A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)
| Excerpt | Reference |
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| "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a potentially lethal consequence of treatment with neuroleptics." | ( Pflug, B; Staud, L, 1992) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a life-threatening reaction of neuroleptic medication." | ( Farooque, AI; Jahan, MS; Wahid, Z, 1992) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a potentially lethal side effect of neuroleptic drugs, characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, autonomic dysfunction, and altered consciousness." | ( Hayashi, M; Koya, J; Shiono, A; Yajima, H; Yamanaka, H, 1992) |
| "This suggests that neuroleptic malignant syndrome is caused by a peripheral, not central, effect of haloperidol." | ( Downey, JA; Downey, RJ; Newhouse, E; Weissman, C, 1992) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterized by altered consciousness, fever, extrapyramidal signs, autonomic instability, elevated creatine kinase level, and leukocytosis." | ( Keyser, DL; Rodnitzky, RL, 1991) |
| "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic therapy which sometimes can be fatal because of the various associated complications." | ( Liam, CK; Ong, SB, 1990) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening reaction to neuroleptic drugs." | ( Cunha, BA; Hopkins, TT; Teglia, MQ, 1991) |
| "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an exceedingly rare but potentially fatal condition characterized by parkinsonian type rigidity, rise of temperature and altered consciousness." | ( Basu, J, 1991) |
| "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a serious complication associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs that has received a great deal of interest in recent times." | ( Pilo, L, 1990) |
| "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a serious and potentially fatal complication of neuroleptic and other dopamine antagonist drugs that are commonly used in symptom control in advanced cancer." | ( O'Neill, WM, 1990) |
| "The occurrence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome is described in a patient treated with amoxapine." | ( Madakasira, S, 1989) |
| "A case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome is described in a 37-year-old man with mental retardation, hypomania and a history of recent hepatitis B infection." | ( Corbett, JA; Ward, MR, 1989) |
| "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but dangerous complication of treatment with neuroleptics." | ( Dawson, A; Jones, EM, 1989) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but serious adverse effect of antipsychotic medication." | ( Levenson, JL, 1985) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is easily confused with other health problems; distinctions between it and malignant hyperthermia, heatstroke, and lethal catatonia are made." | ( Keltner, NL; McIntyre, CW, 1985) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an uncommon, occasionally lethal reaction to drug therapy." | ( Goldwasser, HD; Hooper, JF, 1988) |
| "A patient with neuroleptic malignant syndrome is reported." | ( Fernando, N; Hosford, I; Miller, M, 1988) |
| "Treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome is briefly discussed." | ( Bristow, G; Patel, P, 1987) |
| "This suggests that neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a spectrum disorder that has milder variants." | ( Addonizio, G; Roth, SD; Susman, VL, 1986) |
| "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an uncommon but occasionally fatal reaction to antipsychotic medication characterized by fever, movement disorder, and stupor." | ( Diamond, JM; Hayes, DD, 1986) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare and potentially fatal condition occurring usually in patients on long-term neuroleptic medication." | ( Sandyk, R, 1985) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare complication of antipsychotic medications." | ( Burke, C; Castellano, J; Fulda, GJ, 1995) |
| "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterized by hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, extrapyramidal motion disorder, vegetative symptoms and mental disorientation." | ( Rónai, L; Wagner, G, 1995) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but potentially fatal reaction associated with neuroleptic drugs." | ( Caroff, SN; Mann, SC, 1993) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a potentially fatal syndrome that can occur in patients taking neuroleptics or other psychotropic drugs." | ( Byrd, C, 1993) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is difficult to distinguish from febrile catatonia and the diagnosis can often only be made through the clinical course." | ( Agelink, MW; Dammers, S; Leonhardt, M; Schär, V; Zeit, T, 1995) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a potentially fatal disorder that may develop in the perioperative period." | ( Kaufman, BS; Young, CC, 1995) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an idiosyncratic reaction associated with the use of neuroleptic drugs." | ( Alted Lopez, E; Ambros Checa, A; Caballero Cubedo, R; Perez-Vela, JL; Sanchez Casado, M; Sanchez-Izquierdo Riera, JA, 1996) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a severe and potentially fatal reaction to neuroleptic drugs." | ( Beny, A; Fradis, M; Gaitini, L; Krimerman, S; Vaida, S, 1997) |
