antitubercular agents.
AID1624150Antitubercular activity against isoniazid/ethionamide resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 2 after 7 days2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164Synthesis and evaluation of α-aminoacyl amides as antitubercular agents effective on drug resistant tuberculosis.
AID1072704Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells at 50 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Development of novel tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide based Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors: molecular hybridization from known antimycobacterial leads.
AID1577327Antimycobacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Praha 1 after 14 days2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-12, Volume: 62, Issue:17
Development of 3,5-Dinitrophenyl-Containing 1,2,4-Triazoles and Their Trifluoromethyl Analogues as Highly Efficient Antitubercular Agents Inhibiting Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribofuranose 2'-Oxidase.
AID1055551Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70Novel camphane-based anti-tuberculosis agents with nanomolar activity.
AID1464094Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells to MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 272942017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
meso-Dihydroguaiaretic acid derivatives with antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity.
AID143720In vitro antibacterial activity of compound against Mycobacterium avium MAC ISS-486 (wild type strain) isolated from infected patients.2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-16, Volume: 12, Issue:18
New N-alkyl-1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides as antituberculous agents with improved pharmacokinetics.
AID1071114Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 at 1.56 ug/ml after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay relative to control2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Antimycobacterial activity of nitrogen heterocycles derivatives: bipyridine derivatives. Part III.
AID1296387Antimycobacterial activity against multi drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Praha 4 after 14 days by microdilution method2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 59, Issue:6
Development of 3,5-Dinitrobenzylsulfanyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and Thiadiazoles as Selective Antitubercular Agents Active Against Replicating and Nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID143712In Vitro antimicrobial activity against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) Wild type strain MT-22000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 43, Issue:2
Synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterium activity of N-alkyl-1, 2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides. Preliminary toxicity and pharmacokinetic evaluation.
AID563693Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra by by 7H10 agar plate method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 53, Issue:11
New approach for drug susceptibility testing: monitoring the stress response of mycobacteria.
AID569256Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG str. Tokyo 1722011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Synthesis and evaluation of anti-tubercular activity of new dithiocarbamate sugar derivatives.
AID1437026Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 by agar dilution method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4
Development of gallic acid formazans as novel enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase inhibitors for the treatment of tuberculosis.
AID1477417Antibacterial activity against 6-((3-Fluorobenzyl)(methyl)amino)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-pyrimidine-4-carboxamide-resisitant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv grown in GAST/Fe medium measured on day 14 post inoculation by broth microdilution method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-28, Volume: 60, Issue:24
Novel Antitubercular 6-Dialkylaminopyrimidine Carboxamides from Phenotypic Whole-Cell High Throughput Screening of a SoftFocus Library: Structure-Activity Relationship and Target Identification Studies.
AID445288Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis by broth dilution method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1916599Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as bacterial growth inhibition measured after 7 days by MABA method2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 238Emerging impact of triazoles as anti-tubercular agent.
AID1071659Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as growth inhibition by Alamar Blue staining-based broth microdilution assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Antimycobacterial evaluation of novel hybrid arylidene thiazolidine-2,4-diones.
AID441084Ratio of ethambutol MIC to compound MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis CIB992009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 19, Issue:19
Simple dihydrosphyngosine analogues with potent activity against MDR-Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495199Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8C6 after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1864505Inhibition of human OCT3 mediated methylscopolamine uptake overexpressed in HEK293 cells at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by HPLC-MS/MS analysis relative to control2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID510545Cmax in diabetic tuberculosis patient at 15 mg/kg, po by HPLC analysis2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes.
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID765272Cmax/MIC in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected mouse2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
A medicinal chemists' guide to the unique difficulties of lead optimization for tuberculosis.
AID589953Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for african green monkey Vero cells to MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of cinnamide derivatives: a molecular hybridization approach.
AID770315Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19
Design, synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel 2-substituted-3H-benzofuro benzofurans via palladium-copper catalysed Sonagashira coupling reaction.
AID540869Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B52 harboring embB ATG-GTG (M306V) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID562262Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing EmbC D280G mutant gene at 32 ug/ml after 48 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID445289Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus by broth dilution method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID775492Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as growth inhibition after 5 days by microplate Alamar Blue assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 23, Issue:21
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biological evaluation of some novel 1,3,5-triazine-Schiff base conjugates as potential antimycobacterial agents.
AID563697Antibacterial activity against ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 53, Issue:11
New approach for drug susceptibility testing: monitoring the stress response of mycobacteria.
AID1761698Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis mc2 6230 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 5 days by REMA2021Journal of natural products, 02-26, Volume: 84, Issue:2
Structures and Biosynthetic Pathway of Coprisamides C and D, 2-Alkenylcinnamic Acid-Containing Peptides from the Gut Bacterium of the Carrion Beetle
AID370074Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 35812 after 14 days2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID1236138Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 6 days by resazurin dye reduction method2015Journal of natural products, Aug-28, Volume: 78, Issue:8
Callyaerins from the Marine Sponge Callyspongia aerizusa: Cyclic Peptides with Antitubercular Activity.
AID143120Inhibitory activity against growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv Strain; No data2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Antimycobacterial agents. 1. Thio analogues of purine.
AID1224527Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Praha 131 after 7 days by micromethod2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 821-Substituted-5-[(3,5-dinitrobenzyl)sulfanyl]-1H-tetrazoles and their isosteric analogs: A new class of selective antitubercular agents active against drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant mycobacteria.
AID1577337Antimycobacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 7357/1998 after 21 days2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-12, Volume: 62, Issue:17
Development of 3,5-Dinitrophenyl-Containing 1,2,4-Triazoles and Their Trifluoromethyl Analogues as Highly Efficient Antitubercular Agents Inhibiting Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribofuranose 2'-Oxidase.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID333830Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium aurum after 120 hrs by MTT assay2004Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12
Antimycobacterial coumarins from the sardinian giant fennel (Ferula communis).
AID289152Antimycobacterial activity against streptomycin, isoniazid, ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis CIBIN 112 isolates2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 15, Issue:16
Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 4-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pyridines.
AID563689Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra by broth microdilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 53, Issue:11
New approach for drug susceptibility testing: monitoring the stress response of mycobacteria.
AID497751Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis harboring mutation in embB306 gene after 4 weeks2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1058222Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by BacTiter-Glo method2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24
Design and synthesis of novel antimicrobials with activity against Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis.
AID370256Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Kurono infected ICR mouse assessed as viable lung bacterial count at 80 mg/kg, po administered once daily measured after 28 days2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID565228Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium chelonae ATCC 35752 by resazurine microtiter assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 53, Issue:9
Role of porins in the susceptibility of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium chelonae to aldehyde-based disinfectants and drugs.
AID440893Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
L-proline-catalysed facile green protocol for the synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of [1,4]-thiazines.
AID301999Cytotoxicity against Vero cells after 48 hrs by XTT method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Activity of 7-methyljuglone derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and as subversive substrates for mycothiol disulfide reductase.
AID1854286Antitubercular activity against clinical isolate streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 35820 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 7 days by Presto blue resazurin microtiter plate assay2022RSC medicinal chemistry, May-25, Volume: 13, Issue:5
Synthesis and evaluation of triazole congeners of nitro-benzothiazinones potentially active against drug resistant
AID1401966Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of triterpeni≿ A-ring azepanes.
AID1706866Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium chelonae ATCC 35752 by broth microdilution method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 212Synthesis and evaluation of new quinazoline-benzimidazole hybrids as potent anti-microbial agents against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495219Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C12 assessed as inhibition of growth after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540876Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B74 harboring embB GAC-GGC (D300G) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495214Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C10 after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1602935Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 3 after 7 days by resazurin microtiter assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Exploiting the furo[2,3-b]pyridine core against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID510549Tmax in tuberculosis patient at 15 mg/kg, po by HPLC analysis2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes.
AID623633Antituberculosis activity against 10'7 cfu/mL Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 28 days2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 46, Issue:11
A facile synthesis of carbocycle-fused mono and bis-1,2,3-selenadiazoles and their antimicrobial and antimycobacterial studies.
AID1612596Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by MABA2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Recent advances of tetrazole derivatives as potential anti-tubercular and anti-malarial agents.
AID117759Antitubercular activity (25 mg/kg) in the 31-day murine model1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 24, Issue:11
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 1-(arylamino)-1H-pyrroles and 4-(1H-pyrrol-1-ylimino)-2,5-cyclohexadienes.
AID604174Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 21, Issue:14
Synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of amidoalkyl dibenzofuranols and 1H-benzo[2,3]benzofuro[4,5-e][1,3]oxazin-3(2H)-ones.
AID1713722Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth by microdilution alamar blue broth assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 24, Issue:22
A facile stereoselective synthesis of dispiro-indeno pyrrolidine/pyrrolothiazole-thiochroman hybrids and evaluation of their antimycobacterial, anticancer and AchE inhibitory activities.
AID565231Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium chelonae 9917 harboring pZS01 carrying mspA gene by resazurine microtiter assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 53, Issue:9
Role of porins in the susceptibility of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium chelonae to aldehyde-based disinfectants and drugs.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1891913Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium abscessus ATCC 19977 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth after 48 hrs by resazurin microtitre assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 64Identification of nitrofuranylchalcone tethered benzoxazole-2-amines as potent inhibitors of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrating bactericidal efficacy.
AID449433Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 21 days by broth macrodilution method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11
Pentacyclo-undecane derived cyclic tetra-amines: synthesis and evaluation as potent anti-tuberculosis agents.
AID145138In vitro antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis MT-2 (wild type strain) isolated from infected patients.2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-16, Volume: 12, Issue:18
New N-alkyl-1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides as antituberculous agents with improved pharmacokinetics.
AID495223Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C16 harboring embB1024 GAC-AAC(Asp-Asn) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID302000Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for Vero cells to MIC of Mycobacterial tuberculosis H37Rv2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Activity of 7-methyljuglone derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and as subversive substrates for mycothiol disulfide reductase.
AID117764Antitubercular activity (50 mg/kg) in the 31-day murine model1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 24, Issue:11
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 1-(arylamino)-1H-pyrroles and 4-(1H-pyrrol-1-ylimino)-2,5-cyclohexadienes.
AID733054Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5
A facile three-component [3+2]-cycloaddition for the regioselective synthesis of highly functionalised dispiropyrrolidines acting as antimycobacterial agents.
AID1058225Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium chelonae2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24
Design and synthesis of novel antimicrobials with activity against Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis.
AID510546Cmax in tuberculosis patient at 15 mg/kg, po by HPLC analysis2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes.
AID1143264Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as growth inhibition after 2 to 3 weeks by turbidometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Discovery of pyrazolopyridones as a novel class of noncovalent DprE1 inhibitor with potent anti-mycobacterial activity.
AID432682Antimycobacterial against Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 by agar dilution method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 44, Issue:9
A facile synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of novel spiro-pyrido-pyrrolizines and pyrrolidines.
AID510547Ratio of Cmax in diabetic tuberculosis patient to Cmax in tuberculosis patient at 15 mg/kg, po2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes.
AID540896Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B53 harboring embB GAT-TAT (D328Y) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID777340Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as growth inhibition after 24 hrs by agar microdilution method2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-10, Volume: 4, Issue:10
Identification of 1-[4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-but-3-enyl]-1H-azoles as New Class of Antitubercular and Antimicrobial Agents.
AID529541Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT210 expressing embB codon 306 ATA mutant at 37 degC after 10 to 11 days by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID1163982Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells at 50 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Development of 2-(4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetamide derivatives as novel enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) inhibitors for the treatment of tuberculosis.
AID1864503Inhibition of human OCT3 mediated Famotidine uptake overexpressed in HEK293 cells at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by HPLC-MS/MS analysis relative to control2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID448532Cytotoxicity against Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infected mouse J774 macrophage assessed as cell viability at 1 ug/mL after 48 hrs by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 19, Issue:17
Antitubercular activity of alpha,omega-diaminoalkanes, H2N(CH2)nNH2.
AID1782928Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for mouse RAW264.7 cells to MIC for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 272942021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 220Synthesis of alkynylated 1,2,4-oxadiazole/1,2,3-1H-triazole glycoconjugates: Discovering new compounds for use in chemotherapy against lung carcinoma and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID619448Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 28 days by agar dilution method2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 46, Issue:10
Synthesis of 3-heteroarylthioquinoline derivatives and their in vitro antituberculosis and cytotoxicity studies.
AID1403703Antimycobacterial activity against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv incubated for 1 week in presence of verapamil by MABA method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 145Identification and development of benzoxazole derivatives as novel bacterial glutamate racemase inhibitors.
AID1143269Antimycobacterial activity against ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 17003 assessed as growth inhibition after 2 to 3 weeks by turbidometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Discovery of pyrazolopyridones as a novel class of noncovalent DprE1 inhibitor with potent anti-mycobacterial activity.
AID144303Antimycobacterial activity was evaluated against Mycobacterium smegmatis; Active2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-09, Volume: 11, Issue:13
Ethambutol analogues as potential antimycobacterial agents.
AID529524Antimycobacterial activity against ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT210EMB-R-C2 assessed as bacterial colony formation at 37 degC after 10 to 11 days by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID1463956Antimycobacterial activity MDR/XDR against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate Praha 1 incubated for 14 days by micromethod2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Development of water-soluble 3,5-dinitrophenyl tetrazole and oxadiazole antitubercular agents.
AID656230Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid-, rifampin-, streptomycin-, ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 16 to 24 hrs by alamar blue assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8
Antimycobacterial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Tiliacora triandra against multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID522849Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium ATCC 700898 infected in human THP1 cells2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Ethambutol optimal clinical dose and susceptibility breakpoint identification by use of a novel pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of disseminated intracellular Mycobacterium avium.
AID540909Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis B5201 by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495200Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8C5 harboring embC13 CGG-CTG(Arg-Leu) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID433906Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra after 5 days by microplate alamar blue assay2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 44, Issue:8
Synthesis and antitubercular screening of imidazole derivatives.
AID559766Antimycobacterial activity against PknGMsm-deficient Mycobacterium smegmatis harboring PknG Mtb gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Protein kinase G is required for intrinsic antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria.
AID522853Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium ATCC 700898 infected in human THP1 cells assessed as intracellular bacterial killing after 7 days2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Ethambutol optimal clinical dose and susceptibility breakpoint identification by use of a novel pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of disseminated intracellular Mycobacterium avium.
AID1272620Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 21 days by broth microdilution method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 26, Issue:3
Synthesis, in vitro antimycobacterial evaluation and docking studies of some new 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4',3':4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one schiff bases.
AID603726Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 28 days by agar dilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Synthesis and screening of (E)-1-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-4-(aryl)but-3-ene-2-one against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID439073Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 25618 after 2 weeks2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Synthesis and evaluation of (S,S)-N,N'-bis-[3-(2,2',6,6'-tetramethylbenzhydryloxy)-2-hydroxy-propyl]-ethylenediamine (S2824) analogs with anti-tuberculosis activity.
AID1143265Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis D-211 assessed as growth inhibition after 2 to 3 weeks by turbidometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Discovery of pyrazolopyridones as a novel class of noncovalent DprE1 inhibitor with potent anti-mycobacterial activity.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1333143Induction of membrane disruption in Mycobacterium bovis BCG ATCC 35734 at 60 uM up to 3 hrs by Sytox green uptake assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Amphiphilic xanthones as a potent chemical entity of anti-mycobacterial agents with membrane-targeting properties.
AID1143268Antimycobacterial activity against rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19000 assessed as growth inhibition after 2 to 3 weeks by turbidometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Discovery of pyrazolopyridones as a novel class of noncovalent DprE1 inhibitor with potent anti-mycobacterial activity.
AID396660Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 by microplate alamar blue assay2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 44, Issue:1
Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro anti-tuberculosis activity of N-substituted glycolamides.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID429856Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium fortuitum after 72 hrs2009Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 72, Issue:6
Antibacterial diterpenes from Plectranthus ernstii.
AID725967Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as growth inhibition at 50 uM by MTT assay relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5
Discovery of novel inhibitors targeting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (CysK1) using virtual high-throughput screening.
AID559761Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155 by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Protein kinase G is required for intrinsic antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1636356Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID448533Cytotoxicity against Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infected mouse J774 macrophage assessed as cell viability at 10 ug/mL after 48 hrs by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 19, Issue:17
Antitubercular activity of alpha,omega-diaminoalkanes, H2N(CH2)nNH2.
AID285159Antimicrobial activity against non replicating persistence Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in aerobic condition assessed by relative light units after 7 days2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Low-oxygen-recovery assay for high-throughput screening of compounds against nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID574792Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 2301 obtained from sputum of patient at 5 ug/ml by Bactec MGIT960 modified proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Emergence and molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the Delhi Region in India.
AID495237Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis NJT210TGC harboring embB406 GGC-TGC(Gly-Cys) mutation in embB gene after 4 weeks2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1891917Antimycobacterial activity against ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 35837 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 48 hrs by resazurin microtitre assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 64Identification of nitrofuranylchalcone tethered benzoxazole-2-amines as potent inhibitors of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrating bactericidal efficacy.
AID271342Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 16, Issue:19
Search of antitubercular activities in tetrahydroacridines: synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1196886Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells at 50 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-06, Volume: 92Design and development of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis L-alanine dehydrogenase inhibitors.
AID370257Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Kurono infected ICR mouse assessed as viable lung bacterial count at 160 mg/kg, po administered once daily measured after 28 days2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID649311Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 10 uM after 6 days by MTT assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 20, Issue:6
Anti-mycobacterial activities of some cationic and anionic calix[4]arene derivatives.
AID1383955Bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 4 weeks by MABA2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 1-(β-d-Ribofuranosyl)-4-coumarinyloxymethyl- / -coumarinyl-1,2,3-triazole.
AID388924Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 2 days by mycobacteria growth indicator tube system2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of ferrocenyl diaminoalcohols and diamines.
AID285162Antimicrobial activity against non replicating persistence Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in anaerobic condition assessed as bacterial density after 10 days2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 51, Issue:4
Low-oxygen-recovery assay for high-throughput screening of compounds against nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID370246Half life in Mycobacterium bovis BCG infected tuberculosis mouse model at 100 mg/kg, po2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID302004Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at MIC2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Activity of 7-methyljuglone derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and as subversive substrates for mycothiol disulfide reductase.
AID529535Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 5310 at 37 degC after 3 to 4 weeks by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID370244AUC (0 to t) in Mycobacterium bovis BCG infected tuberculosis mouse model at 100 mg/kg, po2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1467547Cytotoxicity against monkey Vero cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14
One-pot microwave assisted stereoselective synthesis of novel dihydro-2'H-spiro[indene-2,1'-pyrrolo-[3,4-c]pyrrole]-tetraones and evaluation of their antimycobacterial activity and inhibition of AChE.
AID289150Antimycobacterial activity against streptomycin and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis CIBIN 675 isolates2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 15, Issue:16
Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 4-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pyridines.
AID1372629Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 1 week in presence of efflux pump inhibitor piperine by MABA2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1
Lead identification and optimization of bacterial glutamate racemase inhibitors.
AID1688940Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra ATCC 25177 assessed as reduction in microbial growth after 7 days by Alamar blue assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-01, Volume: 189Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of thiazolidine-2,4-dione based derivatives with halogenbenzohydrazones and pyridinecarbohydrazones substituents.
AID1624155Antitubercular activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 7 after 7 days2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164Synthesis and evaluation of α-aminoacyl amides as antitubercular agents effective on drug resistant tuberculosis.
AID599272Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 6841 after 3 days by MTT assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 46, Issue:6
Synthesis of N-substituted 2-[(1E)-alkenyl]-4-(1H)-quinolone derivatives as antimycobacterial agents against non-tubercular mycobacteria.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID725968Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as growth inhibition at 25 uM by MTT assay relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5
Discovery of novel inhibitors targeting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (CysK1) using virtual high-throughput screening.
AID441081Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 5 to 7 days by microplate alamar blue assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 19, Issue:19
Simple dihydrosphyngosine analogues with potent activity against MDR-Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID479064Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 2 weeks2010Journal of natural products, May-28, Volume: 73, Issue:5
Secondary metabolites from the roots of Litsea hypophaea and their antitubercular activity.
AID1188155Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by microplate alamar blue assay method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation of substituted benzofurans as DNA gyraseB inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495224Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C16 harboring embB1024 GAC-AAC(Asp-Asn) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID104011Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv) using the standard BACTEC radiometric growth assay2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-24, Volume: 43, Issue:17
A new class of antituberculosis agents.
AID1241002Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells after 24 hrs2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
Guanidinium compounds with sub-micromolar activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluations.
AID1417199Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infected in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as tubercular foci index at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage over 42 days (excluding weekends) (Rvb = 23.6 +/- 0.09 No_unit)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Conjugation of a 5-nitrofuran-2-oyl moiety to aminoalkylimidazoles produces non-toxic nitrofurans that are efficacious in vitro and in vivo against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID309703Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by microplate alamar blue assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Preparation and antitubercular activities of alkylated amino alcohols and their glycosylated derivatives.
AID662304Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 28 days2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of prodrugs of sulfur dioxide (SO2).
AID1477416Antibacterial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv grown in GAST/Fe medium measured on day 14 post inoculation by broth microdilution method2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-28, Volume: 60, Issue:24
Novel Antitubercular 6-Dialkylaminopyrimidine Carboxamides from Phenotypic Whole-Cell High Throughput Screening of a SoftFocus Library: Structure-Activity Relationship and Target Identification Studies.
AID1762620Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra ATCC 25177 assessed as reduction in bacterial growth after 6 to 8 days by green fluorescent protein microplate assay
AID1765351Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as bacterial growth inhibition after 7 days by broth microdilution assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of new chalcone linked 5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid methyl esters potentially active against drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540915Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-negative Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1782924Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 9 days by resazurin microtiter assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 220Synthesis of alkynylated 1,2,4-oxadiazole/1,2,3-1H-triazole glycoconjugates: Discovering new compounds for use in chemotherapy against lung carcinoma and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1697877Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as bacterial growth inhibition
AID540912Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis B5400 by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1488484Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra ATCC 25177 after 4 weeks by Agar-based proportion Assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 27, Issue:16
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives as anti-tubercular agents.
AID567906Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 21, Issue:4
Synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel substituted aryl and thiophenyl tethered dihydro-6H-quinolin-5-ones.
AID562269Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis EmbC assessed as effect on LAM production at 1 ug/ml after 2 hrs by immunoblotting2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1174111Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 89Antimycobacterial activity of natural products and synthetic agents: pyrrolodiquinolines and vermelhotin as anti-tubercular leads against clinical multidrug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1163980Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampicin, ofloxacin and kanamycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 clinical isolate after 28 days by two-fold serial dilution assay in presence of 8 mg/mL piperine efflux pump inhibitor2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Development of 2-(4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetamide derivatives as novel enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) inhibitors for the treatment of tuberculosis.
AID1782929Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for human HepG2 cells to MIC for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 272942021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 220Synthesis of alkynylated 1,2,4-oxadiazole/1,2,3-1H-triazole glycoconjugates: Discovering new compounds for use in chemotherapy against lung carcinoma and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID565653Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC D249G mutant gene after 48 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1278842Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 24, Issue:6
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole and benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives as Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors.
AID1577331Antimycobacterial activity against XDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis Praha 131 after 14 days2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-12, Volume: 62, Issue:17
Development of 3,5-Dinitrophenyl-Containing 1,2,4-Triazoles and Their Trifluoromethyl Analogues as Highly Efficient Antitubercular Agents Inhibiting Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribofuranose 2'-Oxidase.
AID495220Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C14 harboring embB445 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1253866Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis FJ05120 after 3 to 4 weeks by microplate alamar blue assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Discovery of the disubstituted oxazole analogues as a novel class anti-tuberculotic agents against MDR- and XDR-MTB.
AID421757Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis after 72 hrs2009Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3
Bioactive pyridine-N-oxide disulfides from Allium stipitatum.
AID289151Antimycobacterial activity against streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis CIBIN 234 isolates2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 15, Issue:16
Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 4-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pyridines.
AID143709In Vitro antimicrobial activity against the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) Wild type strain ISS 4862000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 43, Issue:2
Synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterium activity of N-alkyl-1, 2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides. Preliminary toxicity and pharmacokinetic evaluation.
AID495234Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis NJT210CGG-CAG after 4 weeks2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID670191Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 20, Issue:13
Synthesis of Leubethanol derivatives and evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID633934Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 by alamar blue assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Mefloquine-oxazolidine derivatives, derived from mefloquine and arenecarbaldehydes: In vitro activity including against the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strain T113.
AID1612597Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Recent advances of tetrazole derivatives as potential anti-tubercular and anti-malarial agents.
AID1765357Antimycobacterial activity against Streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 35820 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 48 hrs by broth microdilution assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of new chalcone linked 5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid methyl esters potentially active against drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID439077Antitubercular activity against isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by radiometric BACTEC460 method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Synthesis and evaluation of (S,S)-N,N'-bis-[3-(2,2',6,6'-tetramethylbenzhydryloxy)-2-hydroxy-propyl]-ethylenediamine (S2824) analogs with anti-tuberculosis activity.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID540866Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv44 harboring embB ATG-ATA (M306I) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1456569Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 7 days by microplate alamar blue assay
AID29359Ionization constant (pKa)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1435654Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8666/2010 after 14 days by micromethod2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126S-substituted 3,5-dinitrophenyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols and tetrazole-5-thiols as highly efficient antitubercular agents.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID529536Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT210 expressing embB codon 306 CTG-ATG mutant at 37 degC after 10 to 11 days by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID775978Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase cloned in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using ATP, beta-alanine, pantoic acid as substrate assessed as NAD+ production at 100 uM measured every 12 secs for 120 secs by spectrophotometric analy2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 69Development of 3-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine derivatives as novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID540923Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis BAS6 harboring embB M306V mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID333831Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 after 72 hrs by MTT assay2004Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12
Antimycobacterial coumarins from the sardinian giant fennel (Ferula communis).
AID370245Tmax in Mycobacterium bovis BCG infected tuberculosis mouse model at 100 mg/kg, po2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID1864509Substrate uptake in empty vector transfected (OCT3 null) HEK293 cells incubated for 2 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID1367810Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by two-fold serial dilution method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 27, Issue:23
Design, synthesis and in vitro anti-tuberculosis activity of benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine-1,2,3-triazole derivatives.
AID1247162Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19
One-pot synthesis of new triazole--Imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole hybrids via click chemistry and evaluation of their antitubercular activity.
AID564983Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG KOP55 harboring pPAZ23 carrying p27-p55 operon by resazurine microtiter assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 53, Issue:9
Role of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis P55 efflux pump in intrinsic drug resistance, oxidative stress responses, and growth.
AID429093Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from tuberculosis patient assessed as percent sensitive isolates at 2 ug/ml by absolute-concentration method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Prevalence of and molecular basis for tuberculosis drug resistance in the Republic of Georgia: validation of a QIAplex system for detection of drug resistance-related mutations.
AID1333275Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155 assessed as inhibition of respiratory ATP synthesis by measuring ATP level at 4 times MIC measured after 6 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay (Rvb = 152%)2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Amphiphilic xanthones as a potent chemical entity of anti-mycobacterial agents with membrane-targeting properties.
AID1736274Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv measured after 7 days by MABA method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188Discovery of hydrazone containing thiadiazoles as Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth and enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) inhibitors.
AID444319Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells assessed as cell viability at 100 ug/ml by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of 7-chloro-4-quinolinylhydrazones derivatives.
AID656231Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid-, rifampin-, ofloxacin-, ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 16 to 24 hrs by alamar blue assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8
Antimycobacterial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Tiliacora triandra against multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540917Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis RvAS2 harboring embB M306V mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1303841Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel dibenzo[b,d]thiophene tethered imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamides.
AID522851Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium ATCC 700898 infected in human THP1 cells assessed as extracellular bacterial killing after 7 days2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Ethambutol optimal clinical dose and susceptibility breakpoint identification by use of a novel pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of disseminated intracellular Mycobacterium avium.
AID765270AUC/MIC in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected mouse2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
A medicinal chemists' guide to the unique difficulties of lead optimization for tuberculosis.
AID565652Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC T270I mutant gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID565647Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC M300I mutant gene after 48 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID432681Antimycobacterial against multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by agar dilution method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 44, Issue:9
A facile synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of novel spiro-pyrido-pyrrolizines and pyrrolidines.
AID670190Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 by MABA method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 20, Issue:13
Synthesis of Leubethanol derivatives and evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495230Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 32C5 harboring embB324 GGC-CGC(Gly-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1224525Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Praha 4 after 7 days by micromethod2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 821-Substituted-5-[(3,5-dinitrobenzyl)sulfanyl]-1H-tetrazoles and their isosteric analogs: A new class of selective antitubercular agents active against drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant mycobacteria.
AID289153Cytotoxicity against Vero cells2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 15, Issue:16
Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 4-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pyridines.
AID540877Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv7 harboring embB ATG-GTG (M306V) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID278000Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 90-2213872007Journal of natural products, Feb, Volume: 70, Issue:2
Antitubercular dihydroagarofuranoid sesquiterpenes from the roots of Microtropis fokienensis.
AID565655Ratio of MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing wild type EmbC gene to MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC D249G mutant gene2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID617851Antitubercular activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis CIBIN/UMF15:99 isolate by microplate Alamar blue assay2011Journal of natural products, Sep-23, Volume: 74, Issue:9
Stereochemical analysis of leubethanol, an anti-TB-active serrulatane, from Leucophyllum frutescens.
AID587705Partition coefficient, log P of the compound2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 46, Issue:3
Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activity of novel amino alcohol derivatives.
AID589951Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 48 hrs by resazurin microplate broth microdilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7
Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of cinnamide derivatives: a molecular hybridization approach.
AID613870Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 by microplate alamar blue assay2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 19, Issue:18
Synthesis, antitubercular activity, and SAR study of N-substituted-phenylamino-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbohydrazides.
AID1193923Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells at 100 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7
Development of 2-amino-5-phenylthiophene-3-carboxamide derivatives as novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA GyrB domain.
AID405177AUC (0 to 24 hrs) in tuberculosis patient at 750 mg, po coadministered with 600 mg, po rifampin2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a higher rifampin dose versus the standard dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
AID529542Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 210 at 37 degC after 10 to 11 days by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID540922Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis BAS5 harboring embB M306V mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1204849Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as parasite growth inhibition after 7 days by broth microdilution assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 98Synthesis, antimalarial and antitubercular activities of meridianin derivatives.
AID658539Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 after 72 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of natural products, Mar-23, Volume: 75, Issue:3
Antibacterial acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum olympicum.
AID1400023Antibacterial activity against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv incubated for 15 days under aerobic condition by MABA2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-15, Volume: 26, Issue:17
An antimycobacterial pleuromutilin analogue effective against dormant bacilli.
AID565229Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium chelonae ATCC 35752 harboring pZS01 carrying mspA gene by resazurine microtiter assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 53, Issue:9
Role of porins in the susceptibility of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium chelonae to aldehyde-based disinfectants and drugs.
AID534421Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Denmark2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Susceptibility of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine strains to antituberculous antibiotics.
AID1585696Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by microplate alamar blue assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 162Fluoroquinolone-isatin hybrids and their biological activities.
AID495227Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 32C2 harboring embB497 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1174926Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 778/10 after 7 days by REMA resazurin microtiter assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Antitubercular activity of quinolizidinyl/pyrrolizidinylalkyliminophenazines.
AID1296388Antimycobacterial activity against multi drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Praha 131 after 14 days by microdilution method2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 59, Issue:6
Development of 3,5-Dinitrobenzylsulfanyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and Thiadiazoles as Selective Antitubercular Agents Active Against Replicating and Nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495207Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210 after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1688198Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 7 days by MABA assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188Novel benzimidazole-acrylonitrile hybrids and their derivatives: Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activity.
AID1193920Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA GyrA/B heterotetramer assessed as inhibition of pBR322 supercoiling after 30 mins by gel electrophoresis2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7
Development of 2-amino-5-phenylthiophene-3-carboxamide derivatives as novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA GyrB domain.
AID370272AUC (0 to t) in human at 850 mg, po2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID1706676Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as bacterial growth inhibition by MABA2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 209Design, synthesis, and evaluation of substituted 2-acylamide-1,3-benzo[d]zole analogues as agents against MDR- and XDR-MTB.
AID1653413Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by BACTEC radiometric growth assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13
Insights of synthetic analogues of anti-leprosy agents.
AID548359Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 27294 by Alamar blue assay2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 45, Issue:12
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of new mefloquine-oxazolidine derivatives.
AID1845745Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as bacterial growth inhibition by microplate alamar blue assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-15, Volume: 32A comprehensive review on the biological interest of quinoline and its derivatives.
AID344043Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 2 weeks2008Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 71, Issue:7
Constituents of the root wood of Zanthoxylum wutaiense with antitubercular activity.
AID540209Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1417200Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infected in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as colony forming units per lung mass unit at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage over 42 days (excluding weekends) (Rvb = 169.1 +/- 11.83 x 10'3 No_unit)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Conjugation of a 5-nitrofuran-2-oyl moiety to aminoalkylimidazoles produces non-toxic nitrofurans that are efficacious in vitro and in vivo against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID565650Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC M300V mutant gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID445333Selectivity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv over human A549 cells2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID370263Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Kurono infected ICR mouse assessed as reduction in viable lung bacterial count at 160 mg/kg, po administered once daily measured after 28 days2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID1193921Inhibition of Mycobacterium smegmatis DNA GyrB domain assessed as inhibition of inorganic phosphate release after 100 mins at room temperature by ATPase assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7
Development of 2-amino-5-phenylthiophene-3-carboxamide derivatives as novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA GyrB domain.
AID1687471Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Spec.192 assessed as inhibition of microbial growth incubated for 1 week by MABA method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 186Development of (4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine regioisomers as a new class of selective antitubercular agents.
AID1071122Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 at 6.25 ug/ml after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay relative to control2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Antimycobacterial activity of nitrogen heterocycles derivatives: bipyridine derivatives. Part III.
AID565657Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing EmbC M286I mutant gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1174920Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by REMA resazurin microtiter assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Antitubercular activity of quinolizidinyl/pyrrolizidinylalkyliminophenazines.
AID1864501Inhibition of human OCT3 mediated ASP+ uptake overexpressed in HEK293 cells at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by HPLC-MS/MS analysis relative to control2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID289149Antimycobacterial activity against drug-sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis CIBIN 650 isolates2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 15, Issue:16
Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 4-(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pyridines.
AID540918Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis RvAS3 harboring embB M306I mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID565995Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155 after 72 hrs by broth microdilution method2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activities of triazoloquinolones.
AID1204852Antitubercular activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis assessed as parasite growth inhibition by REMA method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 98Synthesis, antimalarial and antitubercular activities of meridianin derivatives.
AID143711In Vitro antimicrobial activity against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) Wild type strain MT-12000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 43, Issue:2
Synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterium activity of N-alkyl-1, 2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides. Preliminary toxicity and pharmacokinetic evaluation.
AID301998Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Activity of 7-methyljuglone derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and as subversive substrates for mycothiol disulfide reductase.
AID495198Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8C6 after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID725969Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as growth inhibition by NCCLS agar dilution method2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5
Discovery of novel inhibitors targeting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (CysK1) using virtual high-throughput screening.
AID1435650Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Praha 131 after 14 days by micromethod2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126S-substituted 3,5-dinitrophenyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols and tetrazole-5-thiols as highly efficient antitubercular agents.
AID1891920Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 64Identification of nitrofuranylchalcone tethered benzoxazole-2-amines as potent inhibitors of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrating bactericidal efficacy.
AID421759Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium phlei after 72 hrs2009Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3
Bioactive pyridine-N-oxide disulfides from Allium stipitatum.
AID765105Bacteriostatic activity against rifampicin, isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis MS-115 assessed as growth inhibition at 2 to 200 ug/mL relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17
Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains H37Rv and MDR MS-115 by a new set of C5 modified pyrimidine nucleosides.
AID658540Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 6841 after 72 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of natural products, Mar-23, Volume: 75, Issue:3
Antibacterial acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum olympicum.
AID540887Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B51 harboring embB ATG-ACG (M306T) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID425189Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11
A microwave-assisted facile regioselective Fischer indole synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel 2-aryl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,2-b]indoles.
AID656229Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid-, rifampin-, streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 16 to 24 hrs by alamar blue assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8
Antimycobacterial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Tiliacora triandra against multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495231Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 32C5 harboring embB324 GGC-CGC(Gly-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540911Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-negative EMB-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis B54 harboring embB M306I mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1188153Inhibition of 6-His-tagged Mycobacterium smegmatis GyrB expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells incubated for 100 mins in presence of ATP by malachite green dye based ATP assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation of substituted benzofurans as DNA gyraseB inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495236Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis NJT210GAC harboring embB406 GGC-GAC(Gly-Asp) mutation in embB gene after 4 weeks2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1697865Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at MIC of 15 uM
AID529532Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT5310 expressing embB codon 306 ATG-ATC mutant at 37 degC after 3 to 4 weeks by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID444320Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG assessed as cell viability at 10 ug/ml by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of 7-chloro-4-quinolinylhydrazones derivatives.
AID1667678Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 incubated for 5 days by alamar blue based colorimetric assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activity of new α,β-unsaturated amide, oxazoline and oxazole derivatives from l-serine.
AID540894Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv21 harboring embB GAT-TAT (D328Y) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540880Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B54 harboring embB ATG-ATA (M306I) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID370117Plasma concentration in Mycobacterium bovis BCG infected tuberculosis mouse model at 100 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID738688Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by BACTEC radiometric method2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of trans 6-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yloxyalkylamine derivatives against drug susceptible, non-replicating M. tuberculosis H37Rv and clinical multidrug resistant strains.
AID445331Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540879Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID145136In vitro antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis MT ATCC H37Rv strain2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-16, Volume: 12, Issue:18
New N-alkyl-1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides as antituberculous agents with improved pharmacokinetics.
AID405178AUC (0 to 24 hrs) in tuberculosis patient at 750 mg, po coadministered with 450 mg, po rifampin2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a higher rifampin dose versus the standard dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
AID694231Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv under anaerobic condition by BACTEC method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22
The synthesis and antituberculosis activity of 5'-nor carbocyclic uracil derivatives.
AID1201573Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294/XDR-TB incubated for 28 days by agar dilution method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 95Synthesis and biological evaluation of new imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole-benzimidazole derivatives.
AID1852583Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 7 days by MABA
AID495211Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C6 harboring embB320 TTC-TTG(phe-Leu) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID567091Drug absorption in human assessed as human intestinal absorption rate2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Prediction of drug intestinal absorption by new linear and non-linear QSPR.
AID1406780Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by MTT assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Synthesis and biological evaluation of dihydroquinoline carboxamide derivatives as anti-tubercular agents.
AID1278841Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase using pantoic acid as substrate and beta-alanine as reactant assessed as NAD+ formation by spectrophotmetry in presence of NADH2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 24, Issue:6
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole and benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives as Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors.
AID562261Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing EmbC M286V mutant gene at 32 ug/ml after 48 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1132595Antitubercular against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 by agar dilution method1978Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
Antitubercular 2,8-bis(alkylaminomethyl)phenazines.
AID609928Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 30 days by agar microdilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 21, Issue:15
Synthesis, molecular modeling and bio-evaluation of cycloalkyl fused 2-aminopyrimidines as antitubercular and antidiabetic agents.
AID1253867Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis FJ05195 after 3 to 4 weeks by microplate alamar blue assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Discovery of the disubstituted oxazole analogues as a novel class anti-tuberculotic agents against MDR- and XDR-MTB.
AID565644Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC gene after 48 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID565645Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC M300L mutant gene after 48 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID29813Oral bioavailability in human2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1889500Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 60Design, synthesis and molecular docking studies of imidazole and benzimidazole linked ethionamide derivatives as inhibitors of InhA and antituberculosis agents.
AID1192688Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infected in mouse chronic TB model assessed as survival rate at 490 umol/kg administered via esophageal cannula 6 times a week for 4 weeks relative to untreated control2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4
Novel, potent, orally bioavailable and selective mycobacterial ATP synthase inhibitors that demonstrated activity against both replicating and non-replicating M. tuberculosis.
AID534425Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Glaxo2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Susceptibility of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine strains to antituberculous antibiotics.
AID444321Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG assessed as cell viability at 100 ug/ml by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of 7-chloro-4-quinolinylhydrazones derivatives.
AID574798Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 2911 obtained from sputum of patient at 5 ug/ml by Bactec MGIT960 modified proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Emergence and molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the Delhi Region in India.
AID1187834Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis GyrA/GyrB using relaxed pBR322 as substrate after 30 mins by DNA supercoiling assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-06, Volume: 85Extending the N-linked aminopiperidine class to the mycobacterial gyrase domain: pharmacophore mapping from known antibacterial leads.
AID665278Antitubercular activity against isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolate after 28 days by agar dilution method2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 53A solvent free, four-component synthesis and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 4(H)-pyrans with nitrile oxides: synthesis and discovery of antimycobacterial activity of enantiomerically pure 1,2,4-oxadiazoles.
AID1266238Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells at 50 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 24, Issue:1
Replacement of cardiotoxic aminopiperidine linker with piperazine moiety reduces cardiotoxicity? Mycobacterium tuberculosis novel bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors.
AID1163981Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells at 100 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Development of 2-(4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetamide derivatives as novel enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) inhibitors for the treatment of tuberculosis.
AID1577335Antimycobacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 234/2005 after 14 days2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-12, Volume: 62, Issue:17
Development of 3,5-Dinitrophenyl-Containing 1,2,4-Triazoles and Their Trifluoromethyl Analogues as Highly Efficient Antitubercular Agents Inhibiting Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribofuranose 2'-Oxidase.
AID442657Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1
Discovery of novel antitubercular 2,10-dihydro-4aH-chromeno[3,2-c]pyridin-3-yl derivatives.
AID1889501Cytotoxicity in African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 03-15, Volume: 60Design, synthesis and molecular docking studies of imidazole and benzimidazole linked ethionamide derivatives as inhibitors of InhA and antituberculosis agents.
AID569259Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium ATCC 2529I2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Synthesis and evaluation of anti-tubercular activity of new dithiocarbamate sugar derivatives.
AID1891919Antimycobacterial activity against rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 35838 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 48 hrs by resazurin microtitre assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 64Identification of nitrofuranylchalcone tethered benzoxazole-2-amines as potent inhibitors of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrating bactericidal efficacy.
AID421762Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus EMRSA15 after 72 hrs2009Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3
Bioactive pyridine-N-oxide disulfides from Allium stipitatum.
AID1300864Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by two fold serial dilution method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-01, Volume: 26, Issue:11
Synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship of 2-styrylquinazolones as anti-tubercular agents.
AID290253Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 17, Issue:7
N-Hydroxythiosemicarbazones: synthesis and in vitro antitubercular activity.
AID495226Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 32C1 harboring embB445 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1138420Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis after 10 hrs2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 57, Issue:7
Multitarget drug discovery for tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.
AID1274537Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 108Synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial and antitumor activities of new galactopyranosylated amino alcohols.
AID510544Ratio of sAUC (0 to 24 hrs) for diabetic tuberculosis patient to sAUC (0 to 24 hrs) for tuberculosis patient at 15 mg/kg, po2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes.
AID442658Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by agar dilution method2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1
Discovery of novel antitubercular 2,10-dihydro-4aH-chromeno[3,2-c]pyridin-3-yl derivatives.
AID562238Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis assessed as growth inhibition in mid-logarithmic phase by spectrophotometry2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 53, Issue:12
Modifying culture conditions in chemical library screening identifies alternative inhibitors of mycobacteria.
AID495197Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8C7 harboring embB445 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID574808Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 2301 horboring rpoB S531L, katG R463L/E217G, gyrA D94N/S95T, rrs A1401G by CLSI method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Emergence and molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the Delhi Region in India.
AID28681Partition coefficient (logD6.5)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID143713In Vitro antimicrobial activity against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) strain H-37-Rv ATCC2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 43, Issue:2
Synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterium activity of N-alkyl-1, 2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides. Preliminary toxicity and pharmacokinetic evaluation.
AID1687559Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 25618 assessed as inhibition of microbial growth by classical test tube method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 186Development of (4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine regioisomers as a new class of selective antitubercular agents.
AID429089Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from tuberculosis patient assessed as percent resistant isolates at 2 ug/ml by absolute-concentration method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Prevalence of and molecular basis for tuberculosis drug resistance in the Republic of Georgia: validation of a QIAplex system for detection of drug resistance-related mutations.
AID1174112Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 89Antimycobacterial activity of natural products and synthetic agents: pyrrolodiquinolines and vermelhotin as anti-tubercular leads against clinical multidrug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1854287Antitubercular activity against clinical isolate rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 35838 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 7 days by Presto blue resazurin microtiter plate assay2022RSC medicinal chemistry, May-25, Volume: 13, Issue:5
Synthesis and evaluation of triazole congeners of nitro-benzothiazinones potentially active against drug resistant
AID1266236Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase assessed as inhibition of supercoiling activity using relaxed pBR322 plasmid as substrate after 30 mins2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 24, Issue:1
Replacement of cardiotoxic aminopiperidine linker with piperazine moiety reduces cardiotoxicity? Mycobacterium tuberculosis novel bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors.
AID1594635Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as inhibition of parasite growth incubated for 6 days by REMA method2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-01, Volume: 29, Issue:11
Synthesis of diphenoxyadamantane alkylamines with pharmacological interest.
AID1411649Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 14 days by broth dilution method2017MedChemComm, Nov-01, Volume: 8, Issue:11
The synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship of 2-phenylaminomethylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diones as specific anti-tuberculosis agents.
AID495202Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8C5 harboring embC13 CGG-CTG(Arg-Leu) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1400024Antibacterial activity against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv harboring pFCA-luxAB preincubated for 10 days under anaerobic condition followed by incubation under ambient gaseous condition for 28 hrs by LORA2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-15, Volume: 26, Issue:17
An antimycobacterial pleuromutilin analogue effective against dormant bacilli.
AID145295Tested for antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv isonicotinic acid hydrazide-resistant strain1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 28, Issue:12
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 2,2'-dithiobis(benzamide) derivatives against Mycobacterium species.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1433175Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 25, Issue:19
Design of novel dispirooxindolopyrrolidine and dispirooxindolopyrrolothiazole derivatives as potential antitubercular agents.
AID1381931Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 5 days by microplate alamar blue assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146New hydrazides derivatives of isoniazid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Higher potency and lower hepatocytotoxicity.
AID439072Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 25618 after 7 days2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Synthesis and evaluation of (S,S)-N,N'-bis-[3-(2,2',6,6'-tetramethylbenzhydryloxy)-2-hydroxy-propyl]-ethylenediamine (S2824) analogs with anti-tuberculosis activity.
AID1590010Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv incubated for 7 days by microplate alamar blue assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 29, Issue:13
Ultrasonication-ionic liquid synergy for the synthesis of new potent anti-tuberculosis 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl-pyrazole based spirooxindolopyrrolizidines.
