s 1743 profile

Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	9568613
CHEMBL ID	2146133
CHEBI ID	50309
SCHEMBL ID	144575
MeSH ID	M0305971

Synonym
h 199/18
925r0d7w1o ,
nexium 24hr
raciper
unii-925r0d7w1o
magnesium, bis(5-methoxy-2-((s)-((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)sulfinyl-kappao)-1h-benzimidazolato-kappan1)-, (t-4)-
esomeprazole magnesium [usan:inn]
magnesium, bis(5-methoxy-2-(((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)sulfinyl)-1h-benzimidazolato)-, (t-4-(s),(s))-
perprazole
(s)-omeprazole magnesium
d-961h
(-)-omeprazole magnesium
h-199/18
bis(5-methoxy-2-{(s)-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}benzimidazol-1-ide) magnesium
esopral
axagon
CHEBI:50309 ,
lucen
esomeprazole
CHEMBL2146133
esomeprazole (as magnesium)
esomeprazole magnesium hydrate
S1743
omeprazole s-form mangesium salt [mi]
5-methoxy-2-((s)-((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)methyl)sulfinyl)benzimidazole, magnesium salt (2:1)
magnesium, bis(6-methoxy-2-((s)-((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)sulfinyl-.kappa.o)-1h-benzimidazolato-.kappa.n3)-, (t-4)-
esomeprazole magnesium anhydrous
omeprazole s-form mangesium salt
1h-benzimidazole, 5-methoxy-2-((s)-((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)sulfinyl)-, magnesium salt
SCHEMBL144575
KWORUUGOSLYAGD-YPPDDXJESA-N
Q27122029
SB17371
CCG-270397
magnesium;5-methoxy-2-[(s)-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methylsulfinyl]benzimidazol-1-ide
AKOS037515807
nexium (esomeprazole magnesium)
E1443
esomeprazole magneisum d/r
esomeprazole magnesium (mart.)
esomeprazole magnesium (usp-rs)
dtxcid3024231
bis(5-methoxy-2-((s)-((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)benzimidazol-1-ide) magnesium
nexium 24hr clearminis
esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate (ep monograph)
magnesium, bis(6-methoxy-2-((s)-((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl)sulfinyl-kappao)-1h-benzimidazolato-kappan3)-, (t-4)-
esomeprazole magnesium delayed release capsules
esomeprazole magnesiumd/r
esomeprazole magnesium (usp monograph)
esomeprazole dr

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The most common adverse events in both treatment groups were headache, diarrhea, and nausea."	( Efficacy and safety of esomeprazole compared with omeprazole in GERD patients with erosive esophagitis: a randomized controlled trial. Breiter, JR; Hamelin, B; Hwang, C; Johanson, J; Kahrilas, PJ; Levine, JG; Marino, V; Maton, P; Richter, JE, 2001)	0.31
" Adverse effects were mild, infrequent and not significantly different between groups."	( The new proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole is effective as a maintenance therapy in GERD patients with healed erosive oesophagitis: a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Baerg, RD; D'Amico, D; Hamelin, B; Hwang, C; Johnson, DA; Kovacs, T; Shaker, R; Vakil, NB, 2001)	0.31
" Adverse events and clinical laboratory tests were assessed over the study period."	( Safety and efficacy of long term esomeprazole therapy in patients with healed erosive oesophagitis. Hwang, C; Levine, JG; Lundborg, P; Maton, PN; Skammer, W; Vakil, NB, 2001)	0.31
" There were no serious drug-related adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of long term esomeprazole therapy in patients with healed erosive oesophagitis. Hwang, C; Levine, JG; Lundborg, P; Maton, PN; Skammer, W; Vakil, NB, 2001)	0.31
" Esomeprazole was found effective and safe in the treatment of GERD."	( An open non-comparative clinical study for the evaluation of safety and efficacy of esomeprazole in patients of reflux oesophagitis in Indian population. Desai, A; Dinakaran, NH; Potdar, NP; Rajkumar, JS, 2002)	0.31
" Protonic pump inhibitors (PPI) are considered to be the correct therapy in the treatment of peptic ulcers, as they have proven to be safe and efficient."	( [Protonic pump inhibitors in kidney transplant patients: efficacy and safety]. Cianciolo, G; Comai, G; Feliciangeli, G; Stefoni, S, 2007)	0.34
" Adverse events and changes in clinical parameters (eg, physical examination, laboratory measurements) were evaluated to assess safety."	( Safety and symptom improvement with esomeprazole in adolescents with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Conter, H; Gold, BD; Gunasekaran, T; Illueca, M; Tolia, V; Traxler, B; Wetzler, G, 2007)	0.34
"In the 148 adolescents with safety data, treatment-related and non-treatment-related adverse events were reported by 75% and 78% of patients in the esomeprazole 20- and 40-mg groups, respectively."	( Safety and symptom improvement with esomeprazole in adolescents with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Conter, H; Gold, BD; Gunasekaran, T; Illueca, M; Tolia, V; Traxler, B; Wetzler, G, 2007)	0.34
"NSAIDs are widely prescribed for the treatment of pain, inflammation and rheumatic disorders, but their use is associated with adverse gastrointestinal effects, ranging from dyspeptic symptoms and peptic ulcers to more serious complications."	( Clinical efficacy of esomeprazole in the prevention and healing of gastrointestinal toxicity associated with NSAIDs in elderly patients. Antonioli, L; Blandizzi, C; Colucci, R; Del Tacca, M; Fornai, M; Ghisu, N; Gori, G; Tuccori, M, 2008)	0.35
" However, the adverse event database of newly marketed drugs is limited, and it is only after widespread clinical use that the adverse effect profile of a drug is ascertained more comprehensively."	( Safety profile of esomeprazole: results of a prescription-event monitoring study of 11 595 patients in England. Davies, M; Shakir, SA; Wilton, LV, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse events that occurred significantly more often in the first month of treatment with esomeprazole compared with months 2-6 included diarrhoea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, headache/migraine, intolerance, malaise/lassitude, pruritus, unspecified adverse effects and abnormal sensation."	( Safety profile of esomeprazole: results of a prescription-event monitoring study of 11 595 patients in England. Davies, M; Shakir, SA; Wilton, LV, 2008)	0.35
" was effective and safe approach for profilaxy of the stress-ulcers and the bleeding of the gastric mucous."	( [Efficiency and safety of the intravenous application of esomeprazole (nexium - Astra Zeneca) in high risk patients subjected to mechanic ventilation]. Batashki, I; Dimitrov, D; Dimov, G; Dobrev, K; Karakolev, Zh; Kirina, V; Petrov, A; Stefanov, Ch, 2007)	0.34
" Safety and tolerability was assessed by evaluating adverse events (AEs; both treatment- and non-treatment-related AEs) and changes from baseline in medical history, physical examinations, and clinical laboratory tests."	( Safety and tolerability of esomeprazole in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gilger, MA; Illueca, M; Tolia, V; Traxler, B; Vandenplas, Y; Youssef, NN, 2008)	0.35
"The AstraZeneca ARIADNE safety database was searched for comparative, controlled phase II-IV randomized, blinded clinical studies with esomeprazole and standard reporting of all adverse events (AEs)."	( Occurrence of community-acquired respiratory tract infection in patients receiving esomeprazole: retrospective analysis of adverse events in 31 clinical trials. Estborn, L; Joelson, S, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse event (AE) frequency was similar for the two groups over the intravenous treatment phase (esomeprazole, 39."	( Safety and tolerability of high-dose intravenous esomeprazole for prevention of peptic ulcer rebleeding. Ahlbom, H; Barkun, A; Jensen, D; Kilhamn, J; Kuipers, EJ; Lau, JY; Lind, T; Mössner, J; Stuart, R; Sung, JJ, 2011)	0.37
" In this study, the reports submitted to the Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were evaluated to assess omeprazole and esomeprazole in terms of susceptibility to hypomagnesaemia."	( Omeprazole- and esomeprazole-associated hypomagnesaemia: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Kadoyama, K; Okuno, Y; Sakaeda, T; Tamura, T, 2012)	0.38
", an association between a drug and an adverse drug event, including the proportional reporting ratio, the reporting odds ratio, the information component given by a Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, and the empirical Bayes geometric mean."	( Omeprazole- and esomeprazole-associated hypomagnesaemia: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Kadoyama, K; Okuno, Y; Sakaeda, T; Tamura, T, 2012)	0.38
"A total of 22,017,956 co-occurrences were found in 1,644,220 reports from 2004 to 2009, where a co-occurrence was a pair of a drug and an adverse drug event."	( Omeprazole- and esomeprazole-associated hypomagnesaemia: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Kadoyama, K; Okuno, Y; Sakaeda, T; Tamura, T, 2012)	0.38
" Adverse events (AEs) were assessed."	( Phase I, multicenter, randomized, open-label study evaluating the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of repeated once-daily doses of intravenous esomeprazole in children 0 to 17 years of age. Brown, K; Davidson, G; Långström, G; Lundborg, P; Sandström, M; Sullivan, JE; Tolia, V, 2012)	0.38
" Any treatment-related side effect was not increased after surgery when compared to baseline."	( Reflux symptoms and side effects among patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease at baseline, during treatment with PPIs, and after Nissen fundoplication. Kellokumpu, I; Kiljander, T; Oksala, N; Ranta, A; Rantanen, T; Salminen, P, 2013)	0.39
"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an effective and common treatment for chronic pain disorders, but long-term use is associated with risk of potentially life-threatening gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety and efficacy of long-term esomeprazole 20 mg in Japanese patients with a history of peptic ulcer receiving daily non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Kinoshita, Y; Miwa, H; Sugano, K; Takeuchi, T, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events were also recorded."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of esomeprazole injection/infusion in healthy Chinese volunteers: a five-way crossover study. Hu, P; Jiang, J; Li, J; Qian, J; Shen, K; Yang, H; Yang, X; Zhao, Q, 2013)	0.39
" The number of patients with adverse events was similar between treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily esomeprazole for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in neonatal patients. Barker, P; Davidson, G; Illueca, M; Lundborg, P; Omari, T; Thomson, M; Wenzl, TG, 2013)	0.39
" In the pooled analysis from all five studies, incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) (including prespecified NSAID-associated upper GI AEs and cardiovascular AEs), serious AEs, and AE-related discontinuations were stratified by LDA subgroups."	( Impact of concomitant low-dose aspirin on the safety and tolerability of naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium delayed-release tablets in patients requiring chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy: an analysis from 5 Phase III studies. Angiolillo, DJ; Datto, C; Raines, S; Yeomans, ND, 2014)	0.4
" Changes in the scores, rates of symptom remission, and adverse effects were compared between the two groups."	( Efficacy and safety of esomeprazole with flupentixol/melitracen in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with emotional disorders. Cao, Y; Chang, H; Fan, LL; Fang, DC; Lan, CH; Wu, ZL; Yu, YY, 2014)	0.4
" The remission of symptoms (eructation, abdominal pain, anorexia, and other accompanying symptoms) in the combination group was significantly better than that in the monotherapy group, and no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events was observed between the two groups."	( Efficacy and safety of esomeprazole with flupentixol/melitracen in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with emotional disorders. Cao, Y; Chang, H; Fan, LL; Fang, DC; Lan, CH; Wu, ZL; Yu, YY, 2014)	0.4
" In addition, this combination treatment is safe, with a low incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of esomeprazole with flupentixol/melitracen in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with emotional disorders. Cao, Y; Chang, H; Fan, LL; Fang, DC; Lan, CH; Wu, ZL; Yu, YY, 2014)	0.4
" Ilaprazole was safe and generally well tolerated; an unexpectedly high incidence of allergic eye and skin reactions were observed but were not specific to any dosing regimen."	( The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of oral doses of ilaprazole 10, 20 and 40 mg and esomeprazole 40 mg in healthy subjects: a randomised, open-label crossover study. Cho, KH; Kim, DY; Kukulka, M; Lee, JY; Park, HL; Park, SH; Shin, JS; Wu, JT, 2014)	0.4
" Reported serious adverse events (SAEs) and changes in laboratory variables were analysed."	( Long-term safety of proton pump inhibitor therapy assessed under controlled, randomised clinical trial conditions: data from the SOPRAN and LOTUS studies. Attwood, SE; Eklund, S; Ell, C; Fiocca, R; Galmiche, JP; Hasselgren, B; Hatlebakk, JG; Jahreskog, M; Långström, G; Lind, T; Lundell, L, 2015)	0.42
" Safety and tolerability was assessed by evaluating adverse events (AEs; both treatment- and non-treatment-related AEs) and changes from baseline in medical history, physical examinations, and clinical laboratory tests."	( Safety and Tolerability of Esomeprazole in Children With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Gilger, MA; Illueca, M; Tolia, V; Traxler, B; Vandenplas, Y; Youssef, NN, 2015)	0.42
" The risk of adverse effects of short-term PPI therapy is low, but there are important safety concerns for potential adverse effects of prolonged PPI therapy."	( Esomeprazole use is independently associated with significant reduction of BMD: 1-year prospective comparative safety study of four proton pump inhibitors. Bahtiri, E; Hoti, K; Hoxha, R; Islami, H; Karakulak, Ç; Qorraj-Bytyqi, H; Rexhepi, S; Thaçi, K; Thaçi, S, 2016)	0.43
" Safety and tolerability was assessed by evaluating adverse events (AEs; both treatment- and non-treatment-related AEs) and changes from baseline in medical history, physical examinations, and clinical laboratory tests."	( Safety and Tolerability of Esomeprazole in Children With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Gilger, MA; Illueca, M; Tolia, V; Traxler, B; Vandenplas, Y; Youssef, NN, 2015)	0.42
" The most common adverse events in the pooled group were abdominal discomfort, abdominal distention, dyspepsia, and nausea, but none of these was deemed to be clinically meaningful."	( Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of nimesulide/pantoprazole compared to naproxen/esomeprazole for pain relief in patients with osteoarticular diseases and dyspeptic symptoms. Amazonas, RB; Bocchi de Oliveira, MF; Ecclissato, C; Macêdo, EA; Pott Júnior, H; Scheinberg, M, 2018)	0.48
" Thirty-three patients (66%) reported ≥1 adverse events, including three patients who reported serious adverse events not judged to be causally related to esomeprazole."	( Oral esomeprazole in Japanese pediatric patients with gastric acid-related disease: Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. Arai, K; Ida, S; Ishii, E; Nakayama, Y; Nii, M; Rydholm, H; Satou, T; Shimizu, T; Tokuhara, D; Yajima, T, 2019)	0.51
" Ilaprazole infusion was safe and well tolerated without serious adverse events."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of ilaprazole infusion in healthy subjects and patients with esomeprazole as positive control. Hou, X; Hu, H; Jiang, J; Liu, F; Liu, X; Ou, N; Qin, X; Shao, F; Wang, H; Xu, W, 2019)	0.51
" All subjects found the drug tolerable, and there were no significant differences in adverse events between two drugs."	( The safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of immediate-release formulation containing esomeprazole 20 mg/sodium bicarbonate 800 mg in healthy adult male. Hong, T; Kim, CO; Kim, D; Park, MS; Park, SJ; Yoo, BW, 2019)	0.51
"This study showed that IR-ESO produced a rapid, safe and sustained gastric acid suppression (ClinicalTrials."	( The safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of immediate-release formulation containing esomeprazole 20 mg/sodium bicarbonate 800 mg in healthy adult male. Hong, T; Kim, CO; Kim, D; Park, MS; Park, SJ; Yoo, BW, 2019)	0.51
" Two groups exhibited similar adverse event rates (AEA 14."	( Efficacy and Safety of Antofloxacin-Based Triple Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication Failure in China. He, XJ; Jiang, CS; Li, DZ; Liu, G; Wang, W; Zeng, XP, 2022)	0.72
"The clarithromycin-based triple therapy is the most prescribed Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen in Europe; it causes adverse effects in a significant proportion of subjects, leading to discontinuation."	( Randomised clinical trial: comparison of efficacy and adverse effects of a standard triple clarithromycin-containing regimen with high-dose amoxicillin and bismuth therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication. Daugule, I; Leja, M; Lielause, A; Park, JY; Paršutins, S; Poļaka, I; Rūdule, A; Sjomina, O; Stonāns, I; Vangravs, R, 2022)	0.72
"We compared the efficacy and spectrum of adverse effects of clarithromycin-based triple therapy with the high-dose amoxicillin/bismuth regimen."	( Randomised clinical trial: comparison of efficacy and adverse effects of a standard triple clarithromycin-containing regimen with high-dose amoxicillin and bismuth therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication. Daugule, I; Leja, M; Lielause, A; Park, JY; Paršutins, S; Poļaka, I; Rūdule, A; Sjomina, O; Stonāns, I; Vangravs, R, 2022)	0.72
"Information on treatment completion and adverse effects were collected via a telephone interview at 21-28 days after medication delivery."	( Randomised clinical trial: comparison of efficacy and adverse effects of a standard triple clarithromycin-containing regimen with high-dose amoxicillin and bismuth therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication. Daugule, I; Leja, M; Lielause, A; Park, JY; Paršutins, S; Poļaka, I; Rūdule, A; Sjomina, O; Stonāns, I; Vangravs, R, 2022)	0.72
"We analysed 483 subjects for adverse effects (248 vs."	( Randomised clinical trial: comparison of efficacy and adverse effects of a standard triple clarithromycin-containing regimen with high-dose amoxicillin and bismuth therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication. Daugule, I; Leja, M; Lielause, A; Park, JY; Paršutins, S; Poļaka, I; Rūdule, A; Sjomina, O; Stonāns, I; Vangravs, R, 2022)	0.72
"Bismuth-based high-dose amoxicillin therapy showed a lower efficacy but was less frequently associated with adverse effects."	( Randomised clinical trial: comparison of efficacy and adverse effects of a standard triple clarithromycin-containing regimen with high-dose amoxicillin and bismuth therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication. Daugule, I; Leja, M; Lielause, A; Park, JY; Paršutins, S; Poļaka, I; Rūdule, A; Sjomina, O; Stonāns, I; Vangravs, R, 2022)	0.72
" The secondary endpoints were adverse effects, symptom improvement rates, and patient compliance."	( Efficacy and safety of high-dose esomeprazole-amoxicillin dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori rescue treatment: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Bi, H; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Han, S; Li, M; Lin, T; Liu, J; Lyu, T; Shi, Y; Wang, J; Wang, S; Yuan, D; Zhao, X, 2022)	0.72
" The incidence of adverse events in the HDDT group was significantly lower than that in the TFEB group (11."	( Efficacy and safety of high-dose esomeprazole-amoxicillin dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori rescue treatment: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Bi, H; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Han, S; Li, M; Lin, T; Liu, J; Lyu, T; Shi, Y; Wang, J; Wang, S; Yuan, D; Zhao, X, 2022)	0.72
" For the rate of adverse events, there was no significant difference among all the PPIs, vonoprazan, and placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors versus vonoprazan in treatment of erosive esophagitis: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and network meta-analysis. Chen, J; Deng, W; Xie, Z; Yang, S, 2022)	0.72
" Both drugs were well tolerated, and the adverse event incidence profile was low."	( Efficacy and safety comparative study of dexrabeprazole vs. esomeprazole for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Abdo-Francis, JM; Cabrera-Álvarez, G; Martínez-Torres, H; Remes-Troche, JM, 2022)	0.72
"Zastaprazan was safe and well tolerated after a single oral dose up to 60 mg and multiple oral doses up to 40 mg."	( Randomised clinical trial: Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of zastaprazan (JP-1366), a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker, in healthy subjects. Cha, H; Hwang, I; Ji, SC; Kim, H; Kim, J; Lee, CS; Lee, S; Oh, J; Yu, KS, 2023)	0.91
" No serious adverse reactions were found, suggesting that the test and reference preparations of esomeprazole magnesium enteric capsules have similar safety profile."	( Pharmacokinetics, Bioequivalence, and Safety of Esomeprazole Magnesium Enteric-Coated Capsules in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Feng, W; Gan, F; He, A; Huang, C; Jin, J; Li, T; Rao, X; Wang, L; Wang, X; Zhu, C, 2023)	0.91
