carbapenems profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	134085
SCHEMBL ID	7533527
MeSH ID	M0024174

Synonym
82768-37-4
carbapenems ,
7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7-oxo-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
83200-96-8
SCHEMBL7533527
7-keto-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-2-carboxylic acid
DTXSID701002878

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Carbapenems are a critically important class of antimicrobials used to treat infections caused by multi-drug-resistant bacteria. "	( Carbapenem prescribing at a veterinary teaching hospital before an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli. Cole, SD; Hallowell, A; Perez-Bonilla, D; Redding, LE, 2022)	2.16
"Carbapenems are an applicable subclass of β-lactam drugs in the antibiotic therapy of anaerobic infections, especially for poly-microbial cases, due to their broad antimicrobial spectrum on aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. "	( Carbapenem resistance in Bacteroides fragilis: A review of molecular mechanisms. Baghi, HB; Bazmani, A; Beheshtirouy, S; Farzinazar, A; Memar, MY; Rezaee, MA; Sóki, J; Yekani, M, 2022)	2.16
"The carbapenems are an example of such β-lactam analogs possessing improved stability against β-lactamase enzymes and, therefore, a wider spectrum of activity."	( Cotroneo, N; Critchley, IA; Pillar, C; Pucci, MJ; Rubio, A, 2020)	1.04
"Carbapenems are an important target for antimicrobial stewardship (AS) efforts. "	( A comprehensive assessment of carbapenem use across 90 Veterans Health Administration hospitals with defined stewardship strategies for carbapenems. Alexander, B; Ernst, E; Goto, M; Livorsi, DJ; Nair, R; Perencevich, E; Puig-Asensio, M; Suzuki, H, 2021)	2.27
"Carbapenems are a clinically effective treatment of such infections."	( Fast and expensive (PCR) or cheap and slow (culture)? A mathematical modelling study to explore screening for carbapenem resistance in UK hospitals. Brannigan, ET; Davies, F; Dyakova, E; Holmes, AH; Knight, GM; Mookerjee, S; Otter, JA, 2018)	1.2
"Carbapenems are a class of antimicrobials reserved for resistant infections or systemically ill people, yet the extent and context in which they are prescribed in the small animals is understudied."	( Usage patterns of carbapenem antimicrobials in dogs and cats at a veterinary tertiary care hospital. Fellman, CL; Rosenbaum, MH; Smith, A; Wayne, AS, 2019)	1.96
"Carbapenems are an effective tool to treat complicated bacterial infections. "	( Clinical pharmacology of carbapenems in neonates. Allegaert, K; Pacifici, GM, 2014)	2.15
"Carbapenems are an important class of drugs for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. "	( Molecular typing and resistance mechanisms of carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from a Chinese surgical intensive care unit. Liu, Y; Wang, P; Yi, M, 2014)	1.85
"Carbapenems resistance is a growing phenomenon and a threat to public health because of the reduced therapeutic options for resistant infections."	( Ertapenem resistance in 2 tertiary-care hospitals: Microbiology, epidemiology, and risk factors. Berrio, I; Castro, B; Maldonado, N; Manjarrés, M; Robledo, C; Robledo, J, 2017)	1.9
"Carbapenems are a class of last-resort antibiotics; thus, the increase in bacterial carbapenem-resistance is a serious public health threat. "	( A genome-wide association study identifies a horizontally transferred bacterial surface adhesin gene associated with antimicrobial resistant strains. Shibayama, K; Suzuki, M; Yahara, K, 2016)	1.88
"Carbapenems are a clinically important antibiotic family. "	( Non-heme iron oxygenases generate natural structural diversity in carbapenem antibiotics. Bodner, MJ; Freeman, MF; Li, R; Phelan, RM; Townsend, CA, 2010)	1.8
"Carbapenems are a class of broad-spectrum antimicrobials that are widely used to treat infections worldwide."	( A permission system for carbapenem use reduced incidence of drug-resistant bacteria and cost of antimicrobials at a general hospital in Japan. Ikeda, Y; Koseki, T; Mamiya, T; Mouri, A; Nabeshima, T; Narusawa, S; Nishiyama, H, 2012)	1.1
"Carbapenems are a group of antibiotics with time-dependent effect."	( [Pharmacokinetics of carbapenems]. Rychlíčková, J; Suchánková, H; Urbánek, K, 2012)	1.42
"The carbapenems are a group of broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic agents of which there are three parenteral preparations currently available in South Africa, namely imimpenem/cilastatin, meropenem and ertapenem. "	( Appropriate use of the carbapenems. Brink, AJ; Feldman, C; Grolman, DC; Muckart, D; Pretorius, J; Richards, GA; Senekal, M; Sieling, W, 2004)	1.19
"The carbapenems are a potent class of broad-spectrum drugs, and their stability against hydrolysis by many important beta-lactamases make them an important weapon in the treatment of beta-lactamase-producing bacterial pathogens."	( Carbapenems in the USA: focus on doripenem. Lister, PD, 2007)	2.26

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Carbapenems have been employed as first-choice option for empirical treatment complicated infections."	( Co-production of Classes A and B Carbapenemases BKC-1 and VIM-2 in a Clinical Pseudomonas Putida Group Isolate from Brazil. Bertani, AMJ; Camargo, CH; Campos, KR; de Araujo, LJT; de Souza, AR; Lima, MJC; Reis, AD; Sacchi, CT; Tiba-Casas, MR; Yamada, AY, 2022)	1.44
"Carbapenems could have been avoided in 18 of 22 (82%)."	( Carbapenem sparing in the management of post-transrectal prostate biopsy bacteraemia. Materne, M; Miyakis, S; Newton, P; Reynolds, G; Skyring, T; Trad, MA; Yao, J, 2019)	1.24
"The carbapenems has been chosen as the basis of such therapy."	( [Therapeutic options for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae]. Gilsanz, F; Maseda, E; Salgado, P, 2015)	0.9
"Carbapenems have been used for many years to treat severe nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae infections. "	( Carbapenem Resistance in Clonally Distinct Clinical Strains of Vibrio fluvialis Isolated from Diarrheal Samples. Bhattacharya, MK; Chowdhury, G; Ghosh, A; Mukhopadhyay, AK; Pazhani, GP; Rajendran, K; Ramamurthy, T; Sarkar, A, 2016)	1.88
"Carbapenems have been widely used to treat serious multidrug-resistant A."	( Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: the molecular epidemic features of an emerging problem in health care facilities. Giannouli, M; Tomasone, F; Triassi, M; Tsakris, A; Zarrilli, R, 2009)	1.07
"Carbapenems have been used to treat extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species infections."	( Multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections. Bringing back the old. Chan-Tompkins, NH, )	0.85
"The carbapenems have been in wide use to treat beta-lactamase producing, multidrug resistant gram-negative bacterial infections."	( Carbapenem-hydrolyzing gram-negative bacteria: current options for treatment and review of drugs in development. Abandeh, FI; Drew, ME; Sopirala, MM, 2012)	0.86
"Carbapenems have been considered as last line antibiotics for treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii but carbapenem resistant A. "	( Prevalence of OXA-type β-lactamases among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Northwest of Iran. Akhi, MT; Amiri, Z; Farajnia, S; Naghili, B; Nahaei, MR; Peymani, A; Rezaee, MA; Saeedi, N; Sohrabi, N, 2012)	1.82
"Four carbapenems have been available clinically in Japan. "	( Newer carbapenems for urinary tract infections. Matsumoto, T; Muratani, T, 2004)	1.32
"Carbapenems have been the most successful beta-lactam antibiotics in evading bacterial resistance. "	( The impact of carbapenemases on antimicrobial development and therapy. Livermore, DM, 2002)	1.76

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Carbapenems might cause higher rate of superinfection."	( Impact of carbapenem versus non-carbapenem treatment on the rates of superinfection: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Al-Tawfiq, JA; Eljaaly, K; Enani, MA, 2018)	1.2
"Carbapenems appear to inhibit the intestinal transporter of valproic acid, thereby reducing absorption of orally administered valproic acid."	( The effect of carbapenem antibiotics on plasma concentrations of valproic acid. Gidal, BE; Mancl, EE, 2009)	1.07
"Carbapenems are tested to increase therapeutic alternatives."	( Carbapenem susceptibility patterns for clinical isolates of Mycobacterium abscessus determined by the Etest method. Chihara, S; Petti, CA; Smith, G, 2010)	1.08
"Carbapenems inactivate these l,d-transpeptidases, and meropenem combined with clavulanic acid is bactericidal against extensively drug-resistant M."	( Inactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis l,d-transpeptidase LdtMt₁ by carbapenems and cephalosporins. Arthur, M; Dubée, V; Dubost, L; Ethève-Quelquejeu, M; Gutmann, L; Hugonnet, JE; Mainardi, JL; Marie, A; Triboulet, S, 2012)	1.33