AID529531Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT5310 expressing embB codon 306 ATG-CTG mutant at 37 degC after 3 to 4 weeks by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID439076Antitubercular activity against isoniazid, rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by radiometric BACTEC460 method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Synthesis and evaluation of (S,S)-N,N'-bis-[3-(2,2',6,6'-tetramethylbenzhydryloxy)-2-hydroxy-propyl]-ethylenediamine (S2824) analogs with anti-tuberculosis activity.
AID529537Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT210 expressing embB codon 306 ATC-ATG mutant at 37 degC after 10 to 11 days by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID619608Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9
A facile four-component sequential protocol in the expedient synthesis of novel 2-aryl-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-3-pyrazolones in water and their antitubercular evaluation.
AID540892Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv39 harboring embB GGC-CGC (G324R) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID559765Antimycobacterial activity against PknGMsm-deficient Mycobacterium smegmatis harboring PknG K181M mutant gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Protein kinase G is required for intrinsic antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria.
AID1058223Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24
Design and synthesis of novel antimicrobials with activity against Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis.
AID540904Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv4400 by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540878Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1687561Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Spec.192 assessed as inhibition of microbial growth by classical test tube method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 186Development of (4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine regioisomers as a new class of selective antitubercular agents.
AID145153Lowest concentration of compound against Mtb H37Ra strain required to inhibit the growth completely; activity range is 2-42004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Antimycobacterial agents. 1. Thio analogues of purine.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID370073Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 35820 after 14 days2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID540916Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis RvAS1 harboring embB M306V mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540212Mean residence time in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1536933Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv measured after 1 week by microplate alamar blue assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 29, Issue:4
Synthesis and evaluation of novel substituted 1,2,3-triazolyldihydroquinolines as promising antitubercular agents.
AID540913Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis B5401 by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID306130Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 17, Issue:6
New thiopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives as anti-mycobacterial agents.
AID540211Fraction unbound in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID618417Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 28 days by agar dilution method2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 46, Issue:10
Synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of novel dibenzo[b,d]furan and 9-methyl-9H-carbazole derived hexahydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinolines via Povarov reaction.
AID495225Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 32C1 harboring embB445 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1174109Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 89Antimycobacterial activity of natural products and synthetic agents: pyrrolodiquinolines and vermelhotin as anti-tubercular leads against clinical multidrug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495204Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8C2 after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1360819Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by Two-fold serial dilution assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 155Benzo[d]thiazole-2-carbanilides as new anti-TB chemotypes: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationship.
AID370113Plasma concentration in Mycobacterium bovis BCG infected tuberculosis mouse model at 100 mg/kg, po after 0.083 hrs2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID1173785Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by MABA assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 22, Issue:23
An efficient synthesis and biological screening of benzofuran and benzo[d]isothiazole derivatives for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA GyrB inhibition.
AID1623449Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by Alamar blue assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164Synthesis of novel morpholine, thiomorpholine and N-substituted piperazine coupled 2-(thiophen-2-yl)dihydroquinolines as potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID574806Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 625 horboring rpoB S531L/G566R/I569L, katG S315T/R463L, gyrA A90V/S95T, rrs A1401G by CLSI method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Emergence and molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the Delhi Region in India.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID429857Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium phlei after 72 hrs2009Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 72, Issue:6
Antibacterial diterpenes from Plectranthus ernstii.
AID1864498Substrate activity at human OCT3 overexpressed in HEK293 cells at 2.5 uM incubated for 2 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID1333153Induction of membrane damage in CI/DOPG/DOPI large unilamellar vesicles assessed as calcein leakage at compound to lipid ratio of 1:2 to 1:8 by fluorescence based total phosphorous determination assay relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Amphiphilic xanthones as a potent chemical entity of anti-mycobacterial agents with membrane-targeting properties.
AID439074Ratio of MBC to MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Synthesis and evaluation of (S,S)-N,N'-bis-[3-(2,2',6,6'-tetramethylbenzhydryloxy)-2-hydroxy-propyl]-ethylenediamine (S2824) analogs with anti-tuberculosis activity.
AID765273fCmax/MIC in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected mouse2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
A medicinal chemists' guide to the unique difficulties of lead optimization for tuberculosis.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1864499Substrate activity at human OCT2 overexpressed in HEK293 cells at 2.5 uM incubated for 2 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID1187928Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 4 weeks2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 24, Issue:17
New class of methyl tetrazole based hybrid of (Z)-5-benzylidene-2-(piperazin-1-yl)thiazol-4(%H)-one as potent antitubercular agents.
AID540213Half life in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID290254Cytotoxicity against Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 17, Issue:7
N-Hydroxythiosemicarbazones: synthesis and in vitro antitubercular activity.
AID1188156Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 100 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation of substituted benzofurans as DNA gyraseB inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1180390Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by spectrophotometry2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 22, Issue:15
Identification and development of 2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamides as Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors.
AID495209Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8C7 harboring embB445 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1263165Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv MTCC 300 after 4 weeks by Lowenstein-Jensen medium method2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 23, Issue:24
Pyrazole clubbed triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine hybrids as an anti-tubercular agents: Synthesis, in vitro screening and molecular docking study.
AID1854285Antitubercular activity against clinical isolate ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 35837 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 7 days by Presto blue resazurin microtiter plate assay2022RSC medicinal chemistry, May-25, Volume: 13, Issue:5
Synthesis and evaluation of triazole congeners of nitro-benzothiazinones potentially active against drug resistant
AID1501038Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 139Recent advances of pyrazole-containing derivatives as anti-tubercular agents.
AID1699965Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as bacterial growth inhibition by MABA relative to control2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-15, Volume: 30, Issue:24
Synthesis and biological evaluation of anti-tubercular activity of Schiff bases of 2-Amino thiazoles.
AID658542Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium phlei ATCC 11758 after 72 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of natural products, Mar-23, Volume: 75, Issue:3
Antibacterial acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum olympicum.
AID405181Tmax in tuberculosis patient at 750 mg, po coadministered with 600 mg, po rifampin2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a higher rifampin dose versus the standard dose in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
AID529539Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT210 expressing embB codon 306 CTG mutant at 37 degC after 10 to 11 days by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID1383953Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 10 days by MABA2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 1-(β-d-Ribofuranosyl)-4-coumarinyloxymethyl- / -coumarinyl-1,2,3-triazole.
AID1891921Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for African green monkey Vero cells to MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 272942022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 64Identification of nitrofuranylchalcone tethered benzoxazole-2-amines as potent inhibitors of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrating bactericidal efficacy.
AID1765356Antimycobacterial activity against ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 35837 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 48 hrs by broth microdilution assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of new chalcone linked 5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid methyl esters potentially active against drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID559764Antimycobacterial activity against PknGMsm-deficient Mycobacterium smegmatis by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Protein kinase G is required for intrinsic antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria.
AID564973Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG by resazurine microtiter assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 53, Issue:9
Role of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis P55 efflux pump in intrinsic drug resistance, oxidative stress responses, and growth.
AID540871Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv17 harboring embB ATG-GTG (M306V) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID569260Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Synthesis and evaluation of anti-tubercular activity of new dithiocarbamate sugar derivatives.
AID606810Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 2 weeks by agar plate assay2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Antitubercular chromones and flavonoids from Pisonia aculeata.
AID1071104Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Antimycobacterial activity of nitrogen heterocycles derivatives: bipyridine derivatives. Part III.
AID1174108Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, ofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 89Antimycobacterial activity of natural products and synthetic agents: pyrrolodiquinolines and vermelhotin as anti-tubercular leads against clinical multidrug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1864504Inhibition of human OCT3 mediated N-Ethyllidocaine uptake overexpressed in HEK293 cells at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by HPLC-MS/MS analysis relative to control2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID1316977Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infected in po dosed Balb/c mouse assessed as bacterial burden in lungs administered daily through gavage starting on day 2 post infection for 4 days per week for 2 weeks each 4 days dosi2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-01, Volume: 26, Issue:21
Identification and optimization of a new series of anti-tubercular quinazolinones.
AID1577329Antimycobacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Praha 4 after 14 days2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-12, Volume: 62, Issue:17
Development of 3,5-Dinitrophenyl-Containing 1,2,4-Triazoles and Their Trifluoromethyl Analogues as Highly Efficient Antitubercular Agents Inhibiting Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribofuranose 2'-Oxidase.
AID540867Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B64 harboring embB ATG-GTG (M306V) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540926Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis BAS10 by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495213Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C9 harboring embB497 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1916592Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as bacterial growth inhibition measured after 5 days by MABA method2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 238Emerging impact of triazoles as anti-tubercular agent.
AID1891914Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 6841 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth after 48 hrs by resazurin microtitre assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 64Identification of nitrofuranylchalcone tethered benzoxazole-2-amines as potent inhibitors of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrating bactericidal efficacy.
AID144742Percent inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv Strain at 6.25 ug/mL; No data2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 47, Issue:1
Antimycobacterial agents. 1. Thio analogues of purine.
AID713902Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 90-2213872012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 49Recent advances in antitubercular natural products.
AID540210Clearance in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1372628Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 1 week in presence of efflux pump inhibitor verapamil by MABA2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1
Lead identification and optimization of bacterial glutamate racemase inhibitors.
AID1058224Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium intracellulare2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24
Design and synthesis of novel antimicrobials with activity against Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis.
AID1127155Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as growth inhibition after 24 hrs by Lowenstein-Jensen agar dilution method2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-22, Volume: 79Facile synthesis of benzonitrile/nicotinonitrile based s-triazines as new potential antimycobacterial agents.
AID1173786Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 100 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 22, Issue:23
An efficient synthesis and biological screening of benzofuran and benzo[d]isothiazole derivatives for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA GyrB inhibition.
AID440894Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by agar dilution method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
L-proline-catalysed facile green protocol for the synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of [1,4]-thiazines.
AID495208Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210 after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1173783Inhibition of purified Mycobacterium smegmatis GyrB at 50 to 100 uM after 100 mins by ATPase assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 22, Issue:23
An efficient synthesis and biological screening of benzofuran and benzo[d]isothiazole derivatives for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA GyrB inhibition.
AID562260Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing EmbC M286L mutant gene at 32 ug/ml after 48 hrs2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540874Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B55 harboring embB ATG-GTG (M306V) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540921Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-negative Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID563698Antibacterial activity against pyrazinamide-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 53, Issue:11
New approach for drug susceptibility testing: monitoring the stress response of mycobacteria.
AID609934Inhibition of Wistar rat liver glycogen phosphorylase at 100 uM after 30 mins2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 21, Issue:15
Synthesis, molecular modeling and bio-evaluation of cycloalkyl fused 2-aminopyrimidines as antitubercular and antidiabetic agents.
AID550046Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as inhibition of colonies after 30 days by agar microdilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 21, Issue:1
Conventional and microwave assisted synthesis of 2-oxo-4-substituted aryl-azetidine derivatives of benzotriazole: a new class of biological compounds.
AID1071119Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 at 100 ug/ml after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay relative to control2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 74Antimycobacterial activity of nitrogen heterocycles derivatives: bipyridine derivatives. Part III.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1765354Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as reduction in bacterial growth incubated for 48 hrs by broth microdilution assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of new chalcone linked 5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid methyl esters potentially active against drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1196883Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis AlaDH using L-alanine as substrate after 20 mins by spectrophotometry2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-06, Volume: 92Design and development of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis L-alanine dehydrogenase inhibitors.
AID694368Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis MS-115 under anaerobic condition assessed as growth inhibition at 5 ug/ml by BACTEC method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22
The synthesis and antituberculosis activity of 5'-nor carbocyclic uracil derivatives.
AID299658Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 17, Issue:16
Synthesis of symmetrical C- and pseudo-symmetrical O-linked disaccharide analogs for arabinosyltransferase inhibitory activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID265979Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 49, Issue:12
Discovery of new antitubercular oxazolyl thiosemicarbazones.
AID476043Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1
Novel three-component domino reactions of ketones, isatin and amino acids: synthesis and discovery of antimycobacterial activity of highly functionalised novel dispiropyrrolidines.
AID145297Tested for antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv streptomycin resistant strain1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 28, Issue:12
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 2,2'-dithiobis(benzamide) derivatives against Mycobacterium species.
AID1406742Inhibition of replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv InhA assessed as cell growth inhibition after 7 days by MABA method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 156Synthesis of carbohydrazides and carboxamides as anti-tubercular agents.
AID495201Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8C3 after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID669488Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-26, Volume: 55, Issue:8
Design, synthesis, and structure-activity correlations of novel dibenzo[b,d]furan, dibenzo[b,d]thiophene, and N-methylcarbazole clubbed 1,2,3-triazoles as potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495233Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis NJT210CGG harboring embB497 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embB gene after 4 weeks2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1557253Antitubercular activity against resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis harboring embCAB Met306IIe/Val mutant2019MedChemComm, Aug-01, Volume: 10, Issue:8
Drug-resistance in
AID1687473Antitubercular activity against INH-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Spec.800 harboring InhA promoter mutation assessed as inhibition of microbial growth incubated for 1 week by MABA method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 186Development of (4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine regioisomers as a new class of selective antitubercular agents.
AID510543AUC (0 to 24 hrs) in tuberculosis patient at 15 mg/kg, po by HPLC analysis2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes.
AID1126498Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 24, Issue:8
Design, synthesis and evaluation of 1,2,3-triazole-adamantylacetamide hybrids as potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID370114Plasma concentration in Mycobacterium bovis BCG infected tuberculosis mouse model at 100 mg/kg, po after 0.25 hrs2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID1713723Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 24, Issue:22
A facile stereoselective synthesis of dispiro-indeno pyrrolidine/pyrrolothiazole-thiochroman hybrids and evaluation of their antimycobacterial, anticancer and AchE inhibitory activities.
AID421761Antibacterial activity against tetracycline-effluxing Staphylococcus aureus XU212 after 72 hrs2009Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3
Bioactive pyridine-N-oxide disulfides from Allium stipitatum.
AID565648Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC M300I mutant gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1187836Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells at 100 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-06, Volume: 85Extending the N-linked aminopiperidine class to the mycobacterial gyrase domain: pharmacophore mapping from known antibacterial leads.
AID1300865Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as cell viability at 50 ug/ml after 72 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-01, Volume: 26, Issue:11
Synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship of 2-styrylquinazolones as anti-tubercular agents.
AID574810Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 2911 horboring rpoB D516V, katG S315T/R463L, gyrA D94G/S95T/R128S/Y129C, rrs A1401G by CLSI method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Emergence and molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the Delhi Region in India.
AID1054037Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infected in Balb/c mouse model assessed as log CFU reduction at 100 mg/kg, po qd administered for 28 days relative to untreated control2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of indole-2-carboxamides: a promising class of antituberculosis agents.
AID1278843Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 50 uM after 72 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 24, Issue:6
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole and benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives as Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors.
AID1627828Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 26, Issue:17
A convenient synthesis and screening of benzosuberone bearing 1,2,3-triazoles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1400026Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-15, Volume: 26, Issue:17
An antimycobacterial pleuromutilin analogue effective against dormant bacilli.
AID565643Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing EmbC gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID529523Antimycobacterial activity against ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT210EMB-R-C3 assessed as bacterial colony formation at 37 degC after 10 to 11 days by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID1765355Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 35822 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 48 hrs by broth microdilution assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of new chalcone linked 5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid methyl esters potentially active against drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1183298Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84Design, synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activity of 1,2,3,5-tetrasubstituted pyrrolyl-N-acetic acid derivatives.
AID1188154Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase supercoiling activity using relaxed pBR322 substrate incubated for 30 mins by ethidium bromide staining method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 22, Issue:17
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation of substituted benzofurans as DNA gyraseB inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID311524Oral bioavailability in human2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
AID1296383Antimycobacterial activity against multi drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 234/2005 after 14 days by microdilution method2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 59, Issue:6
Development of 3,5-Dinitrobenzylsulfanyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and Thiadiazoles as Selective Antitubercular Agents Active Against Replicating and Nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID664308Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by BACTEC MGIT method2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 53Synthesis of benzimidazolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2ylthio-N-phenyl (benzothiazolyl) acetamides as antibacterial, antifungal and antituberculosis agents.
AID495210Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C6 harboring embB320 TTC-TTG(phe-Leu) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID448534Cytotoxicity against Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infected mouse J774 macrophage assessed as cell viability at 100 ug/mL after 48 hrs by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 19, Issue:17
Antitubercular activity of alpha,omega-diaminoalkanes, H2N(CH2)nNH2.
AID1187838Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis GyrA/GyrB using relaxed pBR322 as substrate at 0.97 uM after 30 mins by DNA supercoiling assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-06, Volume: 85Extending the N-linked aminopiperidine class to the mycobacterial gyrase domain: pharmacophore mapping from known antibacterial leads.
AID143717In vitro antibacterial activity of compound against Mycobacterium avium MAC AN3 (wild type strain) isolated from infected patients.2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-16, Volume: 12, Issue:18
New N-alkyl-1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides as antituberculous agents with improved pharmacokinetics.
AID1891916Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 35822 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 48 hrs by broth microdilution assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 64Identification of nitrofuranylchalcone tethered benzoxazole-2-amines as potent inhibitors of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrating bactericidal efficacy.
AID529529Antimycobacterial activity against rifampin, ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 30167 at 37 degC after 3 to 4 weeks by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID1602937Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 5 after 7 days by resazurin microtiter assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Exploiting the furo[2,3-b]pyridine core against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1187837Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for mouse RAW264.7 cells to MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-06, Volume: 85Extending the N-linked aminopiperidine class to the mycobacterial gyrase domain: pharmacophore mapping from known antibacterial leads.
AID574585Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 625 obtained from sputum of patient at 5 ug/ml by Bactec MGIT960 modified proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Emergence and molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the Delhi Region in India.
AID599273Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium phlei ATCC 11758 after 3 days by MTT assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 46, Issue:6
Synthesis of N-substituted 2-[(1E)-alkenyl]-4-(1H)-quinolone derivatives as antimycobacterial agents against non-tubercular mycobacteria.
AID547819Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by agar dilution method2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 45, Issue:12
Synthesis and antitubercular activities of substituted benzoic acid N'-(substituted benzylidene/furan-2-ylmethylene)-N-(pyridine-3-carbonyl)-hydrazides.
AID1187835Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by microplate alamar blue assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-06, Volume: 85Extending the N-linked aminopiperidine class to the mycobacterial gyrase domain: pharmacophore mapping from known antibacterial leads.
AID1782923Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra ATCC 25177 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 9 days by resazurin microtiter assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 220Synthesis of alkynylated 1,2,4-oxadiazole/1,2,3-1H-triazole glycoconjugates: Discovering new compounds for use in chemotherapy against lung carcinoma and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID522852Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium ATCC 700898 infected in human THP1 cells assessed as intracellular bacterial killing2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Ethambutol optimal clinical dose and susceptibility breakpoint identification by use of a novel pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of disseminated intracellular Mycobacterium avium.
AID725971Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CysK1 using O-acetyl-L-serine as substrate assessed as L-cycteine formation at 100 uM after 5 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5
Discovery of novel inhibitors targeting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (CysK1) using virtual high-throughput screening.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1180391Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as growth inhibition after 28 days by agar dilution method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 22, Issue:15
Identification and development of 2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamides as Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors.
AID1667679Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis G122 incubated for 5 days by alamar blue based colorimetric assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-01, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activity of new α,β-unsaturated amide, oxazoline and oxazole derivatives from l-serine.
AID429858Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis after 72 hrs2009Journal of natural products, Jun, Volume: 72, Issue:6
Antibacterial diterpenes from Plectranthus ernstii.
AID1076896Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by two-fold serial dilution method2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-09, Volume: 76Development of antimycobacterial tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxamides and hexahydrocycloocta[b]thiophene-3-carboxamides: Molecular modification from known antimycobacterial lead.
AID1316914Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by MABA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21
Anti-tubercular activities of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine analogues endowed with high activity toward non-replicative Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1127156Cytotoxicity against African green monkey Vero cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-22, Volume: 79Facile synthesis of benzonitrile/nicotinonitrile based s-triazines as new potential antimycobacterial agents.
AID1316917Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ADH assessed as decrease in conversion of L-alanine to pyruvate by measuring NADH by spectrophotometry2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21
Anti-tubercular activities of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine analogues endowed with high activity toward non-replicative Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID444315Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 by microplate alamar blue assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of 7-chloro-4-quinolinylhydrazones derivatives.
AID1602934Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 2 after 7 days by resazurin microtiter assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Exploiting the furo[2,3-b]pyridine core against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID409954Inhibition of mouse brain MAOA2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID454541Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
A highly atom economic, chemo-, regio- and stereoselective synthesis and evaluation of spiro-pyrrolothiazoles as antitubercular agents.
AID1687470Antitubercular activity against PAS/INH/EMB/RMP-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Spec.210 assessed as inhibition of microbial growth incubated for 1 week by MABA method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 186Development of (4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine regioisomers as a new class of selective antitubercular agents.
AID1262209Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as inhibition of cell growth after 5 days by microplate alamar blue assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23
New INH-pyrazole analogs: Design, synthesis and evaluation of antitubercular and antibacterial activity.
AID1224521Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8666/2010 after 7 days by micromethod2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 821-Substituted-5-[(3,5-dinitrobenzyl)sulfanyl]-1H-tetrazoles and their isosteric analogs: A new class of selective antitubercular agents active against drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant mycobacteria.
AID765268T>MIC in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected mouse2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 23, Issue:17
A medicinal chemists' guide to the unique difficulties of lead optimization for tuberculosis.
AID565994Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra by twofold agar dilution method2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1
Synthesis and anti-mycobacterial activities of triazoloquinolones.
AID534419Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Connaught2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1
Susceptibility of Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine strains to antituberculous antibiotics.
AID656227Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid-, rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 16 to 24 hrs by alamar blue assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8
Antimycobacterial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Tiliacora triandra against multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1272619Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 14 days by broth microdilution method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 26, Issue:3
Synthesis, in vitro antimycobacterial evaluation and docking studies of some new 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4',3':4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one schiff bases.
AID529540Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT210 expressing embB codon 306 ATC mutant at 37 degC after 10 to 11 days by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID265978Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 49, Issue:12
Discovery of new antitubercular oxazolyl thiosemicarbazones.
AID1143266Antimycobacterial activity against streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 136570 assessed as growth inhibition after 2 to 3 weeks by turbidometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Discovery of pyrazolopyridones as a novel class of noncovalent DprE1 inhibitor with potent anti-mycobacterial activity.
AID495222Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C15 harboring embB497 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1316919Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation at 50 ug/ml after 48 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21
Anti-tubercular activities of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine analogues endowed with high activity toward non-replicative Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1706677Antitubercular activity against isoniazid/rifampicin multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis FJ05120 clinical isolates assessed as bacterial growth inhibition by MABA2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 209Design, synthesis, and evaluation of substituted 2-acylamide-1,3-benzo[d]zole analogues as agents against MDR- and XDR-MTB.
AID1333272Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155 assessed as inhibition of respiratory ATP synthesis by measuring ATP level at 2 times MIC measured after 3 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay (Rvb = 158.3%)2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Amphiphilic xanthones as a potent chemical entity of anti-mycobacterial agents with membrane-targeting properties.
AID370115Plasma concentration in Mycobacterium bovis BCG infected tuberculosis mouse model at 100 mg/kg, po after 0.5 hrs2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID374075Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 24 hrs by agar microdilution method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 44, Issue:4
A facile synthesis of alpha,alpha'-(EE)-bis(benzylidene)-cycloalkanones and their antitubercular evaluations.
AID670192Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for african green monkey Vero cells to MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 272942012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 20, Issue:13
Synthesis of Leubethanol derivatives and evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1435651Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 9449/2007 after 14 days by micromethod2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126S-substituted 3,5-dinitrophenyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols and tetrazole-5-thiols as highly efficient antitubercular agents.
AID540902Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv8102 harboring embB M306V mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID421760Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus SA1199B overexpressing NorA efflux pump after 72 hrs2009Journal of natural products, Mar-27, Volume: 72, Issue:3
Bioactive pyridine-N-oxide disulfides from Allium stipitatum.
AID1403701Inhibition of recombinant N-terminal His-tagged Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis 168 glutamate racemase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using D-Glutamate as substrate in presence of NADH by spectrophotometric based GDH enzyme coupled assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 145Identification and development of benzoxazole derivatives as novel bacterial glutamate racemase inhibitors.
AID406204Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid synthase 1 expressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 2700 assessed as [2-14C]]malonyl-CoA incorporation into fatty acid at 6000 uM2007Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 51, Issue:7
Inhibition of isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis fatty acid synthase I by pyrazinamide analogs.
AID1593371Inhibition of Pks13 D1644G/N1640K double mutant thioesterase domain in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as reduction in bacterial growth by microplate alamar blue assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-11, Volume: 62, Issue:7
Identification of Novel Coumestan Derivatives as Polyketide Synthase 13 Inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Part II.
AID445287Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium SmO by broth dilution method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID540881Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B85 harboring embB ATG-ATA (M306I) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1267219Antitubercular activity against multi drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 5 days by microplate alamar blue assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 107Synthesis, antimycobacterial screening and ligand-based molecular docking studies on novel pyrrole derivatives bearing pyrazoline, isoxazole and phenyl thiourea moieties.
AID1406779Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 1 week by microplate alamar blue assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Synthesis and biological evaluation of dihydroquinoline carboxamide derivatives as anti-tubercular agents.
AID563696Antibacterial activity against isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 53, Issue:11
New approach for drug susceptibility testing: monitoring the stress response of mycobacteria.
AID1602933Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 1 after 7 days by resazurin microtiter assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Exploiting the furo[2,3-b]pyridine core against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1573723Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by microplate alamar blue assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 29, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as novel anti-tubercular agents.
AID562270Inhibition of Mycobacterium smegmatis EmbC D280G mutant assessed as effect on LAM production at 32ug/ml after 2 hrs by immunoblotting2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1602936Antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 4 after 7 days by resazurin microtiter assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-15, Volume: 29, Issue:8
Exploiting the furo[2,3-b]pyridine core against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1333172Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG ATCC 35734 after 5 days by broth dilution assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Amphiphilic xanthones as a potent chemical entity of anti-mycobacterial agents with membrane-targeting properties.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1311348Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by two-fold agar dilution method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 26, Issue:15
Click-based synthesis and antitubercular evaluation of dibenzofuran tethered thiazolyl-1,2,3-triazolyl acetamides.
AID1400028Inhibition of protein translation/transcription in Escherichia coli S30 cell extract at 0.1 ug/ml using circular DNA with pBESTluc after 60 mins by luciferase reporter gene assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-15, Volume: 26, Issue:17
An antimycobacterial pleuromutilin analogue effective against dormant bacilli.
AID563690Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra by by 7H9 broth dilution method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 53, Issue:11
New approach for drug susceptibility testing: monitoring the stress response of mycobacteria.
AID294762Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 873 after 2 weeks by broth dilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives from Stachys sieboldi Miq and antibacterial evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, and Staphylococcus aureus.
AID540895Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv31 harboring embB GAT-TAT (D328Y) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID529527Antimycobacterial activity against rifampin, ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 5041 at 37 degC after 3 to 4 weeks by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID448531Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 macrophage assessed as cell viability at 100 ug/mL after 48 hrs by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 19, Issue:17
Antitubercular activity of alpha,omega-diaminoalkanes, H2N(CH2)nNH2.
AID484649Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 20, Issue:11
Selective one-pot multicomponent synthesis and anti-tubercular evaluation of 5-(aryl/cyclohexylsulfanyl)-2-alkoxy-4,6-diarylnicotinonitriles.
AID1624151Antitubercular activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 3 after 7 days2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164Synthesis and evaluation of α-aminoacyl amides as antitubercular agents effective on drug resistant tuberculosis.
AID599247Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 after 3 days by MTT assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 46, Issue:6
Synthesis of N-substituted 2-[(1E)-alkenyl]-4-(1H)-quinolone derivatives as antimycobacterial agents against non-tubercular mycobacteria.
AID540901Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv8101 by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1383954Antimycobacterial activity against MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 591 after 15 days by MABA2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 1-(β-d-Ribofuranosyl)-4-coumarinyloxymethyl- / -coumarinyl-1,2,3-triazole.
AID1435653Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 7357/1998 after 14 days by micromethod2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126S-substituted 3,5-dinitrophenyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols and tetrazole-5-thiols as highly efficient antitubercular agents.
AID559762Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis MAR4 harboring disrupted PknGMsm gene by Etest method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8
Protein kinase G is required for intrinsic antibiotic resistance in mycobacteria.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1594636Antimycobacterial activity against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis SS18b assessed as inhibition of parasite growth incubated for 6 days by REMA method2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-01, Volume: 29, Issue:11
Synthesis of diphenoxyadamantane alkylamines with pharmacological interest.
AID1423154Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv harboring dprE1-dprE2 mutant after 10 days in absence of anhydrotetracycline2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-21, Volume: 61, Issue:22
Discovery and Structure-Activity-Relationship Study of N-Alkyl-5-hydroxypyrimidinone Carboxamides as Novel Antitubercular Agents Targeting Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-Oxidase.
AID1573195Antimycobacterial activity against GFP-fused Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by resazurin dye-based micro-broth dilution method2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-11, Volume: 61, Issue:19
Overview of the Development of DprE1 Inhibitors for Combating the Menace of Tuberculosis.
AID422404Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 2 weeks2009Journal of natural products, Feb-27, Volume: 72, Issue:2
seco-Abietane diterpenoids, a phenylethanoid derivative, and antitubercular constituents from Callicarpa pilosissima.
AID143707In Vitro antimicrobial activity against the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) Wild type strain AN22000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 43, Issue:2
Synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterium activity of N-alkyl-1, 2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides. Preliminary toxicity and pharmacokinetic evaluation.
AID1417198Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infected in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as lung mass index at 20 mg/kg, po administered via gavage over 42 days (excluding weekends) (Rvb = 2.28 +/- 0.1 No_unit)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157Conjugation of a 5-nitrofuran-2-oyl moiety to aminoalkylimidazoles produces non-toxic nitrofurans that are efficacious in vitro and in vivo against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1174925Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 756/10 after 7 days by REMA resazurin microtiter assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Antitubercular activity of quinolizidinyl/pyrrolizidinylalkyliminophenazines.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1916624Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as bacterial growth inhibition by micro broth dilution assay2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 238Emerging impact of triazoles as anti-tubercular agent.
AID540925Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis BAS8 harboring embB M306I mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID370070Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 35838 after 14 days2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID437961Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 28 days by agar dilution method2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of C-aryl-N-phenylnitrones to (R)-1-(1-phenylethyl)-3-[(E)-arylmethylidene]tetrahydro-4(1H)-pyridinones: synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of enantiomerically pure spiroisoxazolidines.
AID1174924Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 439/11 after 7 days by REMA resazurin microtiter assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Antitubercular activity of quinolizidinyl/pyrrolizidinylalkyliminophenazines.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID245396Minimum inhibitory concentration against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv pFPCA1 in green fluorescent protein microplate assay2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 15, Issue:18
Identification of heteroarylenamines as a new class of antituberculosis lead molecules.
AID574786Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 2403 obtained from sputum of patient at 5 ug/ml by Bactec MGIT960 modified proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Emergence and molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the Delhi Region in India.
AID422517Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 2 weeks by proportion method2009Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 72, Issue:1
Endiandric Acid Analogues from the Roots of Beilschmiedia erythrophloia.
AID1639085Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 7 days by microplate alamar blue method2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7
Expansion of a novel lead targeting M. tuberculosis DHFR as antitubercular agents.
AID540870Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv23 harboring embB ATG-GTG (M306V) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID617850Antitubercular activity against drug sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 by microplate Alamar blue assay2011Journal of natural products, Sep-23, Volume: 74, Issue:9
Stereochemical analysis of leubethanol, an anti-TB-active serrulatane, from Leucophyllum frutescens.
AID1076895Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by two-fold serial dilution method in presence of efflux pump inhibitor verapamil2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-09, Volume: 76Development of antimycobacterial tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxamides and hexahydrocycloocta[b]thiophene-3-carboxamides: Molecular modification from known antimycobacterial lead.
AID613880Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 7 days by microbroth dilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 19, Issue:18
The structure-activity relationship of urea derivatives as anti-tuberculosis agents.
AID294764Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 908 after 2 weeks by broth dilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives from Stachys sieboldi Miq and antibacterial evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, and Staphylococcus aureus.
AID529530Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT5310 expressing embB codon 306 ATG-GTG mutant at 37 degC after 3 to 4 weeks by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID1383958Ratio of MBC to MIC for MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 5912018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 1-(β-d-Ribofuranosyl)-4-coumarinyloxymethyl- / -coumarinyl-1,2,3-triazole.
AID1372627Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 1 week by MABA2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1
Lead identification and optimization of bacterial glutamate racemase inhibitors.
AID370254Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Kurono infected ICR mouse assessed as viable lung bacterial count at 20 mg/kg, po administered once daily measured after 28 days2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID355266Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 21 days by broth microdilution method1997Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 60, Issue:12
Norditerpenoids and diterpenoids from Salvia multicaulis with antituberculous activity.
AID1506729Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth incubated for 28 days2017MedChemComm, Mar-01, Volume: 8, Issue:3
Design, synthesis, molecular-docking and antimycobacterial evaluation of some novel 1,2,3-triazolyl xanthenones.
AID564988Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG harboring pPAZ23 carrying p27-p55 operon by resazurine microtiter assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 53, Issue:9
Role of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis P55 efflux pump in intrinsic drug resistance, oxidative stress responses, and growth.
AID1072705Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Development of novel tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide based Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors: molecular hybridization from known antimycobacterial leads.
AID1224517Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 234/2005 after 7 days by micromethod2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 821-Substituted-5-[(3,5-dinitrobenzyl)sulfanyl]-1H-tetrazoles and their isosteric analogs: A new class of selective antitubercular agents active against drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant mycobacteria.
AID444316Cytotoxicity against mouse J774 cells assessed as cell viability at 1 ug/ml by MTT assay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of 7-chloro-4-quinolinylhydrazones derivatives.
AID1636440Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID1163979Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by two-fold serial dilution assay in presence of 8 mg/mL piperine efflux pump inhibitor2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Development of 2-(4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetamide derivatives as novel enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) inhibitors for the treatment of tuberculosis.
AID510542AUC (0 to 24 hrs) in diabetic tuberculosis patient at 15 mg/kg, po by HPLC analysis2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 54, Issue:3
Pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes.
AID564978Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG KOP55 harboring inactivated p55 gene by resazurine microtiter assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 53, Issue:9
Role of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis P55 efflux pump in intrinsic drug resistance, oxidative stress responses, and growth.
AID1296384Antimycobacterial activity against multi drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 9449/2007 after 14 days by microdilution method2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 59, Issue:6
Development of 3,5-Dinitrobenzylsulfanyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and Thiadiazoles as Selective Antitubercular Agents Active Against Replicating and Nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID441082Ratio of ethambutol MIC to compound MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 272942009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 19, Issue:19
Simple dihydrosphyngosine analogues with potent activity against MDR-Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID574807Antimycobacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 761 horboring rpoB S531L/Q510P, katG S315T/R463L, gyrA D94N/S95T, rrs G1484T by CLSI method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11
Emergence and molecular characterization of extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the Delhi Region in India.
AID1138419Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 7 to 21 days by microdilution method2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 57, Issue:7
Multitarget drug discovery for tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.
AID1854055Anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv incubated for 5 days by alamar blue assay2022RSC medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 13, Issue:3
Design, synthesis and anti-mycobacterial evaluation of imidazo[1,2-
AID143708In Vitro antimicrobial activity against the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) Wild type strain AN32000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 43, Issue:2
Synthesis and in vitro anti-mycobacterium activity of N-alkyl-1, 2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides. Preliminary toxicity and pharmacokinetic evaluation.
AID294760Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium 724S after 2 weeks by broth dilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives from Stachys sieboldi Miq and antibacterial evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, and Staphylococcus aureus.
AID540906Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv4402 harboring embB M306I mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID445330Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1333139Induction of membrane disruption in Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155 assessed as increased cytoplasmic membrane permeability at 60 uM up to 3 hrs by Sytox green uptake assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Amphiphilic xanthones as a potent chemical entity of anti-mycobacterial agents with membrane-targeting properties.
AID370119Plasma concentration in Mycobacterium bovis BCG infected tuberculosis mouse model at 100 mg/kg, po after 8 hrs2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID495217Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C11 harboring embB397 CCG-TCG(Pro-Ser) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1464092Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid/rifampicin/ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis G122 assessed as inhibition of mycobacterial growth incubated for 2 weeks by MABA method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
meso-Dihydroguaiaretic acid derivatives with antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity.
AID1624149Antitubercular activity against isoniazid/ethionamide resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate 1 after 7 days2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164Synthesis and evaluation of α-aminoacyl amides as antitubercular agents effective on drug resistant tuberculosis.
AID540893Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis B79 harboring embB GGC-CGC (G324R) mutation in embB by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495203Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8C2 after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID562267Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis harboring Mycobacterium smegmatis embB M292I mutant gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1174106Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin, ofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 7 days by microplate Alamar blue assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 89Antimycobacterial activity of natural products and synthetic agents: pyrrolodiquinolines and vermelhotin as anti-tubercular leads against clinical multidrug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1706678Antitubercular activity against isoniazid/rifampicin/streptomycin/capreomycin/ofloxacin extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis FJ05195 clinical isolates assessed as bacterial growth inhibition by MABA2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 209Design, synthesis, and evaluation of substituted 2-acylamide-1,3-benzo[d]zole analogues as agents against MDR- and XDR-MTB.
AID1383957Ratio of MBC to MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 1-(β-d-Ribofuranosyl)-4-coumarinyloxymethyl- / -coumarinyl-1,2,3-triazole.
AID495474Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis NJT210TCC harboring embB406 GGC-TCC(Gly-Ser) mutation in embB gene after 4 weeks2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1143270Antimycobacterial activity against ofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 12119 assessed as growth inhibition after 2 to 3 weeks by turbidometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Discovery of pyrazolopyridones as a novel class of noncovalent DprE1 inhibitor with potent anti-mycobacterial activity.
AID565656Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing EmbC gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID548358Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 45, Issue:12
A regio- and stereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition for the synthesis of novel spiro-pyrrolothiazolyloxindoles and their antitubercular evaluation.
AID1782926Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 220Synthesis of alkynylated 1,2,4-oxadiazole/1,2,3-1H-triazole glycoconjugates: Discovering new compounds for use in chemotherapy against lung carcinoma and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID665277Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 28 days by agar dilution method2012European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 53A solvent free, four-component synthesis and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 4(H)-pyrans with nitrile oxides: synthesis and discovery of antimycobacterial activity of enantiomerically pure 1,2,4-oxadiazoles.
AID565230Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium chelonae 9917 by resazurine microtiter assay2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 53, Issue:9
Role of porins in the susceptibility of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium chelonae to aldehyde-based disinfectants and drugs.
AID529528Antimycobacterial activity against rifampin, ethambutol resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate NJT30167 expressing embB codon 306 ATG mutant at 37 degC after 3 to 4 weeks by radiometric Bactec 460TB method2008Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Transfer of embB codon 306 mutations into clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains alters susceptibility to ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin.
AID1143267Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 912253 assessed as growth inhibition after 2 to 3 weeks by turbidometry2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 57, Issue:11
Discovery of pyrazolopyridones as a novel class of noncovalent DprE1 inhibitor with potent anti-mycobacterial activity.
AID145272Minimum inhibitory concentration against Mycobacterium tuberculosis2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-19, Volume: 14, Issue:2
Synthesis of galactopyranosyl amino alcohols as a new class of antitubercular and antifungal agents.
AID1891907Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 assessed as inhibition of bacterial growth measured after 7 days by resazurin microtitre assay2022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 64Identification of nitrofuranylchalcone tethered benzoxazole-2-amines as potent inhibitors of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis demonstrating bactericidal efficacy.
AID445286Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium 724S by broth dilution method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1609006Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis DSM 43465 after 120 hr by resazurin dye based microdilution method2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 181Phenolic N-monosubstituted carbamates: Antitubercular and toxicity evaluation of multi-targeting compounds.
AID445285Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium bovis BCG str. Tokyo 172 by broth dilution method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID656233Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid-, rifampin-, ofloxacin-, ethambutol-, streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 16 to 24 hrs by alamar blue assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8
Antimycobacterial activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Tiliacora triandra against multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1390094Antimycobacterial activity against active form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv measured after 7 days by alamar blue assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Synthesis and evaluation of 4',5'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,7'-thieno[2,3-c]pyran] analogues against both active and dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID658437Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 after 72 hrs by MTT assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8
Compounds of Alpinia katsumadai as potential efflux inhibitors in Mycobacterium smegmatis.
AID1557254Antitubercular activity against resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis harboring embCAB Gly406Asp/Ala mutant2019MedChemComm, Aug-01, Volume: 10, Issue:8
Drug-resistance in
AID565658Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing EmbC M286L mutant gene after 48 hrs by agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 53, Issue:10
The arabinosyltransferase EmbC is inhibited by ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1590012Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 25 ug/ml incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 29, Issue:13
Ultrasonication-ionic liquid synergy for the synthesis of new potent anti-tuberculosis 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl-pyrazole based spirooxindolopyrrolizidines.
AID1916597Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv assessed as bacterial growth inhibition measured after 5 days by MABA method2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 238Emerging impact of triazoles as anti-tubercular agent.
AID1272621Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 14 days by broth microdilution method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 26, Issue:3
Synthesis, in vitro antimycobacterial evaluation and docking studies of some new 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4',3':4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one schiff bases.
AID1173784Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase using relaxed pBR322 as substrate after 30 mins by supercoiling assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 22, Issue:23
An efficient synthesis and biological screening of benzofuran and benzo[d]isothiazole derivatives for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA GyrB inhibition.
AID580997Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected in patients with tuberculosis assessed as percentage of patients with negative culture after 4 weeks2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
New drugs against tuberculosis: problems, progress, and evaluation of agents in clinical development.
AID1464093Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid/rifampicin/streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis G133 assessed as inhibition of mycobacterial growth incubated for 2 weeks by MABA method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
meso-Dihydroguaiaretic acid derivatives with antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity.
AID370243Cmax in Mycobacterium bovis BCG infected tuberculosis mouse model at 100 mg/kg, po2006PLoS medicine, Nov, Volume: 3, Issue:11
OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice.
AID1196885Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 28 days by agar dilution method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-06, Volume: 92Design and development of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis L-alanine dehydrogenase inhibitors.
AID646114Antitubercular activity against multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv clinical isolate after 28 days by 10 fold serial dilution method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4
Camphorsulfonic acid catalysed facile tandem double Friedlander annulation protocol for the synthesis of phenoxy linked bisquinoline derivatives and discovery of antitubercular agents.
AID551505Cytotoxicity against human MRC5 cells assessed as metabolic active cells at 100 uM after 72 hrs by XTT assay relative to control2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activities of 1-methyl-2-alkenyl-4(1H)-quinolones.
AID294763Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 906 after 2 weeks by broth dilution method2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 17, Issue:9
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives from Stachys sieboldi Miq and antibacterial evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, and Staphylococcus aureus.
AID1782925Cytotoxicity against mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-05, Volume: 220Synthesis of alkynylated 1,2,4-oxadiazole/1,2,3-1H-triazole glycoconjugates: Discovering new compounds for use in chemotherapy against lung carcinoma and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID694236Antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv under anaerobic condition assessed as growth inhibition at 5 ug/ml by BACTEC method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 20, Issue:22
The synthesis and antituberculosis activity of 5'-nor carbocyclic uracil derivatives.
AID445210Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by broth dilution method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1435649Antimycobacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Praha 4 after 14 days by micromethod2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126S-substituted 3,5-dinitrophenyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols and tetrazole-5-thiols as highly efficient antitubercular agents.
AID1691024Antitubercular activity against isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolate measured after 1 week by microplate alamar blue assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 193Design and development of ((4-methoxyphenyl)carbamoyl) (5-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amide analogues as Mycobacterium tuberculosis ketol-acid reductoisomerase inhibitors.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1331257Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 5 days by micro plate alamar blue assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Synthesis, screening and docking analysis of hispolon analogs as potential antitubercular agents.
AID1296386Antimycobacterial activity against multi drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Praha 1 after 14 days by microdilution method2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-24, Volume: 59, Issue:6
Development of 3,5-Dinitrobenzylsulfanyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and Thiadiazoles as Selective Antitubercular Agents Active Against Replicating and Nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID289157Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 6 days by colorimetric microassay2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 15, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological evaluation of conformationally constrained analogues of the antitubercular agent ethambutol.
AID1403704Antimycobacterial activity against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv incubated for 1 week in presence of piperine by MABA method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 145Identification and development of benzoxazole derivatives as novel bacterial glutamate racemase inhibitors.
AID523296Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infected in B6 mouse assessed as assessed as lowest concentration to reduce bacterial burden in lungs to level of reduction achieved with higher doses orally treated in water-1% methylcel2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, May, Volume: 54, Issue:5
Fast standardized therapeutic-efficacy assay for drug discovery against tuberculosis.
AID551507Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 6841 after 72 hrs by broth microtiter dilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activities of 1-methyl-2-alkenyl-4(1H)-quinolones.
AID495215Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C10 after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1167608Antimicrobial activity against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis XDR-TB after 28 days by two-fold agar dilution method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 22, Issue:21
Development of benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-ones derivatives as novel inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA.
AID442659Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 45, Issue:1
Discovery of novel antitubercular 2,10-dihydro-4aH-chromeno[3,2-c]pyridin-3-yl derivatives.
AID1577339Antimycobacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8666/2010 after 14 days2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-12, Volume: 62, Issue:17
Development of 3,5-Dinitrophenyl-Containing 1,2,4-Triazoles and Their Trifluoromethyl Analogues as Highly Efficient Antitubercular Agents Inhibiting Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribofuranose 2'-Oxidase.
AID143716In vitro antibacterial activity of compound against Mycobacterium avium MAC AN2 wild type strain) isolated from infected patients.2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-16, Volume: 12, Issue:18
New N-alkyl-1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides as antituberculous agents with improved pharmacokinetics.
AID540919Antibacterial activity against HYG cassette-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis RvAS4 harboring embB M306I mutant gene by modified conventional agar proportion method2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Mutations at embB codon 306 are an important molecular indicator of ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1437020Antimycobacterial activity against isoniazid/rifampicin/ethambutol-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolate after 4 days by Alamar blue assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4
Synthesis, antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activity of α,β-unsaturated amides and 2,4-disubstituted oxazoline derivatives.
AID145137In vitro antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis MT-1 (wild type strain) isolated from infected patients.2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-16, Volume: 12, Issue:18
New N-alkyl-1,2-dihydro-2-thioxo-3-pyridinecarbothioamides as antituberculous agents with improved pharmacokinetics.
AID1378016Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27294 after 5 days by MABA2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138Triazole derivatives and their anti-tubercular activity.
AID495212Antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C7 harboring embB445 CAG-CGG(Gln-Arg) mutation in embCAB gene after 4 weeks by Bactec 460TB method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID738686Lipophilicity, log P of the compound2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of trans 6-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yloxyalkylamine derivatives against drug susceptible, non-replicating M. tuberculosis H37Rv and clinical multidrug resistant strains.
AID445290Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli by broth dilution method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID445332Selectivity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv over human THP1 cells2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22
Synthesis of new sugar derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1403702Antimycobacterial activity against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv incubated for 1 week by MABA method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-10, Volume: 145Identification and development of benzoxazole derivatives as novel bacterial glutamate racemase inhibitors.
AID563695Antibacterial activity against rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra2009Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 53, Issue:11
New approach for drug susceptibility testing: monitoring the stress response of mycobacteria.
AID594787Antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by agar dilution method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10
A green expedient synthesis of pyridopyrimidine-2-thiones and their antitubercular activity.
AID1333266Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis MC2 155 assessed as inhibition of respiratory ATP synthesis by measuring ATP level at 4 times MIC measured after 1 hr by luciferase reporter gene assay (Rvb = 90.6%)2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Amphiphilic xanthones as a potent chemical entity of anti-mycobacterial agents with membrane-targeting properties.
AID495232Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 210 after 4 weeks2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID495218Antimicrobial activity against wild type Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16C12 after 4 weeks by 7H agar proportion method2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1
Allelic exchange and mutant selection demonstrate that common clinical embCAB gene mutations only modestly increase resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1745855NCATS anti-infectives library activity on the primary C. elegans qHTS viability assay2023Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3
In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
AID1745854NCATS anti-infectives library activity on HEK293 viability as a counter-qHTS vs the C. elegans viability qHTS2023Disease models & mechanisms, 03-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3
In vivo quantitative high-throughput screening for drug discovery and comparative toxicology.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (4,121)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901749 (42.44)18.7374
1990's492 (11.94)18.2507
2000's649 (15.75)29.6817
2010's951 (23.08)24.3611
2020's280 (6.79)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 82.68