" The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between the groups, with no serious adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Vonoprazan- or Esomeprazole-Based Bismuth-Containing Quadruple Therapy: A Phase 1, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Study in Adults with Helicobacter pylori Infection in China. Czerniak, R; Gu, L; Hu, C; Men, R; Miao, J; Tang, J; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Yang, L; Yoshida, N, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of esomeprazole and its metabolites were estimated using non-compartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole after oral and intravenous administration of single and repeated doses to healthy subjects. Andersson, T; Bredberg, E; Hassan-Alin, M; Röhss, K, 2000)	0.31
"Nonblinded single-centre pharmacokinetic study with historical control group."	( Pharmacokinetic study of esomeprazole in the elderly. Andersson, T; Claar-Nilsson, C; Hassan-Alin, M; Hasselgren, G; Röhss, K, 2001)	0.31
" The total area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCinfinity), maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax), terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2z)) and time to Cmax (tmax) were determined for the parent drug and its hydroxy and sulphone metabolites."	( Pharmacokinetic study of esomeprazole in the elderly. Andersson, T; Claar-Nilsson, C; Hassan-Alin, M; Hasselgren, G; Röhss, K, 2001)	0.31
"The AUCinfinity and Cmax values in the elderly were not significantly different from those obtained in a group of middle-aged patients."	( Pharmacokinetic study of esomeprazole in the elderly. Andersson, T; Claar-Nilsson, C; Hassan-Alin, M; Hasselgren, G; Röhss, K, 2001)	0.31
" Patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease exhibit a pharmacokinetic pattern similar to that in healthy individuals, whereas elderly individuals exhibited a slightly lower metabolism rate."	( Pharmacokinetic studies with esomeprazole, the (S)-isomer of omeprazole. Andersson, T; Hassan-Alin, M; Hasselgren, G; Röhss, K; Weidolf, L, 2001)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with an historical control group of 36 gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) patients (aged 29-58 years) with normal hepatic function."	( Pharmacokinetic study of esomeprazole in patients with hepatic impairment. Björnsson, E; Hassan-Alin, M; Hasselgren, G; Holmberg, J; Röhss, K; Sjövall, H, 2002)	0.31
" For pantoprazole, Cmax and AUC were unchanged on day 7 vs day 1, confirming its high and constant bioavailability."	( Intra-oesophageal pH profiles and pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole and esomeprazole: a crossover study in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gatz, G; Huber, R; Mascher, H; Müller, P; Pascu, O; Sander, P; Simon, B, 2003)	0.32
" For esomeprazole, the Cmax and AUC increased after multiple dosing; for pantoprazole the pharmacokinetics were predictable and independent of the number of administered doses."	( Intra-oesophageal pH profiles and pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole and esomeprazole: a crossover study in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gatz, G; Huber, R; Mascher, H; Müller, P; Pascu, O; Sander, P; Simon, B, 2003)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of S-omeprazole, R-omeprazole, racemic omeprazole and the two main metabolites (5-hydroxy and sulphone) were calculated using non-compartmental analysis."	( A pharmacokinetic study comparing single and repeated oral doses of 20 mg and 40 mg omeprazole and its two optical isomers, S-omeprazole (esomeprazole) and R-omeprazole, in healthy subjects. Andersson, T; Hassan-Alin, M; Niazi, M; Röhss, K, 2005)	0.33
" We describe a 65-year-old man with HIV who underwent a 12-hour intensive pharmacokinetic study while receiving esomeprazole with atazanavir-ritonavir and subsequently, an 8-hour study while receiving esomeprazole with fosamprenavir-ritonavir."	( Effects of esomeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir and fosamprenavir in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Anderson, PL; Fletcher, CV; Kiser, JJ; Lichtenstein, KA, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was conducted on the last day of each treatment."	( Coadministration of esomeprazole with fosamprenavir has no impact on steady-state plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics. Borland, J; Ford, SL; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB; Xue, ZG; Yuen, G, 2006)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and tolerability of esomeprazole 20 and 40 mg after single and repeated oral doses in adolescents with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of esomeprazole in adolescent patients aged 12 to 17 years with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A randomized, open-label study. Andersson, T; Fulmer, R; Hamer-Maansson, JE; Illueca, M; Li, J; Lundborg, P; Zhao, J, 2006)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to assess the overall exposure, other pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and tolerability of esomeprazole magnesium after repeated oral doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg in pediatric patients who had symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of esomeprazole in children aged 1 to 11 years with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized, open-label study. Andersson, T; Fulmer, R; Hamer-Maansson, JE; Illueca, M; Li, J; Lundborg, P; Zhao, J, 2006)	0.33
" It also describes the pharmacokinetic profile of the esomeprazole 40-mg packet compared with that of existing solid dosage forms (capsules and tablets) in a clinical bioequivalence study."	( A new esomeprazole packet (sachet) formulation for suspension: in vitro characteristics and comparative pharmacokinetics versus intact capsules/tablets in healthy volunteers. Backlund, A; Bladh, N; Blychert, E; Fjellman, M; Johansson, K; Lundin, C; Niazi, M; Pettersson, G, 2007)	0.34
"9 kg) participated in the randomized, crossover, comparative pharmacokinetic study of the packet and capsule/tablet formulations."	( A new esomeprazole packet (sachet) formulation for suspension: in vitro characteristics and comparative pharmacokinetics versus intact capsules/tablets in healthy volunteers. Backlund, A; Bladh, N; Blychert, E; Fjellman, M; Johansson, K; Lundin, C; Niazi, M; Pettersson, G, 2007)	0.34
" Intraesophageal and intragastric pH were recorded at 1 week, and blood samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and acid-suppressive effects of esomeprazole in infants 1-24 months old with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Bondarov, P; Davidson, G; Lundborg, P; Nauclér, E; Nilsson, C; Omari, T, 2007)	0.34
" In vivo administration studies, SDEZ in enteric capsule (SDEZ-EC) has a lower Cmax and a longer Tmax than that of esomeprazole magnesium enteric-coated tablet (Nexium), and the differences of Cmax and Tmax between SDEZ-EC and Nexium are significant."	( Preparation of esomeprazole zinc solid dispersion and study on its pharmacokinetics. Song, H; Song, X; Tang, X; Xie, P; Xie, Y, 2008)	0.35
" The primary pharmacokinetic end points were steady-state area under the concentration-time curve (AUCtau) and observed maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of ASA +/- esomeprazole."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between esomeprazole (40 mg) and acetylsalicylic acid (325 mg) in healthy volunteers. Andersson, T; Naesdal, J; Nauclér, E; Niazi, M; Sundin, M, 2009)	0.35
"There was no pharmacokinetic interaction between esomeprazole (40 mg) and ASA (325 mg) during repeated co-administration in healthy volunteers."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between esomeprazole (40 mg) and acetylsalicylic acid (325 mg) in healthy volunteers. Andersson, T; Naesdal, J; Nauclér, E; Niazi, M; Sundin, M, 2009)	0.35
"There were authentic distinctions between the groups of healthy volunteers and patients with a peptic ulcer disease in Cmax, Tmax, AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), CIt, Vd of omeprazole and Cmax of esomeprazole (Nexium, AstraZeneca)."	( [Omeprazol and ezomeprazol pharmacokinetics, duration of antisecretory effect, and reasons for their probable changes in duodenal ulcer]. Dobrovol'skiĭ, OV; Kondratenko, SN; Pisarev, VV; Serebrova, SIu; Starodubtsev, AK; Vasilenko, GF, 2009)	0.35
"To compare pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of tenatoprazole and esomeprazole."	( The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of S-tenatoprazole-Na 30 mg, 60 mg and 90 mg vs. esomeprazole 40 mg in healthy male subjects. Armstrong, D; Hunt, RH; James, C; Yaghoobi, M, 2010)	0.36
"The aims of this study were to assess the relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of 2 formulations (test and reference) of esomeprazole 40 mg."	( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of two different enteric formulations of esomeprazole in healthy Bangladeshi male volunteers: An open-label, single-dose, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study. Azad, MA; Hasnat, A; Latif, AH; Maruf, AA; Shohag, MH; Sultana, R; Ullah, MA, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including C(max), AUC(0-12), and AUC(0-infinity), were determined with a non-compartmental method."	( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of two different enteric formulations of esomeprazole in healthy Bangladeshi male volunteers: An open-label, single-dose, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study. Azad, MA; Hasnat, A; Latif, AH; Maruf, AA; Shohag, MH; Sultana, R; Ullah, MA, 2010)	0.36
" Blood sampling for pharmacokinetic assessment was conducted 0-120 h post diazepam application and data were analyzed using a model-independent approach and ANOVA."	( Effects of multiple-dose esomeprazole and pantoprazole on diazepam pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacodynamic effects on cognitive and psychomotor function in healthy volunteers. Bethke, TD; Drewelow, B; Reitmeir, P; Schaffler, K, 2010)	0.36
" As lesogaberan is being developed as an add-on treatment for the management of patients with GERD who have a partial response to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, it is important to rule out any clinically important pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between lesogaberan and PPIs."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between lesogaberan (AZD3355) and esomeprazole in healthy subjects. Holmberg, AA; Miller, F; Niazi, M; Ruth, M; Silberg, DG, 2010)	0.36
"The presence or absence of pharmacokinetic interactions between lesogaberan and esomeprazole was assessed by measuring the steady-state area under the plasma concentration-time curves during the dosing interval (AUC(τ)) and the maximum observed plasma concentration (C(max)) for lesogaberan and esomeprazole."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between lesogaberan (AZD3355) and esomeprazole in healthy subjects. Holmberg, AA; Miller, F; Niazi, M; Ruth, M; Silberg, DG, 2010)	0.36
"There was no observed pharmacokinetic interaction between lesogaberan and esomeprazole when concomitantly administered to healthy subjects, and concomitant therapy was well tolerated."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between lesogaberan (AZD3355) and esomeprazole in healthy subjects. Holmberg, AA; Miller, F; Niazi, M; Ruth, M; Silberg, DG, 2010)	0.36
" The increase in acid suppression was predominantly due to prolonged acid suppression during the night-time; this was supported by the extended-release pharmacokinetic characteristics."	( An open-label, parallel, multiple-dose study comparing the pharmacokinetics and gastric acid suppression of rabeprazole extended-release with esomeprazole 40 mg and rabeprazole delayed-release 20 mg in healthy volunteers. Chen, H; Lu, Y; Morelli, G; Rege, B; Rossiter, G, 2011)	0.37
" In conclusion, there are no pharmacokinetic drug interactions between naproxen and esomeprazole."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of a fixed-dose combination of enteric-coated naproxen and non-enteric-coated esomeprazole magnesium. Fort, J; Sostek, M; Wang-Smith, L; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacodynamic end-points were vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein P2Y(12) platelet reactivity index, maximal platelet aggregation to 5 and 20 μmol/l adenosine diphosphate, and VerifyNow P2Y12 platelet response units."	( A randomized, 2-period, crossover design study to assess the effects of dexlansoprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole, and omeprazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in healthy volunteers. Bhatt, DL; Brooks, JK; Frelinger, AL; Lee, RD; Michelson, AD; Mulford, DJ; Nigam, A; Nudurupati, S; Wu, J, 2012)	0.38
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses with omeprazole demonstrated assay sensitivity."	( A randomized, 2-period, crossover design study to assess the effects of dexlansoprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole, and omeprazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in healthy volunteers. Bhatt, DL; Brooks, JK; Frelinger, AL; Lee, RD; Michelson, AD; Mulford, DJ; Nigam, A; Nudurupati, S; Wu, J, 2012)	0.38
"The absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between the proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole (40 mg) and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin, ASA; 325 mg) has previously been established."	( Evaluation of the pharmacodynamics of acetylsalicylic acid 81 mg with or without esomeprazole 20 mg in healthy volunteers. Andersson, T; Morrison, D; Nagy, P; Pisupati, J; Schettler, J; Warner, TD, 2012)	0.38
"This study set out to investigate the potential for pharmacodynamic interaction between low-dose ASA and esomeprazole in healthy volunteers, by measuring ASA antiplatelet activity."	( Evaluation of the pharmacodynamics of acetylsalicylic acid 81 mg with or without esomeprazole 20 mg in healthy volunteers. Andersson, T; Morrison, D; Nagy, P; Pisupati, J; Schettler, J; Warner, TD, 2012)	0.38
"A total of 29 volunteers (19 aged ≥50 years; 8 women; 21 men) were evaluable for pharmacodynamic analysis (per protocol)."	( Evaluation of the pharmacodynamics of acetylsalicylic acid 81 mg with or without esomeprazole 20 mg in healthy volunteers. Andersson, T; Morrison, D; Nagy, P; Pisupati, J; Schettler, J; Warner, TD, 2012)	0.38
"No pharmacodynamic interaction between low-dose ASA and esomeprazole was found with regard to platelet function."	( Evaluation of the pharmacodynamics of acetylsalicylic acid 81 mg with or without esomeprazole 20 mg in healthy volunteers. Andersson, T; Morrison, D; Nagy, P; Pisupati, J; Schettler, J; Warner, TD, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic variables were derived using mixed-effects modeling."	( Phase I, multicenter, randomized, open-label study evaluating the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of repeated once-daily doses of intravenous esomeprazole in children 0 to 17 years of age. Brown, K; Davidson, G; Långström, G; Lundborg, P; Sandström, M; Sullivan, JE; Tolia, V, 2012)	0.38
" Fifty patients were eligible for pharmacokinetic analysis, including 6 to 8 patients in each age group."	( Phase I, multicenter, randomized, open-label study evaluating the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of repeated once-daily doses of intravenous esomeprazole in children 0 to 17 years of age. Brown, K; Davidson, G; Långström, G; Lundborg, P; Sandström, M; Sullivan, JE; Tolia, V, 2012)	0.38
"This review explores the results of clinical studies on the influence of the combination esomeprazole (ESA) and ASA on pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, and the role for such combination in prevention of CV events in patients at risk of gastric ulcers."	( Pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of esomeprazole and ASA for the prevention of gastroduodenal ulcers in cardiovascular patients. Bardou, M; Barkun, AN; Goirand, F; Hamza, S; Le Ray, I, 2012)	0.38
" Plasma phenytoin levels were assayed by HPLC and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Effect of esomeprazole on pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in rabbits. Byrav, DS; Joshi, R; Medhi, B; Prakash, A, )	0.13
"Continuous infusion resulted in a higher mean area under the curve and Cmax than injection."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of esomeprazole injection/infusion in healthy Chinese volunteers: a five-way crossover study. Hu, P; Jiang, J; Li, J; Qian, J; Shen, K; Yang, H; Yang, X; Zhao, Q, 2013)	0.39
"Esomeprazole administrated by infusion produces better pharmacokinetic and intragastric pH profiles compared with those by injection."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of esomeprazole injection/infusion in healthy Chinese volunteers: a five-way crossover study. Hu, P; Jiang, J; Li, J; Qian, J; Shen, K; Yang, H; Yang, X; Zhao, Q, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic effects were estimated by measuring active metabolite of clopidogrel, and pharmacodynamic effects by inhibition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation."	( Effect of esomeprazole with/without acetylsalicylic acid, omeprazole and lansoprazole on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in healthy volunteers. Andersson, T; Galbraith, H; Nagy, P; Niazi, M; Nylander, S; Ranjan, S; Wallentin, L, 2014)	0.4
"To compare the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of ilaprazole and esomeprazole."	( The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of oral doses of ilaprazole 10, 20 and 40 mg and esomeprazole 40 mg in healthy subjects: a randomised, open-label crossover study. Cho, KH; Kim, DY; Kukulka, M; Lee, JY; Park, HL; Park, SH; Shin, JS; Wu, JT, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, and Tmax, were measured, and all treatment-emergent adverse events and their associations with the study medications were recorded throughout the entire study."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison study of a combination containing 500 mg of Naproxen and 20 mg of Esomeprazole: a randomized, single-dose, 2-way crossover, open-label study in healthy Korean men. Choi, HG; Im, YJ; Jeon, JY; Jin, C; Kim, EY; Kim, H; Kim, MG; Kim, Y; Kwak, SS; Lee, SY; Wang, HM, 2015)	0.42
" Both formulations had very similar Cmax, AUC, and t½ values, but the Tmax of naproxen appeared earlier in the test formulation than in the reference formulation and that of esomeprazole appeared later in the test formulation than in the reference formulation."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison study of a combination containing 500 mg of Naproxen and 20 mg of Esomeprazole: a randomized, single-dose, 2-way crossover, open-label study in healthy Korean men. Choi, HG; Im, YJ; Jeon, JY; Jin, C; Kim, EY; Kim, H; Kim, MG; Kim, Y; Kwak, SS; Lee, SY; Wang, HM, 2015)	0.42
" Following a high-fat meal (study 1), cabozantinib Cmax and AUC were increased (40."	( Evaluation of the effect of food and gastric pH on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of cabozantinib in healthy adult subjects. Armas, D; Grenier, J; Holland, J; Laberge, MK; Lacy, S; Mamelok, R; Nguyen, L; Swearingen, D, 2015)	0.42
"The advances in pharmaceutical development and drug discovery impose the availability of reliable high-throughput screening methods for the rapid evaluation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (PK) in biological samples."	( Development and validation of a DESI-HRMS/MS method for the fast profiling of esomeprazole and its metabolites in rat plasma: a pharmacokinetic study. Barocelli, E; Bettini, R; Castrati, L; Colombo, P; Elviri, L; Flammini, L; Rossi, A, 2016)	0.43
" Intraesophageal and intragastric pH were recorded at 1 week, and blood samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and Acid-suppressive Effects of Esomeprazole in Infants 1-24 Months Old With Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Bondarov, P; Davidson, G; Lundborg, P; Nauclér, E; Nilsson, C; Omari, T, 2015)	0.42
" The Cmax (mean ± standard deviation) and AUC0-t (mean ± standard deviation) for naproxen in HCP1004 were 61."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of HCP1004 (a fixed-dose combination of naproxen and esomeprazole strontium) and VIMOVO® (a marketed fixed-dose combination of naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium) in healthy volunteers. Choi, Y; Han, H; Lim, KS; Shin, D; Yu, KS, 2015)	0.42
" Intraesophageal and intragastric pH were recorded at 1 week, and blood samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and Acid-suppressive Effects of Esomeprazole in Infants 1-24 Months Old With Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Bondarov, P; Davidson, G; Lundborg, P; Nauclér, E; Nilsson, C; Omari, T, 2015)	0.42
" Baseline-adjusted pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated: Cmax (maximal concentration), Tmax (time to Cmax), AUC0-t (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to the last detectable concentration), AUC0-6 and AUC0-12 (areas under the curve from 0 to 6 and 12 hours, respectively)."	( When Bioequivalence in Healthy Volunteers May not Translate to Bioequivalence in Patients: Differential Effects of Increased Gastric pH on the Pharmacokinetics of Levothyroxine Capsules and Tablets. Benvenga, S; Ducharme, MP; Loprete, L; Scarsi, C; Seng Yue, C, 2015)	0.42