| "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a fulminant, life-threatening reaction to neuroleptic medication." | ( Batalla, A; Cruz, JM; Cutrin, C; Gómez, XA; Pato, M, 1997) |
| "The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare, potentially fatal, adverse reaction to neuroleptic drugs characterised by severe rigidity, high temperature and autonomic dysfunction." | ( Balzan, MV, 1998) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but severe adverse effect of neuroleptics, and is usually accompanied by rhabdomyolysis." | ( Abe, T; Oda, Y; Ozawa, K; Watanabe, T; Yoshikawa, H, 2000) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but potentially fatal complication of treatment with antipsychotic medications." | ( Rothner, AD; Ty, EB, 2001) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an uncommon condition characterised by hyperthermia, rigidity, altered mentation and autonomic instability." | ( Chew, EL; Ong, KC; Ong, YY, 2001) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a serious complication of levodopa withdrawal in patients with Parkinson's disease." | ( Frucht, SJ; Gordon, PH, 2001) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare (incidence, 0." | ( Agrawal, M; Krishnan, P; Niranjan, S; Patel, U, 2002) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is the rarest and the most serious of the neuroleptic induced movement disorders." | ( Kogoj, A; Velikonja, I, 2003) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare disorder that manifests with hyperthermia, muscle rigidity and autonomic instability." | ( Colachis, SC; Depalma, MJ; Kadyan, V; Mysiw, WJ; Sanderson, JD, 2003) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a potentially fatal reaction to antipsychotic drugs, characterised by hyperthermia, rigidity, autonomic instability and muscle injury." | ( Horni, G; Lund, MB; Meirik, K, 2003) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a potentially life-threatening complication of neuroleptic therapy." | ( de Jonghe-Rouleau, AP; Gerritsen, AA; Stienstra-Liem, LH, 2004) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but potentially lethal, rare reaction to neuroleptics which is characterized by altered levels of consciousness, extrapyramidal effects, autonomic instability, hyperthermia, and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase levels." | ( Higashi, H; Hirakata, H; Hirano, T; Iida, M; Matsui, R; Sanai, T; Torichigai, S; Yotsueda, H, 2006) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an uncommon but potentially fatal side effect of antipsychotic drug treatment." | ( Bilanakis, N; Kalampokis, G; Peritogiannis, V, 2009) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an uncommon and potentially fatal idiosynchratic reaction of antipsychotic drugs, in which the clinical scenario encompass muscular rigidity, hyperthermia, autonomic dysfunction, altered consciousness, high creatinine phosphokinase levels, and leukocytosis." | ( Akin, R; Altun, D; Congologlu, A; Unay, B; Vurucu, S, 2009) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare, life-threatening disorder that can occur without the administration of neuroleptic medications." | ( Killory, BD; Ponce, FA; Rekate, HL; Wait, SD; Wallace, D, 2009) |
| "Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is one of the life threatening complications of antipsychotic psychotropic medication." | ( Kashyap, GL; Patel, AG, 2011) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but life-threatening idiosyncratic complication following the use of antipsychotic agents, anaesthesia and surgery." | ( Agbonrofo, PI; Osakue, JE, 2018) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a neurological emergency caused by dysregulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission." | ( Barahona-Corrêa, B; Cotovio, G; Maia, A; Oliveira-Maia, AJ, 2021) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare and potentially fatal clinical condition frequently associated with the use of antipsychotics." | ( Angulo, NY; Castaño, PA; Gómez, CC; Quintero, S, 2022) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a life-threatening iatrogenic medical emergency in which high index of clinical suspicion is required for diagnosis and prompt treatment." | ( Chang, CK; Lansing, MG; Lu, SJA; Noh, MM; Payus, AO; Sumpat, D; Yew, BT, 2022) |
| "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare neuropsychiatric complication caused by antipsychotic drugs." | ( Boesen, MS; Ladefoged, MR; Marloth, PV, 2022) |
| Excerpt | Reference |
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| "As the neuroleptic malignant syndrome ist rare many cases should be collected in order to enhance the knowledge of the etiology and the pathogenesis of that life--threatening complication of treatment with neuroleptic drugs." | ( Pflug, B; Staud, L, 1992) |