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Treatment with carbapenems (OR 2.54, CI 95% 1.15-5.62); transfer from an institution (OR 2.16, CI 95% 1.02-4.59); multi-drug resistant infection within the previous six months (OR 2.81, CI 95% 1.47-5.36); intensive care unit admission (OR 0.42, CI 95% 0.20-0.88); hematologic malignancy (OR 4.02, CI 95% 1.88-8.06); invasive procedures (OR 2.18, CI 95% 1.10-4.32); and sharing a room with a known CRE carrier (OR 3.0, CI 95% 1.43-6.31) were independently associated factors for CRE-fc."	( Factors Associated to Prevalence and Incidence of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Fecal Carriage: A Cohort Study in a Mexican Tertiary Care Hospital. Bobadilla-Del Valle, M; Cervera-Hernandez, ME; Cruz-Hervert, LP; Galindo-Fraga, A; García-García, L; Leal-Vega, F; Martinez-Gamboa, A; Niembro-Ortega, MD; Ponce-de-Leon, A; Sifuentes-Osornio, J; Torres-Gonzalez, P, 2015)	0.76
"Treatment with carbapenems in bacterial meningitis should be currently limited to the cases produced by gram negative bacilli producers of wide spectrum beta-lactamases (WSBL), cases of meningitis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or gram negative bacilli producers of inducible cephalosporinase."	( [The role of carbapenems in the treatment of nosocomial infection]. Garau, J; Martínez Lacasa, J, 1997)	1.01

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" There were no significant adverse reactions, and likewise no abnormalities in physical and laboratory examinations that were definitely related to the drug."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of BO-2727, a new injectable 1-beta-methyl carbapenem antibiotic, and its effect on the faecal microflora in healthy male volunteers. Hata, S; Kosuge, K; Nakagawa, S; Nakashima, M; Sanada, M; Uematsu, T, 1994)	0.29
" Both treatments were well tolerated and only one patient had to withdraw from the trial because of an adverse effect (rash associated with ceftazidime)."	( Safety and efficacy of meropenem in patients with septicaemia: a randomised comparison with ceftazidime, alone or combined with amikacin. Sjursen, H; Solberg, CO, 1995)	0.29
" The overall pattern and frequency of adverse events with meropenem were similar to those of the other beta-lactam antibiotics with which it was compared."	( Safety profile of meropenem: international clinical experience based on the first 3125 patients treated with meropenem. Faulkner, KL; Lesky, W; Newell, PA; Norrby, SR, 1995)	0.29
" Most drug-related adverse events were mild and self-limiting."	( Safety and efficacy of meropenem in hospitalised children: randomised comparison with cefotaxime, alone and combined with metronidazole or amikacin. Meropenem Paediatric Study Group. Schuler, D, 1995)	0.29
"Antibiotics developed over the past quarter century have greatly improved toxic to therapeutic ratios compared to older agents."	( Separating fact from fiction: the data behind allergies and side effects caused by penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenem antibiotics. Leviton, I, 2003)	0.32
" In order to develop a novel broad-spectrum carbapenem, the structure-activity relationships of a series of 2-(4-tetrahydropyridinylthiazol-2-ylthio)-1beta-methylcarbapenems and 4-dihydropyrrolyl thiazole analogs were investigated with regard to their activity against Gram-positive and especially Gram-negative bacteria and also their convulsant activity, which is a major side effect concern of carbapenems."	( SM-216601, a novel parenteral 1beta-methylcarbapenem: structure-activity relationships of antibacterial activity and neurotoxicity in mice. Itoh, M; Sasaki, A; Sunagawa, M; Ueda, Y, 2005)	0.52
"6% of patients receiving doripenem and piperacillin/tazobactam, respectively, had a drug-related adverse event."	( Efficacy and safety of doripenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam in nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, open-label, multicenter study. Friedland, I; Kaniga, K; Ketter, N; Lee, M; Lobo, SM; Niederman, M; Prokocimer, P; Réa-Neto, A; Schroeder, E, 2008)	0.35
" To improve the use of carbapenems, several initiatives should be considered: increase awareness about appropriate treatment with carbapenems across hospital departments; determine optimal dosing regimens for settings where multidrug resistant organisms are more likely encountered; use of, or combination with, an alternative antimicrobial agent having more favorable pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, or adverse event profile; and administer a newer carbapenem with lower propensity for resistance development (for example, reduced expression of efflux pumps or greater stability against carbapenemases)."	( Clinical review: balancing the therapeutic, safety, and economic issues underlying effective antipseudomonal carbapenem use. Slama, TG, 2008)	0.66
" All regimens of doripenem were safe and well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of doripenem after 0.5-, 1-, and 4-hour infusions in healthy volunteers. Cirillo, I; Natarajan, J; Redman, R; Solanki, B; Turner, K; Vaccaro, N, 2009)	0.35
" Overall, intravenous doripenem was found to be safe and well tolerated, demonstrating a safety profile comparable to that of comparator agents and a limited propensity to induce seizures, including when administered via 1-h or 4-h infusion."	( Safety of intravenous infusion of doripenem. File, TM; Redman, R, 2009)	0.35
"The incidence of adverse reactions related to symptoms and signs was 28."	( [Clinical efficacy, safety and PK-PD analysis of tebipenem pivoxil in a phase II clinical trial in otolaryngological infections]. Baba, S; Furukawa, M; Furuya, N; Suzuki, K; Totsuka, K; Ubukata, K; Yamanaka, N, 2009)	0.35
" The proportion of subjects reporting one or more treatment-emergent adverse events or serious adverse events was similar for doripenem and the comparator agents."	( Meta-analysis of doripenem vs comparators in patients with pseudomonas infections enrolled in four phase III efficacy and safety clinical trials. Fisher, AC; Jenkins, SG; Kaniga, K; Nicholson, SC; Peterson, JA, 2009)	0.35
" Doripenem was generally found to be safe and well tolerated."	( Safety and efficacy of intravenous doripenem for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis. Damiao, R; Davies, T; Kaniga, K; Kotey, P; Naber, KG; Redman, R, 2010)	0.36
" The incidence of adverse reactions including abnormal changes in laboratory values was 23."	( Efficacy and safety of doripenem for sepsis with neutropenia in Japanese patients with hematologic diseases. Akiyama, N; Kanamaru, A; Masaoka, T; Nakagawa, Y; Ohyashiki, K; Tamura, K; Tanimoto, M; Urabe, A, 2012)	0.38
" The primary outcome was the clinical success rate; secondary outcomes included the 30 day readmission and mortality rates, the duration of carbapenem therapy, the incidence of adverse drug reactions due to antimicrobials, the acquisition of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and the occurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD)."	( Safety and clinical outcomes of carbapenem de-escalation as part of an antimicrobial stewardship programme in an ESBL-endemic setting. Ang, B; Lew, EL; Lew, KY; Ling, LM; Lye, D; Ng, TM; Tan, M; Tan, SH; Teng, CB, 2015)	0.42
"001), the rate of adverse drug reactions was lower [11/204 (5."	( Safety and clinical outcomes of carbapenem de-escalation as part of an antimicrobial stewardship programme in an ESBL-endemic setting. Ang, B; Lew, EL; Lew, KY; Ling, LM; Lye, D; Ng, TM; Tan, M; Tan, SH; Teng, CB, 2015)	0.42
"This study suggests that the ASP-guided de-escalation of carbapenems led to comparable clinical success, fewer adverse effects and a lower incidence of the development of resistance."	( Safety and clinical outcomes of carbapenem de-escalation as part of an antimicrobial stewardship programme in an ESBL-endemic setting. Ang, B; Lew, EL; Lew, KY; Ling, LM; Lye, D; Ng, TM; Tan, M; Tan, SH; Teng, CB, 2015)	0.66
"DISCLOSURE The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry."	( Evaluating state-specific antibiotic resistance measures derived from central line-associated bloodstream infections, national healthcare safety network, 2011. Edwards, JR; Fridkin, SK; Magill, SS; Ricks, PM; Sievert, DM; Soe, MM, 2015)	0.42
" We compared incidence of adverse events and all-cause mortality to analyze treatment safety."	( A meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of doripenem for treating bacterial infections. Hu, TT; Qu, XY; Zhou, W, )	0.13
" Single-dose doripenem was generally safe and well tolerated."	( Open-Label Study To Evaluate the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Doripenem in Infants Less than 12 Weeks in Chronological Age. Allegaert, K; Bradley, JS; Castaneda-Ruiz, B; Cirillo, I; Cossey, V; Redman, R; Vaccaro, N, 2015)	0.42
"Postoperative management after DP with early drain removal and TDT was safe and effective for preventing PF."	( Safety and efficacy of early drain removal and triple-drug therapy to prevent pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy. Adachi, T; Eguchi, S; Hidaka, M; Hirabaru, M; Kitasato, A; Kuroki, T; Matsushima, H; Soyama, A; Takatsuki, M, )	0.13