" No statistically significant differences in Tmax were found."	( When Bioequivalence in Healthy Volunteers May not Translate to Bioequivalence in Patients: Differential Effects of Increased Gastric pH on the Pharmacokinetics of Levothyroxine Capsules and Tablets. Benvenga, S; Ducharme, MP; Loprete, L; Scarsi, C; Seng Yue, C, 2015)	0.42
"The plasma exposure (AUC0-14d, AUC0-7d and Cmax ) of a single 200 mg oral dose of sonidegib was decreased by 32-38% when sonidegib was co-administered with esomeprazole compared with sonidegib alone, with no apparent change in elimination slope and tmax ."	( Effect of esomeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor on the pharmacokinetics of sonidegib in healthy volunteers. Boss, H; Castro, H; Glenn, K; Picard, F; Quinlan, M; Sellami, D; Zhou, J, 2016)	0.43
" The half-life was approximately 1 hour."	( Pharmacokinetics and Acid Suppressant Efficacy of Esomeprazole after Intravenous, Oral, and Subcutaneous Administration to Healthy Beagle Dogs. Hwang, JH; Jeong, JW; Koo, TS; Seo, KW; Song, GH, 2017)	0.46
"The accuracy of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model prediction in children, especially those younger than 2 years old, has not been systematically evaluated."	( Predictive Performance of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling of Drugs Extensively Metabolized by Major Cytochrome P450s in Children. Al-Huniti, N; Bui, KH; Cheung, SYA; Johnson, TN; Li, J; Xu, H; Zhou, D; Zhou, W, 2018)	0.48
" Bloods for pharmacokinetic evaluation were sampled up to 48 h post-dose and 24 h post-dose at steady state, respectively."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of YH4808, a potassium-competitive acid blocker, after single- and multiple-oral dosing in healthy subjects. Byun, HM; Cho, JY; Jang, IJ; Jang, SB; Kim, A; Kim, E; Kim, YK; Lee, S; Yi, S; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2018)	0.48
"Oral esomeprazole, at 10 mg or 20 mg once daily, had a similar safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profile in Japanese pediatric patients to that previously seen in adults and Caucasian children."	( Oral esomeprazole in Japanese pediatric patients with gastric acid-related disease: Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. Arai, K; Ida, S; Ishii, E; Nakayama, Y; Nii, M; Rydholm, H; Satou, T; Shimizu, T; Tokuhara, D; Yajima, T, 2019)	0.51
"The objective of this study was to develop pediatric physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for pantoprazole and esomeprazole."	( Assessing CYP2C19 Ontogeny in Neonates and Infants Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models: Impact of Enzyme Maturation Versus Inhibition. Burckart, GJ; Crentsil, V; Duan, P; Fisher, J; Gonzalez, D; Moore, JN; Wang, J; Wu, F; Zhang, L, 2019)	0.51
"A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for YH4808, a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker, using the SimCYP® Simulator based on the physicochemical, in vitro preclinical and clinical data of YH4808."	( A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model adequately predicted the human pharmacokinetic profiles of YH4808, a novel K Chung, SY; Jang, SB; Lee, H; Lee, HA; Lee, KR; Yu, KS, 2019)	0.51
"Some pharmacokinetic parameters of esomeprazole may be changed in ICU patients with low plasma albumin."	( Effects of Plasma Albumin on the Pharmacokinetics of Esomeprazole in ICU Patients. Shao, C; Sun, J; Tian, H; Tian, W; Wang, J; Xu, Y; Zhang, T; Zhou, Q, 2018)	0.48
" Time to peak concentration of IR-ESO (0."	( The safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of immediate-release formulation containing esomeprazole 20 mg/sodium bicarbonate 800 mg in healthy adult male. Hong, T; Kim, CO; Kim, D; Park, MS; Park, SJ; Yoo, BW, 2019)	0.51
"The objective of this study was to improve the predictive performance of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 substrates in Japanese subjects using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict exposures in healthy Japanese subjects with different CYP2C19 phenotypes: Esomeprazole case study . Higashimori, M; Ichikawa, K; Shimada, H; Zhou, D, 2020)	0.56
"Esomeprazole, a CYP2C19 substrate, was selected as a test compound, and the Simcyp simulator was used for pharmacokinetic prediction."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict exposures in healthy Japanese subjects with different CYP2C19 phenotypes: Esomeprazole case study . Higashimori, M; Ichikawa, K; Shimada, H; Zhou, D, 2020)	0.56
" During the 7 days prior to pharmacokinetic sampling, erlotinib was taken daily with 250 mL of either water or milk."	( Influence of Cow's Milk and Esomeprazole on the Absorption of Erlotinib: A Randomized, Crossover Pharmacokinetic Study in Lung Cancer Patients. Aerts, JGJV; Belderbos, HNA; Broerse, SD; Dingemans, AC; Hussaarts, KGAM; Koolen, SLW; Landa, KD; Mathijssen, RHJ; Oomen-de Hoop, E; Paats, MS; Peric, R; Rutten, HB; Steendam, CMJ; van der Leest, CH; van Gelder, T; van Leeuwen, RWF; Veerman, GDM, 2021)	0.62
" To further understand the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of this drug alone and in combination with esomeprazole, we will analyze the pharmacokinetic parameters of naproxen and its major metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, in saliva samples."	( Simultaneous separation of naproxen and 6-O-desmethylnaproxen metabolite in saliva samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Pharmacokinetic study of naproxen alone and associated with esomeprazole. Calvo, AM; Dionísio, TJ; Faria, FC; Morettin, M; Oliveira, GM; Santos, CF, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of our study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to foresee the impact of elevated IL-6 levels in combination with drug interactions with esomeprazole on CYP3A and CYP2C19."	( Prediction of cytochromes P450 3A and 2C19 modulation by both inflammation and drug interactions using physiologically based pharmacokinetics. Daali, Y; Desmeules, JA; Lenoir, C; Niederer, A; Rollason, V; Samer, CF, 2022)	0.72
" No effect on ubrogepant pharmacokinetics was concluded if 90% confidence intervals of geometric mean ratios were within 80% to 125% for comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters between ubrogepant + esomeprazole magnesium versus ubrogepant alone."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction and Safety of Ubrogepant Coadministered With Esomeprazole Magnesium. Boinpally, R; Lu, K, 2022)	0.72
"The systemic exposure of esomeprazole after a multiple-dose of AD-206 was similar to that of the conventional esomeprazole in both doses, but the time to reach the peak concentration was faster in AD-206."	( Comparative Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Fixed-Dose Combination of Esomeprazole and Calcium Carbonate (AD-206) to the Conventional Esomeprazole. Bae, S; Jang, IJ; Kwon, J; Lee, S; Lee, SB; Yu, KS, 2021)	0.62
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) characteristics of YYD601 after single and multiple oral administrations were investigated in healthy Korean adults under fasting and fed conditions, and compared with the original esomeprazole capsule."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of YYD601, a Dual Delayed-Release Formulation of Esomeprazole, Following Single and Multiple Doses in Healthy Adult Volunteers Under Fasting and Fed Conditions. Cho, K; Gwon, MR; Jung, W; Kang, WY; Lee, HW; Seong, SJ; Yoon, YR, 2022)	0.72
" We used data from 10 pregnant participants with preterm preeclampsia, and 49 non-pregnant participants to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of esomeprazole."	( Population pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole in patients with preterm preeclampsia. Björnsson, ES; Cluver, CA; Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Gebreyesus, MS; Helgadóttir, H; Hunfeld, NGM; Wasmann, RE, 2022)	0.72
" Both naproxen and 6-O-desmethylnaproxen in saliva samples can be effectively quantified using LC-MS/MS, this methodology proved to be rapid, sensitive, accurate and selective for each drug and allows for the analysis of their pharmacokinetic parameters, in both situations."	( Simultaneous separation of naproxen and 6-O-desmethylnaproxen metabolite in saliva samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Pharmacokinetic study of naproxen alone and associated with esomeprazol-Results. Calvo, AM; Dionísio, TJ; Faria, FAC; Oliveira, GM; Polanco, NLDH; Santos, CF; Siqueira-Sandrin, VS, 2022)	0.72
" Biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic characteristics comparison suggested that low intestinal permeability and small systemic elimination rate of duloxetine hinders the clear impact of different dissolution profile on its in vivo performance."	( Lowly-buffered biorelevant dissolution testing is not necessarily biopredictive of human bioequivalence study outcome: Relationship between dissolution and pharmacokinetics. Matsui, K; Nakamichi, K; Nakatani, M; Yamashita, S; Yokota, S; Yoshida, H, 2023)	0.91
" Zastaprazan was rapidly absorbed within 2 h and eliminated with a half-life of 6-10 h."	( Randomised clinical trial: Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of zastaprazan (JP-1366), a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker, in healthy subjects. Cha, H; Hwang, I; Ji, SC; Kim, H; Kim, J; Lee, CS; Lee, S; Oh, J; Yu, KS, 2023)	0.91
" Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of zastaprazan was suitable for treatment of patients with acid-related diseases."	( Randomised clinical trial: Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of zastaprazan (JP-1366), a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker, in healthy subjects. Cha, H; Hwang, I; Ji, SC; Kim, H; Kim, J; Lee, CS; Lee, S; Oh, J; Yu, KS, 2023)	0.91
"Esomeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is widely used to treat acid-related disorders, but it has short plasma half-life which can cause insufficient gastric acid suppression, such as nocturnal acid breakthrough."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Esomezol DR, a New Dual Delayed-Release Formulation of Esomeprazole 20 Mg or 40 Mg, in Healthy Subjects. Ban, MS; Hong, SH; Jang, IJ; Jung, J; Kim, HC; Kim, YK; Lee, S; Yang, E, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Altered absorption or metabolism are 2 of the major mechanisms for drug-drug interactions."	( Drug interaction studies with esomeprazole, the (S)-isomer of omeprazole. Andersson, T; Hassan-Alin, M; Hasselgren, G; Röhss, K, 2001)	0.31
" In PMs, the esomeprazole AUC also approximately doubled when administered in combination with clarithromycin."	( Studies on drug interactions between esomeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin in healthy subjects. Andersson, T; Hassan-Alin, M; Liljeblad, M; Niazi, M; Persson, BA; Röhss, K, 2006)	0.33
"To compare the effects of aspirin and rofecoxib when administered with esomeprazole on prostaglandin E(2) production, cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in patients with Barrett's oesophagus."	( The effects of esomeprazole combined with aspirin or rofecoxib on prostaglandin E2 production in patients with Barrett's oesophagus. Kaur, B; Levine, D; Sood, S; Traxler, B; Triadafilopoulos, G; Weston, A, 2006)	0.33
" Although interactions based on the change of gastric pH are a group-specific effect and thus may occur with all proton pump inhibitors, individual proton pump inhibitors differ in their propensities to interact with other drugs and the extent to which their interaction profiles have been defined."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction profiles of proton pump inhibitors. Blume, H; Donath, F; Schug, BS; Warnke, A, 2006)	0.33
"The kinetic method combined with theoretical calculations was successfully applied to probe the proton transfer reaction by proton-bound 2-(sulfinylmethylene)pyridine/benzimidazole complexes in the fragmentation of protonated esomeprazole analogs by ESI CID MS, which is a strong evidence that the kinetic method can be applied in identifying a proton-bound dimeric intermediate in the fragmentation of protonated ions."	( Identifying the proton transfer reaction mechanism via a proton-bound dimeric intermediate for esomeprazoles by a kinetic method combined with density functional theory calculations. Cao, X; Chen, J; Mo, W; Shen, L; Ye, X; Zhang, F; Zhu, K, 2014)	0.4
"To evaluate the effects of hydrotalcite combined with esomeprazole on gastric ulcer healing quality."	( Effects of hydrotalcite combined with esomeprazole on gastric ulcer healing quality: A clinical observation study. Huang, LY; Lu, M; Mao, H; Su, PZ; Yang, RQ, 2017)	0.46
" The former received hydrotalcite combined with esomeprazole, and the latter received esomeprazole alone, for 8 wk."	( Effects of hydrotalcite combined with esomeprazole on gastric ulcer healing quality: A clinical observation study. Huang, LY; Lu, M; Mao, H; Su, PZ; Yang, RQ, 2017)	0.46
"Hydrotalcite combined with esomeprazole is superior to esomeprazole alone in improving gastric ulcer healing quality in terms of improving microvascular morphology, degree of structure maturity and function of regenerated mucosa."	( Effects of hydrotalcite combined with esomeprazole on gastric ulcer healing quality: A clinical observation study. Huang, LY; Lu, M; Mao, H; Su, PZ; Yang, RQ, 2017)	0.46
"A healthy subject drug-drug interaction (DDI) study was conducted to assess the effect of esomeprazole on the PK of a single 750 mg dose of ceritinib."	( Assessment of drug-drug interaction potential between ceritinib and proton pump inhibitors in healthy subjects and in patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Cai, C; Gu, W; Lau, YY; Lin, T; Scott, JW; Shi, M; Viraswami-Appanna, K, 2017)	0.46
" When pantoprazole is used in combination with clobazam, dose reduction of clobazam should be considered, or significance of PPIs is seen to avoid adverse effects."	( Clinical Impact of Co-medication of Levetiracetam and Clobazam with Proton Pump Inhibitors: A Drug Interaction Study. Baddam, R; Gone, V; Pasupuleti, B; Prasad, OP; Venisetty, RK, 2020)	0.56
"Xenobiotics can interact with cytochromes P450 (CYPs), resulting in drug-drug interactions, but CYPs can also contribute to drug-disease interactions, especially in the case of inflammation, which downregulates CYP activities through pretranscriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms."	( Prediction of cytochromes P450 3A and 2C19 modulation by both inflammation and drug interactions using physiologically based pharmacokinetics. Daali, Y; Desmeules, JA; Lenoir, C; Niederer, A; Rollason, V; Samer, CF, 2022)	0.72
" In this study, the potential synergistic anticancer effect and the underlying mechanisms of ROB in combination with DOC on prostate cancer were investigated."	( Inhibitory effect of roburic acid in combination with docetaxel on human prostate cancer cells. Goodin, S; Li, D; Liu, W; Ma, YY; Sheng, Z; Wang, X; Wu, M; Wu, P; Xuetao, X; Zhang, K; Zhao, DG; Zheng, X, 2022)	0.72
" Numerous drug-drug interactions have been described with PPIs, but all the described interactions do not have clinical significance."	( An update on drug-drug interactions associated with proton pump inhibitors. Bardou, M; Ben Ghezala, I; Luu, M, 2022)	0.72
"This review will discuss the latest updates on drug-drug interactions with PPIs, focusing on the last 10-year publications in the following areas: anti-infective agents, anticancer drugs, antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants, and antidiabetics."	( An update on drug-drug interactions associated with proton pump inhibitors. Bardou, M; Ben Ghezala, I; Luu, M, 2022)	0.72
" The results of this study show that there are no clinically important changes in how atogepant is processed by the body when administered with esomeprazole, and they can be safely taken together."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interactions and safety of atogepant coadministered with esomeprazole. Boinpally, R; Borbridge, L; Butler, M; Papinska, A; Rojo, J; Wangsadipura, V, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Esomeprazole has significantly higher oral bioavailability than omeprazole, resulting in greater acid suppression."	( Esomeprazole, a new proton pump inhibitor: pharmacological characteristics and clinical efficacy. Talley, NJ; Thitiphuree, S, 2000)	0.31
"55 micromol x h/l) with absolute bioavailability (F) being 50% on day 1 and 68% on day 5 after the 20-mg oral dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole after oral and intravenous administration of single and repeated doses to healthy subjects. Andersson, T; Bredberg, E; Hassan-Alin, M; Röhss, K, 2000)	0.31
" The superior acid control achieved by esomeprazole is mainly due to an advantageous metabolism compared with racemate omeprazole, leading to improved bioavailability and to enhanced delivery of the drug to the gastric proton pump."	( Clinical pharmacology and safety profile of esomeprazole, the first enantiomerically pure proton pump inhibitor. Savarino, V; Scarpignato, C; Tonini, M; Vigneri, S, 2001)	0.31
" Bioavailability studies comparing esomeprazole administered as an intact capsule to that of the pellets from an opened capsule suspended in these beverages or soft foods are recommended to confirm these findings."	( Stability of esomeprazole capsule contents after in vitro suspension in common soft foods and beverages. Behr, DE; Carlsson, AS; Johnson, DA; Karlsson, AA; Roach, AC, 2003)	0.32
"To determine if nasogastric tube administration of the enteric-coated pellets from an opened esomeprazole capsule provides bioavailability similar to oral dosing with the intact capsule."	( Esomeprazole administered through a nasogastric tube provides bioavailability similar to oral dosing. Andersson, T; Chen, Y; Skammer, W; Sostek, MB; Winter, H; Zhao, J, 2003)	0.32
"Nasogastric tube administration of the enteric-coated pellets from an opened esomeprazole 40 mg capsule provides bioavailability similar to oral dosing."	( Esomeprazole administered through a nasogastric tube provides bioavailability similar to oral dosing. Andersson, T; Chen, Y; Skammer, W; Sostek, MB; Winter, H; Zhao, J, 2003)	0.32
" At comparable doses, these properties lead to several clinical advantages: higher bioavailability in extensive metabolisers (the majority of patients), lower exposure in poor metabolisers, less interindividual variation and a steeper dose-response curve at steady state resulting in a more pronounced inhibition of gastric acid secretion."	( Single-isomer drugs: true therapeutic advances. Andersson, T, 2004)	0.32
"Esomeprazole has higher oral bioavailability and increased antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori than omeprazole."	( Esomeprazole versus omeprazole for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: results of a randomized controlled study. Anagnostopoulos, GK; Arvanitidis, D; Kostopoulos, P; Margantinis, G; Tsiakos, S, 2004)	0.32
"The encapsulation of esomeprazole MUPS 40 mg tablets does not influence the extent and rate of absorption assessed by using AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax."	( Esomeprazole MUPS 40 mg tablets and esomeprazole MUPS 40 mg tablets encapsulated in hard gelatine are bioequivalent. Huber, R; Knoerzer, D; Pfaffenberger, B; Talpes, S, 2005)	0.33
" In healthy adults the safety and bioavailability of LODT 15-30 mg, taken without water or dispersed in water, were found to be comparable with those of lansoprazole 15-30 mg capsules."	( Lansoprazole oro-dispersible tablet : pharmacokinetics and therapeutic use in acid-related disorders. Baldi, F, 2005)	0.33
"Esomeprazole bioavailability was reduced when taken within 15 min before eating a high-fat meal vs."	( Effect of timing of dosing in relation to food intake on the pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole. Andersson, T; Chen, Y; Sostek, MB, 2007)	0.34
"The study was designed to determine the relative bioavailability of two sustained release fixed dose combination (FDC) products of two manufacturers containing esomeprazole (CAS 326602-80-6) 40 mg and domperidone (CAS 57808-66-9) 30 mg in 24 healthy male volunteers."	( Bioequivalence study of a sustained release fixed dose combination capsule containing esomeprazole and domperidone in healthy subjects. Agarwal, S; Bose, A; Chattaraj, TK; Ghosh, D; Gowda, KV; Mandal, U; Pal, TK; Sarkar, AK, 2007)	0.34
" This result suggests SDEZ-EC has a lower absorption rate than Nexium and corresponds with the in vitro dissolution."	( Preparation of esomeprazole zinc solid dispersion and study on its pharmacokinetics. Song, H; Song, X; Tang, X; Xie, P; Xie, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Study of the relative bioavailability of these generic formulations has yet to be conducted in a Bangladeshi population."	( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of two different enteric formulations of esomeprazole in healthy Bangladeshi male volunteers: An open-label, single-dose, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study. Azad, MA; Hasnat, A; Latif, AH; Maruf, AA; Shohag, MH; Sultana, R; Ullah, MA, 2010)	0.36
"The aims of this study were to assess the relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of 2 formulations (test and reference) of esomeprazole 40 mg."	( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of two different enteric formulations of esomeprazole in healthy Bangladeshi male volunteers: An open-label, single-dose, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study. Azad, MA; Hasnat, A; Latif, AH; Maruf, AA; Shohag, MH; Sultana, R; Ullah, MA, 2010)	0.36