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index82.68 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.48 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.60 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index151.88 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (82.68)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials366 (8.22%)5.53%
Reviews265 (5.95%)6.00%
Case Studies812 (18.23%)4.05%
Observational19 (0.43%)0.25%
Other2,992 (67.18%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (86)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Phase 2/3, Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Bedaquiline Administered as Part of a Treatment Regimen With Clarithromycin and Ethambutol in Adult Patients With Treatment-refractory Mycobac [NCT04630145]Phase 2/Phase 3124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-08Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Active Comparator, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of an Amikacin Liposome Inhalation Suspension (ALIS)-Based Regimen in Adult Subjects With Newly Diagnosed Nontuberculous Mycobact [NCT04677569]Phase 3250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-01Recruiting
Studying the Blood Levels of First-line Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Relation to Treatment Outcomes Among Newly Diagnosed Adults With Pulmonary Tuberculosis on the Thai-Myanmar Border [NCT02457208]Phase 161 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-07Completed
Open Label, Single Center, Phase 1 Dose Escalation and Extension Trial to Evaluate Safety and Tolerability of Chlorquine as Adjuvant Drug to Standard 4-drug Anti-tuberculosis Therapy in Healthy Volunteers [NCT05443178]Phase 116 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-04Recruiting
A Prospective Study of Shortening the Duration of Standard Short Course Chemotherapy From 6 Months to 4 Months in HIV-non-infected Patients With Fully Drug-Susceptible, Non-cavitary Pulmonary Tuberculosis With Negative Sputum Cultures After 2 Months of An [NCT00130247]Phase 3394 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-04-08Completed
STREAM: The Evaluation of a Standard Treatment Regimen of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs for Patients With MDR-TB [NCT02409290]Phase 3588 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-03-31Completed
The Study of Standardized Preoperative Anti-tuberculosis Treatment of Surgical Treatment of Spinal Tuberculosis Patients [NCT02477852]Phase 4400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-04-30Recruiting
Randomized, Open Label, Multiple Dose Phase 2a Study of the Early Bactericidal Activity of AZD5847 in Adults With Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT01516203]Phase 275 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-05Completed
The Effect of Fermented Soybean Supplementation on the Body Weight and Physical Function of Tuberculosis Patients With Standard Therapy in Indonesia [NCT02554318]147 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Population Pharmacokinetics of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs in Children With Tuberculosis [NCT03625739]800 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2018-07-01Recruiting
Systematic Empirical vs. Test-guided Anti-tuberculosis Treatment Impact in Severely Immunosuppressed HIV-infected Adults Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy With CD4 Cell Counts <100/mm3: the STATIS Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02057796]Phase 41,050 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
A Seamless Phase 2B/C Platform Trial to Evaluate Multiple Regimens and Durations of Treatment in Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT06114628]Phase 22,500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-08Not yet recruiting
Pharmacokinetic Properties of Antiretroviral and Related Drugs During Pregnancy and Postpartum [NCT00042289]1,578 participants (Actual)Observational2003-06-09Completed
Finding the Optimal Regimen for Mycobacterium Abscessus Treatment (FORMaT) [NCT04310930]Phase 2/Phase 3300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-02Recruiting
Characterization of Immune Responses in Treatment-induced Latency in Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT01154959]Phase 3120 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
TBTC Study 31 PK/PD: Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose Rifapentine and Moxifloxacin for Treatment of Tuberculosis in the Study 31 Treatment Trial: Intensive PK Sampling [NCT02563327]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-05-30Recruiting
An International Multicentre Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate 1200mg and 1800mg Rifampicin Daily for Four Months in the Reduction of the Duration of Standard Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT02581527]Phase 3672 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-01Completed
Rosuvastatin Evaluation as a Tuberculosis Treatment Adjunct [NCT04504851]Phase 2154 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-12Not yet recruiting
A Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Effect of Co-administration on the Pharmacokinetics of SPR720, Azithromycin, and Ethambutol in Healthy Volunteers [NCT05966688]Phase 133 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-08-04Completed
A Prospective, Randomized Open-Label Phase II Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Metformin in Combination With Standard Antimicrobial Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in People With TB and Co-infected With HIV [NCT04930744]Phase 2112 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-03Recruiting
Multicenter, Randomized Study Evaluating the Value of Antitubercular Treatment During Recurent Anterior Uveitis (URBA) [NCT04117698]Phase 3116 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-11-01Not yet recruiting
Open-label, Randomized, Multicenter, Controlled, Parallel, Comparative Study of Efficacy and Safety of Treatment of Tuberculosis With Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol for Intravenous Infusion in Comparison With Oral Forms While the Intensive Phase of Tre [NCT04150367]166 participants (Actual)Observational2017-03-03Terminated(stopped due to According to Sponsor decision.)
A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Comparing Daily Vs. Intermittent 6 - Month Short Course Chemotherapy in Reducing Failures & Emergence of Acquired Rifampicin Resistance (ARR) in Patients With HIV and Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT00933790]Phase 3331 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-14Completed
Phase I/II Study of the Effects of Antibiotics on Sarcoidosis Pathogenesis [NCT01074554]Phase 1/Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
An Open-Label, Randomized Trial of Four Treatment Regimens for Patients With Disseminated Mycobacterium Avium Complex Disease and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) [NCT00001047]Phase 3400 participants InterventionalCompleted
Substitution of Ethambutol With Linezolid During the Intensive Phase of Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label Phase II Trial [NCT01994460]Phase 2429 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-01-31Recruiting
Investigation of the Efficacy of Antimycobacterial Therapy on Pulmonary Sarcoidosis Phase II Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT02024555]Phase 297 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
The Treatment of Pulmonary Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in HIV Infection [NCT00001033]Phase 3650 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Phase IIc Trial of Clofazimine- and Rifapentine-Containing Treatment Shortening Regimens in Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis: The CLO-FAST Study [NCT04311502]Phase 2104 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-16Active, not recruiting
Reducing Early Mortality and Early Morbidity by Empiric Tuberculosis Treatment Regimens (REMEMBER) [NCT01380080]Phase 4851 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Investigation of the Efficacy of Antibiotics on Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [NCT01169038]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
Efficacy of Thrice Weekly Intermittent Short Course Antituberculosis Chemotherapy in Tuberculosis Patients With and Without HIV Infection [NCT00698334]Phase 3150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study for the Efficacy and Safety of the Substitution of Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol With Moxifloxacin During the Intensive Phase of Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT04187469]286 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-01Not yet recruiting
CLArithromycin Versus AZIthromycin in the Treatment of Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Lung Infections [NCT03236987]Phase 3424 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-02-05Recruiting
Shortened Regimens for First Diagnosed Smear Positive Drug Susceptible Pulmonary Tuberculosis: a Randomised Controlled Non-inferiority Trial [NCT02901288]Phase 43,900 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-08-31Recruiting
Randomized Non-inferiority Trial Comparing the Nevirapine-based Antiretroviral Therapy Versus the Standard Efavirenz-based ART for the Treatment of HIV-TB Co-infected Patients on Rifampicin-based Therapy (ANRS 12146 CARINEMO) [NCT00495326]Phase 2/Phase 3570 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Testing New Strategies for Patients Hospitalised With HIV-associated Disseminated Tuberculosis [NCT04951986]Phase 3732 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-11Recruiting
A Randomized Open-Label Study of the Tolerability and Efficacy of Clarithromycin and Ethambutol in Combination With or Without Clofazimine for the Treatment of Disseminated MAC (dMAC) in Patients With AIDS [NCT00002331]0 participants Interventional1994-01-31Completed
TBTC Study 28: Evaluation of a Moxifloxacin-based, Isoniazid-sparing Regimen for Tuberculosis Treatment [NCT00144417]Phase 2433 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
Phase 2C Clinical Trial of Novel, Short-course Regimens for the Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: CRUSH-TB (Combination Regimens for Shortening TB Treatment) [NCT05766267]Phase 2/Phase 3288 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-01Not yet recruiting
Study to Evaluate the Safety of the Use of doTBal (Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol) in Patients With Tuberculosis: Conduction of an Intensive Pharmacovigilance Program [NCT04916899]47 participants (Actual)Observational2014-11-30Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Antituberculosis Agents in HIV-Infected Persons With Tuberculosis [NCT00000950]50 participants InterventionalCompleted
Tolerance, Safety, and Activity of Rifapentine Alone and in Combination Therapy in AIDS Patients With Mycobacterium Avium Complex Bacteremia. [NCT00002192]Phase 20 participants InterventionalCompleted
TBTC Study 24: A Non-Comparative Study of the Efficacy of a Largely-Intermittent, Six-Month Tuberculosis Treatment Regimen Among Patients Who Will Not Receive Isoniazid Due to Initial Isoniazid Resistance or Intolerance [NCT00023374]98 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-08-31Completed
A Phase II/III Trial of Rifampin, Ciprofloxacin, Clofazimine, Ethambutol, and Amikacin in the Treatment of Disseminated Mycobacterium Avium Infection in HIV-Infected Individuals. [NCT00000641]Phase 290 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Phase II Randomized, Open-label Trial of a Rifapentine Plus Moxifloxacin-Based Regimen for Intensive Phase Treatment of Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT00728507]Phase 2121 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Funding withdrawn)
A Randomised Placebo - Controlled Double Blind Trial Comparing 1) a Two Month Intensive Phase of Ethambutol, Moxifloxacin, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide Versus the Standard Regimen (Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide) and 2) a Treatment Shortening [NCT00864383]Phase 31,931 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
A Multiple Arm, Multiple Stage, Phase 2, OL, Randomized, Controlled Trial to Evaluate 4 Treatment Regimens of SQ109, Increased Doses of Rifampicin, and Moxifloxacin in Adults With Newly Diagnosed, Smear-positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT01785186]Phase 2365 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
A Phase 3 Open-Label Partially Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of the Combination of Moxifloxacin Plus PA-824 Plus Pyrazinamide After 4 and 6 Months of Treatment in Adult Subjects With Drug-Sensitive Smear-Positive Pulmo [NCT02342886]Phase 3284 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
A Phase 2 Dose-ranging Trial to Evaluate the Bactericidal Activity, Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Linezolid in Adult Subjects With Newly Diagnosed Drug-Sensitive, Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis. [NCT02279875]Phase 2113 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
Hypertonic Saline for Treatment of Pulmonary Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Disease [NCT04921943]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-18Recruiting
Comparison of Two- Versus Three-antibiotic Therapy for Pulmonary Mycobacterium Avium Complex Disease [NCT03672630]Phase 2/Phase 3500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-02-22Recruiting
Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of Antituberculosis Drugs and Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in HIV-tuberculosis Co-infected Ugandan Adults [NCT01782950]Phase 4400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-02-28Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Non-Inferiority Study for Shortening Tuberculosis Treatment With Sitafloxacin-Containing Regimens [NCT05454345]Phase 3620 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-01Not yet recruiting
A Phase 2 Open-Label Partially Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Combinations of Bedaquiline, Moxifloxacin, PA-824 and Pyrazinamide During 8 Weeks of Treatment in Adult Subjects With Newly Diagnosed Drug-Sensitive or Mu [NCT02193776]Phase 2240 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-23Completed
An Open-Label Randomized Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Study of Mycobutin (Rifabutin) or Rifabutin in Combination With Myambutol (Ethambutol) for Prophylaxis of Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Bacteremia in AIDS Patients With CD4 Counts <= 100 Cells/m [NCT00002343]Phase 4200 participants InterventionalCompleted
Using Biomarkers to Predict TB Treatment Duration [NCT02821832]Phase 2946 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-21Active, not recruiting
Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Short Course Intermittent Regimens for the Treatment of HIV-Associated Tuberculosis [NCT00376012]Phase 3300 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-02-28Active, not recruiting
A Prospective Multicenter Phase II-study: Pharmacokinetics and Safety of High-Dose Rifampicin and Pyrazinamide in a Shorter Tuberculosis Treatment Compared With Standardized Treatment in Patients With Mild to Moderate Pulmonary TB [NCT04694586]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-30Recruiting
A Prospective Study of Multidrug Resistance and a Pilot Study of the Safety of and Clinical and Microbiologic Response to Levofloxacin in Combination With Other Antimycobacterial Drugs for Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis (MDRTB) in [NCT00000796]525 participants InterventionalCompleted
New Super-short Course Regimen for Retreatment Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT02331823]Phase 4864 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-06-30Recruiting
A Randomized, Phase 2b Study of a Double-Dose Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral Regimen With Rifampin-Based Tuberculosis Treatment Versus a Standard-Dose Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral Regimen With Rifabutin-Based Tuberculosis Treatment W [NCT01601626]Phase 271 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-13Terminated(stopped due to The study was stopped early due to feasibility concerns.)
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparative Study of Azithromycin Versus Clarithromycin in Combination With Ethambutol for the Treatment of Disseminated Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Infection in AIDs Patients [NCT00002140]Phase 30 participants InterventionalCompleted
Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Antibiotics in Cystic Fibrosis Versus Controls [NCT02372383]31 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Active Comparator, Multicenter Study to Validate Patient-Reported Outcome Instruments in Adult Subjects With Newly Diagnosed Nontuberculous Mycobacterial (NTM) Lung Infection Caused by Mycobacterium Avi [NCT04677543]Phase 399 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-22Completed
Evaluation of Two Different Preventive Therapy Regimens for Tuberculosis in HIV Infected Persons [NCT00351702]Phase 3650 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-02-28Completed
A Phase II/III Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Three Clarithromycin-Containing Combination Drug Regimens for the Treatment of Disseminated Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Disease in Persons Wit [NCT00001058]Phase 2246 participants InterventionalCompleted
The Effect of Therapy on the Tissue Burden of Disseminated MAC Infection as Measured by Quantitative Bone Marrow Culture and Correlation With Quantitative Blood Culture in HIV-Infected Patients [NCT00001039]Phase 224 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Three-Arm Comparative Trial for the Treatment of MAC Bacteremia in AIDS: A Clarithromycin/Ethambutol Regimen Containing Rifabutin (450 Mg) or Rifabutin (300 Mg) or Placebo [NCT00002101]Phase 3450 participants InterventionalCompleted
Viral and Immune Dynamics in HIV-Infected Patients With Tuberculosis [NCT00004736]Phase 144 participants InterventionalCompleted
Treatment of Pulmonary Disease Caused by MAIS, M.Xenopi or M.Malmoense: A Comparison of Two Triple Drug Regimens and an Assessment of the Value of Immunotherapy With M.Vaccae [NCT00367913]Phase 4400 participants Interventional1995-03-31Completed
Two-month Regimens Using Novel Combinations to Augment Treatment Effectiveness for Drug-sensitive Tuberculosis [NCT03474198]Phase 2/Phase 3675 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-21Completed
[NCT00004689]Phase 250 participants Interventional1991-01-31Completed
An Open Label, Randomized Controlled Trial to Establish the Efficacy and Safety of a Study Strategy Consisting of 6 Months of Bedaquiline (BDQ), Delamanid (DLM), and Linezolid (LNZ), With Levofloxacin (LVX) and Clofazimine (CFZ) Compared to the Current So [NCT04062201]Phase 3402 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-22Active, not recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label Study To Evaluate The Efficacy And Safety Of A Contezolid, Delamanid and Bedaquiline-Containing Short Regimen For The Treatment Of Rifampicin-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT06081361]Phase 3186 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-01Not yet recruiting
Multi-centric Prospective Cohort Study of TB Recurrence Free Cure Among Microbiologically Confirmed New Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Treated Under NTEP With the 4-month Moxifloxacin Containing Daily Regimen [NCT05047055]550 participants (Anticipated)Observational2021-10-01Not yet recruiting
A Prospective Phase Ib/IIa, Active-controlled, Randomized, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Extended Early Bactericidal Activity and Pharmacokinetics of Multiple Oral Doses of BTZ-043 Tablets in Subjects With Newly Diagnosed, Uncompl [NCT04044001]Phase 1/Phase 277 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-11-15Completed
Population Pharmacokinetics Analysis of Ethambutol in Overweight and Obese Volunteers [NCT01048697]Phase 418 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Essentiality of Isoniazid in Tuberculosis Therapy [NCT01589497]Phase 269 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
A Phase 2b/c, Multi-Arm, 2-Stage, Duration Randomized Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Two to Four Months Treatment With Regimens Containing Bedaquiline, OPC-167832, and Sutezolid, Plus Either Pretomanid or Delamanid, in Adults With Pulmonary Tuberculo [NCT05971602]Phase 2514 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-26Recruiting
A Phase 2 Randomized, Open-Label Trial of PA-824-Containing Regimens Versus Standard Treatment for Drug-Sensitive Sputum Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis [NCT02256696]Phase 2157 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-29Completed
Novel Triple-dose Tuberculosis Retreatment Regimen: How to Overcome Resistance Without Creating More in Niger [NCT04260477]Phase 3370 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-01Recruiting
A Phase II, Randomized, Open-Label Trial of a Six-Month Regimen of High-Dose Rifampicin, High-Dose Isoniazid, Linezolid, and Pyrazinamide Versus a Standard Nine-Month Regimen for the Treatment of Adults and Adolescents With Tuberculous Meningitis: Improve [NCT05383742]Phase 2330 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-02Not yet recruiting
An Open-Label, Partially Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of a 4-month Treatment of Bedaquiline Plus Pretomanid Plus Moxifloxacin Plus Pyrazinamide (BPaMZ) Compared to a 6-month Treatment of HRZE/HR (Control) in Adult Par [NCT03338621]Phase 2/Phase 3455 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-30Completed
A Phase IIc, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial of Ultra-Short Course Bedaquiline, Clofazimine, Pyrazinamide and Delamanid Versus Standard Therapy for Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis (PRESCIENT) [NCT05556746]Phase 2156 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-31Not yet recruiting
Treatment Shortening of Drug-Sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Using High Dose Rifampicin to 3 Months After Culture Conversion (Hi-DoRi-3): A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Clinical Trial [NCT04485156]Phase 3926 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-30Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]Plasma Concentration for Contraceptives
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Trough Concentration (C24) With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC24) With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Trough Concentration (C12) With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Trough Concentration (C12) With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Trough Concentration (C12) With Geometric Mean (95% CI) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Maximum Concentration (Cmax) in ng/mL With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Maximum Concentration (Cmax) in ng/mL With Median (95% CI) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Maximum Concentration (Cmax) in mg/L With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Maximum Concentration (Cmax) in mg/L With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Maximum Concentration (Cmax) in mg/L With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter: Infant Plasma Washout Half-life (T1/2) of ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Cord/Maternal Blood Concentration Ratio With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Cord/Maternal Blood Concentration Ratio With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Trough Concentration (C24) With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve From 0 to 12 Hours (AUC12) of ARVs for Contraceptive Arms
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC24) of ARVs for Contraceptive Arms
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]Number of Women Who Met PK Target of Area Under the Curve (AUC) for ARVs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]Number of Women Who Met PK Target of Area Under the Curve (AUC) for ARVs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter: Infant Plasma Washout Concentration of ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 12 Hours (AUC12) With Geometric Mean (95% CI) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 12 Hours (AUC12) With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 12 Hours (AUC12) With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC24) With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC24) With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00042289 (26) [back to overview]PK Parameter: Trough Concentration (C24) With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs
NCT00130247 (6) [back to overview]Bacteriologic or Clinical Relapse at 30 Months After Onset of Initial Anti-TB Treatment - Per-protocol
NCT00130247 (6) [back to overview]Bacteriologic or Clinical Relapse at 30 Months After Onset of Initial Anti-tuberculosis (TB) Treatment - Intention-to-treat
NCT00130247 (6) [back to overview]Relapses at 1 and 2 Years
NCT00130247 (6) [back to overview]Treatment Failures or Relapses at 2 Years After Completion of TB Treatment: Intention to Treat
NCT00130247 (6) [back to overview]Treatment Failures or Relapses at 2 Years After Completion of TB Treatment: Per Protocol
NCT00130247 (6) [back to overview]Acquired Drug Resistance in Patients Who Relapsed
NCT00728507 (1) [back to overview]To Compare, by Treatment Group, the Percentage of Patients With a Negative Sputum Culture at the End of Intensive Phase Therapy.
NCT00864383 (9) [back to overview]Combined Failure of Bacteriological Cure and Relapse as Defined by Culture Using Liquid Media (Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube-MGIT).
NCT00864383 (9) [back to overview]Combined Failure of Bacteriological Cure and Relapse Within One Year of Completion of Therapy as Defined by Culture Using Solid Media (Lowenstein-Jensen - LJ).
NCT00864383 (9) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Are Culture Negative (Liquid MGIT Culture)
NCT00864383 (9) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Are Culture Negative (Solid LJ Culture)
NCT00864383 (9) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Events (Using a Modified Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [DAIDS] Scale of Adverse Event Reporting)
NCT00864383 (9) [back to overview]Sensitivity Analyses Assuming All Losses to Follow-up and Non-tuberculous Deaths Have a Favourable Outcome Using Solid (L-J) Media.
NCT00864383 (9) [back to overview]Sensitivity Analysis Assuming All Losses to Follow-up and Non-tuberculous Deaths Have an Unfavorable Outcome Using Solid (L-J) Media.
NCT00864383 (9) [back to overview]Time to First Culture Negative Sputum Sample (LJ Solid Media)
NCT00864383 (9) [back to overview]Time to First Culture Negative Sputum Sample (MGIT Liquid Media)
NCT01048697 (1) [back to overview]Total Clearance of Ethambutol
NCT01074554 (3) [back to overview]Change in Lesion Size at the Completion of Antibiotic Therapy, Measured on a Continuous Scale; Change Will be Determined by Change in Diameter of the Lesions
NCT01074554 (3) [back to overview]Change in Modified Sarcoidosis Activity and Severity Index (SASI) at Completion of Therapy.
NCT01074554 (3) [back to overview]Granuloma Burden
NCT01169038 (1) [back to overview]Change in Absolute FVC From Baseline to Post Completion of 8 Weeks of Antibiotic Therapy.
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With Reportable Hospitalization by Week 48
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With HIV-1 RNA Level <400 Copies/mL
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]CD4+ T-cell Count Change From Baseline
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]CD4+ T-cell Count
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Time to Initiation of TB Treatment by Week 96
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With TB Diagnosis by Week 96
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) by Week 48
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Cumulative Probability of Death by Week 24
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Cumulative Probability of Death or AIDS Progression by Week 24
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Cumulative Probability of Death or AIDS Progression by Week 48
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Cumulative Probability of Death or Unknown Vital Status by Week 24
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Cumulative Probability of First AIDS Progression by Week 96
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants Who Prematurely Discontinued Antiretroviral Therapy by Week 48
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants Who Prematurely Discontinued Any Component of TB Treatment by Week 48
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With at Least One New Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Event That is at Least a One-grade Increase From Baseline by Week 48
NCT01380080 (16) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With at Least One New Grade 3 or 4 Targeted Laboratory Value That is at Least a One-grade Increase From Baseline by Week 48
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Isoniazid PK Parameter CL/F at Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Isoniazid PK Parameter CLast at Day 1
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Isoniazid PK Parameter CLast at Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Isoniazid PK Parameter Cmax at Day 1
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Isoniazid PK Parameter Cmax at Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Moxifloxacin PK Parameter CL/F at Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Moxifloxacin PK Parameter CLast at Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Moxifloxacin PK Parameter Cmax at Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]AUC0-24hour for Ethambutol (EMB)
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]AUC0-24hour for Pyrazinamide (PZA)
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Ethambutol PK Parameter CLast
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Ethambutol PK Parameter Cmax
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Log10 Transformed Colony-forming Unit (CFU) Count Per mL From Sputum Samples at Baseline and Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameter (PK) Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC0-24hour) for Rifampicin (RIF)
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Pyrazinamide PK Parameter CL/F
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Pyrazinamide PK Parameter CLast
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Pyrazinamide PK Parameter Cmax
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Rifampicin PK Parameter Clearance (CL/F)
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Rifampicin PK Parameter Last Concentration (CLast)
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Rifampicin PK Parameter Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Ethambutol PK Parameter CL/F
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]AUC0-24hour for Isoniazid (INH) at Day 1
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]AUC0-24hour for Isoniazid at Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]AUC0-24hour for Moxifloxacin (Mox) at Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Correlation Between Time to Positivity (TTP) and log10 Transformed Colony-forming Unit (CFU) Counts Per mL
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Daily Change in log10 Colony-forming Unit (CFU) Counts Per mL Sputum From Day 2 to Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Daily Change in log10 Transformed Colony-forming Unit (CFU) Counts Per mL Sputum From Baseline (Study Treatment Initiation) to Day 2
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Daily Change in Time to Positivity (TTP) From Baseline (Study Treatment Initiation) to Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Daily Change in Time to Positivity (TTP) From Baseline (Study Treatment Initiation) to Day 2
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Daily Change in Time to Positivity (TTP) From Day 2 to Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Daily Decrease in log10 Transformed Colony-forming Unit (CFU) Counts Per ml Sputum From Baseline (Study Treatment Initiation) to Day 14
NCT01589497 (32) [back to overview]Isoniazid PK Parameter CL/F at Day 1
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]RBT Cmax and Cmin in Participants Enrolled in Arms A and C
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]RAL AUC in Participants Enrolled in Arm C
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Whose HIV Viral Load Was Less Than 50 Copies/mL at Week 48
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Whose HIV Viral Load Was Less Than 400 Copies/mL at Week 48.
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Interrupted or Discontinued at Least One TB Drug Due to Toxicity
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Experienced TB Treatment Failure
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Interrupted or Discontinued at Least One HIV Drug Due to Toxicity
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Experienced HIV Virologic Failure
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Experienced a New AIDS-defining Illness or Died
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Experienced TB Relapse/Recurrence and Who Had TB Drug Resistance
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Experienced TB Relapse/Recurrence
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]LPV AUC in Participants Enrolled in Arms A, B, and C
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting a Grade 3 or 4 Laboratory Abnormality
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting a Grade 3 or 4 Sign or Symptom
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experienced MTB IRIS
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Died
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Experienced Sputum Conversion at Week 8.
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Experienced a New AIDS-defining Illness
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]CD4 Count Change From Baseline to Week 8
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]Cumulative Probability of HIV Virologic Failure at Week 72
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]CD4 Count Change From Baseline to Week 24
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]CD4 Count Change From Baseline to Week 48
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]CD4 Count Change From Baseline to Week 72
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]RBT AUC in Participants Enrolled in Arms A and C
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]LPV Cmax and Cmin in Participants Enrolled in Arms A, B, and C
NCT01601626 (26) [back to overview]RAL Cmax and Cmin in Participants Enrolled in Arm C
NCT01785186 (3) [back to overview]Frequency of Adverse Events
NCT01785186 (3) [back to overview]Sputum Culture Conversion (2 Negative Cultures) Using Liquid Media
NCT01785186 (3) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetics Including AUC, Cl, t1/2, Vd, and Protein Binding
NCT02024555 (8) [back to overview]Adverse Events
NCT02024555 (8) [back to overview]Abnormal Lab Values
NCT02024555 (8) [back to overview]Failure of Standard Therapy
NCT02024555 (8) [back to overview]Change in the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)
NCT02024555 (8) [back to overview]Change in Percent Predicted Absolute Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) in Participants With Pulmonary Sarcoidosis, Comparing Baseline With Performance After Completion of 16 Weeks of Therapy.
NCT02024555 (8) [back to overview]Six Minute Walk, Distance in Meters
NCT02024555 (8) [back to overview]FEV1%
NCT02024555 (8) [back to overview]Change in Oxygen Saturation
NCT02193776 (2) [back to overview]Rate of Change in Time to Sputum Culture Positivity (TTP) Over 8 Weeks in the Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) System
NCT02193776 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT02256696 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Permanent Discontinuation of Assigned Study Regimen
NCT02256696 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Events
NCT02256696 (8) [back to overview]PK (Cmax) of PA-824 at 200 mg Once Daily With Rifampin or Rifabutin-containing Treatment
NCT02256696 (8) [back to overview]Relationship Between PA-824 Exposure (AUC) and Rate of Change in Time to Positivity (TTP) Over 12 Weeks
NCT02256696 (8) [back to overview]Steady State Pharmacokinetics (PK) (AUC) of PA-824 When Given With Rifampin or Rifabutin
NCT02256696 (8) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Sputum Culture Conversion by 8 Weeks of Treatment
NCT02256696 (8) [back to overview]Time to Culture Conversion on Solid Medium
NCT02256696 (8) [back to overview]Time to Sputum Culture Conversion on Liquid Medium
NCT02372383 (10) [back to overview]Other PK Measures: Median Time to Maximal Drug Concentration (Tmax)
NCT02372383 (10) [back to overview]Other PK Measures: Half-life (t1/2)
NCT02372383 (10) [back to overview]Other PK Measures: Drug Clearance
NCT02372383 (10) [back to overview]Covariates of PK Measures: Body Mass Index
NCT02372383 (10) [back to overview]Covariates of PK Measures: C-reactive Protein (CRP)
NCT02372383 (10) [back to overview]Median Maximal Drug Concentration (Cmax)
NCT02372383 (10) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve (AUC)
NCT02372383 (10) [back to overview]Covariates of PK Measures: Creatinine
NCT02372383 (10) [back to overview]Other PK Measures: Volume of Distribution (Vd)
NCT02372383 (10) [back to overview]Covariates of PK Measures: Circulating Neutrophil Count
NCT02409290 (5) [back to overview]STREAM Stage 2 Primary Outcome Measure (the Proportion of Patients With a Favourable Outcome at Week 76)
NCT02409290 (5) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients With Acquired Drug Resistance
NCT02409290 (5) [back to overview]Favourable Outcome After Long-term Follow-up (132 Weeks)
NCT02409290 (5) [back to overview]Failure or Recurrence (FoR)
NCT02409290 (5) [back to overview]Failure or Recurrence (FoR)
NCT02554318 (6) [back to overview]Caloric Intake on 24-hour Dietary Recall Method at the 2nd and 6th.
NCT02554318 (6) [back to overview]Change in Distance on 6-minute Walk Test (6MWT) From Baseline at 2 Months
NCT02554318 (6) [back to overview]Change in Bodyweight on a Digital Weight Scale From Baseline at 2 Months
NCT02554318 (6) [back to overview]Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) From Baseline at 2 Months
NCT02554318 (6) [back to overview]Change in Hand-grip Strength on a Digital Dynamometer Scale From Baseline at 2 Months
NCT02554318 (6) [back to overview]Protein Intake on 24-hour Dietary Recall Method.
NCT02821832 (1) [back to overview]Comparison of the Rate of Treatment Success at 18 Months (After Treatment Initiation) Between Arms B and C
NCT03338621 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Culture Negative Status by 8 Weeks
NCT03338621 (2) [back to overview]Time to Culture Negative Status