"In the 66 patients treated with doripenem before early termination of the studies for nonsafety reasons, doripenem was safe and generally well tolerated."	( Safety and Tolerability of Doripenem in Hospitalized Children With Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infection, Complicated Urinary Tract Infections and Pneumonia. Barauskas, V; Bradley, JS; Cannavino, CR; Castaneda-Ruiz, B; Cirillo, I; Emeryk, A; Go, O; Redman, R; Senatorova, G, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse effects of DRPM (3 g daily) were observed in 11 of 56 patients (19."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of high-dose doripenem in Japanese patients with pneumonia. Akata, K; Ishimoto, H; Kawanami, T; Kido, T; Mukae, H; Naito, K; Nishida, C; Noguchi, S; Sakamoto, N; Yamasaki, K; Yatera, K, 2016)	0.43
"High-dose DRPM (3 g daily) treatment is effective and relatively safe in Japanese patients with pneumonia."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of high-dose doripenem in Japanese patients with pneumonia. Akata, K; Ishimoto, H; Kawanami, T; Kido, T; Mukae, H; Naito, K; Nishida, C; Noguchi, S; Sakamoto, N; Yamasaki, K; Yatera, K, 2016)	0.43
" The major observed adverse events were mild, and all were resolved spontaneously without any medical intervention."	( A First-in-Human Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics Study of Benapenem in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Ji, XW; Kang, ZS; Liu, MY; Liu, Y; Lv, Y; Ma, Y; Tian, JH; Wei, MJ; Xia, YH; Zhao, CY; Zhu, Y, 2019)	0.51
" We also examined clinical response, microbiological response, length of stay in hospital, and adverse events."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of polymyxins based versus non-polymyxins based therapies in the infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liu, X; Lyu, C; Wu, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" In the safety population, treatment-emergent adverse events were noted for 91% (92 patients of 101) of the cefiderocol group and 96% (47 patients of 49) of the best available therapy group."	( Efficacy and safety of cefiderocol or best available therapy for the treatment of serious infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CREDIBLE-CR): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, pathogen-focused, descriptive, phase 3 trial. Ariyasu, M; Bassetti, M; Doi, Y; Echols, R; Ferrer, R; Lodise, TP; Matsunaga, Y; Naas, T; Nagata, TD; Niki, Y; Paterson, DL; Portsmouth, S; Torre-Cisneros, J; Toyoizumi, K; Wunderink, RG, 2021)	0.62
" The study outcomes included clinical response, all-cause mortality and adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of eravacycline: A meta-analysis. Almangour, TA; Bassetti, M; Eljaaly, K; Ortwine, JK; Shaikhomer, M, 2021)	0.62
" There is a paucity of data on treatment outcomes and adverse effects of high-dose colistin treatment in Pakistan."	( Treatment outcome and adverse effects of colistin in adult patients with carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteremia from Pakistan. Babar, ZU; Dodani, SK; Nasim, A, 2021)	0.62
" Data were compared between those who received colistin and those who did not, including risk factors for CR bacteremia, bacterial clearance, adverse effects, and all-cause mortality up to 14 days of follow-up."	( Treatment outcome and adverse effects of colistin in adult patients with carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteremia from Pakistan. Babar, ZU; Dodani, SK; Nasim, A, 2021)	0.62
"0%) developed reversible neurological adverse effects."	( Treatment outcome and adverse effects of colistin in adult patients with carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteremia from Pakistan. Babar, ZU; Dodani, SK; Nasim, A, 2021)	0.62
" The adverse effects were found to be minimal and reversible."	( Treatment outcome and adverse effects of colistin in adult patients with carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteremia from Pakistan. Babar, ZU; Dodani, SK; Nasim, A, 2021)	0.62
"To learn the safety profile of carbapenems and compare suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) among carbapenem classes by data mining the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database."	( Safety profile of carbapenems: Data mining of the FDA adverse events reporting system. Ge, W; Hu, H; Li, C; Wang, L; Xia, J, 2021)	1.24
"This retrospective study described the general characteristics of adverse drug event (ADE) reports related to carbapenems in the FAERS during 2015 - 2018."	( Safety profile of carbapenems: Data mining of the FDA adverse events reporting system. Ge, W; Hu, H; Li, C; Wang, L; Xia, J, 2021)	1.17
" The bacterial clearance rate, clinical efficacy, adverse drug reactions and 28 days mortality were evaluated."	( Efficacy and safety of polymyxin B in carbapenem-resistant gram-negative organisms infections. Jiang, RL; Xia, GL, 2021)	0.62
"For CRO infection, the treatment of polymyxin B should be early, combined, optimal dose and duration of treatment, which can achieve better clinical efficacy and microbial reactions, and reduce the adverse reactions and drug resistance."	( Efficacy and safety of polymyxin B in carbapenem-resistant gram-negative organisms infections. Jiang, RL; Xia, GL, 2021)	0.62
" Additionally, LyeTx I-bPEG reduced hemolysis up to 10 times, was approximately 2 times less cytotoxic to HEK-293 cells and 4 times less toxic to mice in acute toxicity models, compared to LyeTx I-b."	( Pegylated LyeTx I-b peptide is effective against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an in vivo model of pneumonia and shows reduced toxicity. Almeida Amaral, F; Boff, D; César Moreira Brito, J; Cristina Sampaio de Assis, D; Elena de Lima, M; Gustavo Lima, W; Magalhães Resende, J; Maria Souza-Fagundes, E; Nascimento Cardoso, V; Odília Antunes Fernandes, S, 2021)	0.62
"We conducted a meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing novel carbapenem-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations with comparators to assess the clinical and microbiological responses, mortality, and adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of novel carbapenem-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations: Results from phase II and III trials. Luo, Q; Shen, P; Xiao, Y; Xiong, L; Yu, W, 2022)	0.72
" Secondary outcomes included the impact on 28- or 30-day mortality and adverse effects, if available."	( Efficacy and safety of ceftazidime-avibactam compared to other antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Karampatakis, T; Lowrie, K; Tsergouli, K, 2023)	0.91
"In terms of adverse events, the safety of PTZ was higher than that of meropenem in the treatment of cUTIs."	( Efficacy and safety of piperacillin-tazobactam compared with meropenem in treating complicated urinary tract infections including acute pyelonephritis due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Cao, SS; Cui, B; Cui, F; Cui, J; Fan, BY; Fan, TT; Guan, Y; Ji, B; Li, MY; Li, SR; Wang, JW; Wang, L; Yan, CY; Zhang, W, 2023)	0.91
" In terms of P-score ranking, carbapenems may be the recommended choice considering both adverse events and clinical responses."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of non-polymyxin antibiotics against nosocomial pneumonia, complicated intra-abdominal infection, or complicated urinary tract infection: A network meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Chen, WC; Cheng, HY; Hung, CC; Lin, MH; Lin, YC; Shen, YC; Teng, CK, 2023)	1.2
"Rational use of polymyxin B is safe and effective in elderly patients with CRO infection, and its effective outcome can improve the recovery rate of AKI."	( Efficacy and nephrotoxicity of polymyxin B in elderly patients with carbapenem resistant bacterial infection. Feng, DD; Jiang, RL; Lei, S; Wang, X; Xia, GL; Xu, X; You, XB, 2023)	0.91
" However, the plasma concentration of tigecycline is not correlated with clinical efficacy and adverse reactions."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of tigecycline based on therapeutic drug monitoring for carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterium pneumonia in intensive care units. Bai, XR; Fan, L; Li, WC; Lou, R; Qu, X; Wang, YG; Wang, ZZ; Wu, YC; Yan, SY; Zhang, L; Zhang, W, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Pertinent pharmacokinetic parameters were determined according to a two-compartment model and correlated among species as an exponential function of body weight, thereby allowing an estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters corresponding to a 70 kg man."	( Animal pharmacokinetics and interspecies scaling of FCE 22101, a penem antibiotic. Battaglia, R; Efthymiopoulos, C; Strolin Benedetti, M, 1991)	0.28
" Using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, unbound concentrations of SUN5555 in the tissue interstitial fluids, which are the measure of in vivo antibacterial efficacy, were estimated to be almost identical with, or higher than, those in plasma in rats."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetics of a new penem, SUN5555, for evaluation of in vivo efficacy. Adachi, H; Ishiguro, M; Nishihara, T; Noguchi, T; Ohnuma, N; Sato, H; Tamai, I; Tsuji, A, )	0.13
" Intravenously administered FCE 22101 at a dose of 250 mg gave peak plasma concentrations of about 12 mg/l and the plasma half-life was about 60 min."	( Pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects of FCE 22101 and its acetoxymethyl ester, FCE 22891: effect of co-administration of imipenem/cilastatin on the renal metabolism of FCE 22101. Burman, LA; Cassinelli, G; Corigli, R; Dornbusch, K; Franceschi, G; Norrby, SR; Sassella, D, 1990)	0.28