"This randomized, 4-way crossover study assessed the single-dose pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of naproxen and esomeprazole after administration of a fixed-dose combination tablet of enteric-coated (EC) naproxen 500 mg and non-EC esomeprazole magnesium 20 mg (NAP/ESO tablet)."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of a fixed-dose combination of enteric-coated naproxen and non-enteric-coated esomeprazole magnesium. Fort, J; Sostek, M; Wang-Smith, L; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" An inadequate dietary intake and abnormal gastric pH levels are common in critically ill patients receiving antifungal treatment with posaconazole, resulting in unpredictable bioavailability and sub-therapeutic plasma concentrations."	( Effect of pH and comedication on gastrointestinal absorption of posaconazole: monitoring of intraluminal and plasma drug concentrations. Annaert, P; Augustijns, P; Brouwers, J; Spriet, I; Tack, J; Walravens, J, 2011)	0.37
"These results demonstrate that coadministration of Coca-Cola® has a positive effect on posaconazole bioavailability in the fasted state."	( Effect of pH and comedication on gastrointestinal absorption of posaconazole: monitoring of intraluminal and plasma drug concentrations. Annaert, P; Augustijns, P; Brouwers, J; Spriet, I; Tack, J; Walravens, J, 2011)	0.37
"Concomitant use of ulipristal acetate with esomeprazole at therapeutic concentrations led to a modified absorption rate while exposure in terms of AUC remained close to bioequivalence limits."	( Changes in gastric pH and in pharmacokinetics of ulipristal acetate - a drug-drug interaction study using the proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole. Gotteland, JP; Lecomte, V; Osterloh, I; Pohl, O, 2013)	0.39
"There is a need for information on the bioavailability in pediatric patients of drugs from manipulated dosage forms when applied in combination with food and/or co-medication under realistic daily practice circumstances."	( In vitro gastrointestinal model (TIM) with predictive power, even for infants and children? Anneveld, B; de Koning, BA; de Wildt, SN; Hanff, LM; Havenaar, R; Lelieveld, JP; Minekus, M; Mooij, MG, 2013)	0.39
" The optimal formulation achieved good SR feature both in vitro and in vivo with a relative bioavailability of 103."	( Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of esomeprazole magnesium-modified release pellets. Kan, SL; Liu, JP; Lu, J; Zhao, Y, 2016)	0.43
" We evaluated the comparative bioavailability and tolerability of the test and reference formulations in healthy men."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison study of a combination containing 500 mg of Naproxen and 20 mg of Esomeprazole: a randomized, single-dose, 2-way crossover, open-label study in healthy Korean men. Choi, HG; Im, YJ; Jeon, JY; Jin, C; Kim, EY; Kim, H; Kim, MG; Kim, Y; Kwak, SS; Lee, SY; Wang, HM, 2015)	0.42
" The effects of cola on erlotinib bioavailability in patients not treated with a PPI were also studied."	( Influence of the Acidic Beverage Cola on the Absorption of Erlotinib in Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Aerts, JG; Codrington, H; de Bruijn, P; Hussaarts, KG; IJzerman, NS; Kienhuis, E; Kloover, JS; Mathijssen, RH; Peric, R; van der Holt, B; van der Leest, C; van Gelder, T; van Leeuwen, RW, 2016)	0.43
"Cola intake led to a clinically relevant and statistically significant increase in the bioavailability of erlotinib during esomeprazole treatment."	( Influence of the Acidic Beverage Cola on the Absorption of Erlotinib in Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Aerts, JG; Codrington, H; de Bruijn, P; Hussaarts, KG; IJzerman, NS; Kienhuis, E; Kloover, JS; Mathijssen, RH; Peric, R; van der Holt, B; van der Leest, C; van Gelder, T; van Leeuwen, RW, 2016)	0.43
" As a result, the novel-NAP/EMZ compound pellets may be a more suitable formulation with potential advantages by improving bioavailability of drug and further reducing undesirable gastrointestinal damages."	( Novel naproxen/esomeprazole magnesium compound pellets based on acid-independent mechanism: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Kan, S; Liu, J; Lu, J; Zhang, W; Zhao, Y, 2016)	0.43
"The bioavailability of esomeprazole administered as PO enteric-coated granules and as SC injections was 71."	( Pharmacokinetics and Acid Suppressant Efficacy of Esomeprazole after Intravenous, Oral, and Subcutaneous Administration to Healthy Beagle Dogs. Hwang, JH; Jeong, JW; Koo, TS; Seo, KW; Song, GH, 2017)	0.46
" Importantly, the suspension of enteric granules in water of varying pH can cause damage to the enteric coating and affect the bioavailability of the drug."	( In Vitro Evaluation of Nasogastric Tube Delivery Performance of Esomeprazole Magnesium Delayed-Release Capsules. Cui, M; Guo, C; Hoover, A; Jiang, W; Jiang, X; Keire, D; Sun, D; Wen, H, 2017)	0.46
"Bioequivalence tests are fundamental step in assessing the equivalence in bioavailability between a test and reference product."	( Multivariate Assessment for Bioequivalence Based on the Correlation of Random Effect. An, H; Shin, D, 2021)	0.62
"Objective: The present study aimed to develop and optimize esomeprazole loaded proniosomes (EZL-PNs) to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy."	( Development, In-Vitro Characterization and Preclinical Evaluation of Esomeprazole-Encapsulated Proniosomal Formulation for the Enhancement of Anti-Ulcer Activity. Alshehri, S; Ansari, MJ; Bakshi, V; Ghoneim, MM; Gupta, JK; Haque, MA; Jafar, M; Jahangir, MA; Mohanty, D; Upadhyay, AK; Zafar, A, 2022)	0.72
"5%) lower in extensive metabolizers and bioavailability was 33% (10."	( Population pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole in patients with preterm preeclampsia. Björnsson, ES; Cluver, CA; Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Gebreyesus, MS; Helgadóttir, H; Hunfeld, NGM; Wasmann, RE, 2022)	0.72
" In this open-label, multicenter, randomized, two-cohort, sequential crossover study, the relative oral bioavailability of two tablet formulations of dersimelagon was evaluated, and the effect of various gastric conditions (from a high-fat meal, a proton-pump inhibitor, and an acidic carbonated beverage) on the pharmacokinetics of dersimelagon were assessed in healthy participants (N = 50)."	( The Oral Bioavailability and Effect of Various Gastric Conditions on the Pharmacokinetics of Dersimelagon in Healthy Adult Volunteers. Belongie, K; Ide, R; Kawanishi, H; Ogasawara, A; Ogawa, K; Teng, R; Tsuda, M, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" On day 5 of each dosing period, 24-h intragastric pH and pharmacokinetic variables were measured."	( Esomeprazole provides improved acid control vs. omeprazole In patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Andersson, T; Hasselgren, G; Holmberg, J; Jonsson, A; Kylebäck, A; Lind, T; Röhss, K; Rydberg, L, 2000)	0.31
"Plasma clearance (CL) of esomeprazole decreased from 22 l/h to 16 l/h and from 17 l/h to 9 l/h following repeated dosing of 20 mg and 40 mg, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole after oral and intravenous administration of single and repeated doses to healthy subjects. Andersson, T; Bredberg, E; Hassan-Alin, M; Röhss, K, 2000)	0.31
"The increased AUC of esomeprazole with repeated dosing is probably due to a combination of a decreased first-pass elimination and a decreased systemic clearance."	( Pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole after oral and intravenous administration of single and repeated doses to healthy subjects. Andersson, T; Bredberg, E; Hassan-Alin, M; Röhss, K, 2000)	0.31
" AUCinfinity and Cmax data were compared with those in an historical group of 36 middle-aged patients [mean age 45 (range 29 to 58) years] with GORD, treated with an identical dosage of esomeprazole for 5 days."	( Pharmacokinetic study of esomeprazole in the elderly. Andersson, T; Claar-Nilsson, C; Hassan-Alin, M; Hasselgren, G; Röhss, K, 2001)	0.31
" Esomeprazole has a wide therapeutic window and our results do not indicate that dosage adjustment should be necessary in the elderly."	( Pharmacokinetic study of esomeprazole in the elderly. Andersson, T; Claar-Nilsson, C; Hassan-Alin, M; Hasselgren, G; Röhss, K, 2001)	0.31
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of esomeprazole (Nexium), the S-isomer of omeprazole, after repeated oral dosing in patients with hepatic impairment."	( Pharmacokinetic study of esomeprazole in patients with hepatic impairment. Björnsson, E; Hassan-Alin, M; Hasselgren, G; Holmberg, J; Röhss, K; Sjövall, H, 2002)	0.31
" Patients with mild hepatic impairment had area under the plasma concentration-time curve during the dosage interval (AUCtau) and t1/2 values largely within the range of the control group."	( Pharmacokinetic study of esomeprazole in patients with hepatic impairment. Björnsson, E; Hassan-Alin, M; Hasselgren, G; Holmberg, J; Röhss, K; Sjövall, H, 2002)	0.31
" Mean pH AUC in the first 5 h after dosing on day 5 was higher after esomeprazole than rabeprazole (P=0."	( Effects of rabeprazole, 20 mg, or esomeprazole, 20 mg, on 24-h intragastric pH and serum gastrin in healthy subjects. Baisley, K; Boyce, M; Miller, N; Morocutti, A; Tejura, B; Warrington, S, 2002)	0.31
" In the second study ( n=24), measurements were made on days 1 and 5 of repeated once-daily dosing with 40 mg of esomeprazole under fasting and fed conditions."	( The effect of the area under the plasma concentration vs time curve and the maximum plasma concentration of esomeprazole on intragastric pH. Hassan-Alin, M; Hasselgren, G; Junghard, O, 2002)	0.31
" Repeated dosing gave an increased %pH>4, where approximately half of the increase stemmed from increased AUC and C(max), and the rest could be attributable to the persistent blockade of the proton pumps."	( The effect of the area under the plasma concentration vs time curve and the maximum plasma concentration of esomeprazole on intragastric pH. Hassan-Alin, M; Hasselgren, G; Junghard, O, 2002)	0.31
" in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin produced Helicobacter pylori eradication rates similar to those obtained using triple therapy involving twice-daily dosing with other proton pump inhibitors."	( Review of esomeprazole in the treatment of acid disorders. Johnson, DA, 2003)	0.32
" Four of 10 nonresponders improved further after increasing their dosage to 40 mg twice a day."	( Empiric esomeprazole in the treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux. DelGaudio, JM; Waring, JP, 2003)	0.32
" Nonresponders at a daily dose of 40 mg should be treated with a dosage of 40 mg twice daily, and pH study on medication reserved for nonresponders at this higher dose."	( Empiric esomeprazole in the treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux. DelGaudio, JM; Waring, JP, 2003)	0.32
" Once-daily esomeprazole 40 mg dosing is recommended as no advantage was gained by splitting the dose."	( Symptom-relieving effect of esomeprazole 40 mg daily in patients with heartburn. Hatlebakk, JG; Johnsson, F; Klintenberg, AC; Román, J, 2003)	0.32
" Furthermore, the data indicate that 1-week treatment with a once-daily dosage is sufficient to ensure adequate diagnosis."	( One-week esomeprazole treatment: an effective confirmatory test in patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease. Edin, R; Falk, A; Hatlebakk, JG; Johnsson, F; Klintenberg, AC; Román, J; Stubberöd, A; Toth, E, 2003)	0.32
"To determine if nasogastric tube administration of the enteric-coated pellets from an opened esomeprazole capsule provides bioavailability similar to oral dosing with the intact capsule."	( Esomeprazole administered through a nasogastric tube provides bioavailability similar to oral dosing. Andersson, T; Chen, Y; Skammer, W; Sostek, MB; Winter, H; Zhao, J, 2003)	0.32
"A randomized, single-centre, open-label, two-period crossover pharmacokinetic study consisting of two 5-day dosing periods separated by a 7- to 14-day washout period was conducted."	( Esomeprazole administered through a nasogastric tube provides bioavailability similar to oral dosing. Andersson, T; Chen, Y; Skammer, W; Sostek, MB; Winter, H; Zhao, J, 2003)	0.32
" For an antisecretory treatment aimed at chemoprevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma to be effective, higher PPI dosing confirmed by pH monitoring may be necessary."	( Efficacy of esomeprazole in controlling reflux symptoms, intraesophageal, and intragastric pH in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Gerson, LB; Triadafilopoulos, G; Yeh, RW, 2003)	0.32
"To compare the effects of standard-dose esomeprazole with those of standard doses of lansoprazole and rabeprazole on intragastric pH during repeated daily oral dosing in healthy volunteers."	( Esomeprazole 40 mg provides improved intragastric acid control as compared with lansoprazole 30 mg and rabeprazole 20 mg in healthy volunteers. Junghard, O; Nilsson-Pieschl, C; Nyman, L; Röhss, K; Wilder-Smith, CH, 2003)	0.32
" At comparable doses, these properties lead to several clinical advantages: higher bioavailability in extensive metabolisers (the majority of patients), lower exposure in poor metabolisers, less interindividual variation and a steeper dose-response curve at steady state resulting in a more pronounced inhibition of gastric acid secretion."	( Single-isomer drugs: true therapeutic advances. Andersson, T, 2004)	0.32
"Twice-daily dosing is increasingly used to improve gastric acid control, although not all proton-pump inhibitors are more effective when doses are split."	( Effect of splitting the dose of esomeprazole on gastric acidity and nocturnal acid breakthrough. Hammer, J; Schmidt, B, 2004)	0.32
"0) than once-daily dosing and may be a reasonable consideration for patients requiring greater acid suppression for acid-related disease."	( Intragastric acid suppression and pharmacokinetics of twice-daily esomeprazole: a randomized, three-way crossover study. Andersson, T; Castell, DO; Chen, Y; Katz, PO; Sostek, MB, 2004)	0.32
"To compare the effect of esomeprazole 40 mg with lansoprazole 30 mg, omeprazole 20 mg, pantoprazole 40 mg and rabeprazole 20 mg on intragastric pH during single and repeated dosing in four separate studies in patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)."	( Esomeprazole 40 mg provides more effective intragastric acid control than lansoprazole 30 mg, omeprazole 20 mg, pantoprazole 40 mg and rabeprazole 20 mg in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms. Lind, T; Röhss, K; Wilder-Smith, C, 2004)	0.32
"Once-daily dosing with esomeprazole 40 mg intravenously provides faster and more pronounced intragastric acid control than pantoprazole 40 mg intravenously."	( Esomeprazole 40 mg i.v. provides faster and more effective intragastric acid control than pantoprazole 40 mg i.v.: results of a randomized study. Ahlbom, H; Bondarov, P; Hallerbäck, B; Röhss, K; Svedberg, LE; Wilder-Smith, CH, 2004)	0.32
"To determine whether an increased dosage of esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily in triple therapy improved the Helicobacter pylori eradication rate for patients with different genotypes of S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase (CYP2C19)."	( Esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily in triple therapy and the efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication related to CYP2C19 metabolism. Chen, TW; Cheng, HC; Hunag, SF; Kao, AW; Lu, CC; Sheu, BS; Wu, JJ, 2005)	0.33
" For the better PPI-based treatment, doses and dosing schemes of PPIs should be optimized based on CYP2C19 genotype status."	( Influence of CYP2C19 pharmacogenetic polymorphism on proton pump inhibitor-based therapies. Furuta, T; Hishida, A; Ishizaki, T; Nakamura, A; Shirai, N; Sugimoto, M, 2005)	0.33
"Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is frequently treated with empiric proton-pump inhibitors (PPI), but the optimal dosing and duration is unknown."	( Laryngopharyngeal reflux: prospective cohort study evaluating optimal dose of proton-pump inhibitor therapy and pretherapy predictors of response. Abelson, TI; Hicks, DM; Khandwala, F; Milstein, C; Park, W; Richter, JE; Vaezi, MF, 2005)	0.33
" Dosing was increased to twice daily and pH was reassessed on day 10."	( A comparison of esomeprazole and lansoprazole for control of intragastric pH in patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Brooks, W; Doviak, M; Hornbuckle, K; Johnson, DA; Ryan, M; Stacy, T; Willis, J; Wootton, T, 2005)	0.33
" Long-term dosing schedule (high dose or step-down dose) was based on current market data."	( Cost-effectiveness comparison of current proton-pump inhibitors to treat gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in the UK. Brown, RE; Remák, E; Robinson, A; Yuen, C, 2005)	0.33
" The timing, the dosing and the specific drugs should be adapted to the particular patient, clinical situation and local factors."	( Optimising acid inhibition treatment. Calvet, X; Gomollón, F, 2005)	0.33
" When a single esomeprazole dose and multiple dosing were compared, the low contribution of CYP2C19 to the elimination of esomeprazole decreased further by 50%."	( Esomeprazole-induced healing of gastroesophageal reflux disease is unrelated to the genotype of CYP2C19: evidence from clinical and pharmacokinetic data. Hofmann, U; Klotz, U; Leodolter, A; Malfertheiner, P; Schaeffeler, E; Schwab, M; Treiber, G, 2005)	0.33
" In conclusion, any variation in the infusion rate of esomeprazole 40 mg intravenously has little effect on the pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole in healthy volunteers, which provides flexibility in the choice of dosing regimens."	( Pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole following varying intravenous administration rates. Ahlbom, H; Bondarov, P; Hassan-Alin, M; Karlsson, AH; Niazi, M; Röhss, K; Rydholm, H, 2005)	0.33
"Common treatment practices in patients who continue to be symptomatic on proton pump inhibitor once-daily treatment include either increasing the dosage or the use of supplemental medication."	( Treatment of patients with persistent heartburn symptoms: a double-blind, randomized trial. Fass, R; Sontag, SJ; Sostek, M; Traxler, B, 2006)	0.33
"Switching patients with persistent heartburn on a standard-dose proton pump inhibitor to a different proton pump inhibitor was as effective as increasing the proton pump inhibitor dosage to twice daily for controlling heartburn symptoms."	( Treatment of patients with persistent heartburn symptoms: a double-blind, randomized trial. Fass, R; Sontag, SJ; Sostek, M; Traxler, B, 2006)	0.33
"Triple therapy with esomeprazole 40 mg increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve during the dosing interval (AUCtau) from 13."	( Studies on drug interactions between esomeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin in healthy subjects. Andersson, T; Hassan-Alin, M; Liljeblad, M; Niazi, M; Persson, BA; Röhss, K, 2006)	0.33
" Twenty-four-hour pH testing was performed on day 5 of each dosing period."	( Intragastric acid control in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug users: comparison of esomeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole. Goldstein, JL; Liu, S; Miner, PB; Schlesinger, PK; Silberg, DG, 2006)	0.33
" The only effect on plasma ESO exposure was a 55% increase in area under the plasma concentration-time curve during a dosing interval, tau[AUC0-tau], after coadministration of ESO 20 mg qd with FPV 1400 mg bid."	( Coadministration of esomeprazole with fosamprenavir has no impact on steady-state plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics. Borland, J; Ford, SL; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB; Xue, ZG; Yuen, G, 2006)	0.33
"0 for mean values of <5% of the monitoring period with all the three dosing regimens, but esophageal pH remained <4."	( Gastric and esophageal pH in patients with Barrett's esophagus treated with three esomeprazole dosages: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Falk, GW; Levine, D; Sharma, P; Spechler, SJ; Traxler, B, 2006)	0.33
"Mean intragastric pH was higher after esomeprazole than rabeprazole during 0-5 h after dosing (P=0."	( Effects of single doses of rabeprazole 20 mg and esomeprazole 40 mg on 24-h intragastric pH in healthy subjects. Baisley, K; Boyce, M; Dunn, K; Morocutti, A; Warrington, S, 2006)	0.33
" Healthy, Helicobacter pylori-negative adults were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dosing sequences: pantoprazole IV followed by esomeprazole PO or pantoprazole IV followed by pantoprazole PO."	( Intragastric acidity after switching from 5-day treatment with intravenous pantoprazole 40 mg/d to 5-day treatment with oral esomeprazole 40 mg/d or pantoprazole 40 mg/d: an open-label crossover study in healthy adult volunteers. Castell, DO; Liu, S; Miner, PB; Sostek, MB; Tutuian, R, 2006)	0.33
" Proton pump inhibitors can modify the intragastric release of other drugs from their dosage forms by elevating pH (e."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction profiles of proton pump inhibitors. Blume, H; Donath, F; Schug, BS; Warnke, A, 2006)	0.33
" Based on the calculated metabolic ratios it could be shown that CYP3A4 plays a major role in kinetics of esomeprozale, particularly after multiple dosing when there is a metabolic shift in favor of the formation of the sulfone."	( Clinical impact of CYP2C19 polymorphism on the action of proton pump inhibitors: a review of a special problem. Klotz, U, 2006)	0.33