Plasma Concentration for Contraceptives

Serum concentrations of the contraceptives. Note that no historical controls were provided by team pharmacologists and thus no comparisons were done for contraceptive concentrations in women using hormonal contraceptives and selected ARV drugs as compared to historical controls not using those ARV drugs. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 6-7 weeks after contraceptive initiation postpartum

Interventionpg/mL (Median)
ATV/RTV/TFV 300/100/300mg q.d. With ENG604
LPV/RTV 400/100 b.i.d. With ENG428
EFV 600mg q.d. With ENG125

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PK Parameter: Trough Concentration (C24) With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. Trough concentration was the measured concentration from the 24h post-dose sample after an observed dose. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Trough concentration was measured 24 hrs after an observed dose.

Interventionmg/L (Median)
3rd TrimesterPostpartum
EFV 600mg q.d.1.602.05

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PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC24) With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC24h (area-under-the-curve from 0 to 24 hours) were determined using the trapezoidal rule. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours post dosing.

Interventionmg*hour/L (Median)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
RPV 25mg q.d.1.9691.6692.387

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PK Parameter: Trough Concentration (C12) With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. Trough concentration was the measured concentration from the 12h post-dose sample after an observed dose. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation); 3rd trimester (30-38 gestation); and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks, or 6-12 wks postpartum, depending on study arm. Trough concentration was measured 12 hrs after an observed dose.

,,,
Interventionmg/L (Median)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
ETR 200mg b.i.d.0.360.480.38
IDV/RTV Arm 2: 400/100mg q.d. (Only THA)0.130.130.28
LPV/RTV Arm 3: 400/100mg b.i.d. Then 600/150mg b.i.d. Then 400/100mg b.i.d.3.75.17.2
RAL 400mg b.i.d.0.06210.0640.0797

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PK Parameter: Trough Concentration (C12) With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. Trough concentration was the measured concentration from the 12h post-dose sample after an observed dose. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation); 3rd trimester (30-38 gestation); and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks, or 6-12 wks postpartum, depending on study arm. Trough concentration was measured 12 hrs after an observed dose.

,,,
Interventionmg/L (Median)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
DRV/RTV 600 or 800 or 900/100mg b.i.d. Then 800 or 900/100mg b.i.d. Then 600/100mg b.i.d.2.842.524.51
DRV/RTV 600/100mg b.i.d.2.122.222.51
FPV/RTV 700/100mg b.i.d.2.121.642.87
NFV Arm 2: 1250mg b.i.d. Then 1875mg b.i.d. Then 1250mg b.i.d.NA0.470.52

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PK Parameter: Trough Concentration (C12) With Geometric Mean (95% CI) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. Trough concentration was the measured concentration from the 12h post-dose sample after an observed dose. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Trough concentration was measured 12 hrs after an observed dose.

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
3rd TrimesterPostpartum
MVC 150 or 300mg b.i.d.108128

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PK Parameter: Maximum Concentration (Cmax) in ng/mL With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. Cmax was the maximum observed concentration after a dose. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm; Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8,12 (and 24) hours post dosing.

,,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
EVG/COBI 150/150mg q.d.1447.11432.81713.1
TAF 10mg q.d. w/COBI80.491.298.2
TAF 25mg q.d.69.796133
TAF 25mg q.d. w/COBI or RTV Boosting87.8107141

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PK Parameter: Maximum Concentration (Cmax) in ng/mL With Median (95% CI) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. Cmax was the maximum observed concentration after a dose. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm; Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8,12 (and 24) hours post dosing.

Interventionng/mL (Median)
3rd TrimesterPostpartum
MVC 150 or 300mg b.i.d.448647

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PK Parameter: Maximum Concentration (Cmax) in mg/L With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. Cmax was the maximum observed concentration after a dose. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm; Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8,12 (and 24) hours post dosing.

,,,
Interventionmg/L (Median)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
ETR 200mg b.i.d.0.701.010.63
LPV/RTV Arm 3: 400/100mg b.i.d. Then 600/150mg b.i.d. Then 400/100mg b.i.d.8.410.714.6
RAL 400mg b.i.d.2.2501.7703.035
RPV 25mg q.d.0.1450.1340.134

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PK Parameter: Maximum Concentration (Cmax) in mg/L With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. Cmax was the maximum observed concentration after a dose. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm; Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8,12 (and 24) hours post dosing.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Interventionmg/L (Median)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
ATV/COBI 300/150 mg q.d.2.822.203.90
ATV/RTV Arm 1: 300/100mg q.d.NA3.64.1
ATV/RTV Arm 2: 300/100mg q.d. Then 400/100mg q.d. Then 300/100mg q.d.3.114.514.52
DRV/COBI 800/150 mg q.d.4.593.677.04
DRV/RTV 600 or 800 or 900/100mg b.i.d. Then 800 or 900/100mg b.i.d. Then 600/100mg b.i.d.6.226.558.96
DRV/RTV 600/100mg b.i.d.5.645.537.78
DRV/RTV 800/100mg q.d.6.775.788.11
DTG 50mg q.d.3.623.544.85
EFV 600 mg q.d. (Outside THA)3.875.134.41
FPV/RTV 700/100mg b.i.d.5.615.126.75
IDV/RTV Arm 2: 400/100mg q.d. (Only THA)3.893.625.37
NFV Arm 2: 1250mg b.i.d. Then 1875mg b.i.d. Then 1250mg b.i.d.NA5.15.0
TFV 300mg q.d.0.2500.2450.298
TFV/ATV/RTV Arm 1: 300/300/100mg q.d.1.22.54.1
TFV/ATV/RTV Arm 2: 300/300/100mg q.d. Then 300/400/100mg q.d Then 300/300/100mg q.d.2.733.565.43

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PK Parameter: Maximum Concentration (Cmax) in mg/L With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. Cmax was the maximum observed concentration after a dose. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm; Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8,12 (and 24) hours post dosing.

Interventionmg/L (Median)
3rd TrimesterPostpartum
EFV 600mg q.d.5.445.10

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Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter: Infant Plasma Washout Half-life (T1/2) of ARVs and TB Drugs

Infant plasma concentrations were collected and measured during the first 9 days of life. Half-life is defined as 0.693/k, where k, the elimination rate constant, is the slope of the decline in concentrations. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Infant plasma samples at 2-10, 18-28, 36-72 hours and 5-9 days after birth.

Interventionhour (Median)
DTG 50mg q.d.32.8
EVG/COBI 150/150mg q.d.7.6
DRV/COBI 800/150 mg q.d.NA
EFV 600 mg q.d. (Outside THA)65.6

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PK Parameter: Cord/Maternal Blood Concentration Ratio With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Cord blood and maternal plasma concentrations were collected and measured at delivery, and compared as a ratio. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at time of delivery with single cord blood and single maternal plasma sample.

Interventionunitless (Median)
DRV/RTV 600 or 800 or 900/100mg b.i.d. Then 800 or 900/100mg b.i.d. Then 600/100mg b.i.d.0.15
DTG 50mg q.d.1.25
EVG/COBI 150/150mg q.d.0.91
DRV/COBI 800/150 mg q.d.0.07
ATV/COBI 300/150 mg q.d.0.07
TFV 300mg q.d.0.88

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PK Parameter: Cord/Maternal Blood Concentration Ratio With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Cord blood and maternal plasma concentrations were collected and measured at delivery, and compared as a ratio. For arms with zero overall participants analyzed, samples were below the limit of quantification and ratios could not be calculated. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at time of delivery with single cord blood and single maternal plasma sample.

Interventionunitless (Median)
TAF 10mg q.d. w/COBI0.97
EFV 600 mg q.d. (Outside THA)0.67
EFV 600mg q.d.0.49
LPV/RTV Arm 3: 400/100mg b.i.d. Then 600/150mg b.i.d. Then 400/100mg b.i.d.0.2
RAL 400mg b.i.d.1.5
ETR 200mg b.i.d.0.52
MVC 150 or 300mg b.i.d.0.33
ATV/RTV Arm 2: 300/100mg q.d. Then 400/100mg q.d. Then 300/100mg q.d.0.14
TFV/ATV/RTV Arm 2: 300/300/100mg q.d. Then 300/400/100mg q.d Then 300/300/100mg q.d.0.16
NFV Arm 2: 1250mg b.i.d. Then 1875mg b.i.d. Then 1250mg b.i.d.0.19
IDV/RTV Arm 2: 400/100mg q.d. (Only THA)0.12
RPV 25mg q.d.0.55
ATV/RTV 300/100mg q.d. or TFV/ATV/RTV 300/300/100mg q.d.0.18
DRV/RTV 800/100mg q.d. or DRV/RTV 600/100mg b.i.d.0.18

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PK Parameter: Trough Concentration (C24) With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs

"Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. Trough concentration was the measured concentration from the 24h post-dose sample after an observed dose.~For the TAF 25 mg q.d., 10 mg q.d. w/COBI, and 25 mg q.d. w/COBI or RTV boosting arms, samples were all below the limit of quantification and statistical analyses were not conducted." (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Trough concentration was measured 24 hrs after an observed dose.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Interventionmg/L (Median)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
ATV/COBI 300/150 mg q.d.0.210.210.61
ATV/RTV Arm 1: 300/100mg q.d.2.00.71.2
ATV/RTV Arm 2: 300/100mg q.d. Then 400/100mg q.d. Then 300/100mg q.d.0.490.710.90
DRV/COBI 800/150 mg q.d.0.330.271.43
DRV/RTV 800/100mg q.d.0.991.172.78
DTG 50mg q.d.0.730.931.28
EFV 600 mg q.d. (Outside THA)1.491.481.94
EVG/COBI 150/150mg q.d.0.02580.04870.3771
TAF 10mg q.d. w/COBI0.001950.001950.00195
TAF 25mg q.d.0.001950.001950.00195
TAF 25mg q.d. w/COBI or RTV Boosting0.001950.001950.00195
TFV 300mg q.d.0.0390.0540.061
TFV/ATV/RTV Arm 1: 300/300/100mg q.d.0.30.50.8
TFV/ATV/RTV Arm 2: 300/300/100mg q.d. Then 300/400/100mg q.d Then 300/300/100mg q.d.0.440.571.26

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Area Under the Curve From 0 to 12 Hours (AUC12) of ARVs for Contraceptive Arms

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC12h (area-under-the-curve from 0 to 12 hours) were determined using the linear trapezoidal rule. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2-12 wks postpartum before contraceptive initiation and 6-7 wks after contraceptive initiation. Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 0, 1, 2, 6, 8 and 12 hours post dosing.

Interventionmcg*hr/mL (Median)
Before contraceptive initiationAfter contraceptive initiation
LPV/RTV 400/100 b.i.d. With ENG115.97100.20

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Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC24) of ARVs for Contraceptive Arms

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC24h (area-under-the-curve from 0 to 24 hours) were determined using the linear trapezoidal rule. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2-12 wks postpartum before contraceptive initiation and 6-7 wks after contraceptive initiation. Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 0, 1, 2, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours post dosing.

,
Interventionmcg*hr/mL (Median)
Before contraceptive initiationAfter contraceptive initiation
ATV/RTV/TFV 300/100/300mg q.d. With ENG53.9655.25
EFV 600mg q.d. With ENG53.6456.65

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Number of Women Who Met PK Target of Area Under the Curve (AUC) for ARVs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC (area under the curve) were determined using the linear trapezoidal rule. See PK target in the Protocol Appendix V. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 (and 24) hours post dosing.

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
3rd TrimesterPostpartum
EFV 600mg q.d.2021
MVC 150 or 300mg b.i.d.87

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Number of Women Who Met PK Target of Area Under the Curve (AUC) for ARVs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC (area under the curve) were determined using the linear trapezoidal rule. See PK target in the Protocol Appendix V. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 (and 24) hours post dosing.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
ATV/RTV Arm 1: 300/100mg q.d.11212
DRV/COBI 800/150 mg q.d.3414
DRV/RTV 600 or 800 or 900/100mg b.i.d. Then 800 or 900/100mg b.i.d. Then 600/100mg b.i.d.71622
DRV/RTV 600/100mg b.i.d.71922
DRV/RTV 800/100mg q.d.91922
DTG 50mg q.d.92023
EFV 600 mg q.d. (Outside THA)123334
ATV/RTV Arm 2: 300/100mg q.d. Then 400/100mg q.d. Then 300/100mg q.d.82927
ETR 200mg b.i.d.5137
EVG/COBI 150/150mg q.d.81018
FPV/RTV 700/100mg b.i.d.82622
IDV/RTV Arm 2: 400/100mg q.d. (Only THA)101926
LPV/RTV Arm 3: 400/100mg b.i.d. Then 600/150mg b.i.d. Then 400/100mg b.i.d.93027
ATV/COBI 300/150 mg q.d.125
NFV Arm 2: 1250mg b.i.d. Then 1875mg b.i.d. Then 1250mg b.i.d.NA1514
RAL 400mg b.i.d.113330
RPV 25mg q.d.142625
TAF 10mg q.d. w/COBI152322
TAF 25mg q.d.132324
TAF 25mg q.d. w/COBI or RTV Boosting102418
TFV 300mg q.d.22727
TFV/ATV/RTV Arm 1: 300/300/100mg q.d.11112
TFV/ATV/RTV Arm 2: 300/300/100mg q.d. Then 300/400/100mg q.d Then 300/300/100mg q.d.72332

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Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter: Infant Plasma Washout Concentration of ARVs and TB Drugs

Infant plasma concentrations were collected and measured during the first 9 days of life. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Blood samples were collected at 2-10, 18-28, 36-72 hours and 5-9 days after birth.

,,,
Interventionmcg/mL (Median)
2-10 hours after birth18-28 hours after birth36-72 hours after birth5-9 days after birth
DRV/COBI 800/150 mg q.d.0.351.431.871.72
DTG 50mg q.d.1.731.531.000.06
EFV 600 mg q.d. (Outside THA)1.11.00.90.4
EVG/COBI 150/150mg q.d.0.1320.0320.0050.005

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PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 12 Hours (AUC12) With Geometric Mean (95% CI) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Measured in 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks, or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hrs post dosing. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured in 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks, or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hrs post dosing.

Interventionng*hour/mL (Geometric Mean)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
MVC 150 or 300mg b.i.d.NA27173645

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PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 12 Hours (AUC12) With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC12 (area under the curve from 0 to 12 hours) were determined using the linear trapezoidal rule. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured in 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks, or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hrs post dosing.

,,,
Interventionmg*hour/L (Median)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
DRV/RTV 600 or 800 or 900/100mg b.i.d. Then 800 or 900/100mg b.i.d. Then 600/100mg b.i.d.55.151.879.6
DRV/RTV 600/100mg b.i.d.45.845.961.7
FPV/RTV 700/100mg b.i.d.43.5032.1551.60
NFV Arm 2: 1250mg b.i.d. Then 1875mg b.i.d. Then 1250mg b.i.d.NA34.233.5

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PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 12 Hours (AUC12) With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC12 (area under the curve from 0 to 12 hours) were determined using the linear trapezoidal rule. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured in 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks, or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hrs post dosing.

,,,
Interventionmg*hour/L (Median)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
ETR 200mg b.i.d.4.58.35.3
IDV/RTV Arm 2: 400/100mg q.d. (Only THA)14.916.127.1
LPV/RTV Arm 3: 400/100mg b.i.d. Then 600/150mg b.i.d. Then 400/100mg b.i.d.7296133
RAL 400mg b.i.d.6.65.411.6

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PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC24) With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC24 (area under the curve from 0 to 24 hours) were determined using the linear trapezoidal rule. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours post dosing.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Interventionmg*hour/L (Median)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
ATV/COBI 300/150 mg q.d.25.3318.8536.20
ATV/RTV Arm 1: 300/100mg q.d.88.241.957.9
ATV/RTV Arm 2: 300/100mg q.d. Then 400/100mg q.d. Then 300/100mg q.d.30.645.748.8
DRV/COBI 800/150 mg q.d.50.0042.0595.55
DRV/RTV 800/100mg q.d.64.663.5103.9
DTG 50mg q.d.47.649.265.0
EFV 600 mg q.d. (Outside THA)47.3060.0262.70
EVG/COBI 150/150mg q.d.15.314.021.0
TAF 10mg q.d. w/COBI0.1970.2060.216
TAF 25mg q.d.0.1710.2120.271
TAF 25mg q.d. w/COBI or RTV Boosting0.1810.2570.283
TFV 300mg q.d.1.92.43.0
TFV/ATV/RTV Arm 1: 300/300/100mg q.d.14.528.839.6
TFV/ATV/RTV Arm 2: 300/300/100mg q.d. Then 300/400/100mg q.d Then 300/300/100mg q.d.26.237.758.7

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PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 24 Hours (AUC24) With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. AUC24h (area-under-the-curve from 0 to 24 hours) were determined using the trapezoidal rule. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Blood samples were drawn pre-dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours post dosing.

Interventionmg*hour/L (Median)
3rd TrimesterPostpartum
EFV 600mg q.d.55.458.3

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PK Parameter: Trough Concentration (C24) With Median (Range) for ARVs and TB Drugs

Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentration-time profiles using noncompartmental methods. Trough concentration was the measured concentration from the 24h post-dose sample after an observed dose. (NCT00042289)
Timeframe: Measured at 2nd trimester (20-26 wks gestation), 3rd trimester (30-38 wks gestation), and either 2-3 wks, 2-8 wks or 6-12 wks postpartum depending on study arm. Trough concentration was measured 24 hrs after an observed dose.

Interventionmg/L (Median)
2nd Trimester3rd TrimesterPostpartum
RPV 25mg q.d.0.0630.0560.081

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Bacteriologic or Clinical Relapse at 30 Months After Onset of Initial Anti-TB Treatment - Per-protocol

Patients who presented with TB after completion of study phase treatment but before the end of follow-up were classified as relapses. A bacteriologic relapse was defined as a patient who became consistently culture-positive [defined as at least 1 of the following]: (a) at least 1 sputum mycobacterial culture growing at least 10 colonies of MTB on solid medium; (b) 2 or more respiratory secretion cultures that are positive for MTB in liquid media; or (c) any culture from an extrapulmonary site that is positive for MTB during follow-up after successful completion of initial anti-TB treatment. (NCT00130247)
Timeframe: 30 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
4-Month Arm13
6-Month Arm3

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Bacteriologic or Clinical Relapse at 30 Months After Onset of Initial Anti-tuberculosis (TB) Treatment - Intention-to-treat

Patients who presented with TB after completion of study phase treatment but before the end of follow-up were classified as relapses. A bacteriologic relapse was defined as a patient who became consistently culture-positive [defined as at least 1 of the following]: (a) at least 1 sputum mycobacterial culture growing at least 10 colonies of MTB on solid medium; (b) 2 or more respiratory secretion cultures that are positive for MTB in liquid media; or (c) any culture from an extrapulmonary site that is positive for MTB during follow-up after successful completion of initial anti-TB treatment. (NCT00130247)
Timeframe: 30 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
4-Month Arm13
6-Month Arm3

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Relapses at 1 and 2 Years

(NCT00130247)
Timeframe: 1 and 2 years after successful completion of initial anti-TB treatment

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Relapses at 1 yearRelapses at 2 years
4-Month Arm1013
6-Month Arm33

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Treatment Failures or Relapses at 2 Years After Completion of TB Treatment: Intention to Treat

A culture-positive treatment failure was defined as initial culture conversion but subsequent reversion to culture positivity. A clinical treatment failure was defined as a patient with clinical and/or radiographic evidence of progressive tuberculosis not confirmed by a positive culture after 4 or more months of anti-TB treatment while still receiving treatment. Patients who defaulted before completing study treatment and returned later with culture-positive tuberculosis were termed failures after non-adherence. (NCT00130247)
Timeframe: 2 years

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Treatment FailuresRelapses
4-Month Arm013
6-Month Arm03

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Treatment Failures or Relapses at 2 Years After Completion of TB Treatment: Per Protocol

A culture-positive treatment failure was defined as initial culture conversion but subsequent reversion to culture positivity. A clinical treatment failure was defined as a patient with clinical and/or radiographic evidence of progressive tuberculosis not confirmed by a positive culture after 4 or more months of anti-TB treatment while still receiving treatment. Patients who defaulted before completing study treatment and returned later with culture-positive tuberculosis were termed failures after non-adherence. (NCT00130247)
Timeframe: 2 years

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Treatment FailuresRelapses
4-Month Arm013
6-Month Arm03

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Acquired Drug Resistance in Patients Who Relapsed

(NCT00130247)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Number)
4-Month Arm0
6-Month Arm0

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To Compare, by Treatment Group, the Percentage of Patients With a Negative Sputum Culture at the End of Intensive Phase Therapy.

LJ culture conversion (NCT00728507)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
HPZM78.3
HRZE84.3

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Combined Failure of Bacteriological Cure and Relapse as Defined by Culture Using Liquid Media (Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube-MGIT).

The secondary analysis of efficacy outcome was the proportion of patients who had bacteriologically or clinically defined failure or relapse within 18 months after randomization (a composite unfavorable outcome) based on MGIT. Culture-negative status was defined as two negative-culture results at different visits without an intervening positive result. The date of culture-negative status was defined as the date of the first negative-culture result. This status continued until there were two positive cultures, without an intervening negative culture, or until there was a single positive culture that was not followed by two negative cultures. Relapse strains were those shown to be identical on 24-locus Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) analysis. (NCT00864383)
Timeframe: 18 months (within one year of completion of therapy)

Interventionparticipants with failure or relapse (Number)
Regimen 1 - 2EHRZ/4HR (Control Regimen)65
Regimen 2 - 2MHRZ/2MHR98
Regimen 3 - 2EMRZ/2MR131

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Combined Failure of Bacteriological Cure and Relapse Within One Year of Completion of Therapy as Defined by Culture Using Solid Media (Lowenstein-Jensen - LJ).

The primary efficacy outcome was the proportion of patients who had bacteriologically or clinically defined failure or relapse within 18 months after randomization (a composite unfavorable outcome). Culture-negative status was defined as two negative-culture results at different visits without an intervening positive result. The date of culture-negative status was defined as the date of the first negative-culture result. This status continued until there were two positive cultures, without an intervening negative culture, or until there was a single positive culture that was not followed by two negative cultures. Relapse strains were those shown to be identical on 24-locus Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) analysis. For the final 18 month study visit when both L-J samples were contaminated or missing, if the subject could not be brought back, liquid medium culture results were used in place of solid medium culture results. (NCT00864383)
Timeframe: 18 months (within one year of completion of therapy)

Interventionparticipants with failure or relapse (Number)
Regimen 1 - 2EHRZ/4HR (Control Regimen)43
Regimen 2 - 2MHRZ/2MHR78
Regimen 3 - 2EMRZ/2MR105

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Number of Patients Who Are Culture Negative (Liquid MGIT Culture)

Number of patients who are TB MGIT culture negative at 8 weeks. (NCT00864383)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionparticipants who are culture negative (Number)
Regimen 1 - 2EHRZ/4HR (Control Regimen)235
Regimen 2 - 2MHRZ/2MHR274
Regimen 3 - 2EMRZ/2MR260

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Number of Patients Who Are Culture Negative (Solid LJ Culture)

Number of patients who are TB LJ culture negative at 8 weeks. (NCT00864383)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionparticipants who are culture negative (Number)
Regimen 1 - 2EHRZ/4HR (Control Regimen)352
Regimen 2 - 2MHRZ/2MHR394
Regimen 3 - 2EMRZ/2MR401

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Number of Patients With Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Events (Using a Modified Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [DAIDS] Scale of Adverse Event Reporting)

The number of participants includes all patients who had at least one grade 3 or 4 adverse event. (NCT00864383)
Timeframe: 18 months (within one year of completion of therapy)

Interventionparticipants with Grade 3 or 4 AEs (Number)
Regimen 1 - 2EHRZ/4HR (Control Regimen)123
Regimen 2 - 2MHRZ/2MHR127
Regimen 3 - 2EMRZ/2MR111

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Sensitivity Analyses Assuming All Losses to Follow-up and Non-tuberculous Deaths Have a Favourable Outcome Using Solid (L-J) Media.

"Sensitivity Analysis of Primary Efficacy Results of All Randomized Subjects Imputing Favorable for Missing Outcomes. Analysis is the number of subjects with an unfavorable outcome. Favorable outcome is defined as the number of subjects with a negative TB culture status at 18 months (at or after 72 weeks), who had not already been classified as having an unfavorable outcome, and whose last positive TB culture result (isolated positive culture) was followed by at least two negative culture results." (NCT00864383)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionparticipants with unfavorable outcome (Number)
Regimen 1 - 2EHRZ/4HR (Control Regimen)87
Regimen 2 - 2MHRZ/2MHR132
Regimen 3 - 2EMRZ/2MR132

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Sensitivity Analysis Assuming All Losses to Follow-up and Non-tuberculous Deaths Have an Unfavorable Outcome Using Solid (L-J) Media.

"Sensitivity Analysis of Primary Efficacy Results of All Randomized Subjects Imputing Unfavorable for Missing Outcomes. Analysis is the number of subjects with an unfavorable outcome. Favorable outcome is defined as the number of subjects with a negative TB culture status at 18 months (at or after 72 weeks), who had not already been classified as having an unfavorable outcome, and whose last positive TB culture result (isolated positive culture) was followed by at least two negative culture results." (NCT00864383)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionparticipants with unfavorable outcome (Number)
Regimen 1 - 2EHRZ/4HR (Control Regimen)172
Regimen 2 - 2MHRZ/2MHR219
Regimen 3 - 2EMRZ/2MR217

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Time to First Culture Negative Sputum Sample (LJ Solid Media)

Culture negative for TB using LJ cultures. (NCT00864383)
Timeframe: 18 months

InterventionTime to culture negative status / weeks (Median)
Regimen 1 - 2EHRZ/4HR (Control Regimen)6.0
Regimen 2 - 2MHRZ/2MHR6.0
Regimen 3 - 2EMRZ/2MR6.0

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Time to First Culture Negative Sputum Sample (MGIT Liquid Media)

(NCT00864383)
Timeframe: 18 months

InterventionTime to culture negative status / weeks (Median)
Regimen 1 - 2EHRZ/4HR (Control Regimen)11.9
Regimen 2 - 2MHRZ/2MHR8.0
Regimen 3 - 2EMRZ/2MR8.0

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Total Clearance of Ethambutol

(NCT01048697)
Timeframe: Blood samples will be collected over a 24 hour period (0, 2, 6, 11, 18, and 24 hours)

InterventionL/h (Mean)
Ethambutol80.8

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Change in Lesion Size at the Completion of Antibiotic Therapy, Measured on a Continuous Scale; Change Will be Determined by Change in Diameter of the Lesions

(NCT01074554)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 weeks

Interventionmm (Median)
Antibiotic Regimen-8.4
Placebo Regimen0.07

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Change in Modified Sarcoidosis Activity and Severity Index (SASI) at Completion of Therapy.

Characterization of lesion severity was conducted using Modified Sarcoidosis Activity and Severity Index (SASI), measuring erythema, induration and desquamation. The modification was that the same scale was applied to any part of the body, instead of the face alone. The scale range is 0 (no problem) to 72 (very severe). (NCT01074554)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Antibiotic Regimen-2.9
Placebo Regimen-0.6

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Granuloma Burden

Number of patients with a decrease in Granuloma Burden (only in those patients having granulomas present at baseline biopsy) (NCT01074554)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Antibiotic Regimen7
Placebo Regimen0

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Change in Absolute FVC From Baseline to Post Completion of 8 Weeks of Antibiotic Therapy.

The primary endpoint was improvement in absolute FVC from baseline to completion of therapy. Spirometry testing was performed using a standardized calibrated laptop spirometer, Flowscreen II USA Spirometer (VIASYS Healthcare Inc., Yorba Linda, CA). The volume accuracy of the spirometer was checked daily using a three liter calibration syringe. Each subject was given at least three attempts and the greatest measurement for absolute FVC and Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) at baseline, four week, and eight week assessments was recorded. (NCT01169038)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionliters (Mean)
Antibiotics2.61

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Proportion of Participants With Reportable Hospitalization by Week 48

Proportion of participants with reportable hospitalization reported by Week 48 (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 48

InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Arm A: Empiric0.10
Arm B: IPT0.12

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Proportion of Participants With HIV-1 RNA Level <400 Copies/mL

Proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA level <400 copies/mL. (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: At weeks 0, 4, 24, and 48

,
InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Week 0Week 4Week 24Week 48
Arm A: Empiric00.460.840.87
Arm B: IPT0.010.490.850.89

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CD4+ T-cell Count Change From Baseline

Change was calculated as the CD4+ T-cell count at the later weeks (4, 24 and 48) minus the baseline (week 0) CD4+ T-cell count. (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 4, 24 and 48

,
Interventioncells/ mm^3 (Median)
Week 4Week 24Week 48
Arm A: Empiric4996158
Arm B: IPT54102146

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CD4+ T-cell Count

The absolute levels of CD4+ T-cell counts (cells/mm^3) (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: At weeks 0, 4, 24, and 48

,
Interventioncells/ mm^3 (Median)
Week 0Week 4Week 24Week 48
Arm A: Empiric1874121176
Arm B: IPT1976121172

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Time to Initiation of TB Treatment by Week 96

Median time to TB treatment initiation since study entry (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 96

InterventionDays (Median)
Arm A: Empiric0
Arm B: IPT0

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Proportion of Participants With TB Diagnosis by Week 96

Proportion of participants with TB diagnosis per current ACTG Diagnosis Appendix 60 by week 96 (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 96

InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Arm A: Empiric0.08
Arm B: IPT0.05

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Proportion of Participants With Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) by Week 48

Proportion of participants with IRIS (using current ACTG definition Appendix 60, see References) by Week 48. IRIS in participants with TB and other opportunistic infections may occur shortly after the initiation of potent combination ART, particularly in participants with advanced HIV disease. (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 48

InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Arm A: Empiric0.04
Arm B: IPT0.05

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Cumulative Probability of Death by Week 24

The Kaplan-Meier estimate of cumulative probability of death by week 24 (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 24

InterventionCumulative probability per 100 persons (Number)
Arm A: Empiric4.8
Arm B: IPT5.2

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Cumulative Probability of Death or AIDS Progression by Week 24

The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of death or AIDS progression by week 24. AIDS progression was defined as new WHO stage 3 or 4 conditions occurred after study entry. (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 24

InterventionCumulative probability per 100 persons (Number)
Arm A: Empiric17.1
Arm B: IPT12.5

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Cumulative Probability of Death or AIDS Progression by Week 48

The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of death or AIDS progression by week 48. AIDS progression was defined as new WHO stage 3 or 4 conditions occurred after study entry. (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 48

InterventionCumulative probability per 100 persons (Number)
Arm A: Empiric19.3
Arm B: IPT15.3

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Cumulative Probability of Death or Unknown Vital Status by Week 24

"The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of death or unknown vital status by week 24.~The vital status was considered unknown at week 24 if a participant prematurely discontinued from the study before week 24 and no vital status was obtained at week 48." (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 24

InterventionCumulative probability per 100 persons (Number)
Arm A: Empiric5.2
Arm B: IPT5.2

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Cumulative Probability of First AIDS Progression by Week 96

The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of first AIDS progression which was defined as the identification of a new World Health Organization (WHO) stage 3 or 4 condition (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 96

InterventionCumulative probability per 100 persons (Number)
Arm A: Empiric16.6
Arm B: IPT11.3

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Proportion of Participants Who Prematurely Discontinued Antiretroviral Therapy by Week 48

Proportion of participants with premature discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) by Week 48 (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 48

InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Arm A: Empiric0.19
Arm B: IPT0.21

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Proportion of Participants Who Prematurely Discontinued Any Component of TB Treatment by Week 48

Proportion of participants with premature discontinuation of any component of TB treatment by Week 48 (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 48

InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Arm A: Empiric0.13
Arm B: IPT0.05

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Proportion of Participants With at Least One New Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Event That is at Least a One-grade Increase From Baseline by Week 48

Proportion of participants with at least one new Grade 3 or 4 laboratory or sign or symptom that is at least a one-grade increase from baseline by Week 48. Grade 3=Severe, Grade 4=Life-Threatening according to DAIDS AE Grading Table (see references). (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 48

InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Arm A: Empiric0.32
Arm B: IPT0.30

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Proportion of Participants With at Least One New Grade 3 or 4 Targeted Laboratory Value That is at Least a One-grade Increase From Baseline by Week 48

"Proportion of participants with at least one new Grade 3 or 4 that is at least a one-grade increase from baseline for the following targeted laboratory values by Week 48~The targeted laboratory events include hemoglobin, serum creatinine, ALT and AST" (NCT01380080)
Timeframe: From study entry to week 48. The lab events were collected at study entry, weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 48.

InterventionProportion of participants (Number)
Arm A: Empiric0.11
Arm B: IPT0.13

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Isoniazid PK Parameter CL/F at Day 14

Isoniazid PK parameter CL/F obtained Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Isoniazid dosing at Day 14

InterventionL/hour (Median)
RHZE-RHZE30.6

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Isoniazid PK Parameter CLast at Day 1

Isoniazid (INH) PK parameter CLast obtained Day 1. The lower limit of quantification of the assay (LLOQ) for INH was 100 ng/mL. The results below the lower limit of quantification were assigned as one-half the value of the LLOQ, which was 50 ng/mL. (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Isoniazid dosing at Day 1

Interventionng/mL (Median)
RHZE-RHZE50
RHZE-RZE50
RHZE-RMZE50

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Isoniazid PK Parameter CLast at Day 14

Isoniazid (INH) PK parameter CLast obtained Day 14. The lower limit of quantification of the assay (LLOQ) for INH was 100 ng/mL. The results below the lower limit of quantification were assigned as one-half the value of the LLOQ, which was 50 ng/mL. (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Isoniazid dosing at Day 14

Interventionng/mL (Median)
RHZE-RHZE50

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Isoniazid PK Parameter Cmax at Day 1

Isoniazid PK parameter Cmax obtained Day 1 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Isoniazid dosing at Day 1

Interventionng/mL (Median)
RHZE-RHZE3165
RHZE-RZE2920
RHZE-RMZE2760

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Isoniazid PK Parameter Cmax at Day 14

Isoniazid PK parameter Cmax obtained Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Isoniazid dosing at Day 14

Interventionng/mL (Median)
RHZE-RHZE3130

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Moxifloxacin PK Parameter CL/F at Day 14

Moxifloxacin PK parameter CL/F obtained Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Moxifloxacin dosing at Day 14

InterventionL/hour (Median)
RHZE-RMZE17.8

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Moxifloxacin PK Parameter CLast at Day 14

Moxifloxacin PK parameter CLast obtained Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Moxifloxacin dosing at Day 14

Interventionng/mL (Median)
RHZE-RMZE178

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Moxifloxacin PK Parameter Cmax at Day 14

Moxifloxacin PK parameter Cmax obtained Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Moxifloxacin dosing at Day 14

Interventionng/mL (Median)
RHZE-RMZE3010

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AUC0-24hour for Ethambutol (EMB)

PK AUCs of Ethambutol (EMB) from 0 to 24 hours obtained at Day 1 and Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Ethambutol dosing at Day 1 and Day 14

,,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Median)
EMB AUC0-24hour at Day 1EMB AUC0-24hour at Day 14
RHZE-RHZE11918.816414.9
RHZE-RMZE11322.415181.2
RHZE-RZE11145.816675.9
RZE-RZE10716.816574.6

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AUC0-24hour for Pyrazinamide (PZA)

PK AUCs of Pyrazinamide (PZA) from 0 to 24 hours obtained at Day 1 and Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Pyrazinamide dosing at Day 1 and Day 14

,,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Median)
PZA AUC0-24hour at Day 1PZA AUC0-24hour at Day 14
RHZE-RHZE301214.5249879.1
RHZE-RMZE292078.2280071.0
RHZE-RZE255283.0201389.7
RZE-RZE272853.9252276.8

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Ethambutol PK Parameter CLast

Ethambutol PK parameter CLast obtained Day 1 and Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Ethambutol dosing at Day 1 and Day 14

,,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
EMB CLast at Day 1EMB CLast at Day 14
RHZE-RHZE86.5205.0
RHZE-RMZE40164
RHZE-RZE85176
RZE-RZE86159

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Ethambutol PK Parameter Cmax

Ethambutol PK parameter Cmax obtained Day 1 and Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Ethambutol dosing at Day 1 and Day 14

,,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
EMB Cmax at Day 1EMB Cmax at Day 14
RHZE-RHZE26502980
RHZE-RMZE24702780
RHZE-RZE20403090
RZE-RZE22202920

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Log10 Transformed Colony-forming Unit (CFU) Count Per mL From Sputum Samples at Baseline and Day 14

The log10 CFU count per mL from sputum samples processed by standard method or decontaminated method. (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: Pre-entry, Day 0 and Day 14

,
Interventionlog10 CFU/ mL (Median)
Pre-entryDay 0Day 14
Decontaminated Processing Method5.895.583.74
Standard Processing Method5.805.684.01

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Pharmacokinetic Parameter (PK) Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC0-24hour) for Rifampicin (RIF)

Pharmacokinetic Parameter Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUCs) of Rifampicin from 0 to 24 hours obtained at Day 1 and Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Rifampicin dosing at Day 1 and Day 14

,,,
Interventionh*ng/mL (Median)
RIF AUC0-24hour at Day 1RIF AUC0-24hour at Day 14
RHZE-RHZE37358.831361.4
RHZE-RMZE51434.126751.2
RHZE-RZE42062.627161.7
RZE-RZE39294.030521.0

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Pyrazinamide PK Parameter CL/F

Pyrazinamide PK parameter CL/F obtained Day 1 and Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Pyrazinamide dosing at Day 1 and Day 14

,,,
InterventionL/hour (Median)
PZA CL/F Day 1PZA CL/F Day 14
RHZE-RHZE4.14.5
RHZE-RMZE4.74.7
RHZE-RZE4.85.4
RZE-RZE4.24.7

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Pyrazinamide PK Parameter CLast

Pyrazinamide PK parameter CLast obtained Day 1 and Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Pyrazinamide dosing at Day 1 and Day 14

,,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
PZA CLast at Day 1PZA CLast at Day 14
RHZE-RHZE33701955.0
RHZE-RMZE31301790
RHZE-RZE28501280
RZE-RZE27101770

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Pyrazinamide PK Parameter Cmax

Pyrazinamide PK parameter Cmax obtained Day 1 and Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Pyrazinamide dosing at Day 1 and Day 14

,,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
PZA Cmax at Day 1PZA Cmax at Day 14
RHZE-RHZE2765029300
RHZE-RMZE2880029300
RHZE-RZE2700027000
RZE-RZE2580028000

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Rifampicin PK Parameter Clearance (CL/F)

Rifampicin PK parameter Clearance (CL/F) obtained Day 1 and Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Rifampicin dosing at Day 1 and Day 14

,,,
InterventionL/hour (Median)
RIF CL/F Day 1RIF CL/F Day 14
RHZE-RHZE14.018.0
RHZE-RMZE10.521.5
RHZE-RZE12.522.1
RZE-RZE14.317.0

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Rifampicin PK Parameter Last Concentration (CLast)

Rifampicin (RIF) PK parameter Last Concentration (CLast) obtained Day 1 and Day 14. The lower limit of quantification of the assay (LLOQ) for RIF was 40 ng/mL. The results below the lower limit of quantification were assigned as one-half the value of the LLOQ, which was 20 ng/mL. (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Rifampicin dosing at Day 1 and Day 14

,,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
RIF CLast at Day 1RIF CLast at Day 14
RHZE-RHZE74.520
RHZE-RMZE13320
RHZE-RZE2020
RZE-RZE2020

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Rifampicin PK Parameter Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

Rifampicin PK parameter Parameter Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) obtained Day 1 and Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Rifampicin dosing at Day 1 and Day 14

,,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
RIF Cmax at Day 1RIF Cmax at Day 14
RHZE-RHZE55657145
RHZE-RMZE86607370
RHZE-RZE60606960
RZE-RZE48808350

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Ethambutol PK Parameter CL/F

Ethambutol PK parameter CL/F obtained Day 1 and Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Ethambutol dosing at Day 1 and Day 14

,,,
InterventionL/hour (Median)
EMB CL/F Day 1EMB CL/F Day 14
RHZE-RHZE93.657.9
RHZE-RMZE83.856.8
RHZE-RZE85.463.5
RZE-RZE76.560.1

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AUC0-24hour for Isoniazid (INH) at Day 1

PK AUCs of Isoniazid (INH) from 0 to 24 hours obtained at Day 1 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Isoniazid dosing at Day 1

Interventionh*ng/mL (Median)
RHZE-RHZE10725.8
RHZE-RZE7970.6
RHZE-RMZE7165.1

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AUC0-24hour for Isoniazid at Day 14

PK AUCs of Isoniazid from 0 to 24 hours obtained at Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Isoniazid dosing at Day 14

Interventionh*ng/mL (Median)
RHZE-RHZE9797.2

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AUC0-24hour for Moxifloxacin (Mox) at Day 14

PK AUCs of Moxiflozacin (Mox) from 0 to 24 hours obtained at Day 14 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Moxifloxacin dosing at Day 14

Interventionh*ng/mL (Median)
RHZE-RMZE22498.4

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Correlation Between Time to Positivity (TTP) and log10 Transformed Colony-forming Unit (CFU) Counts Per mL

Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlation between TTP and log10 CFU among all qualified samples obtained on study (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: Pre-entry, Day 0, Day 1, Day 2, Day 3, Day 5, Day 7, Day 9, Day 11 and Day 14

Interventioncorrelation coefficient (Number)
Overall-0.75

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Daily Change in log10 Colony-forming Unit (CFU) Counts Per mL Sputum From Day 2 to Day 14

"The daily change in log10 CFU/mL sputum was calculated as follows:~EBA2-14(CFU) = (log10 CFU/mL at day 2 - log10 CFU/mL at day 14)/12.~For a CFU/mL count of 0, the log10 CFU/mL was set to 0." (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: Day 2 and day 14

Interventionlog10 CFU/ mL (Median)
RHZE-RHZE0.143
RHZE-RZE0.093
RHZE-RMZE0.123
RZE-RZE0.104

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Daily Change in log10 Transformed Colony-forming Unit (CFU) Counts Per mL Sputum From Baseline (Study Treatment Initiation) to Day 2

"The daily change in log10 CFU/mL sputum was calculated as follows:~EBA0-2(CFU) = (baseline log10 CFU/mL sputum (mean of log10 CFU/mL at pre-entry and day 0) - log10 CFU/mL at day 2)/2.~For a CFU/mL count of 0, the log10 CFU/mL was set to 0." (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: Pre-entry, Day 0 and Day 2

Interventionlog10 CFU/ mL (Median)
RHZE-RHZE0.255
RHZE-RZE0.385
RHZE-RMZE0.111
RZE-RZE0.034

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Daily Change in Time to Positivity (TTP) From Baseline (Study Treatment Initiation) to Day 14

"The daily change in TTP was calculated as follows:~EBA0-14(TTP) = [baseline TTP (mean of TTP at pre-entry and day 0) - TTP at day 14]/14." (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: Pre-entry, Day 0 and Day 14

Interventionhours (Median)
RHZE-RHZE-12
RHZE-RZE-12
RHZE-RMZE-13
RZE-RZE-11

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Daily Change in Time to Positivity (TTP) From Baseline (Study Treatment Initiation) to Day 2

"The daily change in TTP was calculated as follows:~EBA0-2(TTP) = (baseline TTP (mean of TTP at pre-entry and day 0) - TTP at day 2)/2." (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: Pre-entry, Day 0 and Day 2

Interventionhours (Median)
RHZE-RHZE-31
RHZE-RZE-30
RHZE-RMZE-29
RZE-RZE-25

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Daily Change in Time to Positivity (TTP) From Day 2 to Day 14

"The daily change in TTP was calculated as follows:~EBA2-14(TTP) = (TTP at day 2 - TTP at day 14)/12." (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: Day 2 and Day 14

Interventionhours (Median)
RHZE-RHZE-9
RHZE-RZE-9
RHZE-RMZE-12
RZE-RZE-9

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Daily Decrease in log10 Transformed Colony-forming Unit (CFU) Counts Per ml Sputum From Baseline (Study Treatment Initiation) to Day 14

"The daily decrease was calculated as follows:~EBA0-14(CFU)= [baseline log10 CFU/mL sputum (mean of log10 CFU/mL at pre-entry and day 0) - log10 CFU/mL at day 14]/14. For a CFU/ml count of 0, the log10 CFU/mL was set to 0.~No formal statistical testing was conducted to compare the arms. Please refer to the explanation in the Protocol Section." (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: Pre-entry, Day 0 and Day 14

Interventionlog10 CFU/ mL (Median)
RHZE-RHZE0.134
RHZE-RZE0.096
RHZE-RMZE0.136
RZE-RZE0.119

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Isoniazid PK Parameter CL/F at Day 1

Isoniazid PK parameter CL/F obtained Day 1 (NCT01589497)
Timeframe: -0.5 hour (pre-dose), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 24 hours after Isoniazid dosing at Day 1

InterventionL/hour (Median)
RHZE-RHZE28.0
RHZE-RZE37.6
RHZE-RMZE41.9

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RBT Cmax and Cmin in Participants Enrolled in Arms A and C

Describe RBT plasma PK characteristics (Cmax and Cmin) in participants enrolled in Arms A and C, determined by non-compartmental analysis of 24-hour PK sampling. The pre-dose concentration was determined using a sample drawn 24 hours after the previous RBT dose. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: At 2 weeks: pre-dose and at 2, 4, 5, 6, and 24 hours post-dose

,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Maximum Concentration (Cmax)Minimum Concentration (Cmin)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT461161
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT349115

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RAL AUC in Participants Enrolled in Arm C

Describe RAL plasma PK characteristics (area under the curve [AUC] between 0 and 24 hours) in participants enrolled in Arm C, determined by non-compartmental analysis of 24-hour PK sampling. The pre-dose concentration was determined using a sample drawn 12 hours after the previous RAL dose and was used as the 12-hour RAL concentration. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: At 2 weeks: pre-dose and at 2, 4, 5, 6, and 24 hours post-dose

Interventionhours*ng/mL (Median)
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT11338

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Percent of Participants Whose HIV Viral Load Was Less Than 50 Copies/mL at Week 48

The percent of participants whose HIV viral load was less than 50 copies/mL at week 48 was calculated with an associated standard error. Participants who were lost-to-follow-up or dead by week 48 or had missing RNA at week 48 were coded as having HIV viral load greater than 50 copies/mL. The confidence interval was calculated using Wilson's score method. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT45.8
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF54.2
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT56.5

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Percent of Participants Whose HIV Viral Load Was Less Than 400 Copies/mL at Week 48.