" Plasma concentrations were fitted to a two-compartment model and the mean pharmacokinetic parameters determined after iv bolus were: Cmax 117 mg/l, T1/2 beta 36 min, Vss 181, AUC 2179 mg/min/l with urinary recoveries of FCE 22101 37%, P1 36% and P2 6%."	( Pharmacokinetics of FCE 22101 in man following different modes of administration. Lewis, DA; Lovering, AM; MacGowan, AP; Pickin, DM; Reeves, DS; Routh, KR; White, LO, 1989)	0.28
"Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on SY5555 dry syrup (powder which is dissolved before use), a new penem antibiotic for oral use, were performed."	( [Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of SY5555 dry syrup in the pediatric field]. Ishihara, T; Nakamura, H; Tezuka, T; Toyonaga, Y, 1995)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies using SY5555 dry syrup (powder which is dissolved before use) were performed in pediatric patients."	( [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on SY5555 dry syrup in children]. Fukuda, T; Gondou, I; Harada, Y; Hayashi, K; Kido, T; Kobayashi, N; Matsumoto, T; Tsuji, Y; Uchida, T; Uehara, Y, 1995)	0.29
" There was a good correlation between BO-2727 concentrations assayed by HPLC and a microbiological method; the HPLC results were used in the pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of BO-2727, a new injectable 1-beta-methyl carbapenem antibiotic, and its effect on the faecal microflora in healthy male volunteers. Hata, S; Kosuge, K; Nakagawa, S; Nakashima, M; Sanada, M; Uematsu, T, 1994)	0.29
" Plasma clearance, renal clearance, non-renal clearance, terminal half-life and volume of distribution were unchanged."	( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of meropenem after administration by intravenous injection over 5 min and intravenous infusion over 30 min. Haworth, SJ; Hutchison, M; Kelly, HC, 1995)	0.29
"Plasma meropenem concentration versus time data collected during a single dose, pharmacokinetic study in infants and children were analysed using the population pharmacokinetics program NONMEM."	( The pharmacokinetics of meropenem in infants and children: a population analysis. Blumer, JL; Hutchison, M; Parker, EM, 1995)	0.29
" Proper use of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles can result in more effective and less toxic antimicrobial regimens."	( Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial therapy in surgery. Bohnen, JM; DiPiro, JT; Edmiston, CE, 1996)	0.29
"h/ml in the chimpanzee) and a longer half-life at beta phase (1."	( Pharmacokinetics in nonhuman primates of a prototype carbapenem active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Cama, L; Kropp, H; Sasor, MW; Sundelof, JG; Thompson, R; White, KM, 1996)	0.29
" The pharmacodynamic properties of penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, quinolones, glycopeptides and aminoglycosides are reviewed; the impact such knowledge may have in the future on how we dose these agents is discussed."	( Pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents and rationale for their dosing. Bowker, KE; MacGowan, AP, 1997)	0.54
" The extended half-life at elimination phase of L-749,345 allows consideration of single daily dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of L-749,345, a long-acting carbapenem antibiotic, in primates. Gill, CJ; Hajdu, R; Kropp, H; Rosen, H; Sundelof, JG; Thompson, R, 1997)	0.3
" CS-834 was administered orally to healthy male volunteers at single doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg and at a multiple dose of 150 mg three times a day for 7 days to investigate its safety and pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of CS-834, a new oral carbapenem antibiotic, in healthy volunteers. Hisaoka, M; Ikeda, Y; Kondo, K; Naganuma, H; Nakashima, M; Nishino, H; Tajima, M; Umemura, K, 1997)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetic profile of meropenem in febrile neutropenic patients differs from earlier findings in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of meropenem in febrile neutropenic patients. Swedish study group. Ljungberg, B; Nilsson-Ehle, I; Nyhlén, A, 1997)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetic parameters including tissue distribution and/or biliary excretion of DA-1131, a new carbapenem, were evaluated after intravenous (iv) administration to mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of a new carbapenem DA-1131, after intravenous administration to mice, rats, rabbits and dogs. Kim, SH; Kwon, JW; Lee, MG, 1998)	0.3
" In addition, the concentration in plasma-time profile predicted that the DA-1131 data obtained from laboratory animals could be utilized to generate preliminary estimates of the pharmacokinetic parameters in humans."	( Interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling of a new carbapenem, DA-1131, in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs, and prediction of human pharmacokinetics. Kim, SH; Kim, WB; Lee, MG, 1998)	0.3
" Serial blood and urine samples were analyzed for biapenem to obtain key pharmacokinetic parameters by both two-compartment model-dependent and -independent methods."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of a new parenteral carbapenem antibiotic, biapenem (L-627), in elderly subjects. Kanamaru, M; Kozawa, O; Matsumoto, S; Matsuno, H; Minamoto, M; Nagashima, S; Niida, Y; Niwa, M; Takiguchi, Y; Uematsu, T; Yokokawa, M, 1998)	0.3
" The proposed method was applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of an active metabolite and open-ring metabolites after oral administration of a penem antibiotic, FCE22891, in dogs."	( Simultaneous determination of an active metabolite and open-ring metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic studies of a penem antibiotic, FCE22891, in dogs. Banno, K; Imado, N; Maki, T; Matsuoka, M; Sato, T, 1998)	0.3
"MK-826 (formerly L-749,345), is a potent 1-beta-methyl carbapenem with a long half-life and broad spectrum of activity."	( In vivo activity and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a novel long-acting carbapenem antibiotic, MK-826 (L-749,345). Gerckens, LS; Gill, CJ; Jackson, JJ; Kropp, H; Pelak, BA; Rosen, H; Sundelof, JG; Thompson, RK, 1998)	0.3
"L-749,345 is a new parenteral carbapenem with a very long half-life similar to that of ceftriaxone."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic studies of L-749,345 in comparison with imipenem and ceftriaxone against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cars, O; Löwdin, E; Odenholt, I, 1998)	0.3
" Clearance values based on unbound concentrations appeared independent of dose from 10 to 180 mg/kg, which is consistent with saturation of protein binding as the primary cause of the nonlinear pharmacokinetic behavior."	( Dose-dependent plasma clearance of MK-826, a carbapenem antibiotic, arising from concentration-dependent plasma protein binding in rats and monkeys. Bruhin, PJ; Lin, JH; Wong, BK, 1999)	0.3
" Except for half-life and bioavailability, the pharmacokinetic properties of the carbapenems are relatively similar."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of the carbapenems: clinical implications. Horrevorts, AM; Mouton, JW; Touzw, DJ; Vinks, AA, 2000)	0.81
" This study represents a successful application of the microdialysis technique, which is an effective method for pharmacokinetic and biliary drug excretion studies."	( Determination and pharmacokinetic study of meropenem in rat bile using on-line microdialysis and liquid chromatography. Chan, YL; Chen, CF; Chou, MH; Lin, MF; Tsai, TH, 2002)	0.31
" Concentrations in plasma and the half-life of ertapenem were generally higher and longer, respectively, in elderly subjects than in young adults."	( Pharmacokinetics of total and unbound ertapenem in healthy elderly subjects. Birk, K; Deutsch, P; Holland, S; Majumdar, A; Mistry, G; Muckow, J; Musson, DG; Rogers, JD; Sciberras, D; Xi, L, 2004)	0.32
" Consideration of pharmacodynamic principles in dosage regimens for these agents can maximize their antibacterial effectiveness and reduce the number of bacterial strains that survive to mutate or continue infection."	( Optimizing antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: dosage strategies for meropenem. Drusano, GL; Kuti, JL; Mattoes, HM; Nicolau, DP, 2004)	0.32
"When proper pharmacodynamic principles are applied to dosage strategies for meropenem, clinical and microbiological outcomes can be optimized."	( Optimizing antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: dosage strategies for meropenem. Drusano, GL; Kuti, JL; Mattoes, HM; Nicolau, DP, 2004)	0.32
" Monte Carlo simulation was used to construct pharmacodynamic models for imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and ciprofloxacin."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones against bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Burgess, DS; Frei, CR; Moczygemba, LR, 2004)	0.62
" In the pharmacodynamic models, imipenem and meropenem had an equal likelihood of achieving a free T>MIC > or =40% against bacteria that produced ESBLs (> or =97%) and bacteria that did not produce ESBLs (> or =98%)."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones against bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Burgess, DS; Frei, CR; Moczygemba, LR, 2004)	0.62