"To compare repeated once daily bedtime dosing of IR-OME, lansoprazole and esomeprazole on nocturnal gastric acidity."	( Comparison of the effects of immediate-release omeprazole oral suspension, delayed-release lansoprazole capsules and delayed-release esomeprazole capsules on nocturnal gastric acidity after bedtime dosing in patients with night-time GERD symptoms. Bagin, RG; Ballard, ED; Checani, GC; Gautille, TC; Hogan, DL; Katz, PO; Koch, FK; Pratha, VS, 2007)	0.34
" Bedtime dosing with IR-OME may be effective for patients with night-time heartburn."	( Comparison of the effects of immediate-release omeprazole oral suspension, delayed-release lansoprazole capsules and delayed-release esomeprazole capsules on nocturnal gastric acidity after bedtime dosing in patients with night-time GERD symptoms. Bagin, RG; Ballard, ED; Checani, GC; Gautille, TC; Hogan, DL; Katz, PO; Koch, FK; Pratha, VS, 2007)	0.34
"To compare antisecretory effects of rabeprazole and esomeprazole after single and repeat dosing in Helicobacter pylori-negative healthy volunteers."	( Combined analysis of three crossover clinical pharmacology studies of effects of rabeprazole and esomeprazole on 24-h intragastric pH in healthy volunteers. Baisley, K; Dunn, K; Morocutti, A; Norris, V; Warrington, S, 2007)	0.34
" The studies compared: (a) 5 days' dosing of 20 mg rabeprazole and esomeprazole (n = 24); (b) single doses of rabeprazole 20 mg and esomeprazole 40 mg (n = 27) and (c) 5 days' dosing of rabeprazole 10 mg and esomeprazole 20 mg (n = 29)."	( Combined analysis of three crossover clinical pharmacology studies of effects of rabeprazole and esomeprazole on 24-h intragastric pH in healthy volunteers. Baisley, K; Dunn, K; Morocutti, A; Norris, V; Warrington, S, 2007)	0.34
" In general, intragastric pH AUC during 0-5 h after dosing was higher after esomeprazole than rabeprazole, whereas the reverse was true during the night."	( Combined analysis of three crossover clinical pharmacology studies of effects of rabeprazole and esomeprazole on 24-h intragastric pH in healthy volunteers. Baisley, K; Dunn, K; Morocutti, A; Norris, V; Warrington, S, 2007)	0.34
"To determine the level of acid control and the dose-response relationships achieved with esomeprazole and lansoprazole."	( Acid control with esomeprazole and lansoprazole: a comparative dose-response study. Lind, T; Lundin, C; Nauclér, E; Nilsson-Pieschl, C; Röhss, K; Wilder-Smith, C, 2007)	0.34
" Mean 24-h median intragastric pH was higher following esomeprazole dosing compared with lansoprazole at each dose level."	( Acid control with esomeprazole and lansoprazole: a comparative dose-response study. Lind, T; Lundin, C; Nauclér, E; Nilsson-Pieschl, C; Röhss, K; Wilder-Smith, C, 2007)	0.34
"This open-label, randomized, crossover study consisted of two 5-day dosing periods of esomeprazole 40 mg per day."	( Effect of timing of dosing in relation to food intake on the pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole. Andersson, T; Chen, Y; Sostek, MB, 2007)	0.34
" Subjects were given either esomeprazole 40 mg (n = 18) or rabeprazole 10 mg (n = 18) orally once daily for 5 days during the first dosing period, then the other medicine at the set dosage for the second dosing period."	( Effect of esomeprazole and rabeprazole on intragastric pH in healthy Chinese: an open, randomized crossover trial. Cheng, NN; Li, ZS; Liao, Z; Xu, GM; Zhan, XB, 2007)	0.34
" Moreover, rabeprazole may be administered safely in standard doses with no need to change the dosage of the other pharmaceutical drugs taken simultaneously in nephropathic patients, patients undergoing dialysis and transplanted patients."	( [Protonic pump inhibitors in kidney transplant patients: efficacy and safety]. Cianciolo, G; Comai, G; Feliciangeli, G; Stefoni, S, 2007)	0.34
"To identify the optimal pharmacodynamic dosing regimen for esomeprazole administered intravenously (i."	( Suppression of gastric acid with intravenous esomeprazole and omeprazole: results of 3 studies in healthy subjects. Fjellman, M; Kilhamn, J; Lind, T; Röhss, K; Wilder-Smith, C, 2007)	0.34
" dosage regimen of 80 + 8 mg/h appeared to be optimal for acid suppression in healthy subjects under study."	( Suppression of gastric acid with intravenous esomeprazole and omeprazole: results of 3 studies in healthy subjects. Fjellman, M; Kilhamn, J; Lind, T; Röhss, K; Wilder-Smith, C, 2007)	0.34
" It also describes the pharmacokinetic profile of the esomeprazole 40-mg packet compared with that of existing solid dosage forms (capsules and tablets) in a clinical bioequivalence study."	( A new esomeprazole packet (sachet) formulation for suspension: in vitro characteristics and comparative pharmacokinetics versus intact capsules/tablets in healthy volunteers. Backlund, A; Bladh, N; Blychert, E; Fjellman, M; Johansson, K; Lundin, C; Niazi, M; Pettersson, G, 2007)	0.34
"In this open-label crossover study, healthy, Helicobacter pylori-negative adults were randomized to one of two treatment sequences, each consisting of two 5-day dosing periods of IV esomeprazole 40 mg or IV lansoprazole 30 mg."	( Intravenous esomeprazole 40 mg vs. intravenous lansoprazole 30 mg for controlling intragastric acidity in healthy adults. Miner, PB; Monyak, JT; Pisegna, JR; Sostek, MB, 2008)	0.35
" This study set out to assess whether increasing the dosage of oral esomeprazole and pantoprazole improves acid control in GORD patients, and to compare the pharmacodynamic efficacy of esomeprazole and pantoprazole administered at different dosages."	( Effect of increasing esomeprazole and pantoprazole doses on acid control in patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a randomized, dose-response study. Backlund, A; Eckerwall, G; Fjellman, M; Lind, T; Röhss, K; Wilder-Smith, C, 2008)	0.35
"In this pilot study, we attempted to determine the optimal dosage regimens of esomeprazole for treatment of GERD with minimal influence of the CYP2C19 polymorphism through a study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of esomeprazole given at 3 different dosage regimens with the same total daily dose."	( Optimal dose regimens of esomeprazole for gastric acid suppression with minimal influence of the CYP2C19 polymorphism. Chang, CC; Chen, YC; Ho, HO; Lou, HY; Sheu, MT, 2009)	0.35
" Dosage regimens of divided doses of 20TD or 10Q4D esomeprazole yielded improved antisecretory effects with a minimal influence of CYP2C19 polymorphisms."	( Optimal dose regimens of esomeprazole for gastric acid suppression with minimal influence of the CYP2C19 polymorphism. Chang, CC; Chen, YC; Ho, HO; Lou, HY; Sheu, MT, 2009)	0.35
" However, dosage and length of levofloxacin-based regimens have not been established."	( Second-line levofloxacin-based triple schemes for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Di Caro, S; Franceschi, F; Gasbarrini, A; La Rocca, E; Mariani, A; Masci, E; Raimondo, D; Testoni, A; Thompson, F, 2009)	0.35
" Dosage of levofloxacin did not affect the eradication rates (77."	( Second-line levofloxacin-based triple schemes for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Di Caro, S; Franceschi, F; Gasbarrini, A; La Rocca, E; Mariani, A; Masci, E; Raimondo, D; Testoni, A; Thompson, F, 2009)	0.35
"Patients with Barrett's oesophagus received open-label consecutive treatment (a 15-day period of once-daily dosing followed by a 10-day period of twice-daily dosing) with esomeprazole (40-mg capsules) and lansoprazole (30-mg capsules) in random order with no washouts."	( Clinical trial: intragastric acid control in patients who have Barrett's oesophagus--comparison of once- and twice-daily regimens of esomeprazole and lansoprazole. Barker, PN; Silberg, DG; Spechler, SJ, 2009)	0.35
" Values 1 and 5 h after dosing were 73."	( A single dose of intravenous esomeprazole decreases gastric secretion in healthy volunteers. Abdou, AE; Dorta, G; Herranz, M; Maerten, P; Michetti, PF; Mouret, N; Nichita, C; Thalmann, C, 2009)	0.35
" The optimal dosage and duration have not been assessed."	( Efficacy of four different moxifloxacin-based triple therapies for first-line H. pylori treatment. Amitrano, M; Grossi, L; Manzoli, L; Marzio, L; Sacco, F; Spezzaferro, M, 2010)	0.36
" Oral prophylaxy dosage is 200mg every eight hours to beginning before presumed neutropenia."	( [Prophylaxis use of posaconazole (P) in an hemato-oncology unit: a retrospective study]. Hansel-Esteller, S; Selvy, N; Villiet, M, 2010)	0.36
"Formulation of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) into oral solid dosage forms is challenging because the drug molecules are acid-labile."	( Delayed release film coating applications on oral solid dosage forms of proton pump inhibitors: case studies. Fegely, K; Missaghi, S; Rajabi-Siahboomi, AR; Young, C, 2010)	0.36
"All dosage forms demonstrated excellent enteric protection in the acid phase, followed by rapid release in their respective buffer media."	( Delayed release film coating applications on oral solid dosage forms of proton pump inhibitors: case studies. Fegely, K; Missaghi, S; Rajabi-Siahboomi, AR; Young, C, 2010)	0.36
"5) for monolithic and multiparticulate dosage forms."	( Delayed release film coating applications on oral solid dosage forms of proton pump inhibitors: case studies. Fegely, K; Missaghi, S; Rajabi-Siahboomi, AR; Young, C, 2010)	0.36
" the conventional formulation (CF) dosed twice-daily (bid)."	( Acid control cannot be improved with a modified-release formulation of a proton pump inhibitor compared with twice-daily dosing of the conventional formulation. Bokelund-Singh, S; Nagy, P; Röhss, K; Sagar, M; Wilder-Smith, C, 2010)	0.36
"At equivalent total daily doses, the MR formulation of esomeprazole provides less 24-h acid control than the conventional formulation dosed twice-daily."	( Acid control cannot be improved with a modified-release formulation of a proton pump inhibitor compared with twice-daily dosing of the conventional formulation. Bokelund-Singh, S; Nagy, P; Röhss, K; Sagar, M; Wilder-Smith, C, 2010)	0.36
"In this open-label, 3-way crossover study, 83 Hispanics with symptomatic GERD were randomized to 1 of 6 possible treatment sequences of three 5-7-day dosing periods with esomeprazole 40 mg, lansoprazole 30 mg and pantoprazole 40 mg daily separated by 10-17-day washout periods."	( Clinical trial: gastric acid suppression in Hispanic adults with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease - comparator study of esomeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole. Barker, PN; Goldstein, JL; Illueca, M; Katz, PO; Morgan, D; Pandolfino, J, 2010)	0.36
"5, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 12 hour(s) after dosing and analyzed for esomeprazole concentrations using a validated HPLC method."	( Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of two different enteric formulations of esomeprazole in healthy Bangladeshi male volunteers: An open-label, single-dose, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study. Azad, MA; Hasnat, A; Latif, AH; Maruf, AA; Shohag, MH; Sultana, R; Ullah, MA, 2010)	0.36
"To compare the pharmacodynamic effect of various esomeprazole dosage and timing regimens in healthy volunteers."	( The effects of dose and timing of esomeprazole administration on 24-h, daytime and night-time acid inhibition in healthy volunteers. Bokelund Singh, S; Nagy, P; Röhss, K; Sagar, M; Wilder-Smith, C, 2010)	0.36
"The effect of different esomeprazole dosage regimens [20 mg once daily (od) before breakfast or dinner; 20 mg twice daily (b."	( The effects of dose and timing of esomeprazole administration on 24-h, daytime and night-time acid inhibition in healthy volunteers. Bokelund Singh, S; Nagy, P; Röhss, K; Sagar, M; Wilder-Smith, C, 2010)	0.36
" Dosing with esomeprazole 20 mg or 40 mg od before breakfast gave improved 24-h and daytime acid inhibition vs."	( The effects of dose and timing of esomeprazole administration on 24-h, daytime and night-time acid inhibition in healthy volunteers. Bokelund Singh, S; Nagy, P; Röhss, K; Sagar, M; Wilder-Smith, C, 2010)	0.36
"The presence or absence of pharmacokinetic interactions between lesogaberan and esomeprazole was assessed by measuring the steady-state area under the plasma concentration-time curves during the dosing interval (AUC(τ)) and the maximum observed plasma concentration (C(max)) for lesogaberan and esomeprazole."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between lesogaberan (AZD3355) and esomeprazole in healthy subjects. Holmberg, AA; Miller, F; Niazi, M; Ruth, M; Silberg, DG, 2010)	0.36
" Patients rated the severity and frequency of GORD symptoms, general health status (EuroQol Group 5-Dimension Self-Report Questionnaire) and the impact of GORD symptoms on work productivity (Work Productivity and Activity Impairment) before and 4 weeks following randomization to open-label treatment with either increased acid suppressive therapy or an adjusted, higher dosage of the PPI previously used."	( Effects of structured follow-up and of more effective acid inhibitory treatment in the management of GORD patients in a Swedish primary-care setting: a randomized, open-label study. Ekesbo, R; Sjöstedt, S; Sörngård, H, 2011)	0.37
" Doubling clopidogrel dosage to 150 mg restored the basal response."	( Doubling the dose of clopidogrel restores the loss of antiplatelet effect induced by esomeprazole. Cerboni, P; Doyen, D; Ferrari, E; Moceri, P, 2011)	0.37
"A novel gradient reversed-phase ultra performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for quantitative determination of Esomeprazole magnesium and its seven impurities in pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( A validated stability indicating ultra performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of impurities in Esomeprazole magnesium gastro resistant tablets. Morisetti, NK; Nalwade, SU; Rao, DD; Reddy, VR, 2012)	0.38
"Once-daily dosing with esomeprazole 40 mg provides a more effective and faster acid-inhibitory effect than rabeprazole 20 mg."	( A comparison of the acid-inhibitory effects of esomeprazole and rabeprazole in relation to pharmacokinetics and CYP2C19 polymorphism. Hunfeld, NG; Kuipers, EJ; Mathot, RA; Touw, DJ; van Schaik, RH, 2012)	0.38
" The most frequent dosage was at 40 mg once daily."	( Stress ulcer prophylaxis in non-critically ill patients: a prospective evaluation of current practice in a general surgery department. Bez, C; Demartines, N; Leung Ki, EL; Pannatier, A; Perrottet, N; Zingg, T, 2013)	0.39
" The primary outcome measure of recurrent bleeding was compared between the two dosage regimens and between early and late endoscopy."	( Effect of intravenous proton pump inhibitor regimens and timing of endoscopy on clinical outcomes of peptic ulcer bleeding. Ding, J; Fan, D; Gyawali, PC; Liu, L; Liu, N; Wu, K; Yang, Y; Yao, L; Zhang, D; Zhang, H, 2012)	0.38
" Alternative dosing regimens that do not increase gastric pH at the time of pazopanib dosing should be considered."	( Effects of ketoconazole and esomeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of pazopanib in patients with solid tumors. Botbyl, J; Edenfield, JW; Gibbon, DG; Gregory, C; Lindquist, D; Martin, JC; Stein, MN; Stephenson, JJ; Suttle, AB; Tada, H; Tan, AR, 2013)	0.39
" Five dosing regimens were used: single 40 mg injection, 40 mg infusion every 12 h, 40 mg infusion followed by continuous infusion at 8 mg/h, 80 mg infusion followed by continuous infusion at 4 or 8 mg/h."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of esomeprazole injection/infusion in healthy Chinese volunteers: a five-way crossover study. Hu, P; Jiang, J; Li, J; Qian, J; Shen, K; Yang, H; Yang, X; Zhao, Q, 2013)	0.39
"There is a need for information on the bioavailability in pediatric patients of drugs from manipulated dosage forms when applied in combination with food and/or co-medication under realistic daily practice circumstances."	( In vitro gastrointestinal model (TIM) with predictive power, even for infants and children? Anneveld, B; de Koning, BA; de Wildt, SN; Hanff, LM; Havenaar, R; Lelieveld, JP; Minekus, M; Mooij, MG, 2013)	0.39
"Twice-daily dosing of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is used to treat Helicobacter pylori or acid-related diseases, such as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) refractory to standard dose of a PPI."	( Twice-daily dosing of esomeprazole effectively inhibits acid secretion in CYP2C19 rapid metabolisers compared with twice-daily omeprazole, rabeprazole or lansoprazole. Furuta, T; Ichikawa, H; Iwaizumi, M; Miyajima, H; Osawa, S; Sahara, S; Sugimoto, K; Sugimoto, M; Umemura, K; Uotani, T; Yamada, T; Yamade, M, 2013)	0.39
"To compare acid-inhibitory effects of the four PPIs dosed twice daily in relation to CYP2C19 genotype."	( Twice-daily dosing of esomeprazole effectively inhibits acid secretion in CYP2C19 rapid metabolisers compared with twice-daily omeprazole, rabeprazole or lansoprazole. Furuta, T; Ichikawa, H; Iwaizumi, M; Miyajima, H; Osawa, S; Sahara, S; Sugimoto, K; Sugimoto, M; Umemura, K; Uotani, T; Yamada, T; Yamade, M, 2013)	0.39
"In intermediate and rapid metabolisers of CYP2C19, PPIs dosed twice daily could attain sufficient acid suppression, while in CYP2C19 RMs, esomeprazole 20 mg twice daily caused the strongest inhibition of the four PPIs."	( Twice-daily dosing of esomeprazole effectively inhibits acid secretion in CYP2C19 rapid metabolisers compared with twice-daily omeprazole, rabeprazole or lansoprazole. Furuta, T; Ichikawa, H; Iwaizumi, M; Miyajima, H; Osawa, S; Sahara, S; Sugimoto, K; Sugimoto, M; Umemura, K; Uotani, T; Yamada, T; Yamade, M, 2013)	0.39
" Ilaprazole was safe and generally well tolerated; an unexpectedly high incidence of allergic eye and skin reactions were observed but were not specific to any dosing regimen."	( The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of oral doses of ilaprazole 10, 20 and 40 mg and esomeprazole 40 mg in healthy subjects: a randomised, open-label crossover study. Cho, KH; Kim, DY; Kukulka, M; Lee, JY; Park, HL; Park, SH; Shin, JS; Wu, JT, 2014)	0.4
" The method was successfully applied to the analysis of EMZ and PRZ in their commercial dosage forms and the results were in good agreement with those obtained with the comparison method."	( Enhanced spectrofluorimetric determination of esomeprazole and pantoprazole in dosage forms and spiked human plasma using organized media. Alaa, H; Belal, F; Sharaf El-Din, M; Tolba, MM, 2015)	0.42
" Therefore, it was found to be an accurate, reproducible, sensitive and highly stability-indicating method and can be successfully applied for routine analysis of simultaneous assay of NPX and ESP in pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( A novel ion-pair RP-HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of naproxen and esomeprazole in pharmaceutical formulations. Kayesh, R; Sultan, MZ, )	0.13
" In this randomized, open-label, three-way crossover study, the subjects were dosed with esomeprazole 10 mg or 20 mg once a day (q."	( Esomeprazole inhibits the pentagastrin-stimulated secretion of gastric acid in healthy Japanese volunteers. Iijima, K; Koike, T; Maejima, R; Nakagawa, K; Shimosegawa, T, 2015)	0.42
" Whether esomeprazole at a dose of 20 mg four times daily dosing (q."	( Potent Gastric Acid Inhibition Over 24 Hours by 4-Times Daily Dosing of Esomeprazole 20 mg. Furuta, T; Hamaya, Y; Ichikawa, H; Iwaizumi, M; Kagami, T; Miyajima, H; Osawa, S; Sahara, S; Sugimoto, K; Sugimoto, M; Uotani, T; Yamade, M, 2015)	0.42
" When co-extruding the core/coat dosage form it was observed that a third layer of polymer, separating the naproxen loaded enteric formulation in the core from the coat, is required to prevent degradation of the acid-labile esomeprazole magnesium at the core/coat interface."	( Enteric protection of naproxen in a fixed-dose combination product produced by hot-melt co-extrusion. De Beer, M; De Beer, T; Monteyne, T; Remon, JP; Vervaet, C; Voorspoels, J; Vynckier, AK, 2015)	0.42
" Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) at high dosage have been shown to sensitize chemoresistant human tumor cells and tumors to cytotoxic molecules."	( Intermittent high dose proton pump inhibitor enhances the antitumor effects of chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Cao, EY; Fais, S; Hu, XC; Lv, FF; Shao, ZM; Sun, S; Wang, BY; Wang, JL; Wang, LP; Wang, ZH; Zhang, J; Zhang, QL, 2015)	0.42
" Analysis with PPI categorized according to defined daily dose (DDD), showed some evidence for a dose-response effect (osteoporosis medication: <400 DDD: SHR=1."	( The effect of dose and type of proton pump inhibitor use on risk of fractures and osteoporosis treatment in older Australian women: A prospective cohort study. de Vries, OJ; Dobson, AJ; Peeters, GMEEG; Tett, SE; van der Hoorn, MMC, 2015)	0.42
"01) by subgroup according to dosage by random effects model, and a significant difference between esomeprazole 40 mg vs."	( Comparative effectiveness and tolerability of esomeprazole and omeprazole in gastro-esophageal reflux disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Liu, L; Qi, Q; Wang, R; Wang, S; Zhao, F, 2015)	0.42
"We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy plus postural change after dosing for Helicobacter pylori eradication in gastrectomized patients."	( Efficacy of a quadruple therapy regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication after partial gastrectomy. Bao, ZJ; Huang, YQ; Shi, DM; Xiang, P; Xiao, L; Yin, SM; Zhang, F; Zhang, GS, 2016)	0.43