The percent of participants whose HIV viral load was less than 400 copies/mL at week 48 was calculated with an associated standard error. The confidence interval was calculated using Wilson's score method. Participants who were lost-to-follow-up or dead by week 48 or had missing results at week 48 were coded as having HIV viral load greater than 400 copies/mL. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: 48 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT58.3
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF66.7
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT60.9

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Percent of Participants Who Interrupted or Discontinued at Least One TB Drug Due to Toxicity

The percent of participants who interrupted or discontinued at least one TB drug due to toxicity was calculated with an associated standard error. The confidence interval was calculated using Wilson's score method. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: After randomization and through to the discontinuation of the last TB drug

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT20.8
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF8.3
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT13.0

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Percent of Participants Who Experienced TB Treatment Failure

TB treatment failure was defined as having a MTB-positive culture after 16 weeks of TB treatment for a participant who was documented to be taking TB medications. The percent of participants who experienced TB treatment failure was calculated with an associated standard error. The confidence interval was calculated using Wilson's score method. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: After 16 weeks and through week 72

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT0.0
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF0.0
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT0.0

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Percent of Participants Who Interrupted or Discontinued at Least One HIV Drug Due to Toxicity

The percent of participants who interrupted or discontinued at least one HIV drug due to toxicity was calculated with an associated standard error. The confidence interval was calculated using Wilson's score method. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: After randomization and through week 72

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT20.8
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF16.7
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT21.7

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Percent of Participants Who Experienced HIV Virologic Failure

Virologic failure was defined as the occurrence of two consecutive plasma HIV-1 RNA levels ≥1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks and within 24 weeks of treatment initiation or ≥400 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks of treatment, regardless of whether randomized ART was being taken at the time of virologic failure. Participants who were missing data due to being lost-to-follow-up or dead were coded as virologic failures. The percent of participants who experienced HIV virologic failure was calculated with an associated standard error. The confidence interval was calculated using Wilson's score method. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: At weeks 16, 24, 48, and 72

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT29.2
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF50.0
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT30.4

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Percent of Participants Who Experienced a New AIDS-defining Illness or Died

New post-randomization diagnoses were considered AIDS-defining based on the CDC classification system. The percent of participants who experienced a new AIDS-defining illness or died was calculated with an associated standard error. Confidence intervals were calculated using Wilson's score method. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: After randomization and through week 72

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT4.2
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF8.3
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT4.3

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Percent of Participants Who Experienced TB Relapse/Recurrence and Who Had TB Drug Resistance

TB relapse/recurrence was defined as having had 2 consecutive MTB-negative cultures and subsequently had clinical or radiographic deterioration consistent with active TB at or after week 24 and before week 72. The drug resistance was determined based on phenotypic methods. The percent of participants who experienced TB relapse/recurrence and who had TB drug resistance was calculated with an associated standard error. The confidence interval was calculated using Wilson's score method. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: At or after 24 weeks and through week 72

Interventionparticipants (Number)
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF0
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT0

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Percent of Participants Who Experienced TB Relapse/Recurrence

TB relapse/recurrence was defined as having had 2 consecutive MTB-negative cultures and subsequently had clinical or radiographic deterioration consistent with active TB at or after week 24 and before week 72. The percent of participants who experienced TB relapse/recurrence was calculated with an associated standard error. The confidence interval was calculated using Wilson's score method. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: At or after 24 weeks and through week 72

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT0.0
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF4.2
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT4.3

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LPV AUC in Participants Enrolled in Arms A, B, and C

Describe LPV plasma PK characteristics (area under the curve [AUC] between 0 and 12 hours) in participants enrolled in Arms A, B, and C, determined by non-compartmental analysis of 12-hour PK sampling. The pre-dose concentration was determined using a sample drawn 12 hours after the previous LPV dose and was used as the 12-hour LPV concentration. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: At 2 weeks: pre-dose and at 2, 4, 5, and 6 hours post-dose

Interventionhours*ng/mL (Median)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT159796
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF161772
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT149247

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Number of Participants Reporting a Grade 3 or 4 Laboratory Abnormality

The number of participants reporting a grade 3 (severe) or grade 4 (life-threatening) laboratory abnormality were summarized. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: After randomization and through week 72

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT6
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF3
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT5

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Number of Participants Reporting a Grade 3 or 4 Sign or Symptom

The number of participants reporting a grade 3 (severe) or grade 4 (life-threatening) sign or symptom were summarized. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: After randomization and through week 72

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT7
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF5
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT5

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Number of Participants Who Experienced MTB IRIS

The number of participants who experienced MTB immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) was summarized. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: After randomization and through week 72

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT1
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF2
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT3

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Percent of Participants Who Died

The percent of participants who died was calculated with an associated standard error. Confidence intervals were calculated using Wilson's score method. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: After randomization and through week 72

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT4.2
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF4.7
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT4.3

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Percent of Participants Who Experienced Sputum Conversion at Week 8.

Sputum conversion was defined as culture MTB-negative at week 8 or AFB smear negative at week 8 (and culture contaminated or missing at week 8); there were no Xpert MTB/RIF results at week 8. The percent of participants experienced sputum conversion at week 8 was calculated with an associated standard error. The confidence interval was calculated using Wilson's score method. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT87.5
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF81.8
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT70.0

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Percent of Participants Who Experienced a New AIDS-defining Illness

New post-randomization diagnoses were considered AIDS-defining based on the CDC classification system. The percent of participants who experienced a new AIDS-defining illness was calculated with an associated standard error. The confidence interval was calculated using Wilson's score method. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: After randomization and through week 72

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT0.0
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF4.2
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT0.0

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CD4 Count Change From Baseline to Week 8

The difference in CD4 count from baseline to week 8 was calculated as the CD4 count at week 8 minus the CD4 count at baseline. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks

Interventioncells/mm^3 (Median)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT7
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF26
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT37

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Cumulative Probability of HIV Virologic Failure at Week 72

Virologic failure was defined as the occurrence of two consecutive plasma HIV-1 RNA levels ≥1000 copies/mL at or after 16 weeks and within 24 weeks of treatment initiation or ≥400 copies/mL at or after 24 weeks of treatment, regardless of whether randomized ART was being taken at the time of virologic failure. The percent of participants with HIV virologic failure at week 72 was calculated using a Kaplan-Meier estimator with an associated standard error. The confidence interval was calculated using a log-log transformation. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: At weeks 16, 24, 48, and 72

Interventioncumulative events per 100 participants (Number)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT29.2
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF50.0
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT30.4

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CD4 Count Change From Baseline to Week 24

The difference in CD4 count from baseline to week 24 was calculated as the CD4 count at week 24 minus the CD4 count at baseline. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventioncells/mm^3 (Median)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT20
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF56
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT13

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CD4 Count Change From Baseline to Week 48

The difference in CD4 count from baseline to week 48 was calculated as the CD4 count at week 48 minus the CD4 count at baseline. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: Baseline and 48 weeks

Interventioncells/mm^3 (Median)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT99
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF119
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT74

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CD4 Count Change From Baseline to Week 72

The difference in CD4 count from baseline to week 72 was calculated as the CD4 count at week 72 minus the CD4 count at baseline. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: Baseline and 72 weeks

Interventioncells/mm^3 (Median)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT126
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF212
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT54

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RBT AUC in Participants Enrolled in Arms A and C

Describe RBT plasma PK characteristics (area under the curve [AUC] between 0 and 24 hours) in participants enrolled in Arms A and C, determined by non-compartmental analysis of 24-hour PK sampling. The pre-dose concentration was determined using a sample drawn 24 hours after the previous RBT dose. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: At 2 weeks: pre-dose and at 2, 4, 5, 6, and 24 hours post-dose

Interventionhours*ng/mL (Median)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT7374
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT5516

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LPV Cmax and Cmin in Participants Enrolled in Arms A, B, and C

Describe LPV plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics (maximum concentration [Cmax] and minimum concentration [Cmin]) in participants enrolled in Arms A, B, and C, determined by non-compartmental analysis of 12-hour PK sampling. The pre-dose concentration was determined using a sample drawn 12 hours after the previous LPV dose and was used as the 12-hour LPV concentration. As stated in the Detailed Study Description of the Protocol Section, formal statistical comparisons were not undertaken because of limited sample size. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: At 2 weeks: pre-dose and at 2, 4, 5, and 6 hours post-dose

,,
Interventionng/mL (Median)
Maximum Concentration (Cmax)Minimum Concentration (Cmin)
A: Standard-dose LPV/r w/RBT185319920
B: Double-dose LPV/r w/RIF181388033
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT168028548

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RAL Cmax and Cmin in Participants Enrolled in Arm C

Describe RAL plasma PK characteristics (Cmax and Cmin) in participants enrolled in Arm C, determined by non-compartmental analysis of 24-hour PK sampling. The pre-dose concentration was determined using a sample drawn 12 hours after the previous RAL dose and was used as the 12-hour RAL concentration. (NCT01601626)
Timeframe: At 2 weeks: pre-dose and at 2, 4, 5, 6, and 24 hours post-dose

Interventionng/mL (Median)
Maximum Concentration (Cmax)Minimum Concentration (Cmin)
C: Standard-Dose LPV/r + RAL w/RBT2830166

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Frequency of Adverse Events

All Adverse Events (AE), and AEs considered to be drug-related will coded using standard AE dictionaries. (NCT01785186)
Timeframe: 0 - 12 weeks

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Number of Patients with at least 1 AENumber of patients with at least 1 SAE
Arm 1 (R35)534
HR20ZM494
HR20ZQ425
HRZE926
HRZQ494

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Sputum Culture Conversion (2 Negative Cultures) Using Liquid Media

From enrollment, the time to stable culture conversion (2 consecutive negative weekly cultures) in liquid media. (NCT01785186)
Timeframe: 0 - 12 weeks

Interventiondays (Median)
Arm 1 (R35)48
HRZQ63
HR20ZQ66
HR20ZM55
HRZE62

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Pharmacokinetics Including AUC, Cl, t1/2, Vd, and Protein Binding

"Pharmacokinetic parameters will be assessed for rifampicin, moxifloxacin and SQ109:~area under the plasma concentration curve from dosing to the end of the dosing interval (AUC 0-24) (in h*ng/mL)~the observed maximum concentration (Cmax( (in ng/mL)~time to reach Cmax (Tmax)(in hours)~the minimum observed plasma concentration 24 hours following the last dose (Cmin) (in hours),~clearance (Cl) (in mL/minute),~volume of distribution (Vd) (in L),~elimination half-life (T1/2,) (in hours)~free (protein-unbound) fraction (for rifampicin only) (in percent)." (NCT01785186)
Timeframe: 0 - 12 weeks

InterventionRifampicin AUC(mg*h/l) (Geometric Mean)
HRZQ17.4
Arm 1 (R35)170
HR20ZQ68.3
HR20ZM57.8
HRZE24.2

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Adverse Events

Safety profile of regimen as evidenced by the number of adverse events (NCT02024555)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
Interventionnumber of events (Number)
Serious Adverse EventsNon-Serious Adverse Events
Concomitant Levaquin, Ethambutol, Azithromycin and Rifampin424
Placebo316

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Abnormal Lab Values

Safety profile of regimen as evidenced by the number of abnormal lab values classified as Adverse Events (NCT02024555)
Timeframe: baseline to 16 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
low platelet countlow WBC countelevated glucoselow glucose
Concomitant Levaquin, Ethambutol, Azithromycin and Rifampin1531
Placebo0021

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Failure of Standard Therapy

We will assess how many subjects in either arm need escalation of their standard regimen (ie increase in prednisone) during the 16 weeks. (NCT02024555)
Timeframe: Baseline to 16 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Concomitant Levaquin, Ethambutol, Azithromycin and Rifampin3
Placebo2

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Change in the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)

"The SGRQ is a 50-item questionnaire developed to measure health status (quality of life) in patients with diseases of airways obstruction.~Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating more limitations.~A minimum change in score of 4 units was established as clinically relevant after patient and clinician testing." (NCT02024555)
Timeframe: Baseline and 16 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Concomitant Levaquin, Ethambutol, Azithromycin and Rifampin-2.23
Placebo-6.30

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Change in Percent Predicted Absolute Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) in Participants With Pulmonary Sarcoidosis, Comparing Baseline With Performance After Completion of 16 Weeks of Therapy.

Change in percent predicted absolute forced vital capacity (FVC) in participants with pulmonary sarcoidosis, comparing baseline with performance after completion of 16 weeks of therapy. This will involve comparing sarcoidosis and placebo after 16 weeks of therapy. (NCT02024555)
Timeframe: Baseline to 16 weeks

Interventionpercentage predicted absolute FVC (Mean)
Concomitant Levaquin, Ethambutol, Azithromycin and Rifampin0.35
Placebo0.17

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Six Minute Walk, Distance in Meters

The 6-min walk test (6 MWT) is a submaximal exercise test that entails measurement of distance walked over a span of 6 minutes. (NCT02024555)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4, 8, and 16 and 24 weeks

,
Interventionmeters (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 8Week 16Week 24
Concomitant Levaquin, Ethambutol, Azithromycin and Rifampin416.25432.65451.59440.37444.68
Placebo416.41428.35420.21430.85425.18

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FEV1%

FEV1% was measure pre and post 6 minute walk test (NCT02024555)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4, 8, and 16 and 24 weeks

,
InterventionPercentage of predicted FEV1 (Mean)
Baseline preBaseline post4 weeks pre4 weeks post8 weeks pre8 weeks post16 weeks pre16 weeks post24 weeks pre24 weeks post
Concomitant Levaquin, Ethambutol, Azithromycin and Rifampin69.1169.9771.5771.9669.3070.3669.8871.3972.2273.09
Placebo67.4573.8169.5673.8173.7174.368.2770.4163.2766.27

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Change in Oxygen Saturation

measured using pulse oximetry (NCT02024555)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4, 8, and 16 and 24 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of oxygen saturation (Mean)
Baseline to week 4Baseline to week 8Baseline to week 16
Concomitant Levaquin, Ethambutol, Azithromycin and Rifampin0.39-0.122.54
Placebo-0.85-0.43-0.46

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Rate of Change in Time to Sputum Culture Positivity (TTP) Over 8 Weeks in the Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) System

The bactericidal activity (BA) was determined by the rate of change in TTP collected from overnight sputum samples over 8 weeks of treatment in the liquid culture media MGIT system, represented by the model-fitted log(TTP) results as calculated by the regression of the observed log(TTP) results over time. The bactericidal activity of log(TTP) over Day 0 to Day 56 (BATTP[0-56]) was presented and expressed as the daily percentage change in TTP from Day 0 to Day 56. The mean BATTP (0-56) was calculated from Bayesian non-linear mixed effects regression models fitted to log(TTP) collected from sputum samples (observed from Day 0 to Day 56). (NCT02193776)
Timeframe: Day 0 to Day 56 (8 weeks)

Interventionpercentage change in TTP/day (Mean)
DS-TB: Bedaquiline (Loading Dose/t.i.w)+ PA-824 + Pyrazinamide4.878
DS-TB: Bedaquiline (200 mg) + PA-824 + Pyrazinamide5.182
DS-TB: HRZE (Isoniazid+Rifampicin+Pyrazinamide+Ethambutol)4.046
MDR-TB: Bedaquiline (200 mg)+Moxifloxacin+PA-824+Pyrazinamide5.194

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Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

A TEAE was defined as any AE which started or worsened on or after first study drug administration up to and including the Day 70 follow-up visit (or up to and including 14 days after last study drug administration for participants not having Day 70 follow-up visit). Drug-related TEAEs were defined as TEAEs for which relationship to study drug was indicated as 'possible', 'probable', 'certain' or missing. TEAEs leading to death were defined as TEAEs resulted 'fatal' outcome. Serious TEAEs were defined as TEAEs for which serious was indicated as 'yes'. TEAEs leading to discontinuation of study drug were defined as TEAEs for which action taken with study drug was indicated as 'study drug stopped'. TEAEs leading to early withdrawal from study were defined as TEAEs resulted study discontinuation. Grade III and IV TEAEs were defined as TEAEs for which severity (DMID grade) was indicated as 'Grade 3 (severe)' and 'Grade 4 (potentially life-threatening)' or missing, respectively. (NCT02193776)
Timeframe: First study drug administration (Day 1) up to and including the Day 70 follow-up visit (or up to and including 14 days after last study drug administration for participants not having the Day 70 follow-up visit) (70 days)

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any TEAEDrug-related TEAETEAE leading to deathAny serious TEAEDrug-related serious TEAETEAE leading to discontinuation of study drugTEAE leading to early withdrawal from studyGrade III TEAEGrade IV TEAE
DS-TB: Bedaquiline (200 mg) + PA-824 + Pyrazinamide452913055177
DS-TB: Bedaquiline (Loading Dose/t.i.w)+ PA-824 + Pyrazinamide503814265198
DS-TB: HRZE (Isoniazid+Rifampicin+Pyrazinamide+Ethambutol)442914122142
MDR-TB: Bedaquiline (200 mg)+Moxifloxacin+PA-824+Pyrazinamide574604222131

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Number of Participants With Permanent Discontinuation of Assigned Study Regimen

If it is in the best interest of a participant to stop the study regimen for any reason (NCT02256696)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm 12
Arm 27
Arm 30

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Number of Participants With Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Events

Any Grade 3 event according to the Division of AIDS (DAIDS) toxicity table (NCT02256696)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm 13
Arm 26
Arm 32

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PK (Cmax) of PA-824 at 200 mg Once Daily With Rifampin or Rifabutin-containing Treatment

The Pharmacokinetic results (Cmax) of the study drug when given with a rifampin or a rifabutin. (NCT02256696)
Timeframe: pre-dose and 1, 2, 5, 8, and 24 hours post-dose on Day 14

Interventionmg/L (Mean)
Arm 12.03
Arm 22.69

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Relationship Between PA-824 Exposure (AUC) and Rate of Change in Time to Positivity (TTP) Over 12 Weeks

Relationship between PA-824 exposure (AUC) and rate of change in TTP over 12 weeks, using non-linear mixed effects modeling. The data is reported as percentage increase in TTP per 10 unit increase in PA-824 AUC (% increase/10 unit increase PA-824 AUC). (NCT02256696)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Intervention% increase/10 unit increase PA-824 AUC (Number)
Arms 1 and 2 (Pretomanid-containing Arms)9.4

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Steady State Pharmacokinetics (PK) (AUC) of PA-824 When Given With Rifampin or Rifabutin

AUC of PA-824 when given with either rifampicin or rifabutin to determine steady state Pharmacokinetics (PK) of PA-824. (NCT02256696)
Timeframe: pre-dose and 1, 2, 5, 8, and 24 hours post-dose on Day 14

Interventionmg*h/L (Mean)
Arm 131.91
Arm 259.05

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Percentage of Participants With Sputum Culture Conversion by 8 Weeks of Treatment

Percentage of participants whose sputum converts from positive to negative at Week 8 time point, on solid and liquid media. (NCT02256696)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Liquid mediaSolid media
Arm 17998
Arm 289100
Arm 36996

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Time to Culture Conversion on Solid Medium

The time (days) it takes for the sputum to convert form positive to negative on solid medium (NCT02256696)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,,
Interventiondays (Median)
Time to conversion on solid culture (mITT)Time to conversion on solid culture (per protocol)
Arm 12828
Arm 22121
Arm 34242

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Time to Sputum Culture Conversion on Liquid Medium

The time (days) it takes for the sputum to convert from positive to negative. (NCT02256696)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,,
Interventiondays (Median)
Time to culture conversion (mITT)Time to culture conversion (per protocol)
Arm 14242
Arm 22828
Arm 35656

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Other PK Measures: Median Time to Maximal Drug Concentration (Tmax)

Tmax of the oral antimycobacterial drugs (azithromycin, rifampin and ethambutol) under both fasting conditions and when taken with food plus supplemental pancreatic enzymes in subjects with pancreatic insufficient CF, compared to healthy controls (NCT02372383)
Timeframe: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post dose

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
RifampinEthambutolAzithromycin
CF Patients, Fasting1.52.32.0
CF Patients, Food2.52.02.0
Healthy Controls1.52.32.0

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Other PK Measures: Half-life (t1/2)

t1/2 of the oral antimycobacterial drugs (azithromycin, rifampin and ethambutol) under both fasting conditions and when taken with food plus supplemental pancreatic enzymes in subjects with pancreatic insufficient CF, compared to healthy controls (NCT02372383)
Timeframe: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post dose

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
RifampinEthambutolAzithromycin
CF Fasting3.44.35.2
CF Food3.44.76.6
Healthy Controls3.85.36.2

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Other PK Measures: Drug Clearance

"drug clearance of the oral antimycobacterial drugs (azithromycin, rifampin and ethambutol) under both fasting conditions and when taken with food plus supplemental pancreatic enzymes in subjects with pancreatic insufficient CF, compared to healthy controls~Reported here are the Median (range) CL in the CF fasting state compared to HC for Rifampin." (NCT02372383)
Timeframe: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post dose

,,
InterventionL/h (Median)
RifampinEthambutolAzithromycin
CF Fasting7.942.473.6
CF Food7.637.382.8
Healthy Controls5.145.388.6

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Covariates of PK Measures: Body Mass Index

Body mass index (BMI). Begin to investigate the influence of inflammation, host characteristics, and drug metabolism on the PK of the antimycobacterial drugs (NCT02372383)
Timeframe: baseline

Interventionkg/m^2 (Median)
Healthy Controls23.0
CF Fasting21.9

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Covariates of PK Measures: C-reactive Protein (CRP)

Median Concentration of C-reactive Protein. Begin to investigate the influence of inflammation, host characteristics, and drug metabolism on the PK of the antimycobacterial drugs. (NCT02372383)
Timeframe: baseline

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Healthy Controls0.2
CF Fasting0.8

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Median Maximal Drug Concentration (Cmax)

Cmax of the oral antimycobacterial drugs (azithromycin, rifampin and ethambutol) under both fasting conditions and when taken with food plus supplemental pancreatic enzymes in subjects with pancreatic insufficient CF, compared to healthy controls. (NCT02372383)
Timeframe: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post dose

,,
Interventionmg/L (Median)
RifampinEthambutolAzithromycin
CF Fasting12.54.22.0
CF Food11.24.32.2
Healthy Controls16.563.01.1

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Area Under the Curve (AUC)

AUC of the oral antimycobacterial drugs (azithromycin, rifampin and ethambutol) under both fasting conditions and when taken with food plus supplemental pancreatic enzymes in subjects with pancreatic insufficient CF, compared to healthy controls. (NCT02372383)
Timeframe: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post dose

,,
Interventionmg*h/L (Median)
RifampinEthambutolAzithromycin
CF Fasting7621.86.8
CF Food79.223.66
Healthy Controls118.321.45.6

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Covariates of PK Measures: Creatinine

Creatinine. Begin to investigate the influence of inflammation, host characteristics, and drug metabolism on the PK of the antimycobacterial drugs (NCT02372383)
Timeframe: baseline

Interventionmg/dL (Median)
Healthy Controls1.0
CF Fasting0.9

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Other PK Measures: Volume of Distribution (Vd)

Vd of the oral antimycobacterial drugs (azithromycin, rifampin and ethambutol) under both fasting conditions and when taken with food plus supplemental pancreatic enzymes in subjects with pancreatic insufficient CF, compared to healthy controls (NCT02372383)
Timeframe: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours post dose

,,
InterventionL (Median)
RifampinEthambutolAzithromycin
CF Fasting39.7274.6549.2
CF Food37.4354.3621.3
Healthy Controls31.3352.8717.0

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Covariates of PK Measures: Circulating Neutrophil Count

Circulating neutrophil count. Begin to investigate the influence of inflammation, host characteristics, and drug metabolism on the PK of the antimycobacterial drugs (NCT02372383)
Timeframe: baseline

Intervention10^3 cells/uL (Median)
Healthy Controls3.0
CF Fasting3.8

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STREAM Stage 2 Primary Outcome Measure (the Proportion of Patients With a Favourable Outcome at Week 76)

The primary efficacy outcome of the STREAM Stage 2 comparison is status at Week 76 i.e. the proportion of patients with a favourable outcome at Week 76 (NCT02409290)
Timeframe: 76 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Regimen A (Long Regimen)0
Regimen B (Control Regimen)133
Regimen C (Oral Regimen)162
Regimen D (6-month Regimen)122

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Proportion of Patients With Acquired Drug Resistance

The proportion of patients with acquired drug resistance (any drug) (NCT02409290)
Timeframe: 132 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Regimen A (Long Regimen)0
Regimen B (Control Regimen)5
Regimen C (Oral Regimen)5
Regimen D (6-month Regimen)3

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Favourable Outcome After Long-term Follow-up (132 Weeks)

The proportion of patients with a favourable outcome at their last efficacy visit (NCT02409290)
Timeframe: Last efficacy visit, between 96 and 132 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Regimen A (Long Regimen)17
Regimen B (Control Regimen)126
Regimen C (Oral Regimen)152
Regimen D (6-month Regimen)115

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Failure or Recurrence (FoR)

The proportion of patients with failure or recurrence (FoR) (NCT02409290)
Timeframe: 132 weeks, control regimen (arm B) using concurrent controls only

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Regimen B (Control Regimen)14
Regimen D (6-month Regimen)2

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Failure or Recurrence (FoR)

probable or definite failure or recurrence (FoR) (NCT02409290)
Timeframe: final efficacy week (between 96 and 132 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Regimen A (Long Regimen)0
Regimen B (Control Regimen)17
Regimen C (Oral Regimen)4
Regimen D (6-month Regimen)0

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Caloric Intake on 24-hour Dietary Recall Method at the 2nd and 6th.

The average calorie intake (in kcal/day) was assessed by the 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire and calculated by NutriSurvey software version 2005, with the country-specific food database for Indonesia. (NCT02554318)
Timeframe: In the course of the 8 week intervention, two interviews were conducted; at the 2nd and 6th week.

,
InterventionKcal/day (Mean)
2nd week6th weekAverage
Control1844.642059.271972.12
Intervention1980.102227.982113.16

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Change in Distance on 6-minute Walk Test (6MWT) From Baseline at 2 Months

The change distance in meters scale as assessed by 6MWT according to American Thoracic Society (ATS) 2002 guidelines. The 6MWT was carried out on a track along the 30-meter corridor marked by two colored cones placed at both ends of the track alignment. The participants were asked using the standard instruction to walk at their self-selected pace back and forth between the cones as far as they could for 6 minutes. The distance taken by each participant was measured and then recorded. Instructions were given to every patient by reading a guideline with the same intonations to every patient before performing the test. The result of the 6MWT was expressed in meters. The change was calculated from two-time points as the value at the later time point minus the value at the earlier time point. Higher scores reflected better physical function outcomes. (NCT02554318)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 months

InterventionMeter (Mean)
Intervention49.67
Control25.75

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Change in Bodyweight on a Digital Weight Scale From Baseline at 2 Months

Change of body weight of the participants over the two months intervention period as measured on a kilograms scale. The change was calculated from two-time points as the value at the later time point minus the value at the earlier time point. Positive numbers represent increases and negative numbers represent decreases. A higher value score in change means a better outcome on nutritional status for the patients after the study. (NCT02554318)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 months

InterventionKilogram (Mean)
Intervention2.80
Control1.44

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Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) From Baseline at 2 Months

The change in BMI was assessed by a digital weight scale and height scale (kg/m²). The formula for BMI is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. The change was calculated from two-time points as the value at the later time point minus the value at the earlier time point. Higher scores reflected the better nutritional status results of the patients. (NCT02554318)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 months

InterventionKg/m² (Mean)
Intervention1.13
Control0.54

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Change in Hand-grip Strength on a Digital Dynamometer Scale From Baseline at 2 Months

The change of hand-grip strength of the participants over the two months intervention period was measured on a kilograms scale. The change was calculated from two-time points as the value at the later time point minus the value at the earlier time point. Positive numbers represent increases and negative numbers represent decreases. The higher scores reflected the better physical function outcomes of the patients. (NCT02554318)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 months

InterventionKilogram (Mean)
Intervention3.90
Control0.84

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Protein Intake on 24-hour Dietary Recall Method.

The average protein intake (in Gram/day) was assessed by the 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire and calculated using NutriSurvey software version 2005, with the country specific food database for Indonesia. (NCT02554318)
Timeframe: In the course of the 8 week intervention, two interviews were conducted; at the 2nd and 6th week.

,
InterventionGram/day (Mean)
2nd week6th weekAverage
Control69.4973.3571.42
Intervention77.3477.7077.52

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Comparison of the Rate of Treatment Success at 18 Months (After Treatment Initiation) Between Arms B and C

Estimation of the lower bound of a one-sided 95% confidence interval of the difference in success rates between arms B and C. If the lower bound is greater than -7%, this will be evidence that the treatment-shortening arm is not inferior to the standard duration arm. (NCT02821832)
Timeframe: 18 months

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
CuredConfirmed relapsesLate withdrawal, lost to follow-upProbable relapsesTreatment Failure
Arm A21751311
Arm B1211910
Arm C1179634

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Number of Participants With Culture Negative Status by 8 Weeks

Culture negative status is achieved when a participant produces at least two negative culture results at different visits (at least 7 days apart) without an intervening positive culture result for M.tb. (NCT03338621)
Timeframe: Days 0-56 (8 weeks)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Drug Sensitive-TB 2HRZE/4HR70
Drug Sensitive-TB 4BPaMZ122

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Time to Culture Negative Status

Culture conversion is a diagnostic criteria indicating the point at which samples taken from a patient infected with a tuberculosis can no longer produce tuberculosis cell cultures, that point is considered culture negativity (NCT03338621)
Timeframe: During treatment (17 or 26 weeks)

Interventionweeks (Median)
Drug Sensitive-TB BPaMZ6
Drug Sensitive-TB 2HRZE/4HR11
Drug Resistant-TB BPaMZ5