" Pharmacodynamic modeling based on local ESBL-producing isolates and pharmacokinetic data from healthy humans indicated that imipenem and meropenem may have a greater likelihood of achieving pharmacodynamic targets against bacteria that produce ESBLs than ertapenem or fluoroquinolones."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones against bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Burgess, DS; Frei, CR; Moczygemba, LR, 2004)	0.62
"Carbapenem antibiotics cause pharmacokinetic interaction with valproic acid (VPA) in clinical pharmacotherapy."	( Increased erythrocyte distribution of valproic acid in pharmacokinetic interaction with carbapenem antibiotics in rat and human. Kiribayashi, Y; Maeda, Y; Murakami, T; Nagai, J; Omoda, K; Takano, M; Yumoto, R, 2005)	0.33
"A doripenem population pharmacokinetic model and Monte Carlo simulations were utilized for dose regimen decision support for future clinical development."	( Use of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target attainment analyses to support phase 2 and 3 dosing strategies for doripenem. Ambrose, PG; Bhavnani, SM; Cirincione, BB; Hammel, JP; Wikler, MA, 2005)	0.33
" Because Cmax is not useful for evaluating the antimicrobial effects of carbapenem antibiotic agents due to their dose-dependent antimicrobial activity, we also investigated the AUC, which is correlated with the total drug levels in vivo."	( Pharmacokinetic study of pleural fluid penetration of carbapenem antibiotic agents in chemical pleurisy. Itoh, M; Kato, T; Katou, K; Kojima, Y; Kutsuna, T; Morita, H; Nakamura, A; Niwa, T, 2006)	0.33
"We discovered an orally active carbapenem, L-084, through pharmacokinetic studies on various prodrug esters of (1R,5S,6S)-6-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-l-methyl-2-[1-(1,3-thiazolin-2-yl)azetidin-3-yl]thio-1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid (LJC11,036)."	( Syntheses and pharmacokinetic studies of prodrug esters for the development of oral carbapenem, L-084. Abe, T; Isoda, T; Kumagai, T; Mihira, A; Nagao, Y; Sato, C; Satoh, K; Takasaki, T; Tamai, S; Ushirogochi, H; Yamamoto, S; Yamamura, I, 2006)	0.33
"A pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling strategy to simulate in vivo bactericidal effects for three carbapenem antibiotics, doripenem (DRPM), meropenem (MEPM)/cilastatin (CS), and imipenem (IPM)/CS, against a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation for in vivo bactericidal effect in murine infection model. Katsube, T; Yamano, Y; Yano, Y, 2008)	0.35
"06 mg/liter) were studied in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacodynamics of the antibacterial effect and emergence of resistance to tomopenem, formerly RO4908463/CS-023, in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Bowker, KE; MacGowan, AP; Noel, AR, 2008)	0.35
"This study aimed to assess the peritoneal pharmacodynamics of intravenous doripenem using population pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation."	( Pharmacodynamic assessment of doripenem in peritoneal fluid against Gram-negative organisms: use of population pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation. Ikawa, K; Ikeda, K; Morikawa, N; Ohge, H; Sueda, T, 2008)	0.35
" The drug concentrations in plasma and peritoneal fluid were determined and analyzed using population pharmacokinetic modeling."	( Development of breakpoints of carbapenems for intraabdominal infections based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in peritoneal fluid. Ikawa, K; Ikeda, K; Morikawa, N; Ohge, H; Sueda, T, 2008)	0.63
" The pharmacokinetic parameter of % time above MIC for tomopenem and meropenem was 16% and 17% in sera and 15% and 18% in lungs, respectively."	( In vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetics of tomopenem (CS-023), a novel carbapenem, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a murine chronic respiratory tract infection model. Izumikawa, K; Kakeya, H; Kamihira, S; Kohno, S; Morinaga, Y; Nakamura, S; Seki, M; Yamada, Y; Yamamoto, K; Yamamoto, Y; Yanagihara, K, 2008)	0.35
"This study was a pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) target attainment analysis of doripenem."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target attainment analysis of doripenem in infected patients. Honda, N; Ikawa, K; Kumon, H; Monden, K; Morikawa, N; Uehara, S; Yamada, Y, 2009)	0.35
" We therefore performed an population pharmacokinetic analysis using plasma TBPM concentrations obtained from pediatric patients with otolaryngological infection or bacterial pneumonia (0."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tebipenem pivoxil (ME1211), a novel oral carbapenem antibiotic, in pediatric patients with otolaryngological infection or pneumonia. Hayashi, H; Kijima, K; Koresawa, T; Kurosawa, T; Mitomi, N; Morita, J; Sato, N; Shibasaki, S; Suzuki, H; Totsuka, K, 2008)	0.35
" Doripenem exhibited linear pharmacokinetics with concordance between the studies for pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of doripenem after 0.5-, 1-, and 4-hour infusions in healthy volunteers. Cirillo, I; Natarajan, J; Redman, R; Solanki, B; Turner, K; Vaccaro, N, 2009)	0.35
" Cmax of TBPM in the non-fasting state was lowered to approximately 60% of that in the fasting state, however AUC(0-infinity) and urinary excretion of TBPM in the non-fasting state were almost equivalent to those in the fasting state when TBPM-PI fine granules were administered."	( [Effect of diet on the pharmacokinetics of tebipenem pivoxil fine granules in healthy male volunteers]. Aizawa, K; Morita, J; Nakashima, M; Takata, T, 2009)	0.35
" The primary pharmacokinetic parameters such as ka, kel, Vd/F and Tlag were estimated by the Bayesian method and then the secondary pharmacokinetic parameters such as tmax, Cmax, t1/2 and AUC were calculated."	( [Pharmacokinetics analysis of tebipenem pivoxil in a phase II clinical trial in otolaryngological infections]. Hayashi, H; Kijima, K; Koresawa, T; Kurosawa, T; Morita, J; Sato, N; Shibasaki, S; Totsuka, K, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to obtain information on effective dosage regimens of doripenem by a modeling and simulation approach based on pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) theory."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation to determine effective dosage regimens for doripenem. Katsube, T; Takano, M; Wajima, T; Yamano, Y; Yano, Y, 2010)	0.36
" Doripenem concentrations in pre- and post-membrane blood (plasma) samples collected at specified times during one dosing interval were measured in order to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters and clearance via hemodiafiltration."	( Doripenem pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients receiving continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF). Goto, K; Hagiwara, S; Hidaka, S; Iwasaka, H; Noguchi, T, 2010)	0.36
"A population pharmacokinetic model of doripenem was constructed using data pooled from phase 1, 2, and 3 studies utilizing nonlinear mixed effects modeling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of doripenem based on data from phase 1 studies with healthy volunteers and phase 2 and 3 studies with critically ill patients. Lin, R; Nandy, P; Samtani, MN, 2010)	0.36
" Monte Carlo simulations were conducted for conventional and prolonged infusion regimens of doripenem, imipenem and meropenem using pharmacokinetic data from adult patients with conserved renal function."	( Pharmacodynamic profiling of intravenous antibiotics against prevalent Gram-negative organisms across the globe: the PASSPORT Program-Asia-Pacific Region. Gomersall, C; Kuti, JL; Kwa, A; Montakantikul, P; Nicolau, DP; Roberts, JA, 2011)	0.37
" Other pharmacokinetic parameters of doripenem and doripenem-M-1, including clearance, volume of distribution, and elimination half-life, were similar for the 1-g and 2-g doses."	( Pharmacokinetics of single-dose doripenem in adults with cystic fibrosis. Black, PL; Cirillo, I; Kearns, GL; Redman, R; Vaccaro, N, 2012)	0.38
"To compare the antipseudomonal efficacy of doripenem and imipenem as well as their abilities to restrict the enrichment of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, multiple-dosing regimens of each drug were simulated at comparable values of the cumulative percentages of a 24-h period that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions (T(>MIC)) and ratios of the 24-hour area under the curve (AUC(24)) to the MIC."	( Comparative pharmacodynamics and antimutant potentials of doripenem and imipenem with ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro model. Firsov, AA; Gilbert, D; Greer, K; Portnoy, YA; Zinner, SH, 2012)	0.38
"This study was designed to simulate standard and optimized dosing regimens for intravenous antibiotics against contemporary populations of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using MIC distribution data to determine which of the tested carbapenem regimens provided the greatest opportunity for obtaining maximal pharmacodynamic (PD) activity."	( Assessing the pharmacodynamic profile of intravenous antibiotics against prevalent Gram-negative organisms collected in Colombia. Briceno, DF; Furtado, GH; Nicolau, DP; Ruiz, SJ; Villegas, MV, )	0.13