| "We describe the second reported case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) related to tetrabenazine therapy in Huntington's disease." | ( Giménez-Roldán, S; Mateo, D; Muñoz-Blanco, JL, 1992) |
| "We report a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) following abrupt reduction of chronic levodopa treatment in a 71 year old female parkinsonian patient." | ( Bonuccelli, U; Corsini, GU; Muratorio, A; Piccini, P, 1992) |
| "We have encountered three cases of neuroleptic malignant syndrome related to withdrawal of levodopa therapy." | ( Keyser, DL; Rodnitzky, RL, 1991) |
| "Differentiating neuroleptic malignant syndrome from malignant hyperthermia allows early appropriate treatment with bromocriptine." | ( Brown, FE; Nierenberg, DW; Nordgren, RE; Rozycki, AA; Taylor, RM, 1991) |
| "Four severe cases of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) were successfully treated with intravenous infusion of the dopamine agonist lisuride in doses up to 0." | ( Bittkau, S; Przuntek, H; Sczesni, B; Suchy, I; von Baumgarten, F; von Schröder, J, 1991) |
| "To describe a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) resulting from withdrawal of low-dose levodopa therapy for mild Parkinson's disease." | ( Goldswain, PR; Harrison, WB; Reutens, DC, 1991) |
| "A case of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome occurred in a 40-year-old male after administration of chlorpromazine while on an Intensive Therapy Unit." | ( Ironside, JW; Montgomery, JN, 1990) |
| "The authors present a case report of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) in a patient commencing treatment with fluoxetine alone who had previously been treated with several antipsychotic and antidepressant combinations." | ( Goldbloom, DS; Halman, M, 1990) |
| "The natural course of untreated neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) does not usually exceed 3 weeks." | ( Delerue, O; Destée, A, 1990) |
| "The occurrence of neuroleptic malignant syndrome is described in a patient treated with amoxapine." | ( Madakasira, S, 1989) |
| "A case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is discussed which occurred in a 72-year-old paranoid psychotic patient while on maintainance neuroleptic therapy with penfluridol." | ( Ungvari, GA, 1987) |
| "A patient who developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) from the use of several neuroleptic agents and the therapeutic interventions used to reverse the syndrome are described, and the clinical presentation and treatment of NMS are reviewed." | ( Guerrero, RM; Shifrar, KA, 1988) |
| "A case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) treated successfully with electroconvulsive therapy (ETC) is described." | ( Aizenberg, D; Hermesh, H; Weizman, A, 1987) |
| "Five patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome were treated with bromocriptine mesylate 7." | ( Dhib-Jalbut, S; Hesselbrock, R; Means, ED; Mouradian, MM, 1987) |
| "A diagnosis of neuroleptic malignant syndrome had been made, but treatment with dantrolene sodium was probably instituted too late to prevent the progress of the complications she had developed." | ( Allsop, P; Twigley, AJ, 1987) |
| "With regards to the neuroleptic malignant syndrome dantrolenum and bromocriptin treatment were applied with the discontinuation of neuroleptic medication." | ( Rónai, L; Wagner, G, 1995) |
| "We report a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome where the catatonia clearly followed the administration of neuroleptics and where the neurovegetative disturbance was remarkably severe, including episodes of tracheal spasm, apnoea and episodes of bradycardia, and sinus arrest requiring insertion of a temporary external pacing wire." | ( Hamlin, GW; Ormerod, LP; Parry, AK; Saleem, PT, 1994) |
| "Recently, some cases of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) in demented patients have been reported, because the demented patients, who were administered neuroleptics due to their abnormal behaviors, have increased." | ( Kimura, T; Yoshida, H, 1994) |
| "In fact, Reyes developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) as a direct result of the antipsychotic medications she was administered." | ( Blair, DT; Dauner, A, 1993) |
| "After administration of this drug, neuroleptic malignant syndrome developed." | ( Branas, CC; Marino, PL; Sing, RF, 1993) |
| "He developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) which was treated successfully with intravenous diazepam." | ( Dent, J, 1995) |
| "To report a case of suspected neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) associated with clozapine therapy." | ( Ganelin, L; Lichtenberg, PS; Marcus, EL; Munter, RG, 1996) |
| "This report identifies neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) occurring on a steady state dosage of clozapine monotherapy." | ( Cardy, S; Chatterton, R; Schramm, TM, 1996) |