" A clinical PK/PD/PG study of intravenous (IV) esomeprazole in 5 dosing regimens was conducted in 20 healthy Chinese volunteers, who were categorized into Helicobacter pylori (HP)-negative and HP-positive subgroups."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling Analysis of Intravenous Esomeprazole in Healthy Volunteers. Hu, P; Jiang, J; Liu, D; Nagy, P; Qian, J; Shen, K; Yang, H, 2016)	0.43
" The timing of each dosing was 1 h before a meal."	( Potent acid inhibition by vonoprazan in comparison with esomeprazole, with reference to CYP2C19 genotype. Furuta, T; Hamaya, Y; Ichikawa, H; Iwaizumi, M; Kagami, T; Miyajima, H; Osawa, S; Sahara, S; Sugimoto, K; Sugimoto, M; Uotani, T; Yamade, M, 2016)	0.43
" Main criteria are indication, dosage frequency, treatment duration, best published evidence, available formulations, drug interactions, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties."	( Multi-indication Pharmacotherapeutic Multicriteria Decision Analytic Model for the Comparative Formulary Inclusion of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Qatar. Al-Badriyeh, D; Al-Khal, A; Alabbadi, I; Fahey, M; Zaidan, M, 2016)	0.43
" For vigabatrin, demonstration of similar dose-response between pediatrics and adults allowed for selection of a pediatric dose."	( Role of Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology in Pediatric Approval and Labeling. Bhattaram, A; Earp, JC; Florian, J; Krudys, K; Lee, JE; Lee, JY; Liu, J; Mehrotra, N; Mulugeta, Y; Sinha, V; Yu, J; Zhao, P, 2016)	0.43
" The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of these drugs in dosage forms."	( Bioanalytical method for the estimation of co-administered esomeprazole, leflunomide and ibuprofen in human plasma and in pharmaceutical dosage forms using micellar liquid chromatography. Talaat, W, 2017)	0.46
" The PK simulations identified a dosing regimen for children that results in comparable steady-state area under the curve to that observed after 20 mg in adults."	( Esomeprazole FDA Approval in Children With GERD: Exposure-Matching and Exposure-Response. Earp, JC; Fiorentino, RP; Garnett, C; Griebel, D; Lee, SC; Mehrotra, N; Mulberg, A; Peters, KE; Röhss, K; Sandström, M; Taylor, A; Tornøe, CW; Van der Walt, JS; Wynn, EL, 2017)	0.46
" The method was fully validated for the determination of S-isomers of each drug in their dosage form."	( High performance liquid chromatography with photo diode array for separation and analysis of naproxen and esomeprazole in presence of their chiral impurities: Enantiomeric purity determination in tablets. El-Kimary, EI; Ragab, MAA, 2017)	0.46
" In the efficacy study, intragastric pH was recorded without medication (baseline pH) and following IV, SC, and PO esomeprazole dosing regimens (1 mg/kg) in 5 dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics and Acid Suppressant Efficacy of Esomeprazole after Intravenous, Oral, and Subcutaneous Administration to Healthy Beagle Dogs. Hwang, JH; Jeong, JW; Koo, TS; Seo, KW; Song, GH, 2017)	0.46
" The mean percent time with intragastric pH was ≥3 or ≥4 was significantly increased regardless of the dosing route (P < ."	( Pharmacokinetics and Acid Suppressant Efficacy of Esomeprazole after Intravenous, Oral, and Subcutaneous Administration to Healthy Beagle Dogs. Hwang, JH; Jeong, JW; Koo, TS; Seo, KW; Song, GH, 2017)	0.46
"These secondary analyses used data from 2 similarly designed studies in subjects experiencing frequent heartburn to evaluate the efficacy of esomeprazole 20 mg once daily for 2 weeks, which reflects the approved over-the-counter dosage and duration."	( Analysis of 2-Week Data from Two Randomized, Controlled Trials Conducted in Subjects with Frequent Heartburn Treated with Esomeprazole 20 mg. Katz, PO; Le Moigne, A; Pollack, C, 2017)	0.46
" Clear dose-response and exposure-response relationships were observed."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of DWP14012, a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker, in healthy male subjects. Jang, IJ; Ji, SC; Kim, HS; Lee, A; Lee, SH; Moon, SJ; Oh, J; Sunwoo, J; Yu, KS, 2018)	0.48
"As fat content of the food increased, the systemic exposure of YH4808 after single dosing increased."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of YH4808, a potassium-competitive acid blocker, after single- and multiple-oral dosing in healthy subjects. Byun, HM; Cho, JY; Jang, IJ; Jang, SB; Kim, A; Kim, E; Kim, YK; Lee, S; Yi, S; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2018)	0.48
" No new safety signals were identified for the well-characterized components of this fixed dosed JIA treatment, which was developed to reduce the risk of gastric ulcers."	( A 6-month, multicenter, open-label study of fixed dose naproxen/esomeprazole in adolescent patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Alpan, O; Ball, J; Dare, JA; Francis-Sedlak, M; Goldsmith, D; Gottlieb, B; Gupta, R; Holt, RJ; Jerath, R; Jung, L; LaMoreaux, BD; Lovell, DJ; Naddaf, H; Reinhardt, A; Von Scheven, E; Zeft, A, 2018)	0.48
" Causes of PPI refractoriness include incorrect diagnosis and lack of adherence to therapy, in terms of incorrect dosage and timing."	( Prevalence and clinical characteristics of refractoriness to optimal proton pump inhibitor therapy in non-erosive reflux disease. Cicala, M; Efthymakis, K; Mauro, A; Neri, M; Penagini, R; Petitti, T; Ribolsi, M; Savarino, V; Zentilin, P, 2018)	0.48
" Area under the plasma concentration-time curve during a dosage interval and maximum plasma drug concentration were generally higher in groups given a higher dose (20 mg) or with a lower age/weight, but also in patients identified as poor metabolizers on cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype."	( Oral esomeprazole in Japanese pediatric patients with gastric acid-related disease: Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. Arai, K; Ida, S; Ishii, E; Nakayama, Y; Nii, M; Rydholm, H; Satou, T; Shimizu, T; Tokuhara, D; Yajima, T, 2019)	0.51
"The objectives were to investigate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of ilaprazole infusion in healthy subjects and patients with esomeprazole as positive control, and then recommend the dosage regimen for Phase 2b/3 studies."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of ilaprazole infusion in healthy subjects and patients with esomeprazole as positive control. Hou, X; Hu, H; Jiang, J; Liu, F; Liu, X; Ou, N; Qin, X; Shao, F; Wang, H; Xu, W, 2019)	0.51
" The physicians should more carefully interpret whether there is an essential indication before prescribing PPIs and, if there is, to approve the proper dosing for the situation."	( A potential risk factor for paraoxonase 1: in silico and in-vitro analysis of the biological activity of proton-pump inhibitors. Türkeş, C, 2019)	0.51
" Evaluation of time to first reach pH 4 after dosing indicated that IR-ESO showed a faster onset than ESO."	( The safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of immediate-release formulation containing esomeprazole 20 mg/sodium bicarbonate 800 mg in healthy adult male. Hong, T; Kim, CO; Kim, D; Park, MS; Park, SJ; Yoo, BW, 2019)	0.51
"Introduction: On the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine, there are six international non-proprietary names of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) - Omeprazole, Pantoprazole, Lansoprazole, Rabeprazole, Esomeprazole, Dexlansoprazole, which differ in a number of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, safety profile, range of dosage forms and their cost."	( Qualimetric analysis of proton pump inhibitors in Ukraine. Karimova, MM; Makarenko, OV; Masheiko, AM; Onul, NM, 2019)	0.51
" Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-amoxicillin dual therapy dosing four times daily (q."	( Efficacy of modified esomeprazole-amoxicillin dual therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection: an open-label, randomized trial. Chen, DF; Lan, CH; Wang, TY; Yang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, JT; Zhao, Z; Zhu, YJ, 2020)	0.56
" The double dosage of esomeprazole did not improve the control of symptoms compared with the standard dosage."	( A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Ardila Duarte, G; Botero, ML; Cárdenas, A; Castaño, DM; De la Hoz-Valle, J; Forero, JD; Pérez-Riveros, ED; Sierra-Arango, F, 2019)	0.51
" Further studies are warranted to optimize dosage and duration of the intervention."	( The effects of a multispecies synbiotic on microbiome-related side effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor use: A pilot study. Blesl, A; Feldbacher, N; Horvath, A; Komarova, I; Leber, B; Rainer, F; Stadlbauer, V; Steinwender, M, 2020)	0.56
" There is no enough evidence regarding the most appropriate dosing of esomeprazole as stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) in critically ill patients."	( Comparison between esomeprazole 20 mg Vs 40 mg as stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) in critically ill patients: A retrospective cohort study. Al Aamer, K; Al Anazi, A; Al Harthi, A; Al Subaie, S; Al Sulaiman, K; Jaser, S; Vishwakarma, R, 2020)	0.56
" Cats were given esomeprazole and lansoprazole at a dosage of 1 mg/kg PO q12h or dexlansoprazole at 6 mg/kg PO q12h."	( Comparative analysis of the effect of PO administered acid suppressants on gastric pH in healthy cats. Galyon, G; Hecht, S; Hillsman, S; Odunayo, A; Price, J; Ryan, P; Steiner, J; Tolbert, MK, 2020)	0.56
"We developed and validated a simple, convenient and reproducible method for simultaneous estimation of six proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), omeprazole (OPZ), esomeprazole (EOPZ), lansoprazole (LPZ), pantoprazole (PPZ), rabeprazole (RPZ) and ilaprazole (IPZ) in pharmaceutical dosage forms by a single marker."	( Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Six Proton-Pump Inhibitors with a Single Marker and Evaluation of Stability of Investigated Drugs in Polypropylene Syringes for Continuous Infusion Use. Chen, F; Fang, B; He, X; Wang, S, 2020)	0.56
"The proposed method, which is selective, economical and accurate, was applied successfully for determination of the cited PPIs in their respective pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Six Proton-Pump Inhibitors with a Single Marker and Evaluation of Stability of Investigated Drugs in Polypropylene Syringes for Continuous Infusion Use. Chen, F; Fang, B; He, X; Wang, S, 2020)	0.56
" Blood samples for plasma analysis were taken up to 144 hours after crizotinib dosing and relevant PK parameters estimated."	( Evaluation of Proton Pump Inhibitor Esomeprazole on Crizotinib Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Participants. Bello, A; Boutros, T; Brega, N; Matschke, K; O'Gorman, M; Tan, W; Xu, H, 2022)	0.72
"In the single-center, randomized, open-label, parallel-design, two-period study, thirty two volunteers were enrolled into four dosing groups, including esomeprazole 40-mg (group A), YYD60130-mg (group B), YYD601 40-mg (group C), and YYD601 60-mg (group D) once daily for 5 days."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of YYD601, a Dual Delayed-Release Formulation of Esomeprazole, Following Single and Multiple Doses in Healthy Adult Volunteers Under Fasting and Fed Conditions. Cho, K; Gwon, MR; Jung, W; Kang, WY; Lee, HW; Seong, SJ; Yoon, YR, 2022)	0.72
" Single and multiple oral dosing of YYD601 up to 60 mg were safe and well-tolerated throughout the study."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of YYD601, a Dual Delayed-Release Formulation of Esomeprazole, Following Single and Multiple Doses in Healthy Adult Volunteers Under Fasting and Fed Conditions. Cho, K; Gwon, MR; Jung, W; Kang, WY; Lee, HW; Seong, SJ; Yoon, YR, 2022)	0.72
" During pregnancy, the CYP2C19 autoinhibition effect with repeated dosing is expected to lead to much lower increase in exposure compared to non-pregnant individuals, since CYP2C19 is already inhibited due to pregnancy."	( Population pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole in patients with preterm preeclampsia. Björnsson, ES; Cluver, CA; Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Gebreyesus, MS; Helgadóttir, H; Hunfeld, NGM; Wasmann, RE, 2022)	0.72
"Controlled-release effervescent floating bilayer tablets reduce dosage frequency and improve patient compliance with enhanced therapeutic outcomes."	( Preparation and Characterization of Controlled-Release Floating Bilayer Tablets of Esomeprazole and Clarithromycin. Ahmad, A; Alamri, AS; Basheeruddin Asdaq, SM; Di Cerbo, A; Farid, A; Ghazanfar, S; Israr, M; Khan, KA; Muzammal, M; Pugliese, N, 2022)	0.72
" Because YH4808 at ≥200 mg resulted in a higher percentage of time at intragastric pH > 4 than seen after once-daily esomeprazole at 40 mg and YH4808 showed acceptable tolerability at a single-dose of 30-800 mg, we suggest to test the 200 mg once daily dosage regimen in further clinical trials of YH4808."	( A population PK-PD model of YH4808, a novel P-CAB, and intragastric pH that incorporated negative feedback by increased intragastric pH onto the systemic exposure to YH4808. Chung, TK; Jang, SB; Lee, H; Lee, HA; Lee, KR; Yu, KS, 2022)	0.72
"The optimal dosage of new generation proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in increasing cure rate of Helicobacter pylori (H."	( Network meta-analysis of different dosages of esomeprazole and rabeprazole for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Dai, X; Gao, C; Wang, Y; Yang, X, 2023)	0.91
"Based on the available evidence, R40bid and E40bid might be the optimum dosage to increase the cure rate; however, E40qd was superior for adverse events."	( Network meta-analysis of different dosages of esomeprazole and rabeprazole for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Dai, X; Gao, C; Wang, Y; Yang, X, 2023)	0.91
" According to the pharmacist's advice, the adverse effects of visual abnormalities in the patient disappeared after the clinician reduced voriconazole dosage by 50% when other medication schedules remained unchanged."	( Voriconazole-induced visual abnormality based on drug interaction between voriconazole and esomeprazole: A case report. Chen, J; Jiang, Z; Li, J; Zhao, C, 2023)	0.91

Role	Description
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor	An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that inhibits H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase, EC 3.6.3.10. Such compounds are also known as proton pump inhibitors.
anti-ulcer drug	One of various classes of drugs with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate peptic ulcer or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
magnesium salt
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	416 (35.28)	29.6817
2010's	601 (50.98)	24.3611
2020's	162 (13.74)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	569 (46.34%)	5.53%
Reviews	114 (9.28%)	6.00%
Case Studies	88 (7.17%)	4.05%
Observational	10 (0.81%)	0.25%
Other	447 (36.40%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.41	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.13	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
carbamates [no description available]	2.72	3	0	amino-acid anion
choline [no description available]	2.25	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	4.12	3	1	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	2.41	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	2.08	1	0	alpha-amino acid
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	5.93	4	2	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.37	1	1
histamine [no description available]	2.77	3	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	3.98	2	1	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.03	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.15	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.15	1	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	3.16	1	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	10.12	16	14	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	2.41	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	4.21	3	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	3.56	2	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	2.13	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
theophylline [no description available]	2.17	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	15.51	47	27	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.13	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
baclofen [no description available]	3.43	1	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma	2.31	1	0	benzenes; isothiocyanate	antibacterial drug
berberine [no description available]	3.53	1	1	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
caffeine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.53	1	1	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	2.1	1	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	3.97	2	1	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	8.95	8	8	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.49	2	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.13	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.31	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
cilostazol [no description available]	2.6	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	7.51	4	2	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.6	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	3.86	3	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	3.64	1	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	2.15	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
nordazepam Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.	2.1	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; human metabolite; sedative
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	4.15	3	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	6.22	6	2	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	2.04	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	3.42	1	1	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	7.98	10	5	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.15	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.45	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.5	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.13	1	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	8.48	10	8	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.17	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	sulfonamide
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	2.15	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	2.13	1	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	3.95	2	1	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	4.6	9	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.15	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	4.39	1	1	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
lamotrigine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	17.72	108	33	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	2.15	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.17	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	4.39	1	1	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	2.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	2.41	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	4	2	1	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	2.48	2	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2.01	1	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	3.42	1	1	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	15.81	74	49	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.72	2	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	2.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
nefopam Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.	2.05	1	0	benzoxazocine; tertiary amino compound
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	4.48	1	1	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	10.45	22	18	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	20.62	230	59	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.57	2	0	carbazoles
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.1	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	17.61	122	44	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.1	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.11	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	17.62	99	31	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	4.51	2	2	secondary carboxamide
rofecoxib [no description available]	3.84	2	1	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.72	2	0
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.94	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	2.1	1	0	benzodiazepine
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	14.21	38	17	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	9.5	13	11	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
vigabatrin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	3.36	6	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	3.53	1	1	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	4.13	3	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	3.88	3	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	3.43	1	1	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	4.51	2	2	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.04	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.04	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.96	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.51	2	2	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	4.4	1	1	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.02	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.08	1	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.15	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.15	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