"The objective of this structured review was to analyze critically the findings of pharmacokinetic studies of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with intra-abdominal disease; that is, intra-abdominal infection (IAI) or previous abdominal surgery and determine the requirements for dosage modification in this population."	( Pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with intra-abdominal disease: a structured review. Adnan, S; Kumar, S; Li, J; Lipman, J; Paterson, DL; Roberts, JA; Rudd, M, 2012)	0.38
" High inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability was common to each of the studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with intra-abdominal disease: a structured review. Adnan, S; Kumar, S; Li, J; Lipman, J; Paterson, DL; Roberts, JA; Rudd, M, 2012)	0.38
"To investigate intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration by doripenem and characterize doripenem pharmacokinetics in CSF using a pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics of doripenem in CSF of patients with non-inflamed meninges. Archontaki, H; Boutos, N; Charkoftaki, G; Dimaraki, E; Dokoumetzidis, A; Margetis, K; Markantonis, S; Nalda-Molina, R; Sakas, D; Skoutelis, A; Valsami, G; Vryonis, E, 2012)	0.38
" A two-stage pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to estimate: (i) empirical Bayesian estimates (EBEs) of individual doripenem plasma pharmacokinetic parameters, using plasma doripenem concentrations and literature population priors for a two-compartment model; and (ii) doripenem CSF pharmacokinetic parameters using simulated plasma concentrations from stage (i) as a forcing function."	( Pharmacokinetics of doripenem in CSF of patients with non-inflamed meninges. Archontaki, H; Boutos, N; Charkoftaki, G; Dimaraki, E; Dokoumetzidis, A; Margetis, K; Markantonis, S; Nalda-Molina, R; Sakas, D; Skoutelis, A; Valsami, G; Vryonis, E, 2012)	0.38
" A pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed to fit the experimental data."	( Modeling approach to characterize intraocular doripenem pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to rabbits, with tentative extrapolation to humans. Adier, C; Couet, W; Goldschmidt, P; Grégoire, N; Lamarche, I; Laroche, L; Marchand, S; Semoun, O, 2012)	0.38
"An in vitro dilutional pharmacokinetic model of infection was used to study the pharmacodynamics of doripenem in terms of the ability to kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii and also changes in their population profiles."	( Pharmacodynamics of the antibacterial effect of and emergence of resistance to doripenem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Bowker, KE; Elliott, H; Macgowan, AP; Noel, AR; Tomaselli, SG, 2012)	0.38
"To conduct a pharmacokinetic evaluation of 2 doses of doripenem in patients with febrile neutropenia and provide probability estimates of attaining effective drug exposure against common gram-negative pathogens."	( Pharmacokinetics and monte carlo simulations of doripenem in patients with febrile neutropenia. Farnum, C; Havlichek, DH; Kalra, A; Kulhanek, G; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Scharmen, A; Smith, CL; Stein, GE; Tran, M, 2012)	0.38
"The mean pharmacokinetic parameters in these patients were a volume of distribution of 43."	( Pharmacokinetics and monte carlo simulations of doripenem in patients with febrile neutropenia. Farnum, C; Havlichek, DH; Kalra, A; Kulhanek, G; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Scharmen, A; Smith, CL; Stein, GE; Tran, M, 2012)	0.38
" In this study, pharmacodynamic profiles of doripenem, imipenem and meropenem were evaluated against Gram-negative bacteria isolated from hospitalised patients."	( Pharmacodynamic profiling of doripenem, imipenem and meropenem against prevalent Gram-negative organisms in the Asia-Pacific region. Keel, RA; Kiratisin, P; Nicolau, DP, 2013)	0.39
" SM-295291 and SM-369926 showed intravenous pharmacokinetics similar to those of meropenem in terms of half-life in monkeys (0."	( Novel carbapenem antibiotics for parenteral and oral applications: in vitro and in vivo activities of 2-aryl carbapenems and their pharmacokinetics in laboratory animals. Eguchi, K; Eriguchi, Y; Fujimoto, K; Hatano, K; Kanazawa, K; Matsumoto, M; Nakai, T; Sato, K; Shimizudani, T; Sunagawa, M; Takemoto, K; Terashita, S; Ueda, Y, 2013)	0.6
"Serial blood samples were taken on day 2 or 3 of treatment and used for population pharmacokinetic analysis with nonlinear mixed effects modelling and Monte Carlo simulation."	( Optimal doripenem dosing simulations in critically ill nosocomial pneumonia patients with obesity, augmented renal clearance, and decreased bacterial susceptibility. Lipman, J; Roberts, JA, 2013)	0.39
" Administration by extended infusion negated much of the pharmacokinetic variability caused by different patient body weight and renal function and enabled achievement of concentrations associated with maximal bacterial killing."	( Optimal doripenem dosing simulations in critically ill nosocomial pneumonia patients with obesity, augmented renal clearance, and decreased bacterial susceptibility. Lipman, J; Roberts, JA, 2013)	0.39
" Although these assessments have traditionally incorporated variability in pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and MICs, consideration of interstrain pharmacodynamic (PD) variability has been neglected."	( Pharmacodynamic variability beyond that explained by MICs. Forrest, A; Ly, NS; Rao, G; Soon, RL; Tsuji, B; Wollenberg, L; Yang, K, 2013)	0.39
" Current pharmacokinetic data in critically ill patients receiving doripenem are limited."	( Pharmacokinetics of doripenem in infected patients treated within and outside the intensive care unit. Bhalodi, AA; Keel, RA; Kuti, JL; Lodise, TP; Nicolau, DP; Quintiliani, R, 2013)	0.39
" A pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of a 1-h intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of doripenem in elderly patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Chida, K; Harada, M; Inui, N; Matsuo, Y; Nakamura, Y; Suda, T; Wajima, T, 2013)	0.39
" baumannii using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of human-simulated exposures of ampicillin/sulbactam, doripenem and tigecycline alone and in combination against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Hagihara, M; Housman, ST; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2013)	0.39
"The goal of this study was to evaluate our current dosing strategy for cefepime and the formulary carbapenem (imipenem) compared with meropenem and doripenem to determine the best dosing strategy for achieving maximal pharmacodynamic activity against an institution-specific population of P aeruginosa isolates."	( When pharmacodynamics trump costs: an antimicrobial stewardship program's approach to selecting optimal antimicrobial agents. Goff, DA; Nicolau, DP, 2013)	0.39
"Antimicrobial stewardship programs should consider pharmacodynamic modeling to select the optimal dosing strategies to guide therapy in an era of escalating antimicrobial resistance."	( When pharmacodynamics trump costs: an antimicrobial stewardship program's approach to selecting optimal antimicrobial agents. Goff, DA; Nicolau, DP, 2013)	0.39
" This study aimed to determine the pharmacodynamic targets of carbapenems for Acinetobacter baumannii based on a range of percentages of the dosing interval in which free drug concentrations remained above the MIC (fT>MIC) in the neutropenic murine thigh infection model."	( Characterizing in vivo pharmacodynamics of carbapenems against Acinetobacter baumannii in a murine thigh infection model to support breakpoint determinations. Crandon, JL; Macvane, SH; Nicolau, DP, 2014)	0.91
"Antimicrobial pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are limited in obesity."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doripenem and meropenem in obese patients. Cheatham, SC; Chung, EK; Fleming, MR; Juenke, JM; Kays, MB, 2014)	0.4
" Differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by unpaired t test."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doripenem and meropenem in obese patients. Cheatham, SC; Chung, EK; Fleming, MR; Juenke, JM; Kays, MB, 2014)	0.4
" However, currently approved dosing regimens provide adequate pharmacodynamic exposures for susceptible bacteria in obese patients."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doripenem and meropenem in obese patients. Cheatham, SC; Chung, EK; Fleming, MR; Juenke, JM; Kays, MB, 2014)	0.4
" baumannii isolates were evaluated using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of polymyxin B and tigecycline alone and in combination against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Hagihara, M; Housman, ST; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2014)	0.4
"This was an observational pharmacokinetic study in 12 infected critically ill adult patients with AKI undergoing CVVHDF and receiving 500 mg of doripenem intravenously every 8 h as a 60 min infusion."	( Doripenem population pharmacokinetics and dosing requirements for critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration. Bulitta, JB; Dunlop, R; Hayashi, Y; Jarrett, P; Lassig-Smith, M; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; Roberts, NA; Starr, T; Stuart, J; Udy, AA; Wallis, SC, 2014)	0.4