| "He developed a neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) like state 1 month after teh initiation of L-DOPS therapy." | ( Hamamoto, M; Miyazaki, T; Otsubo, K; Terashi, A; Ueda, M, 1996) |
| "This case comes into the so-called neuroleptic malignant syndrome which can rarely arise in patients treated with antipsycotic agents and which causes high mortality, particularly when there are rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure." | ( Benati, F; Cesario, V; Lazzarin, M, 1996) |
| "We report five cases of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) with psychotic symptoms treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)." | ( Ishiguro, T; Nisijima, K, 1999) |
| "A patient developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome after a single dose of venlafaxine with trifluoperazine treatment." | ( Atkin, SL; Nimmagadda, SR; Ryan, DH, 2000) |
| "This case report shows that the neuroleptic malignant syndrome can occur during olanzapine treatment as well as during treatment with conventional neuroleptics." | ( Järventausta, K; Leinonen, E, 2000) |
| "Nine patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome and autonomic dysfunction were treated with clonidine in the intensive care unit, according to a protocol, and the results were compared with those of seven patients with the same syndrome who were not treated with clonidine." | ( Gregorakos, L; Sakayanni, E; Stratouli, S; Thomaides, T, 2000) |
| "To report a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) in a patient whose therapy was being switched from haloperidol to risperidone." | ( Mack, JE; Reeves, RR; Torres, RA, 2001) |
| "We report four cases of neuroleptic malignant syndrome occurring after administration of a typical antipsychotic haloperidol and a newer atypical antipsychotic clozapine." | ( Agarwal, A; Desai, ND; Diwan, PJ; Gore, YS; Jain, V; Jaydeokar, SS; Manocha, SM; Moulick, ND; Mundra, VK; Sutharsan, R, 1998) |
| "A symptom complex identical to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (MS) is known to develop in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) or other forms of parkinsonism on long-term treatment with anti-parkinsonian drugs." | ( Hanyu, N; Hashimoto, T; Tabata, K; Tokuda, T; Yanagisawa, N, 2003) |
| "We present a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a 52-year-old patient who had been treated for 2(1/2) years with olanzapine, a new atypical antipsychotic agent." | ( Horni, G; Lund, MB; Meirik, K, 2003) |
| "Treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome failed in all three patients, and they died." | ( de Jonghe-Rouleau, AP; Gerritsen, AA; Stienstra-Liem, LH, 2004) |
| "Prompt identification of cases of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) pose a diagnostic and treatment challenge." | ( Pandya, M; Pozuelo, L, 2004) |
| "The chief etiology of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in this patient was administration of haloperidol, but fentanyl and coexisting mineral imbalance could have contributed to development of the syndrome." | ( Inoue, S; Morita, T; Nagayama, K; Shishido, H; Tei, Y, 2004) |
| "This patient presented with symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), thus demonstrating that NMS-like symptoms can occur after combined paroxetine and alprazolam treatment." | ( Fujita, K; Ichihashi, K; Inoue, K; Okazaki, Y; Tanii, H, 2006) |
| "Two patients with the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), a man aged 31 years and a woman aged 83 years, were referred for electroconvulsive therapy after 70 and 7 days, respectively." | ( Muller, ME; van Waarde, JA; Verweg, B, 2006) |
| "She was hospitalized with neuroleptic malignant syndrome that started 3 days after anticonvulsant drug treatment owing to epileptic seizures." | ( Cantú-Martínez, L; Flores, Lde L; González, HC; Martínez, HR; Onofre-Castillo, J; Villarreal, HJ, 2006) |
| "Differential diagnosis between neuroleptic malignant syndrome and catatonia is difficult; however, a first line therapy is differential diagnosis." | ( Miyazaki, M; Yanagawa, Y, 2010) |
| "A case of early neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) in a child with XYY syndrome after three weeks of quetiapine therapy is reported." | ( Randolph, TC, 2010) |
| "Under a diagnosis of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, dantrolene was administered." | ( Kuroda, Y; Takinami, Y, 2012) |
| "On suspicion of neuroleptic malignant syndrome(NMS) onset, dantrolene sodium hydrate was administered, resulting in marked improvement of the symptoms." | ( Mori, A; Nitta, Y; Yamaya, K; Yoshida, S, 2014) |
| "Suspecting neuroleptic malignant syndrome, dantrolene sodium was administered along with symptomatic treatment with mechanical ventilation and cooling." | ( Fukuda, M; Komasawa, N; Minami, T; Nishihara, I; Oka, M, 2015) |
| "To review evidence for the treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and to discuss how to rechallenge patients with neuroleptics when continued pharmacotherapy for chronic psychological illness is required." | ( Cook, AM; Pileggi, DJ, 2016) |