ethyl citrate ethyl citrate: structure	2.11	1	0	carbonyl compound
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.11	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.46	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	2.15	1	0	penicillanic acids
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
1-phenyl-2-propanone 1-phenyl-2-propanone: analog of propiophenone where carbonyl group is on the 2 carbon atom instead of the 1 carbon atom of the side chain. phenylacetone : A propanone that is propan-2-one substituted by a phenyl group at position 1.	2.41	1	0	methyl ketone; propanones
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.15	1	0	alkane
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	10.79	24	12	pyrrole; secondary amine
triethylamine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	tertiary amine
cycloguanil cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.	4.67	2	2	triazines	antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	4.39	1	1	indazole
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.15	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	5.92	4	2	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.31	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.19	5	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
magnesium carbonate magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.	4.35	1	1	carbonate salt; magnesium salt; one-carbon compound; organic magnesium salt	antacid; fertilizer
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.06	1	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.05	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
potassium citrate Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.	6.18	3	3	potassium salt	diuretic
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	2.15	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.77	3	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.41	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	4.86	2	1	thioxanthenes
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.6	1	0	manganese group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.03	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.17	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.15	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.62	2	0
trausabun melitracene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.25	1	0	anthracenes
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.58	2	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	19.12	165	123	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	2.63	2	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.03	1	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	3.03	4	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.53	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2.69	2	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.17	1	0	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.15	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	3.97	2	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
fosphenytoin fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source	2.05	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	14.36	44	17	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.6	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.31	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	3.8	1	1	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	3.25	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.04	1	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
amprenavir [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.04	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	4.14	3	1	1,2,3-triazole
fluindione fluindione: structure	2.13	1	0	cyclic ketone; indanones
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	3.07	4	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	4.67	2	2	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	18.26	118	85	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl group at C-1 and C-2 is stearoyl.	2.25	1	0	phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion; phosphatidylethanolamine	human metabolite
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	3.16	1	0
sch 28080 Sch 28080: not related structurally to other known anti-ulcer agents; inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric secretion; prevents gastric lesions induced by aspirin, indomethacin & ethanol	2.03	1	0	imidazopyridine
5-hydroxymethylomeprazole 5-hydroxymethylomeprazole: metabolite of omeprazole. 5'-hydroxyomeprazole : A sulfoxide that is omeprazole in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 5 on the pyridine ring is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.41	1	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	drug metabolite
mosapride 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.	3.89	2	1	aromatic ether; benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound
levalbuterol Levalbuterol: The R-isomer of albuterol.	2.13	1	0	albuterol
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	2.15	1	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	3.8	1	1	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	2.08	1	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	2.17	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
ulipristal acetate RTI 3021-012: progesterone receptor antagonist. ulipristal acetate : A 20-oxo steroid obtained by acetylation of the 17-hydroxy group of (11beta,17alpha)-17-acetyl-11-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3-oxoestra-4,9-dien-17-ol (ulipristal). A selective progesterone receptor modulator, which is employed as an emergency contraceptive.	2.08	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester; tertiary amino compound	contraceptive drug; progesterone receptor modulator; progestin
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	2.72	3	0	sulfonamide	prodrug
omeprazole sulfone omeprazole sulfone: omeprazole metabolite; structure given in first source	4.13	3	1	benzimidazoles; sulfoxide
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.41	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	12.48	46	35	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	3.43	1	1	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	9.5	12	10	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride: A methylphenidate derivative, DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.	2.1	1	0
omeprazole sulfide omeprazole sulfide: omeprazole metabolite; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	benzimidazoles
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	12.78	30	19	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2.03	1	0	organic sulfate salt
desmethylnaproxen desmethylnaproxen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. desmethylnaproxen : A member of the class of naphthols that is naproxen in which the 6-methoxy group has been demethylated.	4.11	2	1
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	5.23	3	3	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
soraprazan soraprazan: soraprazan and BYK61359 refer to the (7R,8R,9R)-isomer; a potassium-competitive acid blocker; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ilaprazole ilaprazole: structure in first source	9.65	10	5	benzimidazoles; sulfoxide
lenalidomide [no description available]	2.17	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	2.17	1	0
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.1	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.07	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	3.16	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	5.4	2	2	D-galactopyranuronic acid
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	3.41	1	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
posaconazole [no description available]	3.85	2	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	7.26	5	4	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.	4.35	1	1	organic salt; potassium salt	antifungal agrochemical; buffer; food acidity regulator; raising agent
tenatoprazole Tenatoprazole: structure in first source	9	7	5	imidazopyridine
s 1033 [no description available]	3.44	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	2.1	1	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
levocetirizine [no description available]	2.49	2	0	diarylmethane
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.11	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
nadp [no description available]	2.07	1	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.25	1	0
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.47	1	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	10.84	19	12	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.06	1	0	alkali metal atom
ranitidine bismuth citrate ranitidine bismuth citrate: Pylorid & Tritec are tradenames	5.07	3	3
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.53	2	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	6.17	6	2	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	3.48	1	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	4.47	3	0
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	2.15	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	6.77	3	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.58	2	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	5.8	2	2	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	3.7	1	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	3.64	1	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	2.11	1	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	6.97	4	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	12.99	48	38	metal atom; pnictogen
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	3.53	1	1	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.41	1	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.51	1	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	4.67	2	2	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
4-o-carboxymethylascochlorin 4-O-carboxymethylascochlorin: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha(2E,4E),2beta,6beta))-isomer	2.6	1	0
sitafloxacin sitafloxacin: structure in first source	5.74	3	2
dexlansoprazole Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.	10.88	18	4	benzimidazoles; sulfoxide
dibutyl phthalate 6-((3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy)-N-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide: GSK-189254 is the HCl salt; an H3 receptor antagonist; putative cognitive enhancer; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	3.42	2	0
lesogaberan lesogaberan: a gastrointestinal system agent; structure in first source	4.36	1	1
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	5.99	4	2	organic molecular entity
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.36	2	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
yf 476 YF 476: gastrin and CCK-B receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.9	2	1
fimasartan fimasartan: an angiotensin II receptor antagonist	2.31	1	0	biphenyls
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	3.25	1	0	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
linaprazan linaprazan: structure in first source	7.76	6	3
z 338 Z 338: structure in first source	3.97	2	1
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate	11.31	21	16
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	4.39	1	1	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	4.4	5	0
bibw 2992 [no description available]	3.8	1	1	aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	2.17	1	0	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	4.72	1	1	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
td-5108 TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source	3.42	1	1
rifamycins [no description available]	3.41	1	1
roburic acid roburic acid : A tetracyclic triterpenoid with formula C30H40O2 that is isolated from the roots of Gentiana dahurica and Gentiana macrophylla.	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; olefinic compound; tetracyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
vonoprazan 1-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine: a proton pump inhibitor; structure in first source	11.6	26	14	pyrroles
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	9.5	16	9
iberiotoxin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
insulin detemir Insulin Detemir: A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.41	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.17	1	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	4.04	2	1
bismuth subsalicylate bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.	5.41	2	2
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.04	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.58	2	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	2.61	2	0
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.	2.15	1	0
mln 8237 MLN 8237: an aurora kinase A inhibitor	3.56	1	1	benzazepine
lde225 sonidegib: specific Smoothened/Smo antagonist. sonidegib : A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.	3.51	1	1	aminopyridine; aromatic ether; benzamides; biphenyls; morpholines; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist
antofloxacin antofloxacin: antibiotic; 8-amino derivative of levofloxacin; structure in first source	4.84	2	2
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.05	1	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
cabozantinib cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.	3.5	1	1	aromatic ether; dicarboxylic acid diamide; organofluorine compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	3.53	1	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	3.53	1	1
alectinib [no description available]	3.53	1	1	aromatic ketone; morpholines; nitrile; organic heterotetracyclic compound; piperidines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.11	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.05	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.25	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	13.26	30	20
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.21	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	4.86	3	2
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	5.41	2	2	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	2.11	1	0	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	4.39	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	4.7	4	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.08	4	0
ceritinib ceritinib: an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor. ceritinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.	3.53	1	1	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; piperidines; secondary amino compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
atogepant atogepant : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (3'S)-2'-oxo-1',2',5,7-tetrahydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]pyridine-6,3'-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (3S,5S,6R)-3-amino-6-methyl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-5-(2,3,6-trifluorophenyl)piperidin-2-one. It is a selective oral, small-molecule antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor that has been approved for the treatment of migraine.	3.99	1	1	azaspiro compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; piperidones; secondary carboxamide; trifluorobenzene	calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.7	1	1
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.16	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	5.03	3	3
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.21	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.1	1	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	4.17	3	1	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	3.42	1	1	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	22.35	294	192
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	1	24.35	294	192
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	5.74	3	2
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	5.74	3	2
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	4.95	7	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	4.95	7	1
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	0	2.58	2	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	0	3.8	1	1
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	3.8	1	1
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	10.15	16	4
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	10.15	16	4
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	7.63	16	3
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	7.63	16	3
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	8.68	20	3
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	2.57	2	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	2.69	2	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	2.41	1	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	9.69	10	9
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	9.69	10	9
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	4.28	2	1
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	6.71	6	3
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	2.82	2	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	2.82	2	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	10.02	14	7
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	10.02	14	7
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	0	23.26	361	188
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	1	25.26	361	188
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	4.46	6	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	4.46	6	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	0	3.8	1	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	3.8	1	1
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	0	3.8	1	1
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	0	3.8	1	1
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	13.7	26	12
Pyrosis [description not available]	0	16.28	75	59
Heartburn Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.	0	16.28	75	59
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	0	2.41	1	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	0	2.41	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	4.29	16	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	5.42	4	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	5.42	4	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	2.41	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	2.66	2	0
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	0	2.41	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	5.69	4	4
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	9.04	10	8
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	5.69	4	4
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	9.04	10	8
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	0	3.33	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	12.68	32	15
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	17.49	71	39
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	0	15.81	57	45
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	1	19.49	71	39
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.11	11	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	8.81	16	12
Regurgitation, Gastric GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX wherein the retrograde flow passes through the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER	0	7.19	18	5
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Back flow of gastric contents to the LARYNGOPHARYNX where it comes in contact with tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an extraesophageal manifestation of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.	0	7.19	18	5
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	0	3.38	5	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	0	3.38	5	0
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	0	17.03	81	45
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	0	5.28	4	0
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	0	17.03	81	45
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	3.33	4	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	3.33	4	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	2.66	2	0
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	2.6	1	0
Diverticulum, Meckel [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	11.84	30	14
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	0	2.6	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	5.43	4	1
Bleeding [description not available]	0	2.63	2	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	2.63	2	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	5.43	4	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	2.84	3	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	2.84	3	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	7.51	13	4
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	8.96	12	7
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	8.96	12	7
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	0	2.21	1	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	0	2.21	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	0	2.21	1	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	0	2.21	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	2.21	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	14.32	45	24