"1 pharmacokinetic software was used to calculate non-compartment pharmacokinetics parameters."	( [Pharmacokinetics study of injected doripenemin healthy volunteers]. Liu, W; Miao, J; Qin, YP; Shu, SQ; Wang, Y; Zhang, L; Zheng, J, 2015)	0.42
"0 g doripenemin 60 min produced the following respective parameters: Cmax (11."	( [Pharmacokinetics study of injected doripenemin healthy volunteers]. Liu, W; Miao, J; Qin, YP; Shu, SQ; Wang, Y; Zhang, L; Zheng, J, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this paper was to predict the pharmacokinetics of doripenem in pediatrics from adult pharmacokinetic data and to investigate dosing regimens in pediatrics using Monte-Carlo pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) simulations prior to the initiation of pediatric clinical trials."	( Prediction of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Doripenem in Pediatric Patients. Ishibashi, T; Matsuo, Y; Shimamura, K; Wajima, T, 2015)	0.42
"4 μg · h/ml), longer elimination half-life (2."	( Open-Label Study To Evaluate the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Doripenem in Infants Less than 12 Weeks in Chronological Age. Allegaert, K; Bradley, JS; Castaneda-Ruiz, B; Cirillo, I; Cossey, V; Redman, R; Vaccaro, N, 2015)	0.42
" In this pharmacokinetic study, 12 critically ill adult patients with sepsis receiving 500 mg of doripenem every 8 h as a 1-hour infusion were enrolled."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Doripenem in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis in a Malaysian Intensive Care Unit. Abd Rahman, AN; Abdul-Aziz, MH; Lipman, J; Mat-Nor, MB; Roberts, JA; Staatz, CE; Sulaiman, H; Wallis, SC, 2016)	0.43
" Patient-specific data were used in conjunction with published population pharmacokinetic models to construct concentration-time profiles for each patient."	( Pharmacodynamics of carbapenems for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia: associations with clinical outcome and recurrence. Aubry, A; Chastre, J; Crandon, JL; Luyt, CE; Nicolau, DP, 2016)	0.76
" A dynamic in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model that can simulate the pharmacokinetic profiles of antibiotics provides a powerful tool to compare antibacterial responses to different clinical dosage regimens."	( Synergistic killing by meropenem and colistin combination of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Chinese patients in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Bian, X; Chen, Y; Li, Y; Liu, X; Shi, J; Zhang, J; Zhao, M, 2016)	0.43
"This study was a prospective, open-label, pharmacokinetic study in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) at Grady Health System."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Doripenem in Critically Ill Trauma Patients with Sepsis. Abraham, P; Chaar, M; Chester, K; Curzio, K; Huang, V; Lockwood, A; Lodise, TP; Morse, B; Pai, MP; Patka, J; Rabinovich, M; Rahbar, AJ; Salomone, J; Williams, B, 2016)	0.43
" Currently approved dosing regimens provide adequate pharmacodynamic exposures at 40% fT>MIC for susceptible bacteria in obese patients."	( Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Doripenem in Obese, Hospitalized Patients. Cheatham, SC; Chung, EK; Fleming, MR; Kays, MB, 2017)	0.46
"Doripenem (DRPM) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent often used as empirical therapy for critically ill patients, although there is a lack of studies validating the recommended dosage regimen for patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), based on pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) index."	( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis for Doripenem Regimens in Intensive Care Unit Patient. Goto, K; Ito, K; Itoh, H; Kaneko, T; Kurogi, S; Nonoshita, K; Ohchi, Y; Sato, Y; Suzuki, Y; Tanaka, R; Ueno, T; Yasuda, N, 2017)	0.46
" Individual colistin exposures were estimated from the developed population pharmacokinetic model and an optimized two-sample per patient sampling design."	( Population pharmacokinetics of colistin and the relation to survival in critically ill patients infected with colistin susceptible and carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Andini, R; Antoniadou, A; Bitterman, R; Brill, MJE; Carmeli, Y; Daikos, GL; Daitch, V; Dishon-Benattar, Y; Durante-Mangoni, E; Eliakim-Raz, N; Friberg, LE; Karlsson, MO; Kotsaki, A; Kristoffersson, AN; Leibovici, L; Lellouche, J; Mouton, JW; Nutman, A; Paul, M; Rognås, V; Skiada, A; Theuretzbacher, U, 2020)	0.56
"Out of 406 randomized patients, 349 contributed pharmacokinetic data."	( Population pharmacokinetics of colistin and the relation to survival in critically ill patients infected with colistin susceptible and carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Andini, R; Antoniadou, A; Bitterman, R; Brill, MJE; Carmeli, Y; Daikos, GL; Daitch, V; Dishon-Benattar, Y; Durante-Mangoni, E; Eliakim-Raz, N; Friberg, LE; Karlsson, MO; Kotsaki, A; Kristoffersson, AN; Leibovici, L; Lellouche, J; Mouton, JW; Nutman, A; Paul, M; Rognås, V; Skiada, A; Theuretzbacher, U, 2020)	0.56
"The population pharmacokinetic model predicted that >90% of the patients had colistin concentrations >2 mg/L at steady state, but only 66% at 4 hr after start of treatment."	( Population pharmacokinetics of colistin and the relation to survival in critically ill patients infected with colistin susceptible and carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Andini, R; Antoniadou, A; Bitterman, R; Brill, MJE; Carmeli, Y; Daikos, GL; Daitch, V; Dishon-Benattar, Y; Durante-Mangoni, E; Eliakim-Raz, N; Friberg, LE; Karlsson, MO; Kotsaki, A; Kristoffersson, AN; Leibovici, L; Lellouche, J; Mouton, JW; Nutman, A; Paul, M; Rognås, V; Skiada, A; Theuretzbacher, U, 2020)	0.56
"All relevant studies describing the management of INP, and human and animal pharmacokinetic (PK) data supporting antimicrobial use in the pancreas were reviewed for possible inclusion regardless of sample size or study design."	( Rethinking Carbapenems: A Pharmacokinetic Approach for Antimicrobial Selection in Infected Necrotizing Pancreatitis. Agrawal, D; Daley, MJ; Douglass, E; Maguire, C; Rose, DT, 2021)	1.01

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" coli and Klebsiella oxytoca were tested for their synergistic and cumulated killing effect (CKE) with the new penems FCE 22101 or FCE 25199 in combination with gentamicin."	( Synergy and cumulated killing effect of the penems FCE 22101 and FCE 25199 in combination with gentamicin against bacteria isolated from septicaemia. Bergholm, AM; Dornbusch, K, 1991)	0.28
"The kinetics of bacterial killing by meropenem alone and in combination with gentamicin (for Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and vancomycin (for Staphylococcus aureus) were studied for two strains of each species."	( The antibacterial activity of meropenem in combination with gentamicin or vancomycin. Andrews, JM; Ashby, JP; Wise, R, 1989)	0.28
" When combined with gentamicin or netilmicin a bactericidal and synergistic killing was observed within 1-8 h in all strains except Str."	( In-vitro activity of the new penems FCE 22101 and FCE 24362 alone or in combination with aminoglycosides against streptococci isolated from patients with endocarditis. Dornbusch, K; Henning, C; Lindén, E, 1989)	0.28
" The efficacy and safety of meropenem was compared with that of ceftazidime (alone or in combination with amikacin) in 153 patients with septicaemia who were enrolled into identical, prospective, randomised studies."	( Safety and efficacy of meropenem in patients with septicaemia: a randomised comparison with ceftazidime, alone or combined with amikacin. Sjursen, H; Solberg, CO, 1995)	0.29
" As a consequence of our new understanding of the influence of transport proteins on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of drugs, increasing attention has been focused on the potential for drug-drug interactions arising from interactions with drug transport proteins."	( Evaluation of drug interactions with P-glycoprotein in drug discovery: in vitro assessment of the potential for drug-drug interactions with P-glycoprotein. Hochman, JH; Lin, JH; Ohe, T; Yamazaki, M, 2002)	0.31
" In this study, we have clarified the mechanism of the drug-drug interaction using PAPM, MEPM, and doripenem [S-4661; (+)-(4R,5S,6S)-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-3-[[(3S,5S)-5-[(sulfamoylamino)methyl]-3-pyrrolidinyl]thio]-1-azabicyclo[3."	( Mechanism of the drug interaction between valproic acid and carbapenem antibiotics in monkeys and rats. Inagaki, H; Koike, M; Kominami, G; Mizobuchi, M; Nakajima, Y; Nakamura, M; Takagi, H; Yamaguchi, T, 2004)	0.32
"The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro activity of cefepime combined with sulbactam against carbapenem-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp."	( In vitro activity of cefepime combined with sulbactam against clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. Chai, D; Li, Z; Pei, F; Tong, W; Wang, R, 2006)	0.33