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0310hydroxybenzaldehydeEC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.0310monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		2.6104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		10.06816-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		1.9710azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.4420acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzene
[no description available]		1.9410aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.8930amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		3.4580alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
cadaverine
[no description available]		2.0510alkane-alpha,omega-diamineDaphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.1310alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chlordecone
[no description available]		2.0410cyclic ketone;
organochlorine compound		insecticide;
persistent organic pollutant
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.1310halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		1.9410chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.4720coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		3.360monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
trimethylenediamine
trimethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a propane skeleton with amino substituents at positions 1 and 3.		2.0510alkane-alpha,omega-diaminehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
reagent
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		4.2750aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		4.0640amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.4620hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
dimethylamine
[no description available]		2.0510methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.		2.0410dimethylbenzimidazoleEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.6530sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0610ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		1.9810aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.		2.0410chlorocyclohexane
glycine
[no description available]		2.4120alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		1.9510carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0210
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.110elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.6530diatomic iodinenutrient
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.610dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		3.520alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.4110metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.3520pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		5.2260pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.0210monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.3670monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		1.9510aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.7130long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		2.0410C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		2.4620aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.610pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
putrescine
[no description available]		2.0510alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		24.26999155monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyrazinoic acid
pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.		2.7130pyrazinecarboxylic acidantitubercular agent;
drug metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		9.08382hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
spermidine
[no description available]		7.3620polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
taurine
[no description available]		2.5320amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		9.2340primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.3620pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		13.12182uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		5.3941isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.0410benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		2.0510benzenes;
organic amino compound
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
[no description available]		2.4110piperazines
1,10-diaminodecane
[no description available]		2.0510
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		2.0510phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		1.9710aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.0710bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.0410aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.610benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.4520oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.5520C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
pleconaril
WIN 63843: structure given in first source		2.610
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride
[no description available]		2.610
phenytoin
[no description available]		6.13170imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5-methoxytryptamine
5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.		2.4110aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
tryptamines		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
serotonergic agonist
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.420monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.1350acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		4.6480aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		4.93110acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		5.0870monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		3.4820acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.5620acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.5920alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		3.2310aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		4.6580phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		4.08401,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alexidine
alexidine: until June 1975 was mistakenly treated as synonym for chlorhexidine; RN given refers to parent cpd. alexidine : An amphipathic bisbiguanide with a structure consisting of two (2-ethylhexyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.4110biguanidesantibacterial agent
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.5820monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.8530imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		4.3960organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		3.3160secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		4.0740triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		6.09120adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ametantrone
ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.5820acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.8530diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.4320dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.2310N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		6.3111dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole
2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.52201,3-thiazoles;
primary amino compound
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		11.841501-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		4.460carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		4.3960dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		210barbiturates
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		2.610aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.5620dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.0410acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.8430nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		3.1150pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		8.39161benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.0210benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		4.6480ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		4.3760aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.0210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.7330monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
azinphosmethyl
Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.		2.0410benzotriazines;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
azosemide
azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide;
tetrazoles;
thiophenes		loop diuretic
baclofen
[no description available]		3.8930amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.5920indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.0610carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.5220benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		4.88601-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.4120pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		2.5520alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
betahistine
Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.		1.9710aminoalkylpyridine;
secondary amino compound		H1-receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		4.6480propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.5920carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.7230propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		4.0840(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		4.140piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.2310diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		4.6480secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.0210imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.7430organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.6930organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4520benzamides
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.4220organic molecular entity
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		2.4520aromatic ketone
bumetanide
[no description available]		4.6480amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		2.4120quinazolines
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.7330aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		4.0840azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		4.6680methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		4.7690purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		4.7690aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.4520monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		2.610benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.610bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.9130benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		4.570dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.5920monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carbazilquinone
Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.		2.0410organic molecular entity
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.2310carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmofur
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.9540N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.7130quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		4.2350carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		2.9840hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		3.5110carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.5820organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.0410aromatic ketone
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		3.5620ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetylpyridinium
Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.		7.7130pyridinium ion
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.0410aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		4.5270aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		4.250benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.85301,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		11.27200aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		4.2450benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.610monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		4.2550monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		6.18130organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		4.6380monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		4.2450isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.59201,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.7230diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.0210cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.2310lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		4.6580aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.0210cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.610cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		14.713113aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.7130benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		4.06402-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0410amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		8.9840monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		14.037020monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		4.4260aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.2310tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		4.3860dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		4.24501,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		4.7590clonidine;
imidazoline
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.84301,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		4.4360conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.0610chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.5620carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.5920organic molecular entity
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.0410non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.610dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dapsone
[no description available]		8.73183substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.0410carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2.6104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		4.6640acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dequalinium
Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.		2.4110quinolinium ionantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		4.6380dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.95401,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.5820primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.4620alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.81001,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		4.2450benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dicamba
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
methoxybenzoic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		5.2690amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		3.0510benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.5820dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.5820carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.0410N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.4920pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		4.3960monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.5820dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dinitolmide
Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.		2.0410dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		4.5470ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0510organic cation
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		4.1240piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dipyrithione
[no description available]		2.0510pyridinium ion
dipyrone
metamizole : A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.		2.0410amino sulfonic acid;
pyrazoles		anti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.3960monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		5.74110organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		4.86100branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		3.1350benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		3.2310aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.5820morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.460aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		4.2350dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		3.5620aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.5820oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.610benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.4420dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ellipticine
ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.		2.5220indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polycyclic heteroarene		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.0210ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.43201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.3920
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.5620triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		4.140aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		1.9610ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ethinamate
ethinamate: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85). ethinamate : A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.		2.0410carbamate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		sedative
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		4.0140dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		2.4420alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		4.1401,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		2.7230phenols
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		4.460monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
2-hexyloxybenzamide
2-hexyloxybenzamide: structure		2.610aromatic ether;
benzamides		antifungal agent
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.42602-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		4.2550carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.5270dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.4120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		3.8930aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.8930monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		3.1350resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.0410azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.7330anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		3.5620piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.8930benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.5920carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		4.5270aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.4520difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		5.56210conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		9.7190aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		4.2750N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		4.2350ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.42201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.5820benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.5470nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		4.2550(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.0210decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		4.2550fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		4.2650(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		4.220pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		4.460carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furafylline
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		1.9410nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		4.85100chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		4.460gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		2.610benzoate ester
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		4.2450aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		10.2160
gentian violet
crystal violet cation : An iminium ion that is malachite green cation in which the hydrogen at the para- psition of the monosubstituted phenyl group is replaced by a dimethylamino group.		2.4110iminium ionantibacterial agent;
antifungal agent
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.5920aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.4320N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.5470sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.3960aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.7630dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.0410piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		4.6480monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
granisetron
[no description available]		4.460aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.2310methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		4.140azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		4.0640acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.610isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		4.7790aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.6830haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.610phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.7230barbiturates
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		2.610resorcinols
beta-thujaplicin
beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.		2.610cyclic ketone;
enol;
monoterpenoid		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiplasmodial drug;
plant metabolite
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.4420phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.610thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		4.2450azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.6680benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.5820benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		4.4230aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.6780one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		4.850hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.0410
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		4.7690monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		3.8430primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		4.2450benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.4160ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		4.7490dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.5270bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		3.8430indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		10.62140aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0210organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iodoquinol
Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.		1.9610monohydroxyquinoline;
organoiodine compound		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.7330benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.7330dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.4620organic molecular entity
iotroxic acid
iotroxic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610organic molecular entity
ioversol
[no description available]		3.5620amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		4.3460carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		4.140azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.8730benzenes
isoetharine
Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.		2.4110catecholamine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.0210organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		26.212,307241carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		4.5570catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.2310alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.2350benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.4260piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		4.0640cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.4520aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		4.6580dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		4.5370benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		4.7690amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
kojic acid
[no description available]		2.61204-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		4.85100benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		4.05401,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.6480benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lapachol
lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.		2.610
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		3.8930(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		4.0740nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
qx-314
QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion		2.4110monocarboxylic acid amidelocal anaesthetic
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		210aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		6.3161fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.5820N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		3.7320monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		4.1340benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		4.0640benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.5370biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.5620dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		2.0710cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
4-(dimethylamino)-n-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide
4-(dimethylamino)-N-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid with the amino group of 7-amino-N-hydroxyheptanamide. It is a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in several human cancer cell lines.		2.610benzamides;
hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
mabuterol
mabuterol: structure given in first source		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
mafenide
Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.		2.610aromatic amine
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		4.460anthracenes
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.3960aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2310primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.5820nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		4.330diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.5620aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.5620aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		4.0740organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		8.8530adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.73301,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		4.0640ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.5820imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.8530piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.8530organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.8430amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		4.4160aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		8.53102guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		4.2450benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.0410ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.7320sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		1.9510polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.7320aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0410ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methoxyphenamine
methoxyphenamine: structure. methoxyphenamine : An amphetamine methylated on nitrogen and with the phenyl ring methoxylated at C-2. A beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator.		7.0310amphetaminesbeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.5820benzothiadiazine
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.0410benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		4.0740beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		4.5270benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		4.2650organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		4.6580aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		12.49161C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.5920aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		4.7590aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.4320dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0610dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		4.3960imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.5620amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		4.2450bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		4.4160dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		4.2350benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.2310diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		4.7890dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.9440benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.8730monoterpenoid
entinostat
[no description available]		2.610benzamides;
carbamate ester;
primary amino compound;
pyridines;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.4520acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.610maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		2.0410aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		4.0840methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.2310tetralins
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		2.610benzoic acids;
guanidines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		5.42801,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		4.0740heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		4.5470aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.0410benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.7790cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.5920organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		4.3760benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		2.4420benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		4.7490C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.5620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		210dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.8930aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		4.52702-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.3960C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.94401,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		3.2960C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.5820nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		4.64801,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		4.2750isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.0210catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		5.67140fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		4.6680organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
nylidrin
Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.		2.0410alkylbenzene
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		14.4211393-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.4160aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		4.2350carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.5720ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
osalmide
osalmide: structure		2.610organic molecular entity
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.82301,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		4.36601,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.7230aromatic ether
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		4.140acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		16.51737aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.610endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		4.0740phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		4.0740aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		4.1140benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol
4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.		2.2110monochlorophenol
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		3.85301,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.5370aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.5820barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		4.2550oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		4.1540piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		4.3960N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.0410acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.4420acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.5220diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		5.82110barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		210phenols
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.8930aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.8630primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.7320monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		210pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		2.610acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
phosalone
phosalone: structure. phosalone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles carrying a [(diethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the nitrogen atom, an oxo group at position 2 and a chloro group at position 6. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide.		1.96101,3-benzoxazoles;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine insecticide;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
phthalylsulfathiazole
phthalylsulfathiazole: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalylsulfathiazole : A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.		2.06101,3-thiazoles;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
o-phthalaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.		2.4320benzaldehydes;
dialdehyde		epitope
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		3.1650organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.5220benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		4.3960indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.8930aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipobroman
Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.		2.0410N-acylpiperazine;
organobromine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.9940pyridines
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		2.3920pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.4520aromatic ether
piromidic acid
Piromidic Acid: Antibacterial against mainly gram negative organisms. It is used for urinary tract and intestinal infections.. piromidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid, substituted at position 2 by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic antibacterial which is used for the treatment of urinary tract and intestinal infections.		6.9610monocarboxylic acid;
pyridopyrimidine;
pyrrolidines;
quinolone antibiotic;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pj-34
PJ34 : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is 5,6-dihydrophenanthridine substituted at positions 2 and 6 by (N,N-dimethylglycyl)amino and oxo groups, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 110 nM and 86 nM, respectively) and exhibits anti-cancer, cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties.		2.610phenanthridines;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antiatherosclerotic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.5820benzothiadiazine
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.4620acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		4.2850isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		4.5270aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.4420amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		4.460aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		4.5370pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		5.2490benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.7530dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		9.6280benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.0410benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.8430benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		3.8330N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		4.0640pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.5220phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		4.2650phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		4.2550aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propiverine
propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome		2.0510diarylmethane
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.8430phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		4.85100naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.8330carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		1.9610pyridines
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.8530pyridinium ion
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		5.65130aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5620benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.5920dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		4.1140benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.83301-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		3.4270aralkylamine
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.0410benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		3.8230benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		4.1340alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		4.39601,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		4.2750tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.0310butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.610pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.5720indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.74301,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.0210ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.2310benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
scriptaid
scriptide: provokes translocation of GLUT4 to increase glucose uptake; structure in first source		2.610isoquinolines
sebacic acid
sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.		2.610alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
semustine
Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.		2.0410N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.0210ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.2310organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.5270pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		6.9610haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		4.0840pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		4.460ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
fenofibrate
[no description available]		2.610benzochromenone;
delta-lactone;
naphtho-alpha-pyrone		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
Sir2 inhibitor
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.4620long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
imatinib
[no description available]		4.1140aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin
[no description available]		2.0410pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.5820dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.5920quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole
succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure		2.06101,3-thiazoles
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.0410N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		8.9640aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine
Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine		2.3820sulfonamide antibioticantiinfective agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0410pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.4920sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.87120isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine
Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.8740pyridazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.0410substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.0310primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.3920pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		4.4970
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.86301,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		4.1950pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisomidine
Sulfisomidine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfisomidine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		1.9510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		3.67100isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		2.35202-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulfoxone
sulfoxone: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410sulfonamide
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.5920alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.9540benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sultopride
[no description available]		2.4620salicylamides
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		4.5470sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.9840aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.4520naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		11.44155N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0210acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
tegafur
[no description available]		2.4620organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.0310benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		3.8230benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.5820imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		4.3960furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		4.5370phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.0210diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.0410benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		5.4660phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.58201,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2,2'-thiodiethanol
2,2'-thiodiethanol: product of yperite hydrolysis; a hydrolysis product opf mustard gas; strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. thiodiglycol : A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom		2.0410aliphatic sulfide;
diol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite;
solvent
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		5.0770phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		4.2450aziridines
tiaramide
tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		6.9610benzothiazoles
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		4.140monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		3.8530imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.5620N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.2350benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.5820N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		4.92110N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.5420aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.		2.0510N-substituted diamine;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		apoptosis inducer;
chelator;
copper chelator
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		4.5270aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		4.0840amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.4620triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		4.460monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		4.5470pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		4.3960triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.0410benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
triclosan
[no description available]		3.3960aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.0210polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		4.2850N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.610organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trigonelline
trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.610alkaloid;
iminium betaine		food component;
human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.8430oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.7320benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		6.11160aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		4.2450
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.8430dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		3.8930chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.1310
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		2.610alkylbenzenegeroprotector
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.9130aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil
[no description available]		2.9540piperazines
urethane
[no description available]		2.0410carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		4.5370cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesamicol
vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410piperidines
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		4.9540gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.4520aromatic ether
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.0840carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		4.0740nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		4.9260imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.4520monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
donepezil hydrochloride
donepezil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)- donepezil hydrochloride. Its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.		2.1510
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.9130mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		8.1129311beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		3.331116alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		1.9510ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.2350alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.0340imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.2310glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		1.9510pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.4320nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		2.04101,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		1.95104-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		3.61202-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.59201-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		1.95103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		4.54703-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0410barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		9.5980non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		6.8837011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		4.872117-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
paramethasone
Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)		2.0410fluorinated steroid
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.151017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		2.0410N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		4.7790penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.5220organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.1110phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		4.6750pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.59202-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		1.9510nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		6.94250C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.110aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.2310amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.610aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate
allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.		2.0310alkenyl isothiocyanate;
isothiocyanate		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
lachrymator;
metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.3620pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine
[no description available]		4.0640acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		3.8530carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		4.636117-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.0210steroid ester
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		3.5820aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.3920pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
dromostanolone
dromostanolone: synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid used to lower plasma cholesterol & as antineoplastic agent in advanced breast neoplasms; major descriptor (66-86); on-line search ANDROSTANOLS (80-86); ANDROSTANES (68-86); INDEX MEDICUS search DROMOSTANOLONE (66-86); RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.2310benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.6830azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine diphosphate
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		2.7930pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		14.51697kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.0410pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.4820D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		5.17111monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		210phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
thiamine
[no description available]		2.0410organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		4.3460amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		4.1850ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.8330benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.2310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.5920phenothiazines
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.9840penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		4.0540penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.4420organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		3.830benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.4110amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aniline
[no description available]		2.0410anilines;
primary arylamine
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.2310aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		2.0410
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.3920amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		4.3860alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.5920benzenes
uracil mustard
Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.		2.0410aminouracil;
nitrogen mustard
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		4.6380penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.5220antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		2.610psoralensplant metabolite
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.8740chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.683017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		14.48179124-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone
Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.8930aromatic ketone
tubercidin
Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.		2.610antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.98120beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		4.2650mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		4.2550beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.7630nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9610C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium
bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.		2.0410organic sodium saltdye
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		6.9410L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		6.9510erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		2.4110aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		8.6520arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
bromoethane
bromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying a bromo substituent. It is an alkylating agent used as a chemical intermediate in various organic syntheses.		2.0710bromoalkane;
bromohydrocarbon;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
refrigerant;
solvent
carbon disulfide
Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.		3.0510one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
dalapon
dalapon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		3.0850benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
acedapsone
Acedapsone: Acetylated sulfone that is slowly metabolized to give long-term, low blood levels of DAPSONE. It has antimicrobial and antimalarial action, but is mainly used as a depot leprostatic agent.. acedapsone : A sulfone that is dapsone in which both of the amino groups been acetylation. An antimicrobial drug, it also has antimalarial activity.		3.3110acetamides;
anilide;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimalarial;
antimicrobial drug
methylpentynol
methylpentynol: structure		2.0410ynone
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		3.0510chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
propionamide
[no description available]		2.2110monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary fatty amide
acrylamide
[no description available]		1.9610acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone
bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone: structure and RN in first source. 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol : A sulfone that is diphenyl sulfone in which both of the para hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups.		3.3110bisphenol;
sulfone		endocrine disruptor;
metabolite
alpha-pinene
[no description available]		2.1510pineneplant metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		5.611306-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
9,10-anthraquinone
9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.		2.610anthraquinone
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.6320organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		4.2550penicillin allergen;
penicillin
salicylanilide
salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.		2.610benzanilide fungicide;
salicylamides;
salicylanilides
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		3.8530glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
gramine
gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.		2.610aminoalkylindole;
indole alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
aminacrine
Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.		2.610aminoacridines;
primary amino compound		acid-base indicator;
antiinfective agent;
antiseptic drug;
fluorescent dye;
MALDI matrix material;
mutagen
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.5820phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
benzhydrylamine
[no description available]		2.1310
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		3.5580xanthene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		2.1310phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
fenoprop
fenoprop: RN given is for parent cpd; structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acidphenoxy herbicide
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0410chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
dilactide
dilactide: structure given in first source		2.610dioxanes
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.		3.14105-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		1.9510trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl gallate
methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.		2.610gallate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
dicloran
2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.		2.0410aromatic fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
nitroaniline		antifungal agrochemical
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		2.0410phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
dyrene
dyrene: structure. anilazine : A member of the class of triazenes that is dichlorotriazene in which the hydrogen is replaced by an o-chloroanilino group. A fungicide formerly used to control leaf spots and downy mildew, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine pesticide;
secondary amino compound;
triazines		antifungal agrochemical
triclocarban
triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.		2.0610dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.		3.3110aromatic amineallergen;
carcinogenic agent
1,3-diphenylurea
1,3-diphenylurea : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens of each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group. It is present in coconut milk (Cocos nucifera).		2.0610phenylureascytokinin;
plant metabolite
monobenzone
monobenzone: structure. monobenzone : The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.		2.610benzyl etherallergen;
dermatologic drug;
melanin synthesis inhibitor
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.5920benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
acrolein
[no description available]		2.0410enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.0310primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		3.1410mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
tetraethylenepentamine
[no description available]		2.0410polyazaalkanecopper chelator
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.4420peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.0210steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.0410bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.4110biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
chloranil
Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		3.68100aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
scoparone
scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.		2.0410aromatic ether;
coumarins		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antilipemic drug;
immunosuppressive agent;
plant metabolite
ethyl vanillin
ethyl vanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is vanillin in which the methoxy group is replaced by an ethoxy group.		2.0410aromatic ether;
benzaldehydes;
phenols		antioxidant;
flavouring agent
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.7630methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
1,4-naphthoquinone
naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.		2.03101,4-naphthoquinones
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.8930quinolines
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		1.9410benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
amiben
Amiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410chlorobenzoic acid
syringaldehyde
syringaldehyde: isolated from nonfermented fiber fractions of oat hulls and cottonseed hulls. syringaldehyde : A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. Isolated from Pisonia aculeata and Panax japonicus var. major, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		2.0410dimethoxybenzene;
hydroxybenzaldehyde		hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.1310hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
4,4'-thiodianiline
4,4'-thiodianiline: structure		3.3110substituted aniline
benzathine
benzathine: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locants for phenylmethyl groups; structure		2.0410diamine
monuron
monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.		2.04103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
hexadecylamine
[no description available]		2.1310alkylamine
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		4.2350penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.5120dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.8430acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
fluocortolone
Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.		2.031021-hydroxy steroid
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.610catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		7.1310organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
phenetidine
Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.		2.0410aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		drug metabolite
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		2.0410amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		1.9810azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		2.1510indazole
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		9.2384adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.9130isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		6.68611,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.9401,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		3.3370diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.6820phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.3620azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		2.4520nitrile
methylpentynol carbamate
[no description available]		2.0410
mechlorethamine n-oxide
[no description available]		2.0410nitrogen mustard
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.4620
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		4.1140N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
linuron
Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.0410benzenes;
sulfonamide
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.8530benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		2.1310ergoline alkaloid
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.0110amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		3.125011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
3-fluorophenylalanine
3-fluorophenylalanine: p-fluorophenylalanine is a minor descriptor; RN given refers cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		1.9810
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		2.5220imidazolidine-2,4-dione
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.83301-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ketobemidone
ketobemidone: structure		2.0410piperidines
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
liriodenine
liriodenine: structure given in first source. liriodenine : An oxoaporphine alkaloid that is 4,5,6,6a-tetradehydronoraporphin-7-one substituted by a methylenedioxy group across positions 1 and 2. It is isolated from Annona glabra and has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.		3.1710alkaloid antibiotic;
cyclic ketone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxacycle;
oxoaporphine alkaloid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		2.610thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
plumbagin
plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.0410hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
phenols		anticoagulant;
antineoplastic agent;
immunological adjuvant;
metabolite
cepharanthine
cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.		2.610bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
aloe emodin
aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.		2.610aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid
chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.		2.610dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.5220isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol
osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source		2.610botanical anti-fungal agent;
coumarins		metabolite
flavanone
flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.		2.610flavanones
thymoquinone
thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.		2.08101,4-benzoquinonesadjuvant;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite
pamaquine
pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410aminoquinoline
phloretic acid
phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acidplant metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		2.0410ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		7.8430hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.8730ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.0210furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.04103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.582017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
angelicin
angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure		2.610furanocoumarin
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.2310diarylmethane
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		9.44103C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
apronalide
apronalide: structure		2.0410N-acylurea
syringic acid
syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.		2.0310benzoic acids;
dimethoxybenzene;
phenols		plant metabolite
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.7230thiazoles
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.		2.0410dinitrophenol acaricide;
hydroxytoluene;
nitrotoluene		dinitrophenol insecticide;
fungicide;
herbicide
diperodon
diperodon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.610carbamate ester
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.8530amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		2.5220carbodiimideATP synthase inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
peptide coupling reagent
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.8530carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.0440dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.5920benzenes;
sulfonamide
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.5720organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		8.5580phenoxazine
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.0410carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
monoacetyldapsone
monoacetyldapsone: used in leprosy chemotherapy. monoacetyldapsone : A secondary carboxamide resulting from acetylation of one of the amino groups of dapsone.		3.3110acetamides;
anilide;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzenes;
sulfonamide
malachite green
malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.		2.7530organic chloride saltantibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
teratogenic agent
lactulose
[no description available]		4.0940glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.763020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate
Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		3.3411organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
alpha-naphthoflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).		2.0310extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
toyocamycin
Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.		2.0410antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
nitrile;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite
5-nitroquinoline
[no description available]		2.1110
2-nitrofluorene
2-nitrofluorene: RN given refers to cpd with locant with nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitrofluorene : A nitroarene that is fluorene substituted by a nitro group at position 2.		2.5720nitroarenecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
2-anthramine
2-anthramine: structure		2.2110anthracenamine
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		5.9271acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.7530
benzydamine
Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.		2.0610aromatic ether;
indazoles;
tertiary amino compound		analgesic;
central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
local anaesthetic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		6.61280cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		2.0610organic molecular entity
hadacidin
hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans.		2.0410aldehyde;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.610
carbophenothion
carbophenothion: structure		2.0410organic sulfide
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.245017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin
Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.		2.0410
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		2.74301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		3.1550
n-methylpyrrolidone
1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0410lactam;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		polar aprotic solvent
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		3.9321pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.0410pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
testolactone
Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.		2.04103-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
seco-androstane
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.4320steroid ester
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		3.6520hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
pyrithioxin
Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.		2.0410methylpyridines
metformin hydrochloride
metformin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of metformin with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.610hydrochlorideenvironmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine
4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine: structure in first source		2.0710
fenchone, (+-)-isomer
fenchone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fenchone : A carbobicyclic compound that is fenchane in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. It is a component of essential oil from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).		2.110carbobicyclic compound;
cyclic terpene ketone;
fenchane monoterpenoid		plant metabolite
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.610benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		6.08220glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346
sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.		2.0410nucleoside analogueprotein kinase inhibitor
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.2310alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
picolinamide
picolinamide: degradation product of diquat. pyridinecarboxamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is a substituted pyridine in which at least one of the substituents is a carboxamide or N-substituted caraboxamide group.. picolinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of picolinic acid.		2.0210pyridinecarboxamide
guanazole
Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.		2.0410aromatic amine;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.5920monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410aromatic ketone
meturedepa
meturedepa: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6031		2.0410phosphoramide
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
ioxynil
ioxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ioxynil : A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.0410iodophenol;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
bromoxynil
bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.		2.0410dibromobenzene;
hydroxynitrile;
phenols		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.830cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl
5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl: structure in first source		2.610bipyridines
dichlorobenzyl alcohol
2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by chlorines.		2.610benzyl alcohols;
dichlorobenzene		antiseptic drug
picloram
Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.		2.0410aminopyridine;
chloropyridine;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		herbicide;
synthetic auxin
ethoglucid
Ethoglucid: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature.		2.0410epoxide
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		4.2350benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
n-tetradecylamine
N-tetradecylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310alkylamine
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		4.0640aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		4.2350benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		2.0410aromatic ketone
1,6-diaminohexane
1,6-diaminohexane: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexane-1,6-diamine : A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.		2.0510alkane-alpha,omega-diaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
guanoxan
guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage		2.4620benzodioxine
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.0210corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione
[no description available]		2.0410
benzyltriethylammonium
benzyltriethylammonium: a surface-active agent		2.4110
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.0410N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
1,12-dodecamethylenediamine
1,12-dodecamethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecane-1,12-diamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine that is dodecane substituted by amino groups at positions 1 and 12.		2.0510alkane-alpha,omega-diamine
chlordesmethyldiazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzodiazepine
uridine diphosphate galactose
Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.. UDP-alpha-D-galactose : A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.		2.0210UDP-D-galactosemouse metabolite
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		6.25101dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.7330organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		4.2450dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.1510thujeneplant metabolite
improsan
improsan: synonyms NSC-102627, alkylating agent 864 & yoshi 864 refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410organosulfonic ester
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.0210D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.05101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.3820penicillinantibacterial drug
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.02102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin sulfate
[no description available]		2.110aminoglycoside sulfate salt
streptomycin
[no description available]		21.1791682antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
piperacetazine
piperacetazine: was MH 1975-91 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90)		2.0410phenothiazines
dideoxyadenosine
Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.		2.610adenosines;
purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		4.0640organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		4.3460penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
norleucine
Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.		1.98102-aminohexanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		3.1450penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.5920acridines
pentaquine
pentaquine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.		3.3370
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.610beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
2-amino-1-butanol
2-amino-1-butanol: structure		2.3920
levomethadone
levomethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneantitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		2.1510cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		4.2550azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		210amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine
3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.610
d-glutamate
[no description available]		2.1710D-alpha-amino acid;
glutamic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
terodiline
[no description available]		2.4520diarylmethane
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
phenylethylmalonamide
Phenylethylmalonamide: A metabolite of primidone.		2.0310amine
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		1.9610elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.3920manganese group element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.0110titanium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.3110cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.1310f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.5680pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		2.3520magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.0610N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
usnic acid
[no description available]		2.8730dibenzofurans;
methyl ketone;
polyphenol		acaricide;
antifungal agent;
lichen metabolite
metocurine iodide
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
octamethylenediamine
octamethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,8-diaminooctane : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the two amino groups are separated by eight methylene groups.		2.0510alkane-alpha,omega-diamine
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.1310delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.1310iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
isopentenyladenosine
Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.		2.0410N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
plant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		2.0210inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.420dihydrogen
fluorosulfonic acid
perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer		2.1310sulfur oxoacidNMR solvent
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination
Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.		2.2510
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.5220diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
colterol
colterol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. colterol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is catechol in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4110catechols;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
triol		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		3.0750
chloropyramine
chloropyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.610aminopyridine
phenacid
phenacid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
chloramine
[no description available]		2.0410halide
reproterol
reproterol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4620oxopurine
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
metopimazine
metopimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310phenothiazines
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.0710
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0410benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		4.3960selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.49206-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
7-methyljuglone
7-methyljuglone: antineoplastic from roots of Euclea natalensis and Drosera aliciae; structure in first source		3.5520hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		4.0840monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		3.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		5.6290beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.4620organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.9540glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pentamethylmelamine
pentamethylmelamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
n'-nitrosonornicotine
N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals		2.610pyridines;
pyrrolidines
calusterone
calusterone: was MH 1975-92 (see under METHYLTESTOSTERONE 1975-90); use METHYLTESTOSTERONE to search CALUSTERONE 1975-92		2.04103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		4.074017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.0310carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.5920
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
etoprine
etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP		2.0410
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.5920
iodine
[no description available]		1.9510halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		4.140aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazine
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.7230cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.5820nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.5920aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		4.2450indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
myrcene
myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.1510monoterpeneanabolic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.382011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.5920indoles
azetepa
[no description available]		2.0410phosphoramide
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.482011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.5620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		2.04103-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.1110phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.0210acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0210organic molecular entity
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.7130benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
alkenes
[no description available]		2.1510
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		210glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.0410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.5920N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.5170beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
ripazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzenes
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.5720inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		1.9410pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
halofenate
Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.		3.0510
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		5.73150penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		4.6480timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4220tryptamines
carfecillin
Carfecillin: The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.		2.0510penicillin
almitrine
Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.. almitrine : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.		2.0610piperazines;
triamino-1,3,5-triazine		central nervous system stimulant
nigericin
Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.		2.110polycyclic etherantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.2310cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.6320catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
prednimustine
Prednimustine: Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.4520oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		4.0540carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amygdalin
[no description available]		2.0410cyanogenic glycoside;
disaccharide derivative;
gentiobioside		plant metabolite
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		4.140amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		6.66161azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.5920pyrroline
medifoxamine
medifoxamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		210aromatic ether
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		2.4520amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		9.6380amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.2450taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		4.4160beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		4.460catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		2.9640penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trimazosin
trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410N-arylpiperazine
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		4.2550ethanolamines
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		2.0410amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		4.78901-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		2.4520triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		12.7913alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.0410
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.0610catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		4.0740beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		4.0740aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.6580L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
pyridoxal phosphate
[no description available]		2.610pyridinecarbaldehyde
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		3.1250monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		3.4270
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		4.39605-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
nimustine
Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0410aminopyrimidine;
N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.4320organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		2.0310ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.89301,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.0210cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
exifone
[no description available]		3.5920benzophenones
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.9130[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.7230azepanes
butibufen
butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.7320benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		4.0640anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		4.220tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.460aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
medroxalol
medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410salicylamides
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.8530aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
spiromustine
[no description available]		2.0410
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.0210organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		210aromatic ether
diaziquone
diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.		2.04101,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines;
carbamate ester;
enamine		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.7230acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.5370anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
ceforanide
ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.2450penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		4.5370aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triciribine phosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		4.95110alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.8430cephalosporinantibacterial drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oltipraz
oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.		2.6101,2-dithiole;
pyrazines		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimutagen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin;
protective agent;
schistosomicide drug
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		4.0740diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.4520cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4420benzamides
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
bw-755c
4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.		2.0410
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.5620diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.2550cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.9440benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.4420dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fiacitabine
fiacitabine: anti-herpes virus agent which also inhibits growth of certain human tumor cell lines in vitro.		2.610
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.5920
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.0640cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.9740fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pirazolac
[no description available]		2.0310
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		4.2450monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.2310piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		3.8430
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		2.9740
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		4.7590delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4520aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.8730naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.9440aromatic ketone
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		4.5470delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.0410benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.4520dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.861003-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.5620N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
caracemide
[no description available]		2.0410
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.4420carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		4.0740aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		3.8430dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.5920imidazoles
eproxindine
eproxindine: structure given in first source		2.0310
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.52203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone
piroximone: structure in first source		2.0510
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV		2.0510
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		2.9640aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
trospectomycin
trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer		2.0410dioxanes
(S)-nomifensine
(S)-nomifensine : The S enantiomer of nomifensine.		2.0310nomifensine
cilazapril, anhydrous
Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
pyridazinodiazepine		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.5620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.7320aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
brequinar
brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.		2.610biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		4.06403-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.610imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.4520
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		4.2650aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
temafloxacin
temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		7.6730amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
(2S)-2-[[oxo-(4-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl)methyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid
[no description available]		2.0310phenylalanine derivative
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		2.4520quinolines
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0210adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		4.43606-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
aromasil
[no description available]		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		3.95130fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		3.85301-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.2310methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.4260phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		4.2550beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
marbofloxacin
[no description available]		2.2510quinolines
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.9540tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		4.2450pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		2.4620
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		4.4160aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celgosivir
celgosivir: inhibits glycoprotein processing & the growth of HIVs		2.610
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.4460organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		4.0640benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.5820aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		4.0640alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.8430aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		6.56141monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.2310duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.0640carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		4.4260biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5820
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		4.41601,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.7830guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		4.2750oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.6106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		4.1540monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mifobate
mifobate: has antiatherosclerotic properties		2.0510trialkyl phosphate
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.8930biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.2310carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		3.5620adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
n,n-diethylethylenediamine
N,N-diethylethylenediamine: structure in first source		2.0210
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone: structure		2.04101,4-benzoquinones
octyl gallate
[no description available]		2.610gallate esterfood antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
edda
EDDA: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethylenediaminediacetic acid : An ethylenediamine derivative in which two of the four amine protons of ethylenediamine are replaced by carboxymethyl groups.		210amino dicarboxylic acid;
ethylenediamine derivative;
glycine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
chelator
morzid
morzid: structure		2.0410morpholines
pipothiazine
pipothiazine: was heading 1975-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PIPOTHIAZINE 1975-94; a member of the family of phenothiazine tranquilizers		2.0310
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		2.0410diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
fosinoprilat
fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.		2.0410L-proline derivative;
phosphinic acids		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		4.4260
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.8430cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
febrifugine
febrifugine: antimalarials; structure		2.0410quinazolines
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		7.3462acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		3.7320aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.420D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.1710hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		210organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		3.9630hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
arctigenin
arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants		2.610lignan
baicalin
[no description available]		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.7320azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.7320carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		4.350acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
diacetylfluorescein
[no description available]		2.3920
thymine arabinoside
thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus		2.0410N-glycosyl compound
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		2.610flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
psicofuranine
[no description available]		2.0410psicose derivative;
purine nucleoside
norvaline
norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure. L-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration.		6.94102-aminopentanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		bacterial metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent
nile red
nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.		2.0210aromatic amine;
cyclic ketone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose
pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.610gallate ester;
galloyl beta-D-glucose		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
cephalotaxine