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	1	16.32	45	24
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	1	16.39	39	18
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.21	1	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	2.21	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	3.62	8	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	12.02	20	9
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	8.5	8	8
Ache [description not available]	0	9	8	7
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	1	10.5	8	8
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	9	8	7
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	6.57	6	3
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	1	8.57	6	3
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	4.04	2	1
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	3.44	2	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	3.44	2	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	2.52	2	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	2.87	3	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	2.87	3	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	0	6.67	5	4
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	0	6.67	5	4
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	7.31	6	4
Pain, Procedural Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.	0	3.64	1	1
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.25	1	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	0	2.53	2	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	7.99	7	4
Metastase [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	7.99	7	4
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	2.31	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	5.88	4	2
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	5.33	4	1
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	4.97	8	1
Indigestion [description not available]	0	13.41	39	24
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	4.97	8	1
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	0	13.41	39	24
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	4.55	1	1
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	4.55	1	1
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	4.54	2	2
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	4.54	2	2
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	0	5.5	2	2
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	5.12	5	2
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	0	4.12	5	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	4.16	3	1
Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.	0	2.15	1	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	0	2.15	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	0	4.12	5	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	4.16	3	1
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	0	6.58	6	1
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Diverticulosis, Esophageal A pathological condition characterized by the presence of a number of ESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULA in the ESOPHAGUS.	0	2.15	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	7.8	6	4
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	2.15	1	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	6.58	6	1
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	0	2.53	2	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	0	2.15	1	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Esophageal Hernia [description not available]	0	3.9	2	1
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	0	2.17	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	4.2	3	1
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	0	2.15	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	2.15	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	2.15	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	2.15	1	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	4.2	3	1
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	2.15	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Chronic Esophagitis, Eosinophilic [description not available]	0	8.8	8	4
Eosinophilic Esophagitis Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens.	0	8.8	8	4
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	9.11	14	7
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	9	13	4
Tooth Erosion Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)	0	4.79	2	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	0	4.45	1	1
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	0	4.45	1	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	2.57	2	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	2.55	2	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	0	2.55	2	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	6.34	7	2
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Dermal Hypoplasia, Focal [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	6.34	7	2
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.17	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	7.49	6	5
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	1	9.49	6	5
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	0	2.17	1	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	2.17	1	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	0	2.57	2	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	0	2.57	2	0
Exanthem [description not available]	0	3.9	2	1
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	3.9	2	1
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	0	4.48	1	1
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	0	4.48	1	1
ATLL [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	0	2.17	1	0
Esophageal Dysmotility [description not available]	0	3.09	1	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	0	2.17	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	2.17	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	3.56	1	1
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	0	3.56	1	1
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	0	10.61	20	10
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	0	10.61	20	10
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	0	2.21	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	4.48	1	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	4.48	1	1
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	0	3.18	5	0
Belching [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	0	3.18	5	0
Dysgeusia A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.	0	4.48	1	1
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	0	2.21	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	2.98	4	0
Emesis [description not available]	0	5.26	6	2
Colicky Pain [description not available]	0	5.87	4	2
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	2.98	4	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	2.21	1	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	5.26	6	2
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	0	5.87	4	2
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	0	2.21	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	2.21	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	11.88	25	20
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	11.88	25	20
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	0	4.41	2	2
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	0	13.88	37	25
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	1	15.88	37	25
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	0	9.17	9	9
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	0	9.17	9	9
Flatus [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	0	3.47	1	1
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	7.1	5	4
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	0	4.39	1	1
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	7.1	5	4
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	4.39	1	1
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	3.85	2	1
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	3.85	2	1
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	3.16	5	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	2.08	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	3.16	5	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	0	4.39	1	1
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	0	2.08	1	0
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.	1	7	6	0
Granulomas [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	2.5	2	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	2.08	1	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	0	2.1	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	4.8	2	1
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Megacolon, Toxic An acute form of MEGACOLON, severe pathological dilatation of the COLON. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ULCERATIVE COLITIS; CROHN DISEASE; AMEBIC DYSENTERY; or CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS.	0	2.5	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	4.8	2	1
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	0	2.99	4	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	4.79	2	1
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	4.79	2	1
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	2.1	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	0	2.1	1	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	0	2.1	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	4.77	2	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	4.77	2	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	2.47	2	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	0	3.01	1	0
Dumping Syndrome Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.	0	3.01	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	0	3.01	1	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.1	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	4.15	3	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	4.15	3	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.1	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	0	2.1	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	4.4	1	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	4.4	1	1
Back Ache [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	0	2.11	1	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	0	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Gastrin-Producing Tumor [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Gastrinoma A GASTRIN-secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the non-beta ISLET CELLS, the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. This type of tumor is primarily located in the PANCREAS or the DUODENUM. Majority of gastrinomas are malignant. They metastasize to the LIVER; LYMPH NODES; and BONE but rarely elsewhere. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME, which sometimes occurs in families with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1; (MEN 1).	0	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	0	2.11	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	2.11	1	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	0	2.11	1	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2.11	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	2.11	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	2.13	1	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	0	3.86	2	1
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	3.86	2	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	3.86	2	1
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	2.11	1	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	0	2.11	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	4.41	1	1
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	4.41	1	1
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	0	2.46	2	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	0	3.87	4	0
Gastritis, Familial Giant Hypertrophic [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	2.11	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	3.92	2	1
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	0	2.11	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	2.11	1	0
Gastric Outlet Obstruction The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.	0	2.11	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	2.11	1	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	2.48	2	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Galactorrhea Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.	0	3.04	1	0
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	0	3.04	1	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	6.86	5	3
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome A nonfamilial polyposis syndrome that is characterized by the presence of diffuse gastrointestinal polyposis, DIARRHEA, and PROTEIN-LOSING ENTEROPATHY. It was first reported by Cronkhite and Canada in 1955.	0	2.11	1	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	0	2.13	1	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	0	6.36	5	3
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	0	2.13	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	3.66	3	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	3.04	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	3.04	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	3.66	3	0
Hypercalciuria Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.	0	2.5	2	0
Acquired Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Rickets, Hypophosphatemic A disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; resulting from lack of phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys and possible defects in vitamin D metabolism.	0	2.13	1	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	2.13	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	2.15	1	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2.15	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	0	2.47	2	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	0	2.15	1	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	0	2.13	1	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	1	4.13	1	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	0	2.13	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Chronic Infantile Neurologic, Cutaneous, and Articular Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	3.04	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	3.04	1	0
Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes A group of rare autosomal dominant diseases, commonly characterized by atypical URTICARIA (hives) with systemic symptoms that develop into end-organ damage. The atypical hives do not involve T-cell or autoantibody. Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome includes three previously distinct disorders: Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome; Muckle-Wells Syndrome; and CINCA Syndrome, that are now considered to represent a disease continuum, all caused by NLRP3 PROTEIN mutations.	0	3.04	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	0	3.88	4	0
Erosive Duodenitis [description not available]	0	3.39	2	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Duodenitis Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.	0	3.39	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	2.15	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	3.9	2	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	3.9	2	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	4.38	4	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	4.38	4	1
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	0	2.15	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	4.12	3	1
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	0	2.15	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	4.12	3	1
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	2.15	1	0
Microscopic Colitis [description not available]	0	3.4	2	0
Colitis, Microscopic A condition characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. This syndrome was first described in 1980 by Read and associates. Subtypes include COLLAGENOUS COLITIS and LYMPHOCYTIC COLITIS. Both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology.	0	3.4	2	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	4.43	2	2
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	4.43	2	2
Anti-GBM Disease [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.	0	2.13	1	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	0	3.53	1	1
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	0	3.53	1	1
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	0	2.04	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	0	4.13	3	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	0	2.04	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	3.36	2	0
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	0	2.04	1	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	0	4.13	3	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	4.34	1	1
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	0	2.04	1	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	0	4.89	4	2
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	5.61	3	2
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	5.61	3	2
Gagging Contraction of the muscle of the PHARYNX caused by stimulation of sensory receptors on the SOFT PALATE, by psychic stimuli, or systemically by drugs.	0	3.43	1	1
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	3.43	1	1
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	0	3.83	2	1
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	0	3.83	2	1
Aspiration, Respiratory [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	2.05	1	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	0	2.05	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	0	2.05	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	0	2.05	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	2.46	2	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	2.77	3	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	2.77	3	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	0	2.05	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	0	5.6	3	2
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	9.68	9	9
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	9.68	9	9
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	2.05	1	0
Itching [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	2.98	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	2.98	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	2.06	1	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	0	4.37	1	1
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	0	2.06	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	0	2.06	1	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.98	1	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.06	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	2.46	2	0
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2.07	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	0	4.39	1	1
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	2.08	1	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	0	2.08	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Hives [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	0	2.07	1	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	0	2.07	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Hematemesis Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	0	2.08	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	0	2.08	1	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	0	4.66	3	2
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	0	2.01	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	3.4	1	1
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	3.4	1	1
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	2.02	1	0
Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.	0	2.02	1	0
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Bornholm Disease [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	0	2.02	1	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	0	2.02	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	3.35	2	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	0	2.02	1	0
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	0	4.38	2	2
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	0	4.38	2	2
Laryngitis Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.	0	4.74	2	1
Myositis, Multiple [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	0	2.94	1	0
Polymyositis Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)	0	2.94	1	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	0	3.42	1	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	0	3.42	1	1
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	0	2.03	1	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	0	3.42	1	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Merkel Cell Cancer [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	0	2.03	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Merkel Cell A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)	0	2.03	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	2.03	1	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	0	4.34	1	1
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	0	4.34	1	1
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	0	2.04	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0

s 1743

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Research Demand Index: 9.40

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