[no description available]		2.610benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		2.610hydrochloridedrug allergen
mefloquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610hydrochloride
4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenylsulfone
4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenylsulfone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		3.3110sulfonic acid derivative
triciribine
[no description available]		2.0410nucleoside analogueEC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.4320benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine
[no description available]		2.0410
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		5.0780cephalosporinfungal metabolite
imipramine n-oxide
imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.5920organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.5820benzimidazoles
aloxistatin
aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.		2.610epoxide;
ethyl ester;
L-leucine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticoronaviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.5920organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
trofosfamide
trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure		2.0410ifosfamides
propazole
propazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.610benzimidazoles
terizidone
terizidone: minor descriptor (1975-1984); on-line & Index Medicus search OXAZOLES (1975-1984); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		7.9130
4-aminobenzoic acid-n-xyloside
4-aminobenzoic acid-N-xyloside: K 247 refers to Na salt; RN given refers to (D)-isomer		2.0410
fotrin
fotrin: ethyleneamine derivative; antineoplastic; Russian drug; structure		2.0410
sufosfamide
sufosfamide: stronger immunosuppressive activity than cyclophosphamide; structure		2.0410
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.5920sulfonamide
fropenem
[no description available]		3.9911faropenem
dexloxiglumide
dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520glutamic acid derivative
prulifloxacin
prulifloxacin: structure given in first source		2.610fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0410pyridoindole
repaglinide
[no description available]		4.0740piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		4.4660benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
bergenin
bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure		2.610trihydroxybenzoic acidmetabolite
propatyl nitrate
propatyl nitrate: structure given in first source		2.0410nitrate ester
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.9540fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
acediasulfone
acediasulfone: antibacterial drug for treatment of ear infections; structure in first source		3.3110alpha-amino acid
sulfamidochrysoidine
sulfamidochrysoidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. prontosil : A diphenyldiazene compound having two amino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and an aminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. It was the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics.		2.0410
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.03401,2,3-triazole
pinocembrin
pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.		3.5820(2S)-flavan-4-one;
dihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
vasodilator agent
isopimpinellin
isopimpinellin: from Ruta graveolens & Heracleum lanatum; structure		2.0710psoralens
isoimperatorin
isoimperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist isolated from Glehniae root. isoimperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.110psoralensEC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
metabolite
dictamnine
dictamnine: furanoquinoline alkaloid; crosslinks DNA in presence of ultraviolet light		2.0410alkaloid antibiotic;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
ibopamine
ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source		2.0410benzoate ester;
phenols
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
steroid sulfate		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		3.66202-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		3.8530dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
cefcanel
cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure		2.0410
pumitepa
pumitepa: structure; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.0410
arbekacin
arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.		2.0610aminoglycoside;
kanamycins		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
rilmenidine
Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.		210isourea
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		4.11401,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
epristeride
epristeride: structure given in first source		2.4520steroid acid
brodimoprim
brodimoprim: inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. brodimoprim : An aminopyrimidine that is 2,4-diaminopyrimidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a 4-bromo-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl group.		3.3110aminopyrimidine;
bromobenzenes;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
talinolol
[no description available]		2.7630ureas
fexinidazole
fexinidazole: structure given in first source		2.2110
elmustine
elmustine: structure		2.0410
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		3.8220organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.610sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.03103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
forphenicinol
[no description available]		2.0410
epiroprim
epiroprim: an analog of trimethoprim with improved antimicrobial and pharmacokinetic properties; structure given in first source		3.3110
fenflumizole
fenflumizole: structure in first source		2.0310
1,7-diaminoheptane
[no description available]		2.0510
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0810morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.5220fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
denaverine
denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
pafenolol
pafenolol: structure given in first source		2.4620
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.5920acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.5920aminopyrimidine
oxprenolol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		2.4110
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		2.7230aromatic compound
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.5820chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		4.0640aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
ljc 10627
biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.4520carbapenems;
organic sulfide;
pyrazolotriazole		antibacterial drug
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		4.0640razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.5920aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
fenpiverinium
fenpiverinium: RN given refers to bromide; structure		2.4110diarylmethane
opipramol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610
acetylisoniazid
acetylisoniazid: Antitubercular Agent. N'-acetylisoniazid : A carbohydrazide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of isonicotinic acid with hydrazine and subsequent acetylation of the monosubstituted nitrogen atom.		3.8721carbohydrazidemetabolite
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		4.2850conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
inproquone
inproquone: major descriptor (78-80); replaced major descriptor Bayer E39 (63-77); on-line search AZIRINES (66-80); Index Medicus search Bayer E39 (63-77), INPROQUONE (78-80)		2.0410
betamipron
[no description available]		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
moroxydine
[no description available]		2.610biguanides
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.7230benzofurans
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.2310amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.5920imidazoles
epanolol
epanolol: structure given in first source		210acetamides
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
perindoprilat
perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
L-alanine derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
prednisolone phosphate
prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glucocorticoid receptor agonist;
prodrug
(S)-flurbiprofen
[no description available]		2.0310flurbiprofen
thioxolone
tioxolone : A 1,3-benzoxathiole having a hydroxy substituent at the 6-position.		2.610benzoxathioleantiseborrheic
tolmesoxide
tolmesoxide: structure		2.0510
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		2.0410
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		2.4220phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
honokiol
[no description available]		2.610biphenyls
betulin
betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.		2.1710diol;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		analgesic;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
metabolite
nobiletin
nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.610methoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lycorine
lycorine: from bulbs of LYCORIS & other plants; RN given refers to (1 alpha,2 beta)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5444. lycorine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.		2.610indolizidine alkaloidanticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
gentamicin c1a
[no description available]		4.3650gentamycin C
9-aminocamptothecin
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
leupeptin
[no description available]		2.610aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
sch 34343
Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer		2.4520
grepafloxacin
grepafloxacin: structure in first source		2.0210fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
squalamine
squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source		2.0410bile acid
propyl pyrazinoate
[no description available]		2.0310
2,2'-dithiobis(n-2-hydroxypropylbenzamide)
2,2'-dithiobis(N-2-hydroxypropylbenzamide): platelet aggregation inhibitor; structure given in first source		1.9610
neplanocin a
neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase		2.0410
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		7.6120bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.2310carbapenems
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid
[no description available]		2.0610
calpeptin
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
fangchinoline
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
macrocycle		anti-HIV-1 agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
tryptanthrine
tryptanthrine: minor constituent of traditional Chinese medicine qing dai		2.1110alkaloid antibiotic;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
sakuranetin
sakuranetin: major rice phytoalexin; RN given for ((S)-(-))-isomer; structure in first source. sakuranetin : A flavonoid phytoalexin that is (S)-naringenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.0410(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
flavonoid phytoalexin;
monomethoxyflavanone		antimycobacterial drug;
plant metabolite
maslinic acid
(2Alpha,3beta)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid: from Luehea divaricata and Agrimonia eupatoria		2.610dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		6.23130carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
2-n-propylquinoline
2-propylquinoline: structure in first source		3.4110
4-nitro-4'-aminodiphenyl sulfone
4-nitro-4'-aminodiphenyl sulfone: dapsone metabolite; structure given in first source		3.3110
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		4.5470hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
1-ethoxysilatrane
[no description available]		2.0410
ribose-5-phosphate
ribose-5-phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210D-ribose 5-phosphate
rivastigmine
[no description available]		4.0840carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		4.1140carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.8530indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		3.8530aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.2310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		18.1923236macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
loganin
[no description available]		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
cyclopentapyran;
enoate ester;
iridoid monoterpenoid;
methyl ester;
monosaccharide derivative;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
tretazicar
tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)		2.0410
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		3.1503-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
nsc-172755
butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)		2.4120
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		7.3520iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		4.2750peptide
aucubin
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entitymetabolite
streptovitacin a
streptovitacin A: structure		2.0410
inermin
inermin: phytoalexin produced in plants after injection with fungi; RN given refers to (cis-(+-))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (-)-maackiain : The (-)-enantiomer of maackiain.		3.1710maackiain
catalpol
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entitymetabolite
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.06107-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
lekoptin
(S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.		2.52202-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
tarenflurbil
tarenflurbil: R-enantiomer of flurbiprofen but not a COX inhibitor; modulates NF-kB, gamma-secretase, amyloid beta-protein;		2.0310flurbiprofen
cb 10375
trimelamol: structure given in first source		2.0410
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.5820peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		3.9430amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		3.5780
carbenicillin indanyl
carbenicillin indanyl: acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)		2.0410penicillin
phomenone
phomenone: structure		2.1110sesquiterpenoid
mycobacidin
mycobacidin: structure		3.4110
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.0310D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
cb 1837
CB 1837: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
diffractaic acid
difractaic acid: from Lichen, Usnea steineri; active against Gram-positive, multidrug-resistant bacteria; structure in first source		3.1710carbonyl compound
hexaphosphamide
hexaphosphamide: structure		2.0410
dipin
dipin: structure		2.0410
phosphazine
phosphazine: structure		2.0410
diiodobenzotepa
diiodobenzotepa: structure		2.0410
Lup-20(29)-en-28-al, 3beta-hydroxy-
[no description available]		2.1710triterpenoid
icig 1163
ICIG 1163: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0410
bimolane
bimolane: structure given in first source		2.0410
thiodipin
thiodipin: structure		2.0410
fluoxydine
fluoxydine: structure		2.0410
imiphos
imiphos: structure		2.0410
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.610methyladenosine
phenglutarimide
phenglutarimide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510piperidines
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		7.5920cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		2.7530
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		4.4460beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		4.2750primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
4-hydroxydebrisoquin
4-hydroxydebrisoquin: principal metabolite of above; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxydebrisoquin : An isoquinoline that is 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline bearing amidino and hydroxy substituent at positions 2 and 4 respectively.		2.4110carboxamidine;
isoquinolines;
secondary alcohol		metabolite
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source		2.02101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.610N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
aldophosphamide
aldophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide		2.0410nitrogen mustard
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		2.0510hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
pyronaridine
[no description available]		2.610aminoquinoline
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.5820alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
geniposide
[no description available]		2.610terpene glycoside
asulacrine
asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source		2.0410acridines
gamma-fagarine
gamma-fagarine: active alkaloid of Chinese medicines from Dictamni radicis cortex (Rutaceae); structure given in first source		2.0410organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
hydroxycotinine
hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
daidzin
daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).		2.6107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		2.4520dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
2-hydroxyimipramine
2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520dibenzoazepine
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0410acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.2310benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione: isolated from Streptomyces griseoluteus fermentation broth; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0410
monobromobimane
monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.0510organobromine compound;
pyrazolopyrazole		fluorochrome
oxymatrine
oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source		2.0410alkaloid;
tertiary amine oxide
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310ibuprofen
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.71201,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
sophocarpine
[no description available]		2.610
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.610hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.2310adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
elacridar
Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source		2.610
bay y3118
Bay Y3118: structure given in first source		1.9910
1,1,2-trichloroethanol
1,1,2-trichloroethanol: metabolite of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene		2.0410
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.5720benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.2310isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celastrol
[no description available]		2.610monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
3-formylrifamycin sv
[no description available]		3.3511
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		4.2550indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.0410bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		2.0310penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		3.8530aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine
N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)		2.610leucine derivative
vadimezan
vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.		2.610monocarboxylic acid;
xanthones		antineoplastic agent
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.610dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.2310benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
iremycin
iremycin: anthracycline antibiotic from Streptomyces violaceus subsp. iremyceticus; RN given refers to parent cpd(7R-trans)-isomer		2.0410
methotrexate
[no description available]		5.81160dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
n,n'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine
N,N'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
hainanensine
hainanensine: structure in first source		2.0410
tamsulosin
[no description available]		4.27505-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.4520penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.2310biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
umifenovir
umifenovir: an antiviral agent		2.610indolyl carboxylic acid
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
safinamide
safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source		2.610amino acid amide
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.610hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.63201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.04102-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
carbapenems
[no description available]		2.1310
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		2.4110beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
ritrosulfan
ritrosulfan: RN given refers to parent cpd(R*,S*)-isomer; structure		2.0410
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.57201-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
selenomethylselenocysteine
Se-methylselenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid compound having methylselanylmethyl as the side-chain.. Se-methyl-L-selenocysteine : An L-alpha-amino acid compound having methylselanylmethyl as the side-chain.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
L-selenocysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
Se-methylselenocysteine		antineoplastic agent
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.9640hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		2.0410cyclohexenones
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.7320carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
ym 872
YM 872: structure in first source		2.0410
tariquidar
[no description available]		2.0310benzamides
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		14.0959119-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.2310azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.5820carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
dx 8951
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.5920amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast
[no description available]		2.4520methoxybenzenes
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.5820benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0410
sabarubicin
sabarubicin: structure given in first source		2.0410
damvar
damvar: structure		2.0410
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		15.69115aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
vx 497
N-3-(3-(3-methoxy-4-oxazol-5-ylphenyl)ureido)benzylcarbamic acid tetrahydrofuran-3-yl ester: structure in first source		2.610
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.5920
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.5820dihydropyridine
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.8530isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
bcx 1812
[no description available]		2.6103-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
acetamides;
cyclopentanols;
guanidines		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
kolaviron
kolaviron: antihepatotoxic fraction of biflavonones from Garcinia kola seeds; phalloidine antagonist. kolaflavanone : A biflavonoid isolated from the seeds of Garcinia kola that has been shown to exhibit hepatoprotective activity.		2.13104'-methoxyflavanones;
biflavonoid;
dihydroflavonols;
ring assembly;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.7230morpholines
disopyramide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		4.6780methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.2510oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
isradipine, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.5220biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.7320pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
celastrol methyl ester
celastrol methyl ester: isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii; potent inhibitory activity on both Kir2.1 and ERG1 potassium channels, leading to LONG QT SYNDROME		2.610carboxylic ester
resiquimod
S 28463: structure given in first source		2.610imidazoquinoline
3-hydroxystigmast-5-en-7-one
[no description available]		2.0410steroid
questin
[no description available]		2.1110dihydroxyanthraquinone
benzo-tepa
benzo-tepa: structure		2.0410
tevenel
tevenel: sulfamoyl analog of D-threo-chloramphenicol; structure		2.0410sulfonamide
tac 278
TAC 278: prodrug of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0410
abanoquil
[no description available]		2.0410
edba
[no description available]		2.6730alpha-amino acid
tanshinone ii a
tashinone IIA: a cardiovascular agent with antineoplastic activity; isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza; structure in first source		2.610abietane diterpenoid
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.7930amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
anacardic acid
anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybenzoic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		4.330dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.2310
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0410
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.5920
methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide
methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide: structure given in first source		2.0510
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		4.6680
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.4320piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
migalastat
migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis		2.610piperidines
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.7320aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		3.8721divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
limonin
[no description available]		2.610epoxide;
furans;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
lactone;
limonoid;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		inhibitor;
metabolite;
volatile oil component
ketoprofen
[no description available]		2.0310
5-chloropyrazinamide
[no description available]		2.0310
melagatran
[no description available]		2.4520azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
scutellarin
scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.		2.610glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
ascididemin
ascididemin: can be viewed as a fused phenanthroline with quinoline; from the Mediterranean ascidian Cystodytes dellechiajei; structure in first source		3.5520
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
hexestrol diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0410
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
etravirine
[no description available]		3.7320aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
chelidonine
chelidonine: benzophenanthridine derived from scoulerine from Chelidonium majus; RN given refers to parent cpd (chelidonine, (5bR-(5balpha,6beta,12alpha))-isomer)		2.610alkaloid antibiotic;
alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzophenanthridine alkaloid
4-n-butylresorcinol
4-n-butylresorcinol: structure in first source		2.610resorcinols
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tesaglitazar
tesaglitazar: structure in first source		2.4520
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.2310indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.8930furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.9330carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
dapivirine
Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission		2.610
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.5920benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.0410
fosfluconazole
fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		prodrug
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.2310benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.2310benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520
pimaric acid
pimaric acid: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure		3.1710diterpenoid
demecolcine
Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.		2.0410alkaloid;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
santonin
Santonin: Anthelmintic isolated from the dried unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia maritima and other species of Artemisia found principally in Russian and Chinese Turkestan and the Southern Ural region. (From Merck, 11th ed.)		3.0610botanical anti-fungal agent;
santonin		plant metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.44203beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		2.633011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
nsc 74859
NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.		2.610amidobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
tosylate ester		STAT3 inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		3.830
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.89301-benzofurans
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.4420carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.843017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
lupeol
[no description available]		2.1710pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.4420penicillin allergen;
penicillin
berbamine
[no description available]		2.610bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
indicine-n-oxide
indicine-N-oxide: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R*,3S*),7abeta))-isomer; structure		2.0410
acivicin
[no description available]		2.0410isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
diospyrin
diospyrin: structure given in first source		2.4320hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone;
ring assembly
u-104
SLC-0111: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
malabaricone a
malabaricone A: from Myristica malabarica (rampatri), has antipromastigote activity; structure in first source		3.1710
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		5.9881
7-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(2-oxopropyl)-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxanyl]-1-benzopyran-4-one
[no description available]		2.610glycoside
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.9130amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		5.32901,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tizoxanide
tizoxanide: major metabolite of nitazoxanide; structure in first source		2.610salicylamides
meridianin g
meridianin G: from the tunicate Aplidium meridianum; structure in first source		2.1110
rimiterol
rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol		2.7330catechols
arabinose
[no description available]		9.84100L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		1.9510peptide
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.0610raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		2.610(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.5820heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.462011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
alpha-aminobutyric acid
alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.		2.5420alpha-aminobutyric acid;
D-alpha-amino acid
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.8430coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
arabinofuranose
arabinofuranose: structure in first source. L-arabinofuranose : The five-membered ring form of L-arabinose.		2.0410L-arabinose
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		4.7690cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
conessine
conessine : A steroid alkaloid that is con-5-enine substituted by a N,N-dimethylamino group at position 3. It has been isolated from the plant species of the family Apocynaceae.		2.610steroid alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
H3-receptor antagonist;
plant metabolite
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.890alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		9.21501-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		4.0640beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		3.0850cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.5670L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.5820acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.04103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		5.31902,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		3.1450
miglitol
[no description available]		3.8530piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0210organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.4320penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		12.55384acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
angustibalin
angustibalin: sesquiterpene lactone from Balduina angustifolia (Pursh) Robins; structure		2.0410sesquiterpene lactone
cephaelin
cephaelin: do not confuse with cephalin of brain; after emetine this is the most important alkaloid of ipecac; protein synthesis inhibitor. cephaeline : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.		2.610pyridoisoquinoline
altholactone
altholactone: structure in first source		3.1710furopyran
(-)-usnic acid
(-)-usnic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of usnic acid.		2.610usnic acidEC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.		2.610aldehyde;
tripeptide		cysteine protease inhibitor
chloramphenicol palmitate
chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer)		2.0310hexadecanoate ester
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		4.1140tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		2.0410amino sugar
dironyl
dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210organic molecular entity
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.0210cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.58201-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.2510cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		2.9640amino cyclitol;
glycoside
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.0610acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		3.8230retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.610resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		440retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.7130octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.95110macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.4520dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.8530dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.4520benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		4.4602-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0210alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		5.1180
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		2.0610
lycopene
[no description available]		2.610acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		4.5370epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		12.57477macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
formycin
[no description available]		2.0410formycinantineoplastic agent
bms 214662
7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.		2.0410benzenes;
benzodiazepine;
imidazoles;
nitrile;
sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.5820homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
roflumilast
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
L-cycloserine
L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.		2.6104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.610N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
gs 4071
GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.		2.7730acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
afimoxifene
afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.		2.110phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
metabolite
decitabine
[no description available]		3.85302'-deoxyribonucleoside
sm 8668
Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive		2.0410
teniposide
[no description available]		4.2450aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
troxacitabine
troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity		2.0410carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
pa 824
pretomanid: nitroimidazopyran derived from 5-nitroimidazoles; a prodrug that requires activation by a bacterial F420-depedent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd) and nitroreductase to activate components that then inhibit bacterial mycolic acid and protein synthesis; structure in first source		9.93142
ketoconazole
(2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.		2.1310cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.9540cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
artenimol
[no description available]		3.3110
bm 212
BM 212: anti-mycobacterial agent; structure in first source		2.1310
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		3.8530actinomycinmutagen
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.41203beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
bevirimat
bevirimat: an HIV inhibitor; disrupts late step in processing HIV Major Core Protein p24, preventing the capsid precursor p25 from being converted to mature capsid p24. bevirimat : A pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained by the formal condensation of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of betulinic acid. It is isolated from the Chinese herb Syzygium claviflorum. The first in the class of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors to be studied in humans, bevirimat was identified as a potent HIV drug candidate and several clinical trials were conducted, but development into a new drug was plagued by numerous resistance-related problems.		2.610dicarboxylic acid monoester;
monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		HIV-1 maturation inhibitor;
metabolite
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.44201,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		2.0410carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		4.460L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin
[no description available]		3.8630fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.610amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.5870nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
pd 135042
PD 135042: inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV; structure in first source		3.5110
u 100480
U 100480: structure given in first source		2.5220
9-benzyl-2-chloro-6-(2-furyl)purine
9-benzyl-2-chloro-6-(2-furyl)purine: structure in first source		3.3110
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.7320aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
l 743,872
[no description available]		2.0510
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
gw 257406x
maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus		2.610
meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid
meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid : A lignan that is 2,3-dimethylbutane substituted by 2-methoxyphenol groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It has been isolated from the bark of Machilus robusta.		2.1510guaiacols;
lignan		plant metabolite
terameprocol
[no description available]		2.1510lignan
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.9130antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
shikonin
shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities		2.610hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
4,4-difluoro-N-[(1S)-3-[3-(3-methyl-5-propan-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]-1-phenylpropyl]-1-cyclohexanecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.610tropane alkaloid
cmx 001
[no description available]		2.610
amd 8664
[no description available]		2.610
bay 41-4109
BAY 41-4109: structure in first source		2.610
bay 57-1293
pritelivir: herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase inhibitor		2.610
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
2'-c-methylcytidine
2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source		2.610
isoxanthohumol
isoxanthohumol: structure in first source		2.610flavanones
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.2310one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0410organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.3920organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0610organic molecular entity
oxazolidine
oxazolidine: structure given in first source		2.0710oxazolidine
1-(phenylmethyl)benzimidazole
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-n-hydroxybutanamide
4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide: a c-FLIP inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
4-[[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl]-2,6-ditert-butylphenol
[no description available]		2.0410alkylbenzene
mecarbinate
[no description available]		2.610
aceglatone
aceglatone: structure in Merck		2.0410organic molecular entity
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0410
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
citral
citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.		2.0710enal;
monoterpenoid;
polyprenal		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		2.1310benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		3.5620triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0310chloroquine
dextromethadone
D-methadone: an NMDA receptor antagonist analgesic that lacks opioid activity. dextromethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (S)-configuration. It is the less active enantiomer of methadone and has very little activity on opioid receptors and mainly responsible for the inhibition of hERG K+ channels and thus for cardiac toxicity. The drug is currently under clinical development for the treatment of major depressive disorder.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneNMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.2310vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calmidazolium
calmidazolium chloride : The organic choride salt of calmidazolium.		2.0510organic chloride saltapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.		2.610tetrapeptideprotease inhibitor
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.9640penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
amygdalin
(R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.		2.4620amygdalinantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
mitobronitol
Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.0410indolyl carboxylic acid
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.4420oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.5220
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.7230purine nucleoside
dithizone
Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.		1.9610
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		4.7690pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.110
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0210
ipratropium
[no description available]		2.4110
methylatropine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0410
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		9.19335pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.1510
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.8430ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.7790aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
dexketoprofen
dexketoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.		2.0310benzophenones;
monocarboxylic acid		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
thioinosine
Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)		2.0410
jrf 12
N2,N4-dibenzylquinazoline-2,4-diamine: a selective, potent, reversible, and ATP-competitive p97 inhibitor		2.610
phenylthiourea
Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.		9.42384thioureasEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
3,7-dimethoxyflavone
3,7-dimethoxyflavone: structure given in first source		3.1710ether;
flavonoids
3,4'-dihydroxyflavone
3,4'-dihydroxyflavone: an antioxidant; structure in first source		2.610
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.1710caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
methyl caffeate
methyl caffeate: from plant Gaillardia pulchella. methyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester formed by the formal condensation of caffeic acid with methyl alcohol.		3.1710alkyl caffeate ester;
methyl ester
1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole
1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.3110tetrazoles
ondansetron, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.		2.610methoxycinnamic acid
1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(thiomorpholin-4-yl)methanone
[no description available]		2.1310benzothiazoles
4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium
4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium: fluorescent probe for living cells; structure in first source. 4-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-N-methylpyridinium : A pyridinium cation obtained by methylation at position 1 of 4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)pyridine		2.4110pyridinium ion
isoferulic acid
isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.		2.610ferulic acidsantioxidant;
biomarker;
metabolite
cyclouridine
cyclouridine: structure given in third source		2.610
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.5620N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.5720zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		4.4341aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		4.0840diarylmethane
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.0410nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
(z)-5-(2'-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one
(Z)-5-(2'-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one: arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1inhibitor; structure in first source		3.4110
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		4.36601,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		6.9610diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		4.2650monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
zucapsaicin
[no description available]		2.610methoxybenzenes;
phenols
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.0210
terbinafine
[no description available]		4.0540acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
nbd 556
[no description available]		2.610
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4520isoquinolines
Thiophene-2
[no description available]		2.2110organosulfur heterocyclic compound
3-acetyl-7-methoxycoumarin
3-acetyl-7-methoxycoumarin: structure in first source		2.1110coumarins
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		4.43602-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		3.0410one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		4.6130cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.5620dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		5.2890cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
6-thioguanosine
6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410purine nucleoside
4,5,6,7-tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione
4,5,6,7-tetrachloroindan-1,3-dione: inhibits ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1		2.610
streptozocin
[no description available]		4.2550
tamoxifen
[no description available]		5.6490stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
tocopherylquinone
tocopherylquinone: RN refers to (3R-(3R*,7R*,11R*))-isomer; structure		3.1710
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.1310
6,7-dehydroroyleanone
6,7-dehydroroyleanone: diterpene abietane quinone isolated from Salvia moorcraftiana or Lepechinia bullata (both Lamiaceae); Rn given from CA Index Guide; RN not in Chemline 12/84; structure given in first source		3.1710
horminone
horminone: RN refers to (4bS-(4balpha,8abeta,10beta))-isomer; from root of Salvia officinalis; structure given in second source. horminone : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,12-diene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 12 and oxo groups at positions 11 and 14 (the 7alpha stereoisomer) .		3.1710
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		15.9523816pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
srpin340
SRPIN340: Serine-Arginine-Rich Protein Kinase Inhibitor		2.610
pr-619
[no description available]		2.610
p5091
P5091: inhibits ubiquitin-specific protease 7; structure in first source		2.610
cancidas
[no description available]		3.5820
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.42011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		5.1280carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.4720cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.4520barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
trovirdine
trovirdine: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor		2.610
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.9330C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.5920
thiocarlide
thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent		5.85132thioureas
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.0740
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.5920tropane alkaloid
fti 277
[no description available]		2.610
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.8730aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
vicriviroc
vicriviroc: structure in first source		2.610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.610cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.5820beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		2.1310
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		210salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.5820indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0410hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
mannomustine
Mannomustine: Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.		2.0410amino alcohol
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.4420steroidestrogen
glucametacin
glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure		2.0410
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		4.1540beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		10.4580cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
zofenoprilate
zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.		210aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thiol		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0410
isoprodian
isoprodian: contains the above three cpds		1.9710
isepamicin
[no description available]		2.0410
ifetroban
ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative		2.0410benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
lamifiban
lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass		2.0410N-acylglycine
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
safingol
safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R*,S*))-isomer		2.6320amino alcohol
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.97301,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tocainide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		2.0410glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
mycobactin
mycobactins: cell wall iron transporting growth factor from Mycobacterium tuberculosis		1.9810
vadrine
[no description available]		6.9410
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.730
alatrofloxacin
alatrofloxacin: prodrug of trovafloxacin		2.0610
yya-021
YYA-021: an HIV entry inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.0610organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
1,2-hexadecanediamine
1,2-hexadecanediamine: structure in first source		2.0510
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.0210
1-(phenylmethyl)-4-(phenylmethylthio)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine
[no description available]		2.0310pyrazolopyrimidine
sb 415286
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610C-nitro compound;
maleimides;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		1.9510
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.0110
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.1140triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.0210quinolines
ly 367265
LY 367265: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibitor; a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source. LY-367,265 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by 1-[2-(2,2-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2lambda(6)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[4,3,2-ij]quinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (Ki = 2.3 nM) and an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor (Ki = 0.81 nM).		2.0510dihydropyridine;
fluoroindole;
tertiary amino compound;
thiadiazoloquinoline		antidepressant;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.27502-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
sq 109
N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity		10.11104
tak-220
TAK-220: structure in first source		2.610
jtk-303
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
nbd 557
[no description available]		2.610
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.6320sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		2.73307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		6.33153biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
trans-phytol
trans-phytol: structure in first source		3.1710diterpenoid;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		algal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
schistosomicide drug
acacetin
5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.		2.0510dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		anticonvulsant;
plant metabolite
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.4820octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		4.0540D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
scopoletin
[no description available]		3.1710hydroxycoumarinplant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		1.9510
coniferaldehyde
coniferaldehyde: from aqueous extract of Senra incana. coniferyl aldehyde : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0410cinnamaldehydes;
guaiacols;
phenylpropanoid		antifungal agent;
plant metabolite
feruloyltyramine
feruloyltyramine: structure given in first source; isolated from Cannabis sativa seeds, roots, leaves, and resin; induces hypothermia and motor incoordination in mice; moupinamide is (E)-isomer		2.0510tyraminesmetabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.0410hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
5'-o-caffeoylquinic acid
trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid : A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid.		2.610cinnamate ester;
cyclitol carboxylic acid		plant metabolite
luteolin-7-glucoside
luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.4320prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cyclosporine
[no description available]		2.610
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.5920hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		3.5911D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		2.0710linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		2.610harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		5.08130antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		8.1450oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.245011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.5920
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.1140dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.4260aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.5820isoquinolines
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.0210
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
ethchlorvynol
Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.		3.0410
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.7320carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		4.11402-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.8530hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		7.2110carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
isobavachalcone
isobavachalcone: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source. isobavachalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'.		3.1710chalcones;
polyphenol		antibacterial agent;
metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
amentoflavone
[no description available]		2.610biflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone;
ring assembly		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
baicalein
[no description available]		2.610trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
genkwanin
genkwanin: structure. genkwanin : A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated.		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		metabolite
hyperoside
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.		2.610beta-D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
mangostin
mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.		3.9430aromatic ether;
phenols;
xanthones		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.6107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
kaempferide
kaempferide: structure in first source. kaempferide : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-O-methyl derivative of kaempferol.		2.6107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite
orientin
orientin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (D-glucopyranosyl)-isomer. orientin : A C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8.		2.6103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
C-glycosyl compound;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
scutellarein
scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.		2.610tetrahydroxyflavonemetabolite
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol		2.610stilbenoid
polydatin
trans-piceid : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyphenol;
stilbenoid		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antioxidant;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
potassium channel modulator
chicoric acid
chicoric acid: inhibits HIV-1 integrase		2.610organooxygen compoundgeroprotector;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0410alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate
ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate: an antifungal agent isolated from Curcumba zedoaria		3.1710
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.4920alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		2.4110rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
acteoside
acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.		2.610catechols;
cinnamate ester;
disaccharide derivative;
glycoside;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antileishmanial agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		2.4920aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0410homodetic cyclic peptide
cerulenin
Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.		4.2350epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
sorivudine
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.8430cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.0210enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		4.6140retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.0210
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.5620prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.2310N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.2310
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.05104-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
codeine
[no description available]		5.1380morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.4260homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		2.1710hydrochloride
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.5920acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
acrivastine
acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.4520morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.4920sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		4.0640morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		3.9730pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		4.0640carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.7330morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		4.5370morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		4.0840organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.4820morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.0310organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.5720antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		5.4170cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0410dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		5.1380morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pactamycin
Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.		2.0410
anthramycin
[no description available]		2.0410
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.5920amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0410monoterpenoid
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.5820medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-fluormethylketone
cathepsin B inhibitor : A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1).		2.610
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0410carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
lacidipine
[no description available]		2.0410cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester
DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.		2.610carboxylic ester;
difluorobenzene;
dipeptide;
tert-butyl ester		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.0410cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		4.3960organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.8530phenylalanine derivative
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
vinorelbine
[no description available]		4.2450acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
zuclopenthixol
zuclopenthixol : The (Z)-isomer of clopenthixol.		210clopenthixolalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
casticin
casticin: from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia; structure in second source. casticin : A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.		2.5320dihydroxyflavone;
tetramethoxyflavone		apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
irisquinone
irisquinone: from seeds of Iris pallasii Iridaceae; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.0410
pellitorine
pellitorine: consists of piper sylvaticum Roxb.; structure		3.1710fatty amidemetabolite
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.		2.610dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
artemetin
[no description available]		2.0510ether;
flavonoids
5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone
5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone: from Microliabum polymnioides; structure in first source		2.0510
(E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: Tyrosinase inhibitor from Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source. (E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside : A stilbenoid that is trans-stilbene which has been substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 5, and 4', and in which the hydroxy group at positon 2 has then been converted to the corresponding the beta-D-glucoside.		2.610beta-D-glucoside;
resorcinols;
stilbenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.0310
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		3.8230(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tyrphostin ag 555
[no description available]		2.610
su 11248
[no description available]		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		2.0410guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
ergosterol-5,8-peroxide
ergosterol-5,8-peroxide: also inhibits sulfatase; isolated from fungus Cercospora kikuchii; structure given in first source. ergosterol peroxide : An ergostanoid that is ergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol with a peroxy group between positions 5 and 8 (the 3beta,5alpha,8alpha,22E stereoisomer). Isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps sinensis, it exhibits antimycobacterial, trypanocidal and antineoplastic activities.		3.17103beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
organic peroxide;
phytosterols		antimycobacterial drug;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
trypanocidal drug
romidepsin
depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.		2.0410cyclodepsipeptide;
heterocyclic antibiotic;
organic disulfide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-n-(2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-2-propenamide
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-(2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-2-propenamide: found in high concentration in Spinacia oleracea following administration of diphenyl ether herbicides; structure in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510hydroxycinnamic acidmetabolite
bay 11-7085
BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.		2.0510benzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.2350dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.05101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
pd 151746
[no description available]		2.610
furanoheliangolide
furanoheliangolide: structure in first source		3.1710
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9410metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		4.3960cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0410morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		3.23106-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.0640morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.46201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		2.5220phenanthrenes
cefixime
[no description available]		4.2450cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.5570dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.8530benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		4.0740azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.7320
batimastat
batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.		2.610hydroxamic acid;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
organic sulfide;
secondary carboxamide;
thiophenes;
triamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.5670dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		2.420chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.8930styrenes
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol: a fragrance ingredient; structure in first source		3.1710
noreugenin
noreugenin : A member of the class of chromones in which the 1,4-benzopyrone skeleton is substituted with a methyl group at position 2 and with hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7. A natural product, it is found in Pisonia aculeata.		2.0610chromones;
resorcinols		plant metabolite
quinocetone
quinocetone: structure in first source		2.1310
bedaquiline
bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.		9.4151aromatic ether;
naphthalenes;
organobromine compound;
quinolines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antitubercular agent;
ATP synthase inhibitor
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0610maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		4.460dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.4820
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.2310bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		1.9610carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		4.0840dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bergamottin
bergamottin: constituent of bergamot oil; structure given in first source		2.0710furanocoumarinmetabolite
solanesol
solanesol : A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).		2.610nonaprenol;
primary alcohol		plant metabolite
pepstatin
pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin		2.610pentapeptide;
secondary carboxamide		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.5920amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		4.53703-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		4.53701,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		9.2350cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
l 685458
L 685458: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; structure in first source. L-685,458 : A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere, 2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease.		2.610carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
peptide;
secondary alcohol		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.5920
ceftazidime
[no description available]		4.2450cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.0640dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.2310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
capuramycin
capuramycin: from Streptomyces griseus 446-S3; structure given in first source		2.0510
tiotropium
tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.4110
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		2.4520cephalosporin
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.2310peptide
oxyfedrine
Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.		2.4620aromatic ketone
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
bms 806
BMS 806: prevents entry of HIV into cells by binding HIV envelope protein gp120; no further info available 4/2002		2.610
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
[no description available]		2.610
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.7330dichlorobenzene
famotidine
[no description available]		4.76901,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
tulobuterol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.610organic molecular entity
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		210cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
salubrinal
salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).		2.610aminal;
organochlorine compound;
quinolines;
secondary carboxamide;
thioureas
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		4.88601,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		4.460beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
(R)-citalopram
(R)-citalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.		2.03101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.4420cephalosporin
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0810acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.0410
ceftiofur
[no description available]		2.0410
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.5620carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.5820azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		2.9740amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
eniporide
eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source		2.0410
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.7330carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
germacrone
germacrone: isolated from Curcuma wenyujin		2.610germacrane sesquiterpenoid;
olefinic compound		androgen antagonist;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antifeedant;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antitussive;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
hepatoprotective agent;
insecticide;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
sibiromycin
[no description available]		2.0410aminoglycoside antibiotic;
hemiaminal;
phenols;
pyrrolobenzodiazepine		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
(2e,4e,6e,10e)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid
(2E,4E,6E,10E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid: an acyclic retinoid that suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence; structure in first source		2.610
r 761
[no description available]		1.9610
lithospermic acid
[no description available]		2.610
everolimus
[no description available]		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
eupomatenoid 5
eupomatenoid 5: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source		2.110
laq824
LAQ824: Histone deacetylase inhibitor		2.610
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.58201,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
ekb 569
EKB 569: an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor		2.610aminoquinoline;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		protein kinase inhibitor
nidulin
nidulin: structure		2.1110
rilpivirine
[no description available]		2.610aminopyrimidine;
nitrile		EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
(1Ar,7aS,10aS,10bS)-1a,5-dimethyl-8-methylidene-2,3,6,7,7a,8,10a,10b-octahydrooxireno[9,10]cyclodeca[1,2-b]furan-9(1aH)-one
[no description available]		2.610germacranolide
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
[no description available]		2.610quinic acid
indigo carmine
3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.		2.610
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.7430penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
opc-67683
OPC-67683: an antitubercular agent		8.7691piperidines
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0410
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.4420carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		4.460cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		4.0740ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam
carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.		2.0410monobactamantibacterial drug
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		5.18150imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		210nitrofuran antibiotic
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.0410
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		1.9410isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		2.0410lipid As
dantrolene
[no description available]		4.0740
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
fumagillin
[no description available]		2.0410antibiotic antifungal drug;
carboxylic ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
meroterpenoid;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
fungal metabolite;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		3.9330artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
dexniguldipine
niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance		2.0410diarylmethane
napsagatran
napsagatran: structure given in first source		2.0410
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.5820macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.5720(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
(3S,6S,9S,12R)-3-[(2S)-Butan-2-yl]-6-[(1-methoxyindol-3-yl)methyl]-9-(6-oxooctyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadecane-2,5,8,11-tetrone
[no description available]		2.610oligopeptide
beta-elemene
beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.		2.1510beta-elemeneantineoplastic agent
dihydroartemisinin
[no description available]		2.1310sesquiterpenoidantimalarial
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.8930diarylmethane
bms188797
[no description available]		2.0410
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.5920substituted aniline
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
belinostat
[no description available]		2.610hydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
hdac-42
HDAC-42: structure in first source		2.610amidobenzoic acid
bis(7)-tacrine
[no description available]		2.0310secondary amino compoundapoptosis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		8.1450biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
mannich bases
Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.		3.6820
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.0210
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		11.49536
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.57201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
gs-7340
tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		2.6106-aminopurines;
ether;
isopropyl ester;
L-alanine derivative;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.5620
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
iniparib
[no description available]		2.610carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
n-(2-amino-5-fluorobenzyl)-4-(n-(pyridine-3-acrylyl)aminomethyl)benzamide
[no description available]		2.610
pri-2205
[no description available]		2.610
beta-sitosterone
beta-sitosterone: from Torreya jackii		3.8430
mk 0752
[no description available]		2.610
givinostat
[no description available]		2.610carbamate ester
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		3.830
tomopenem
[no description available]		2.4520
norfenfluramine
Dexnorfenfluramine: D-isomer of Norfenfluramine		2.0310amphetamines
pd 144418
[no description available]		2.610
bicyclol
bicyclol: an antihepatitis drug, on the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in rats.		2.610
midostaurin
midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.		2.610benzamides;
gamma-lactam;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
efavirenz, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination
Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: Inhibitor of reverse transcriptases or of RNA-directed DNA polymerases.		3.4711
ucb 34714
brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.		2.2110gamma-lactam;
non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative		anticonvulsant
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
ly 450139
[no description available]		2.610peptide
bb-83698
BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor		2.0410
valnemulin
[no description available]		2.1710
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.2310organic molecular entity
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.4320aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.610aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
zotarolimus
zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source		2.0410lactam;
macrolide
treosulfan
treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R*,R*))-isomer		2.0410methanesulfonate ester
sb 3ct compound
SB 3CT compound: a matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		2.610ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		3.4470
bn 52020
[no description available]		2.0410
nkp 608
[no description available]		2.0410
rucaparib
AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610azepinoindole;
caprolactams;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
6h-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine-6-acetamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-, (6s)-
[no description available]		2.610organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
cetilistat
cetilistat: lipase inhibitor in randomized, placebo-controlled study of weight reduction in obese patients (3/2007)		2.610benzoxazine
ym 201636
6-amino-N-(3-(4-(4-morpholinyl)pyrido(3',2'-4,5)furo(3,2-d)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide: an antiviral agent; structure in first source		2.610aromatic amide
ganu
GANU: differs from chlorozotocin by placement of cytotoxic group on C-1 of the glucose ring; less myelosuppressive than chlorozotocin; structure		2.0410
neoechinulin a
neoechinulin A: from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp.; structure in first source		2.1110
davercin
[no description available]		6.9710aminoglycoside
linagliptin
Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.		2.610aminopiperidine;
quinazolines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-methoxyjuglone
2-methoxyjuglone: from Juglan; structure in first source		3.1710
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.8930aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.610benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
odanacatib
odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source		2.610
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
apilimod
[no description available]		2.610
apixaban
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
lactam;
piperidones;
pyrazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		2.1110
betrixaban
betrixaban: a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor; structure in first source. betrixaban : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxybenzamide. A synthetic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.		2.610benzamides;
guanidines;
monochloropyridine;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
edoxaban
edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.		2.610chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound;
thiazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
saracatinib
[no description available]		2.610aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
diether;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
oxanes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
n-(3-amino-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2,3-dioxopropyl)-3-(2-((((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)carbonyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexan-2-carboxamide
boceprevir : A synthetic tripeptide consisting of N-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl, a cyclopropyl-fused prolyl and 3-amino-4-cyclobutyl-2-oxobutanamide residues joined in sequence. Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection.		2.610tripeptide;
ureas		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
meridianin a
meridianin A: structure in first source		2.1110
ly 411575
[no description available]		2.610dibenzoazepine;
difluorobenzene;
lactam;
secondary alcohol		EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
1,4-o-diferuloylsecoisolariciresinol
1,4-O-diferuloylsecoisolariciresinol: inhibits mTOR signaling in cancer cells; structure in first source		2.0410
galidesivir
[no description available]		2.610
PB28
PB28 : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin that is substituted by 3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl and methoxy groups at positions 1 and 5, respectively. It is a sigma 2 (sigma2) receptor agonist (Ki = 0.68 nM) and exhibits antineoplastic and anti SARS-CoV-2 activities.		2.610aromatic ether;
piperazines;
tetralins		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
sigma-2 receptor agonist
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		1.9410
baci-im
[no description available]		3.8630homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		2.7930D-ribose;
ribopyranose
metamelfalan
[no description available]		2.0410
degrasyn
degrasyn: a JAK2 kinase inhibitor that induces rapid degradation of c-Myc protein in MM-1 multiple myeloma and other tumor cell lines; structure in first source		2.610
epoxomicin
[no description available]		2.610morpholines;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tedizolid
DA 7157: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. tedizolid : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a 2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl group at position 2 and by a 2-fluoro-4-[(5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl group at position 5. It is used as its phosphate pro-drug used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.		2.4110carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
pyridines;
tetrazoles		antimicrobial agent;
drug metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.7320adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
pha 680632
PHA 680632: Aurora kinase inhibitor with potent antitumoral activity; structure in first source		2.610
tmc 353121
[no description available]		2.610
amd 070
mavorixafor: a derivative of AMD3100; a CXCR4 blocker		2.610aminoquinoline
danoprevir
[no description available]		2.610
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.8530nystatins
bms-626529
[no description available]		2.610
bms-663068
fostemsavir: an HIV-1 attachment inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
amenamevir
ASP2151: a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor, in a guinea pig model of genital herpes; structure in first source		2.610
vx 765
belnacasan: a NSAID		2.610dipeptide
Dihydrotanshinone I
dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae		2.610abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
alogliptin
alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.		2.610nitrile;
piperidines;
primary amino compound;
pyrimidines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
fr 180204
FR 180204: structure in first source		2.610pyrazoles;
ring assembly
quisinostat
[no description available]		2.610indoles
carfilzomib
[no description available]		2.610epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
hcv 796
HCV 796: inhibits HCV RdRp; structure in first source		2.610
resminostat
resminostat: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.5720acetamides
crizotinib
Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)		2.41103-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amineantineoplastic agent;
biomarker;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
vindesine
[no description available]		2.4420
zk 756326
2-(2-(4-(3-phenoxybenzyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)ethanol: a CC chemokine receptor CCR8 agonist; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
balapiravir
balapiravir: a prodrug of R1479; structure in first source		2.610
trametinib
[no description available]		2.610acetamides;
aromatic amine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound;
organoiodine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
ring assembly		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
deoxyarbutin
4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenol: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.610
abexinostat
abexinostat: structure in first source		2.610benzofurans
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		3.2510
silvestrol
silvestrol: isolated from the fruit and twig of Aglaia silvestris. silvestrol : An organic heterotricyclic compound that consists of a 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan framework substituted by hydroxy groups at positions C-1 and C-8b, a methoxycarbonyl group at C-2, a phenyl group at C-3, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at C-3a, a methoxy group at C-8 and a 1,4-dioxan-2-yloxy group at position C-6 which in turn is substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and a 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group at position 6. Isolated from Aglaia silvestris, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.610dioxanes;
ether;
methyl ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
narlaprevir
narlaprevir: an antiviral agent that inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. narlaprevir : An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by [(3S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-1,2-dioxoheptan-3-yl]aminoacyl and N-({1-[(tert-butylsulfonyl)methyl]cyclohexyl}carbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl groups at positions 2S and 3, respectively. It is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A serine protease inhibitor (Ki = 6 nM) that is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.		2.610azabicyclohexane;
cyclopropanes;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone;
tertiary carboxamide;
ureas		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor
teneligliptin
[no description available]		2.610amino acid amide
diflucortolone
Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.0510benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.610
veliparib
[no description available]		2.610benzimidazolesEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		4.0640
virginiamycin
Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.		1.9910
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.610
alloin
[no description available]		2.610anthracenes;
C-glycosyl compound;
cyclic ketone;
phenols		laxative;
metabolite
2alpha,3beta-dihydroxy-20(29)-lupen-28-oic acid
alphitolic acid: from the aerial parts of Gouania longipetala; structure in first source. 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxy-20(29)-lupen-28-oic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is betulinic acid carrying an additional alpha-hydroxy group at position 2. It has been isolated from Breynia fruticosa.		2.1710dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
azadiradione
azadiradione: structure in first source. azadiradione : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is 4,4,8-trimethylandrosta-1,14-diene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 16, an acetoxy group at position 7 and a furan-3-yl group at position 17. Isolated from Azadirachta indica, it exhibits antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities.		3.1710acetate ester;
cyclic terpene ketone;
furans;
limonoid;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antimycobacterial drug;
plant metabolite
atropine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
rifamycins
[no description available]		14.63373
2-((3-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)glucopyranose
[no description available]		2.0410
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		3.7921
ro 6-4563
glibornuride: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS to search GLIBORNURIDE 1975-92; an oral, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion		2.0410monoterpenoid
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.3920
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		8.8540
asperflavin
asperflavin: metabolic product of Aspergillus flavus		2.1110
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		3.0410organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100
[no description available]		2.610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzamides;
imidazolidinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
thiocarbonyl compound		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
bms-650032
asunaprevir: an NS3 protease inhibitor against hepatitis C virus		2.610oligopeptide
bisaramil
[no description available]		2.0410
rg 7128
2'-fluoro-2'-methyl-3',5'-diisobutyryldeoxycytidine: inhibits HCV polymerase; structure in first source		2.610
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.2310polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
teicoplanin
teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.		2.4520
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.5920
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.0210
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.8530heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin
[no description available]		2.0410carbohydrate acid derivative;
glycopeptide;
monosaccharide derivative;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
oritavancin
oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.		2.610disaccharide derivative;
glycopeptide;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
pevonedistat
pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.		2.610cyclopentanols;
indanes;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound;
sulfamidate		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
uk 453,061
UK 453,061: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor/anti-HIV agent; structure in first source		2.610aromatic ether
thuggacin a
thuggacin A: structure in first source		3.1710
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.0510organic sodium saltgeroprotector
N-(2-aminophenyl)-2-pyrazinecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.610aromatic amide
flucloronide
flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		2.0610organic lithium saltfluorochrome
(1S,3aR,4S,6S,6aS,9aS,9bS)-9a-isocyano-6-(2-isocyano-2-methylpropyl)-1,4-dimethyl-7-methylidene-2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a,8,9,9b-decahydro-1H-phenalene
[no description available]		3.1710diterpenoidmetabolite
chitosan
[no description available]		2.8330
tegobuvir
tegobuvir: a non-structural protein 5B polymerase inhibitor		2.610
pf-429242
PF-429242: a subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease inhibitor		2.610
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.8530organosulfonic acid
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.5920
sodium iodate
sodium iodate: RN given refers to iodic acid, Na salt		6.9610organic molecular entity
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		3.0510
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		1.9610
olaparib
[no description available]		2.610cyclopropanes;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phthalazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
cx 4945
[no description available]		2.610
pci 34051
PCI 34051: an HDAC8 inhibitor		2.610indolecarboxamide
lomibuvir
lomibuvir: an antiviral agent with polymerase NS5 inhibitory activity		2.610thiophenecarboxylic acid
delanzomib
[no description available]		2.610C-terminal boronic acid peptide;
phenylpyridine;
secondary alcohol;
threonine derivative		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
proteasome inhibitor
arabinogalactan
[no description available]		3.87120
pitavastatin(1-)
pitavastatin(1-) : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pitavastatin, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.610hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
GRL-0617
GRL-0617 : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-amino-2-methylbenzoic acid with the amino group of (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethan-1-amine. It is a potent noncovalent inhibitor (IC50 = 600 nM) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus papain-like protease (SARS-CoV PLpro).		2.610benzamides;
naphthalenes;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		anticoronaviral agent;
protease inhibitor
N-[4-[3-[[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-5-isoxazolyl]phenyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester
CAY10603: a HDAC6 inhibitor		2.610carbamate ester
niraparib
niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.		2.6102-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamideantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
jzl 184
JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source		2.610benzodioxoles
gsk 650394
[no description available]		2.610phenylpyridine
oprozomib
ONX 0912: antineoplastic; an orally active proteasome inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.5820oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
hainanolide
hainanolide: from bark of Cephalotaxux hainensis		2.0410
az 960
[no description available]		2.610
chaetoviridin E
chaetoviridin E : An azaphilone that is 6H-furo[2,3-h]isochromene-6,8(6aH)-dione substituted by a chloro group at position 5, a methyl group at position 6a, a 2-methylbut-2-enoyl group at position 9 and a 3-methylpent-1-en-1-yl group at position 3. It has been isolated from Chaetomium globosum.		3.1710azaphilone;
enone;
gamma-lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organochlorine compound		Chaetomium metabolite
golgicide a
golgicide A: inhibits the cis-golgi ArfGEF GBF1; structure in first source. golgicide A : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising racemic cis- and racemic trans-goglioside A in a 10:1 ratio. It is a potent and rapidly reversible GBF1 (Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1) inhibitor. The (3aS,4R,9bR) isomer is the most active (see Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2012, 22, 5177-5181).		2.610diastereoisomeric mixturecis-Golgi ArfGEF GBF inhibitor
mannans
[no description available]		2.3820
cobicistat
[no description available]		2.6101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
ureas		P450 inhibitor
bms-790052
daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.		2.610biphenyls;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
imidazoles;
valine derivative		antiviral drug;
nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
ixazomib
ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.		2.610benzamides;
boronic acids;
dichlorobenzene;
glycine derivative		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite;
orphan drug;
proteasome inhibitor
ucph 101
2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-(naphthalen-1-yl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile: structure in first source		2.610
N-trans-sinapoyltyramine
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxycinnamic acidmetabolite
gliocladic acid
gliocladic acid: from Gliocladium virens, Chaetomium globosum & Trichoderma viride; structure given in first source		2.0410p-menthane monoterpenoid
btz 043
[no description available]		3.5370
5-(3-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine
[no description available]		2.610aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.730
baricitinib
[no description available]		2.610azetidines;
nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antirheumatic drug;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
KOM70144
KOM70144 : A benzamide that is GRL-0617 in which one of the hydrogen's of the primary amino group is replaced by an acetyl group. It an inhibitor of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) with an IC50 of 2.6 muM and 5.0 muM, respectively. It also inhibits SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero E6 cells in vitro (EC50 values are 13.1 and 21 muM, respectively).		2.610acetamides;
benzamides;
naphthalenes;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
protease inhibitor
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		3.9721
e-52862
[no description available]		2.610
ly2811376
[no description available]		2.610
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		1.9910
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.0510
centratherin
centratherin: from Eremanthus eriopus (Asteraceae); structure in first source		3.1710
anagliptin
anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound		2.610amino acid amide
cleistanthin
cleistanthin: lignan lactone toxic glycoside from Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb); structure. cleistanthin A : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.		2.0410cleistanthins;
xylose derivative		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
gardiquimod
[no description available]		2.610
grazoprevir
grazoprevir: has antiviral activity; component of Zepatier. grazoprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C protease inhibitor used in combination with elbasvir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.		2.610aromatic ether;
azamacrocycle;
carbamate ester;
cyclopropanes;
lactam;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
quinoxaline derivative		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent
abt-450
paritaprevir: inhibits HCV NS3 protease. paritaprevir : An azamacrocycle which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.610
letermovir
letermovir: has antiviral activity; structure in first source		2.610
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		3.4620
hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.		2.3520
sofosbuvir
Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		2.610isopropyl ester;
L-alanyl ester;
nucleotide conjugate;
organofluorine compound;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine
sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor		2.610benzoxazole
endrin
Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.		3.0510
blz 945
[no description available]		2.610
azd3839
AZD3839: a BACE1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
pf 3084014
nirogacestat: an antineoplastic agent. nirogacestat : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment.		2.610
unc 0638
UNC 0638: inhibits lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP; structure in first source		2.610quinazolines
gs-9620
[no description available]		2.610
n-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide
N-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide: structure in first source		2.610
bms 708163
BMS 708163: structure in first source		2.610oxadiazole;
ring assembly
jq1 compound
[no description available]		2.610carboxylic ester;
organochlorine compound;
tert-butyl ester;
thienotriazolodiazepine		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
ferroptosis inducer
1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone
1-(5-((2,4-difluorophenyl)thio)-4-nitrothiophen-2-yl)ethanone: a USP7 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
gsk525762a
molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source		2.610benzodiazepine
ML240
ML240 : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted at positions 2, 5 and 8 by 2-amino-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, benzylnitrilo and methoxy groups, respectively. It is a ATP-competetive inhibitor of AAA ATPase p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP).		2.610aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent
birinapant
birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity		2.610dipeptide
ly2886721
[no description available]		2.610
nms-p118
NMS-P118: a PARP-1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
tubastatin a
[no description available]		2.610hydroxamic acid;
pyridoindole;
tertiary amino compound		EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
pracinostat
pracinostat : A hydroxamic acid that is N-hydroxyacrylamide which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-butyl-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl group (the E isomer). An orally available pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor with demonstrated activity in the treatment of advanced solid tumours.		2.610benzimidazole;
hydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
epoxyazadiradione
epoxyazadiradione: limonoid from neem tree Azadirachta indica; RN given for (5alpha,7alpha,13alpha,14beta,15beta,17alpha)-isomer; structure in first source. epoxyazadiradione : A limonoid that is azadiradione with an epoxy group across positions 14 and 15. Isolated from Azadirachta indica it exhibits insecticidal activitry against mosquitoes.		3.1710acetate ester;
cyclic terpene ketone;
epoxide;
furans;
limonoid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
nimorazole
[no description available]		2.0410
spautin-1
[no description available]		2.610
ldn 57444
LDN 57444: inhibitor of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1; structure in first source		2.610
gsk1210151a
GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source		2.610imidazoquinoline
i-bet726
[no description available]		2.610
acy-1215
ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
cudc-907
[no description available]		2.610
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.8630ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		3.4770carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		7.64262
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.9140
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.95120
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		5.78160
methacycline
Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.		2.0310
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		5.1660monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		4.2550benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.0410aromatic amide
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
bactobolin
bactobolin: from Pseudomonas sp. BN-183; has MF C14-H20-Cl2-N2-O6; RN given refers to parent cpd(R*)-isomer		2.0410amino acid amide
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		4.28501,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		3.1350heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.7430benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		5.51120benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
ferulenol
ferulenol: intoxicating component of powdered Ferula communis variety brevifolia; RN given for (E,E)-isomer		2.0210
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		4.0740
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		1.9510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		4.1540sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
tasquinimod
tasquinimod: a lead second generation quinoline-3-carboxamide anti-angiogenic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer; structure in first source		2.610
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.0410
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		2.0510
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.8530
(S)-warfarin
(S)-warfarin : A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).		2.03104-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.0510heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
omadacycline
omadacycline: demonstrated in vitro activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and select Gram-negative pathogens; structure in first source		2.4110tetracyclines
sch 419560
Sch 419560: isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens; structure in first source		3.1710
gsk1265744
[no description available]		2.610difluorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
dolutegravir
[no description available]		2.2110difluorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
au1235
[no description available]		2.0610
abt-267
ombitasvir: inhibits HCV NS5A protein, component of Viekirax. ombitasvir : A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.610aromatic amide;
carbamate ester;
dipeptide;
pyrrolidines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
abt-333
dasabuvir: an antiviral agent. dasabuvir : A member of the class of pyrimidone, which is (as the monohydrate of its sodium salt) in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.610aromatic ether;
naphthalenes;
pyrimidone;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
nonnucleoside hepatitis C virus polymerase inhibitor
rgfp966
[no description available]		2.610
rg2833
RG2833: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.5320
pi-1840
PI-1840: has both antineoplastic and proteasome inhibitory activities; structure in first source		2.610
pbtz169
macozinone: an antitubercular agent; structure in first source		430
acy-738
[no description available]		2.610
pelabresib
CPI-0610: a bromodomain and extra-terminal protein inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.610monochlorobenzenes;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
primary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor
sansanmycin
sansanmycin: isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source		3.1710
gs-5806
presatovir: a respiratory syncytial virus entry inhibitor		2.610
doravirine
[no description available]		2.610
gn6958
GN6958: inhibits SUMO-sentrin specific protease 1 (SENP1); structure in first source		2.610
vx-787
pimodivir: non‐nucleotide inhibitor of the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) subunit of the influenza A that is active against H1N1, H7N9 and H5N1, as well as influenza A strains with reduced susceptibility to NAIs		2.610
ledipasvir
ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		2.610azaspiro compound;
benzimidazole;
bridged compound;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
fluorenes;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor
gs-5816
velpatasvir: an NS5A inhibitor used for treating hepatitis C infections. velpatasvir : A complex organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the brand name Epclusa) for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C of all six major genotypes.		2.610carbamate ester;
ether;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ring assembly		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
g007-lk
G007-LK: potent and specific small-molecule tankyrase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.610
ajmaline
[no description available]		210
asperparaline a
aspergillimide: isolated from Aspergillus; structure in first source. asperparaline A : An alkaloid isolated from Aspergillus aculeatus.		2.1110alkaloid;
azaspiro compound;
dicarboximide		Aspergillus metabolite
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-n-hydroxybenzamide
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamide: inhibits HDAC6; structure in first source		2.610
selinexor
selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1		2.610
verdinexor
verdinexor: a selective inhibitor of nuclear export		2.610
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		4.01140
cb-839
[no description available]		2.610
mk-8742
elbasvir: inhibits NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus. elbasvir : A complex organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with grazoprevir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.		2.610carbamate ester;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent
atglistatin
atglistatin: inhibits adipose triglyceride lipase; structure in first source. atglistatin : A biphenyl that is 1,1'-biphenyl substituted by (dimethylcarbamoyl)amino and dimethylamino groups at positions 3 and 4', respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of adipose triglyceride lipase activity (IC50 = 700nM).		2.610
4,6-dichloro-n-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-1h-indole-2-carboxamide
4,6-dichloro-N-(4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide: structure in first source		2.0810
xen445
[no description available]		2.610
santacruzamate a
santacruzamate A: HDAC2 inhibitor from the Panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp.; structure in first source		2.610organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
ldc4297
LDC4297: a CDK7 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. LDC4297 : A pyrazolotriazine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine substituted by a piperidin-3-yloxy group, [2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzyl]nitrilo group and an isopropyl group at positions 2, 4 and 8 respectively. It is a potent and selective CDK7 inhibitor and exhibits antiviral activity.		2.610aromatic ether;
piperidines;
pyrazoles;
pyrazolotriazine;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
enasidenib
[no description available]		2.6101,3,5-triazines;
aminopyridine;
aromatic amine;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		3.0610
alpha-viniferin
alpha-viniferin: from Caragana chamlagu root; structure given in first source		2.1510
aldrin
Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.		3.0510
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.3820
s 8932
[no description available]		2.610aromatic amine;
C-nucleoside;
carboxylic ester;
nitrile;
phosphoramidate ester;
pyrrolotriazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
prodrug
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.3920
sparsomycin
Sparsomycin: An antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sparsogenes. It inhibits protein synthesis in 70S and 80S ribosomal systems.		1.9510
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.730
cord factors
Cord Factors: Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.		3.7530
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		1.9810
trehalose monomycolate
trehalose monomycolate : Any trehalose bearing a single O-mycolate substituent; obtained via extraction of the cell wall of Mycobacterium bovis.		1.9610
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.73202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.871002-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
nu 1025
NU 1064: structure in first source		2.610phenols;
quinazolines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2105-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.0210guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate mannose
Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.. GDP-D-mannose : A GDP-mannose in which the mannose fragment has D-configuration.. GDP-alpha-D-mannose : The alpha-anomer of GDP-D-mannose.		2.0210GDP-D-mannoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		2.13102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		4.0340folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
viomycin
[no description available]		11.01635heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide antibiotic		antitubercular agent
neopterin
[no description available]		2.0510
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		26.472,340289cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		4.6580benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.2750dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		4.5670purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.861002-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.8930L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		4.0740piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		3.8230benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.98402-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		4.0740imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
3-cinnamoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2h-pyran-2-one
3-cinnamoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one: inhibits human ovarian cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis; structure in first source		2.1710
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		5.56130nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
azaguanine
Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		2.0410nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.2310tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.8530formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		10.21134N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin
thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source		4.5940
4-hydroxyquinazoline
4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: structure in first source		2.610quinazolines
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0410
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.5920imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		4.1140carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
norclozapine
norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.610dibenzodiazepine;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		delta-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.7320N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine
7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source		2.0410
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		3.5520citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		4.140(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
pyrazofurin
pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.		2.0410C-glycosyl compound;
pyrazoles		antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
rifabutin
[no description available]		5.1880
azilsartan
azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.		2.6101,2,4-oxadiazole;
aromatic ether;
benzimidazolecarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		2.1310oxopurine
hesperadin
[no description available]		2.610
3'-hydroxy-5'-(4-isobutylpiperazinyl)benzoxazinorifamycin
KRM 1648: structure in first source		4.680phenoxazine
krm 1657
KRM 1657: structure given in first source		3.3110
n(10)-methylfolate
[no description available]		2.0410folic acids
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
6-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime
6-bromoindirubin-3'-acetoxime: a synthetic derivative of a compound from the Mediterranean mollusk Hexaplex trunculus, protects cells from varicella infection		2.610
amg531
[no description available]		2.0610
myxopyronin a
myxopyronin A: from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source		3.1710
trifazid
[no description available]		9.88156
ninopterin
ninopterin: structure		2.0410
n'-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthahydrazide
[no description available]		2.610catechols;
hydrazide;
hydrazone;
naphthols		EC 3.6.5.5 (dynamin GTPase) inhibitor
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
XL413
XL413 : A benzofuropyrimidine that is 3,4-dihydro[1]benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidine substituted by (2S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl, oxo and chloro groups at positions 2, 4, and 8, respectively. It is a potent ATP competitive inhibitor of Cdc7 kinase (IC50 = 3.4 nM) and exhibits anticancer properties.		2.610benzofuropyrimidine;
organochlorine compound;
pyrrolidines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
me0328
ME0328: inhibits ARTD3; structure in first source		2.610
25-deacetylrifampicin
25-deacetylrifampicin: main metabolite of rifampin in biological fluids; structure in first source		4.3422
nvp-tnks656
[no description available]		2.610
eye
[no description available]		7.78231
ru 40555
RU 40555: a potent antiglucocorticoid; differs from mifepristone only by a methyl radical		1.9810
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		2.3820
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		210
araban
araban: contains arabinose & galactose		3.81110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		07.78221
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		07.78221
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		021.4469756
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		123.4469756
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		025.211,403293
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		127.211,403293
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant
[description not available]		016.4228910
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		09.49720
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.		016.4228910
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		02.0510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		07.23361
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		013.981646
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		011.25387
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		05.8581
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		05.8581
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
[description not available]		018.6621553
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.		120.6621553
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.		06.66260
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		014.9610824
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		014.9610824
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.5220
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.110
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.5220
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.110
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		02.1310
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.1310
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		02.1310
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.1310
Latent Tuberculosis
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.		05.1490
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		05.2870
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		010.2870
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.5320
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		04.4380
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.5320
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		04.4380
Lupus Vulgaris
A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.		08.95130
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		022.9112736
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		017.9112736
Cranial Nerve II Diseases
[description not available]		010.36861
Optic Nerve Diseases
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.		010.36861
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		013.438411
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		013.438411
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		03.5790
Ocular Toxicity
[description not available]		06.94102
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		02.3110
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		02.3110
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.940
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.940
Anemia, Sideroblastic
Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.		02.5520
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.6930
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		04.6561
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.6930
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		04.6561
Tuberculosis, Avian
A variety of TUBERCULOSIS affecting various birds, including chickens and ducks. It is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM and characterized by tubercles consisting principally of epithelioid cells.		03.2360
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		014.778212
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		014.778212
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4820
Tuberculosis, Miliary
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.		06.65380
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
[description not available]		011.21807
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.4110
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.4110
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.4110
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.4110
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		02.4110
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.4110
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.4110
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.4110
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		04.7871
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		09.7871
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute
[description not available]		02.4110
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).		02.4110
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy
[description not available]		03.1450
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber
A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))		03.1450
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.4110
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		04.1860
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		02.4110
Pus
[description not available]		02.7230
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		02.4110
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		04.1860
Cutaneous Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.		02.5120
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		0590
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		01090
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		03.8790
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		08.17101
Tuberculosis, Female Genital
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		010.36372
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		08.17101
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		011.47663
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		06.661
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		02.610
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		03.5210
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		012.391165
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		06.4861
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		114.391165
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		18.4861
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		03.2360
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		03.2360
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		03.6380
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		03.6380
Discitis
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.		04.0950
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.7620
Altidudinal Hemianopia
[description not available]		03.76100
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.7620
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.6830
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		05.241
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.6830
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.5520
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.5520
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		012.633012
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		03.82110
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.5220
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		02.6930
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.		010.5150
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		04.7461
Co-infection
[description not available]		010.81274
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.2510
Tuberculoma
A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.		06.48171
Choroid Diseases
Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.		03.77100
Ocular Tuberculosis
[description not available]		09.83320
Uveitis, Posterior
Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.		02.2510
Pott Disease
[description not available]		010.22372
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		06.84142
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		02.2110
Vasculitis, Retinal
[description not available]		02.7930
Infective Endocarditis
[description not available]		02.3920
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.		02.3920
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		06.33143
Retinal Vasculitis
Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.		02.7930
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		017.6711445
Granuloma, Plasma Cell, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.1710
Granulomas
[description not available]		04.53240
Iris Diseases
Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.		02.2510
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		04.53240
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		02.420
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		05.81210
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		02.420
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		06.6791
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		06.6791
Child Mental Disorders
[description not available]		02.2510
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		04.0650
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).		02.2510
Pyrexia
[description not available]		08.67304
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		04.3470
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		04.0450
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		013.67304
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		04.3470
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.		02.7830
Male Genital Tuberculosis
[description not available]		05.25120
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
[description not available]		04.0750
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		04.4651
Adenopathy
[description not available]		02.8930
Dysphagia
[description not available]		02.9340
Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis
[description not available]		07.38242
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.9340
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		02.2510
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		04.4651
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		04.2740
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		04.67110
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		03.6330
Day Blindness
[description not available]		011.3788
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		04.2740
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		09.67110
Bernard Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.76110
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		04.76110
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		02.2510
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.8940
MODS
[description not available]		02.5920
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.5920
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.8940
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		010.28462
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		015.28462
Bone Tuberculosis
[description not available]		08.75501
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.6320
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		02.9240
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.7230
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		02.9240
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		02.6320
Pink Eye
[description not available]		02.520
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.520
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.2510
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		07.35261
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		02.2510
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		07.35261
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.2510
Amaurosis
[description not available]		05.95180
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		06.85111
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		03.1710
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		03.1710
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		03.8740
Emesis
[description not available]		04.3170
Abscess, Tubercular, Intracranial
[description not available]		06.85130
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		05.95180
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		06.85111
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		03.1710
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		06.0862
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		04.3170
Scotoma
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.		05.01160
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.6930
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.6930
Atelectasis
[description not available]		02.4420
Forestier-Certonciny Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.2510
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with GIANT CELL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.		02.2510
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.5820
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.99140
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.3110
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.5820
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		03.99140
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.2510
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		015.97447
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		03.7430
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		117.97447
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		03.7430
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		08.0850
Chromoblastomycosis
Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)		03.1710
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		02.7230
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		08.02292
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		02.4120
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		02.4120
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		012.141089
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
[description not available]		04.0421
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		012.141089
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary
Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)		04.0421
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		05.58160
Recrudescence
[description not available]		016.4112534
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.420
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		02.420
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		09.292316
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		05.4450
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		05.4450
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.6930
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.6930
Scrofuloderma
[description not available]		07.65351
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		06.27250
SAPHO Syndrome
[description not available]		02.520
Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome
Syndrome consisting of SYNOVITIS; ACNE CONGLOBATA; PALMOPLANTAR PUSTULOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; and OSTEITIS. The most common site of the disease is the upper anterior chest wall, characterized by predominantly osteosclerotic lesions, hyperostosis, and arthritis of the adjacent joints. The association of sterile inflammatory bone lesions and neutrophilic skin eruptions is indicative of this syndrome.		02.520
Arthritis, Post-Infectious
[description not available]		02.1510
Arthritis, Reactive
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.		02.1510
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		06.33260
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		06.33260
Pancreatic Cyst
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)		02.1710
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		08.6480
Tuberculosis, Urogenital
A general term for MYCOBACTERIUM infections of any part of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.		06.9320
Immune Reconstitution Disease
[description not available]		05.3141
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		03.3360
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		03.3360
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		03.0850
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		03.0850
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		04.04150
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		04.04150
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.5220
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		07.78165
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		02.1510
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		05.7771
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		02.1510
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		02.5220
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		03.6330
Hyperkinetic Dysphonia
[description not available]		02.1510
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Laryngeal Tuberculosis
[description not available]		04.480
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.1510
Dysphonia
Difficulty and/or pain in PHONATION or speaking.		02.1510
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		02.1710
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		02.1710
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.1710
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.1510
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.730
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		02.730
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		06.51183
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.4820
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		02.1710
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		02.1710
Episcleritis
[description not available]		02.830
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		06.51183
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		02.1710
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		02.1710
Scleritis
Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.		02.830
Eye Pain
A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.		02.5520
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.1710
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.1710
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.1710
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.1710
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		03.2460
Hemoptysis
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.		02.7330
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.5920
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		07.5920
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.1710
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.1710
Meningitis, Viral
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)		02.1710
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.1710
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		03.8140
Pericarditis, Tuberculous
INFLAMMATION of the sac surrounding the heart (PERICARDIUM) due to MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS infection. Pericarditis can lead to swelling (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION), compression of the heart (CARDIAC TAMPONADE), and preventing normal beating of the heart.		03.2560
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		03.8140
Anterior Optic Neuritis
[description not available]		014.361000
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		010.23200
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		02.1710
Optic Neuritis
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).		09.361000
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		05.23200
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		02.1710
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.1710
Cor Pulmonale
[description not available]		02.3920
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		05.5261
Pleurisy, Tuberculous
[description not available]		05.68190
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		06.02170
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		05.5261
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		02.4420
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		02.4420
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		03.4220
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		03.4220
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		06.58191
Splenic Diseases
Diseases involving the SPLEEN.		02.6830
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.8840
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		09.64811
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		09.64811
Tuberculosis, Bovine
An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.		02.9140
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		07.4320
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.4320
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		02.3920
Fungemia
The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.		02.2110
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		02.3920
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		05.37141
Exanthem
[description not available]		05.06101
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		05.37141
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		05.06101
Malnourishment
[description not available]		05.2841
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		05.2841
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		03.6430
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		02.2110
Adenitis
[description not available]		010.69120
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		04.29190
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		04.2870
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		04.29190
Tuberculosis, Endocrine
Infection of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.7230
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		02.3920
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.6930
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		03.2460
Thyroiditis
Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.		02.0810
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		02.6930
Peritonitis, Tuberculous
A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.		05.76210
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction
[description not available]		02.0810
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		02.0810
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		02.0810
Nasal Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.		02.0810
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.0810
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		03.3420
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal
[description not available]		02.0810
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)		02.0810
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6830
Breathlessness
[description not available]		05.4282
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		010.4282
Dermatoses
[description not available]		06.9962
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		06.9962
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules
A number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. They are usually detected by chest CT scans (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY). Such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions.		02.0810
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.4720
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		04.7650
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		04.3440
Tuberculosis, Hepatic
Infection of the LIVER with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. It is characterized by localized small tuberculous miliary lesions or tumor-like mass (TUBERCULOMA), and abnormalities in liver function tests.		04.85130
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		04.3440
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		03.5280
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		02.0810
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		02.0810
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		07.0810
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		02.4420
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		02.4420
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.3920
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.3920
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.110
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		04.2870
Wounds, Stab
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.		02.110
Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic
[description not available]		02.110
Polychondritis, Relapsing
An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.		02.110
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.5220
Anthracosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by accumulation of inhaled CARBON or coal dust. The disease can progress from asymptomatic anthracosis to massive lung fibrosis. This lung lesion usually occurs in coal MINERS, but can be seen in urban dwellers and tobacco smokers.		02.110
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.5220
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.110
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		02.110
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.7230
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.7230
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.110
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.110
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		02.4420
Histiocytic Necrotising Lymphadenitis
[description not available]		02.110
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		02.6630
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.3920
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		02.6630
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		02.3920
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		03.0110
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		05.1841
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		07.14133
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		03.6530
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		03.0110
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		05.1841
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		07.14133
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		03.6530
Abscess, Retropharyngeal
[description not available]		02.110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.6630
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.6630
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.7130
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		02.6630
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.7130
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.4420
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.110
Compression Fractures
[description not available]		03.0110
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		03.0110
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		03.0110
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.110
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		02.110
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		02.4520
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		03.2360
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		02.9740
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		02.4520
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		03.2360
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		02.1110
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		02.1110
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.110
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.110
Hypomelanosis
[description not available]		02.1110
Lip Diseases
Diseases involving the LIP.		02.3920
Hypopigmentation
A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.		02.1110
Joint Pain
[description not available]		02.4320
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.110
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		02.4320
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		02.1110
Tuberculosis, Oral
Tuberculosis of the mouth, tongue, and salivary glands.		04.62100
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		02.1110
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.1110
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.1110
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.3820
Finger Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.		02.9240
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.1110
Tuberculosis, Splenic
Infection of the spleen with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.		03.0650
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		02.9340
Cyst
[description not available]		02.4920
Bronchial Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.		02.7430
Hydropneumothorax
A collection of fluid and gas within the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
Pleural Diseases
Diseases involving the PLEURA.		02.4320
Empyema, Pleural, Tuberculous
[description not available]		03.2260
Scrotal Hydrocele
[description not available]		02.1110
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.1110
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.1310
Gaucher Disease
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.		02.1310
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		02.1110
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		02.1110
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		03.8110
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		03.8110
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		07.4120
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		07.4120
Epulides
[description not available]		02.1110
Gingival Diseases
Diseases involving the GINGIVA.		02.1110
Fractures, Comminuted
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed into a number of pieces.		02.1110
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		02.1110
Vision, Diminished
[description not available]		04.6860
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		05.451
Macular Holes
[description not available]		02.1310
Retinal Perforations
Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.		02.1310
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		02.1310
Infections, Roseolovirus
[description not available]		02.1510
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		02.1310
Silicotuberculosis
Pulmonary or extrapulmonary infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or nontuberculous mycobacteria in a patient with silicosis.		08.0650
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		02.1310
Hyperkyphosis
[description not available]		02.9640
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.4720
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		02.4720
Spondylitis
Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.		04.1360
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		08.02125
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		08.02125
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.4220
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.4220
Myositis, Multiple
[description not available]		02.4520
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)		02.4520
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		02.1310
Delusional Disorder
Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.		02.1310
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.3920
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		02.1310
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		02.1310
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		02.1310
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		04.6161
Congenital Tracheobronchomegaly
[description not available]		02.1510
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		02.4220
Bazin Disease
[description not available]		02.6930
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		05.63102
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		04.3880
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		111.3880
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		06.02280
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.		02.0410
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		03.0750
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.0410
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.6630
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		03.0750
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		02.0410
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.6630
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		05.5461
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0750
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		08.0750
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		02.0410
Cranial Nerve III Diseases
[description not available]		02.0410
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		02.0410
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		06.34151
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		06.34151
Tuberculosis, Renal
Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.		07.59341
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		02.0410
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		02.0410
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		03.7940
Wallerian Degeneration
Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.		02.0410
Achromatopsia
Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.		04.9140
Color Vision Defects
Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.		04.9140
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Adhesive Capsulitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		02.0510
Bursitis
Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.		02.0510
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.6930
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		03.1250
Abscess, Epidural
[description not available]		02.4620
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		02.7430
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		02.7430
Hepatic Insufficiency
Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		02.0510
Adolescent Gynecomastia
[description not available]		03.3820
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.		03.3820
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.3820
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.8940
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.3820
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.8940
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		02.3820
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		02.3820
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		02.3820
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.0510
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection
[description not available]		03.0650
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		04.590
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		04.590
Sporotrichosis
The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.		03.0650
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		02.0510
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.0510
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		07.0510
Congenital Dysplasia Of The Hip
[description not available]		02.0610
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		02.7130
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		03.9950
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		02.9710
Orchitis
Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		02.9710
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		02.9710
Dysuria
Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.		02.0610
Epiphora
[description not available]		02.0510
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		02.0510
Acne Inversa
[description not available]		02.0610
Abscess, Psoas
[description not available]		02.0610
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.		02.0610
Alogia
[description not available]		02.0510
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		02.0510
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		02.0510
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		02.4420
Action Tremor
[description not available]		02.0510
Aphasia
A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.		02.0510
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		02.0510
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		02.4420
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		02.0510
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		03.3320
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		03.3320
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		03.8240
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		02.3820
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		02.3820
Cardiac Complex, Premature
[description not available]		02.0510
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.0510
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.4620
Deficiency, IgA
[description not available]		02.0610
Erysipelas
An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.		02.0610
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		06.8393
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.0610
Paragonimiasis
Infection with TREMATODA of the genus PARAGONIMUS.		02.0610
Lung Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).		02.0610
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.0610
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		02.4520
Sparganosis
Infection of animals, including fish and man, with a developmental stage of Diphyllobothrium. This stage has recently been referred to as a plerocercoid but the name sparganum has persisted. Therefore, infection of fish or other animals with the plerocercoid larvae is sparganosis. Fish-eating mammals, including man, are the final hosts.		02.0610
Otitis Media, Purulent
[description not available]		02.0610
Otitis Media, Suppurative
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.		02.0610
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		07.51154
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.0610
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.0610
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.0610
Aneurysm, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.0610
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.0610
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.0710
A-Thalassemia
[description not available]		02.0710
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.0710
alpha-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.		02.0710
Psoriasis Arthropathica
[description not available]		02.0610
Arthritis, Psoriatic
A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.		02.0610
Essential Polyarteritis
[description not available]		02.0710
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.4120
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		03.2160
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		09.3711
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		04.3711
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		04.3711
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		02.3820
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		02.3820
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		02.6530
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		02.6530
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		02.730
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.0610
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.0610
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.6630
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.6630
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.0710
Neoplasms, Pleural
[description not available]		02.0710
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.0710
Pyogenic Sacroiliitis
[description not available]		02.0710
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		04.6100
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		04.6100
Moniliasis, Oral
[description not available]		02.0710
Candidiasis, Oral
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0710
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		02.0710
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		02.0710
Granulomatous Mastitis
A rare, benign, inflammatory breast disease occurring in premenopausal women shortly after a recent pregnancy. The origin is unknown but it is commonly mistaken for malignancy and sometimes associated with BREAST FEEDING and the use of ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.		02.0710
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		02.9240
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.0710
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.2360
Hemorrhage, Vitreous
[description not available]		02.0710
Vitreous Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.		02.0710
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		02.0710
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		03.320
Leukoma
[description not available]		02.3820
Central Serous Retinopathy
[description not available]		02.0710
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.320
Corneal Opacity
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.		02.3820
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		03.0650
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.		02.0710
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		03.6130
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell
[description not available]		02.0110
Congenital Nystagmus
[description not available]		02.0110
Giant Cell Arteritis
A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)		02.0110
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		04.9731
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		03.0550
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		02.0110
Dizzyness
[description not available]		03.3911
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		04.0631
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		03.3911
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		03.3911
Fungal Lung Diseases
[description not available]		02.0110
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.		07.0110
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.420
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.		02.420
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.0110
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		02.0110
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		03.2920
Amblyopia, Developmental
[description not available]		05.12111
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		08.260
Amblyopia
A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.		05.12111
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		03.2720
Focal Neurologic Deficits
[description not available]		02.3420
Light Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.0110
Myelopathy
[description not available]		02.0110
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		02.0110
Granuloma of Larynx
[description not available]		02.0210
Prosthesis Durability
[description not available]		02.420
Auricular Flutter
[description not available]		02.0210
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		02.3720
Atrial Flutter
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).		02.0210
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		02.0210
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		03.7940
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		07.8840
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.4120
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.4120
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.0210
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3820
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.0210
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		02.0210
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		02.0210
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		02.4320
Cecal Diseases
Pathological developments in the CECUM.		02.0210
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.3820
Ache
[description not available]		06.52102
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		06.52102
Acne
[description not available]		04.6921
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		04.6921
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.630
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		03.630
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.0210
Encephalitis, Viral
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.		02.0210
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.0210
Autonomic Dysfunction, Paraneoplastic
[description not available]		02.0210
Encephalitis, Limbic
[description not available]		02.0210
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.0210
Granular Cell Myoblastoma
[description not available]		02.4220
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		03.5930
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		03.5930
Vaginal Discharge
A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.		02.9410
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		02.3820
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.0310
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		02.3820
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.0310
Ataxia of Gait
[description not available]		02.0210
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		02.9140
Angiomatosis, Bacillary
A reactive vascular proliferation that is characterized by the multiple tumor-like lesions in skin, bone, brain, and other organs. Bacillary angiomatosis is caused by infection with gram-negative Bartonella bacilli (such as BARTONELLA HENSELAE), and is often seen in AIDS patients and other IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS.		02.0310
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		02.9140
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.0310
Submandibular Gland Diseases
Diseases involving the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND.		02.0310
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		02.0310
Deficiency, Pyridoxine
[description not available]		02.0310
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.0310
Arthropathies
[description not available]		03.0750
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		03.0750
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		02.0310
Epulides, Giant Cell
[description not available]		02.0310
Granuloma, Giant Cell
A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.		02.0310
Panophthalmitis
Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.		02.0310
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		02.0310
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		02.0310
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		02.0310
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		02.0310
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		02.0310
Bacterial Conjunctivitides
[description not available]		02.0310
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial
Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.		02.0310
Hydrosyringomyelia
[description not available]		02.0310
Abscess, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.0310
Oral Fistula
An abnormal passage within the mouth communicating between two or more anatomical structures.		02.0310
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		02.3820
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.0310
Cecitis
[description not available]		02.0310
BOOP
[description not available]		02.0310
Parotid Diseases
Diseases involving the PAROTID GLAND.		02.0310
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.0310
Bacterial Infections, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.9510
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.3820
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		02.3820
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		02.9510
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		02.9510
Buruli Ulcer Disease
[description not available]		02.0410
Buruli Ulcer
A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.		02.0410
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.6630
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.6630
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		02.0310
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.7130
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.7130
Hypoalbuminemia
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).		03.4311
Itching
[description not available]		02.6730
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		02.3820
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.6730
Angiitis
[description not available]		02.4320
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.4320
Acute Infectious Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.0410
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		02.0410
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		04.0331
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.3520
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		03.5630
Cranial Nerve Diseases
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.		02.8810
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		05.2790
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		03.5630
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		05.2790
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		05.6341
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		02.8740
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		02.8740
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		01.9610
Night Blindness
Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9610
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		01.9610
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.3620
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.3620
Leg Dermatoses
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3720
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6430
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.6430
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		01.9610
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		01.9610
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.8740
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		01.9610
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.8740
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.6630
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		01.9510
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		01.9510
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		01.9510
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.3553
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		02.8710
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		05.1741
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		04.7270
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.6430
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.6430
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		01.9610
Cardiovascular Tuberculosis
[description not available]		03.9750
Microglossia
[description not available]		03.320
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		02.3720
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		01.9610
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		02.3620
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.7840
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.7840
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		04.1360
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		03.9130
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		01.9510
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		01.9510
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.3720
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3720
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		01.9610
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		01.9610
Icterus
[description not available]		07.51125
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		012.51125
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		01.9510
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		01.9510
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		02.3520
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		02.3620
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		02.3620
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		01.9510
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		01.9510
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		01.9510
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		01.9510
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		01.9810
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		14.420
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.3920
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.3920
Esophageal Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the ESOPHAGUS. The most common type is TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA between the esophagus and the TRACHEA.		03.3120
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		01.9810
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		02.3820
Parotiditis
[description not available]		01.9810
Choroiditis
Inflammation of the choroid.		02.3620
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.6530
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		02.6530
Adnexal Diseases
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).		01.9810
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		01.9910
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		01.9910
Thoracic Diseases
Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.		01.9810
Chorioretinitis
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.		02.3620
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		02.6630
Sigmoid Colon Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.6630
Lock Jaw
[description not available]		01.9910
Iritis
Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.		01.9910
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		01.9910
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		01.9910
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		01.9910
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		01.9910
Vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.		01.9910
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		02.8740
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.3720
Pancytopenia
Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.		01.9910
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		02.8740
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.3720
Pancreatic Insufficiency
[description not available]		01.9910
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.		01.9910
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9910
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.420
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		01.9910
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.420
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		04.5932
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		04.5932
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.420
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic
Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)		02.420
Hereditary Optic Atrophy
[description not available]		01.9910
Choked Disk
[description not available]		02.6630
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		02.6630
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		01.9910
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		01.9910
Tracheal Stenosis
A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.		01.9910
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9910
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Skin Diseases, Vascular
Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.		01.9910
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.3920
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		01.9910
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		01.9910
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		02.3720
Aneurysm, False
Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.		0210
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		0210
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary
[description not available]		0210
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		0210
Eclampsia
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).		0210
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		0210
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		0210
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		0210
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		0210
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		0210
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		02.3720
Paronychia
An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)		0210
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3720
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		02.3720
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.6930
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		0210
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		0210
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		02.6930
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.3720
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.3720
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		0210
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		0210
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		0210
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		0210
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		0210
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		0210
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		0210
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		0210
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		0210
Cerebral Cryptococcosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)		01.9810
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		02.3920
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		02.3720
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		02.3920
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		02.3720
Molluscum Contagiosum
A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		0210
Cranial Nerve II Injuries
[description not available]		03.3220
Hoarseness
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.		02.9210
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		02.9210
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		0210
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		0210
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		0210
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.0110
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal
[description not available]		02.0110
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.9210
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.9210
Infectious Myelitis
[description not available]		04.1160
Convalescence
The period of recovery following an illness.		02.6430
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		03.7840
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		03.7840
Deficiency, IgG
[description not available]		01.9510
Hypersensitivity, Type III
[description not available]		01.9510
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		01.9510
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		01.9510
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		02.3620
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		01.9510
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		01.9510
Rheumatism
[description not available]		01.9510
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		01.9510
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		02.6430
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9510
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		07.6430
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		01.9510
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		01.9510
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		01.9510
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		01.9510
Siderosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.		01.9510
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		01.9510
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		01.9510
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.7840
Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction
Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas.		01.9510
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		01.9510
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		01.9510
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		01.9510
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		04.9952
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		04.9952
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		01.9510
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		01.9510
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		01.9510
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		01.9510
Bagassosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.		03.260
Pneumoconiosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.		03.260
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		01.9510
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		01.9510
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		01.9510
Aura
[description not available]		02.6430
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.6430
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		01.9510
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9510
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		02.3520
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		02.3520
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		01.9510
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		01.9510
Lipomatosis
A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.		01.9510
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		01.9510
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		03.7421
Beriberi
A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in Japan, China, the Philippines, India, and other countries of southeast Asia. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		01.9510
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		02.6430
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		02.6430
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		04.6821
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		03.320
Erythema Nodosum
An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.		01.9810
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9810
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		01.9810
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		01.9810
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		01.9810
Amyotrophic Neuralgia
[description not available]		01.9810
Brachial Plexus Neuritis
A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)		01.9810
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		01.9710
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		01.9710
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		01.9710
Neuroretinitis
[description not available]		02.6530
Retinitis
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).		02.6530
Laboratory Infection
Accidentally acquired infection in laboratory workers.		02.3620
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		01.9710
Pellagra
A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).		02.8810
Black Fever
[description not available]		03.3611
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		03.3611
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.3620
Leprosy, Cutaneous
[description not available]		01.9710
Leprosy, Borderline
A form of LEPROSY in which there are clinical manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and tuberculoid). The disease may shift toward one of these two polar or principal forms.		01.9710
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		02.8910
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		02.8910
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		01.9710
Sclera Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		01.9710
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		01.9710
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.3620
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		01.9610
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.3620
ARC
[description not available]		01.9710
AIDS-Related Complex
A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.		01.9710
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		08.2920
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		03.2920
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.8740
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.8740
Aplasia Pure Red Cell
[description not available]		02.8810
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.		02.8810
Johne Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.3620
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.3620
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		01.9710
Anophthalmia
[description not available]		02.3620
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		01.9610
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		01.9610
Fallopian Tube Diseases
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.		01.9610
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		01.9410
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.8610
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.8610
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9510
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		01.9510
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.3520
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.3520
Tracheal Diseases
Diseases involving the TRACHEA.		01.9510
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		01.9510
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		01.9510
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		01.9510
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		01.9510
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.		01.9510
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.8610
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.8610
Algodystrophic Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Deficiency, Vitamin B
[description not available]		01.9410
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		01.9410
Vitamin B Deficiency
A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.		01.9410
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		03.3311
Actinomyces Infections
[description not available]		01.9510
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		01.9510
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		01.9510
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		01.9510
Ear Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		04.6521
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		03.2620
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		03.2620
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		01.9410
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		03.3311
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.3311
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		05.482
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		05.482
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.3520
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.3520
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.3520
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		01.9510
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.3520
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		01.9510
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		01.9510
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		01.9510
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		01.9510
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		01.9510
Arachnoid Membrane Inflammation
[description not available]		02.8610
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		01.9510
Scleroma, Nasal
[description not available]		01.9510
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		01.9510
Rhinoscleroma
A granulomatous disease caused by KLEBSIELLA RHINOSCLEROMATIS infection. Despite its name, this disease is not limited to the nose and NASOPHARYNX but may affect any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, sometimes with extension to the lip and the skin.		01.9510
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		03.7321
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		01.9510
Skin Manifestations
Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.		04.5832
Lymphocytosis
Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.		02.8610
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		01.9510
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		01.9510
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		01.9510
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		01.9510
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		01.9510
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		01.9510
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		01.9510
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		01.9510
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		01.9510
Ametropia
[description not available]		01.9510
Refractive Errors
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.		01.9510
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		02.6430
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		02.6430
Actinomycetoma
[description not available]		02.3520
Mycetoma
A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.		07.3520
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		03.7321
Emphysema, Mediastinal
[description not available]		01.9510
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		03.7321
Indigestion
[description not available]		01.9510
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		01.9510
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9510
Calcium Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		01.9510
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.842
Metastase
[description not available]		01.9510
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		01.9510
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		01.9510
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		01.9510
Diabetic Coma
A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.		01.9510
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9510
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		01.9510
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		01.9510
Inner Ear Disease
[description not available]		03.3311
Labyrinth Diseases
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).		03.3311
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		01.9410
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		01.9410
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		02.8610
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.8610
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		02.8610
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		01.9410
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		01.9410
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		01.9410
Concomitant Strabismus
[description not available]		01.9410
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		01.9410
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)		01.9410
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)		01.9410
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		01.9410
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		01.9410
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
A developmental anomaly in which a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue lacks normal connection with the tracheobroncheal tree and receives an anomalous blood supply originating from the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. The mass may be extralobar, i.e., completely separated from normally connected lung, or intralobar, i.e., partly surrounded by normal lung.		01.9410
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		01.9410
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		01.9410
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		01.9410
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		01.9410
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		01.9410
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		01.9410
Cerebral Nocardiosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Anthracosilicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of dust that contains both CARBON and crystalline SILICON DIOXIDE. These foreign matters induce fibrous nodule formation in the lung.		01.9410
Eye Manifestations
Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.		02.3520
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		01.9410
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		01.9410
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		01.9410
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		01.9410
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		01.9410
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		01.9410
Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		01.9410
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		01.9410
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		01.9410
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		01.9410
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		01.9410
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		01.9410