"The activities of tigecycline alone and in combination with other antimicrobials are not well defined for carbapenem-intermediate or -resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CIRA)."	( In vitro activities of various antimicrobials alone and in combination with tigecycline against carbapenem-intermediate or -resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Noskin, GA; Obias, A; Postelnick, MJ; Qi, C; Scheetz, MH; Warren, JR; Zembower, T, 2007)	0.34
" Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of imipenem and meropenem alone and combined with EDTA, time-kill curves, PAE and PLIE were performed as described previously."	( Postantibiotic and post-beta-lactamase inhibitor effect of carbapenems combined with EDTA against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing VIM-metallo beta-lactamases. Beader, N; Bedenić, B; Kalenić, S; Sviben, M; Vranes, J, 2008)	0.59
"The duration of PAE with meropenem combined with EDTA at 8 x MIC was longer against both VIM-1 and VIM-2 producer than that of imipenem with EDTA on VIM-1- and VIM-2-positive strains."	( Postantibiotic and post-beta-lactamase inhibitor effect of carbapenems combined with EDTA against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing VIM-metallo beta-lactamases. Beader, N; Bedenić, B; Kalenić, S; Sviben, M; Vranes, J, 2008)	0.59
"Bridged monobactam beta-lactamase inhibitors were prepared and evaluated as potential partners for combination with imipenem to overcome class C beta-lactamase mediated resistance."	( Side chain SAR of bicyclic beta-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs). 1. Discovery of a class C BLI for combination with imipinem. Blizzard, TA; Chen, H; Felcetto, T; Fitzgerald, P; Ha, S; Hairston, N; Hammond, ML; Hermes, J; Hickey, E; Kim, S; Lee, SH; Lu, J; Misura, A; Ogawa, A; Painter, RE; Park, YW; Raghoobar, S; Sharma, N; Wu, J; Young, K, 2010)	0.36
"Clinicians prescribing divalproex sodium (DVX) are well aware of its potential to cause a drug-drug interaction."	( Drug interaction between carbapenems and extended-release divalproex sodium in a patient with schizoaffective disorder. Candeloro, CL; Christopher, EJ; Muzyk, AJ, )	0.43
"Our case report is the first to document this drug-drug interaction in a patient diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type."	( Drug interaction between carbapenems and extended-release divalproex sodium in a patient with schizoaffective disorder. Candeloro, CL; Christopher, EJ; Muzyk, AJ, )	0.43
"ACHN-490 was tested alone and in combination with cefepime, doripenem, imipenem, or piperacillin-tazobactam in a synergy time-kill analysis against 25 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with different resistance phenotypes."	( Activity of ACHN-490 tested alone and in combination with other agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appelbaum, PC; Armstrong, ES; Kosowska-Shick, K; Kubo, A; Lin, G; Pankuch, GA, 2011)	0.37
" We evaluated in a murine model of tuberculosis the activity of carbapenems alone and combined with clavulanate against Mycobacterium tuberculosis."	( Activity of carbapenems combined with clavulanate against murine tuberculosis. Jarlier, V; Mainardi, JL; Truffot, C; Veziris, N, 2011)	0.99
" We evaluated the effects of four carbapenems given as monotherapies or in combination with amikacin on the level of gastrointestinal colonisation by Candida albicans in a previously established mouse model."	( Effects of carbapenems and their combination with amikacin on murine gut colonisation by Candida albicans. Dimopoulou, D; Galanakis, E; Kofteridis, DP; Maraki, S; Ntaoukakis, M; Samonis, G; Sarchianaki, E; Spathopoulou, T, 2013)	1.06
" This study summarizes 6 cases of drug-drug interactions between VPA and carbapenem antibiotics."	( Reduced valproic acid serum concentrations due to drug interactions with carbapenem antibiotics: overview of 6 cases. Cho, JY; Han, HK; Jang, IJ; Kim, TE; Lim, KS; Park, MK; Shin, KH; Shin, SG; Yi, SJ; Yu, KS, 2012)	0.38
"Biapenem is a carbapenem being developed in combination with RPX7009, a new inhibitor of serine β-lactamases."	( In vitro activity of Biapenem plus RPX7009, a carbapenem combined with a serine β-lactamase inhibitor, against anaerobic bacteria. Citron, DM; Goldstein, EJ; Merriam, CV; Tyrrell, KL, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of doripenem (DOR) alone and in combination with a variety of commonly used anti-Acinetobacter chemotherapeutic agents against 22 primary multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii isolates (including 17 isolates that were resistant to DOR) from Intensive Care Unit patients."	( In vitro activity of doripenem in combination with various antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: possible options for the treatment of complicated infection. Bordi, E; Capone, A; D'Arezzo, S; Di Caro, A; Mazzarelli, A; Petrosillo, N; Principe, L, 2013)	0.39
"We evaluated the antituberculosis (anti-TB) activity of five β-lactams alone or in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors against 41 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains."	( In vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates to an oral carbapenem alone or in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors. Doi, N; Horita, Y; Kazumi, Y; Maeda, S, 2014)	0.4
"Colistin, tigecycline, levofloxacin, tobramycin, and rifampin alone and in combination with doripenem were investigated for their in vitro activities and postantibiotic effects (PAEs) on Klebsiella pneumoniae."	( Effects of various antibiotics alone or in combination with doripenem against Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated in an intensive care unit. Mataraci-Kara, E; Ozbek Celik, B; Yilmaz, M, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of fosfomycin in combination with colistin against clinical CRPA isolates."	( In vitro activity of fosfomycin in combination with colistin against clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomas aeruginosa. Cai, Y; Di, X; Liang, B; Liu, B; Liu, Y; Ni, W; Wang, J; Wang, R; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
"Neither the administration of colistin alone nor colistin combined with either sulbactam or carbapenem had any noticeable advantage in the treatment of VAP in terms of clinical response, microbiological response, nephrotoxicity, length of hospitalization, and mortality."	( Colistin alone or combined with sulbactam or carbapenem against A. baumannii in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Acikgoz, ZC; Guner, R; Guven, T; Izdes, S; Kocak Tufan, Z; Tasyaran, MA; Yilmaz, GR, 2015)	0.42
"This study investigated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and in vitro activity of colistin in combination with tigecycline against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) using the E-test method."	( In vitro Activity of Colistin in Combination with Tigecycline against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Patients with Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Aydin, M; Ceylan, MR; Cikman, A; Gulhan, B; Karagoz, A; Karakecili, F; Parlak, M, 2015)	0.42
" The in vitro activity of colistin in combination with tigecycline was evaluated using the fractional inhibitor concentration (FIC) index."	( In vitro Activity of Colistin in Combination with Tigecycline against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Isolated from Patients with Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Aydin, M; Ceylan, MR; Cikman, A; Gulhan, B; Karagoz, A; Karakecili, F; Parlak, M, 2015)	0.42
"MIC90 of fosfomycin alone, fosfomycin in combination with carbapenem, carbapenems alone and carbapenems in combination with fosfomycin were >1,024, 1,024, >32 and 32μg/ml, for multidrug resistant (MDR)-PA and 512, 128, 8 and 3μg/ml respectively, for non-MDR PA."	( Optimizing intravenous fosfomycin dosing in combination with carbapenems for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in critically ill patients based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) simulation. Asuphon, O; Houngsaitong, J; Kiratisin, P; Montakantikul, P; Sonthisombat, P, 2016)	0.91
"Prolonged infusion of fosfomycin 16 - 24g combined with extended carbapenem infusion could be used in non-MDR PA treatment with CRPA."	( Optimizing intravenous fosfomycin dosing in combination with carbapenems for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in critically ill patients based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) simulation. Asuphon, O; Houngsaitong, J; Kiratisin, P; Montakantikul, P; Sonthisombat, P, 2016)	0.68
" Additionally, the effects of SecA inhibitors combined with carbapenems against CHDL-producing CRAb were examined."	( In vitro activity of SecA inhibitors in combination with carbapenems against carbapenem-hydrolysing class D β-lactamase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii. Chen, TL; Chiu, CH; Kuo, SC; Lee, YT; Lin, JC; Liu, YH; Wang, FD; Wang, YC, 2016)	0.92
" The combination with the lowest FIC index was subjected to a time-kill analysis to examine synergistic effects."	( In vitro activity of SecA inhibitors in combination with carbapenems against carbapenem-hydrolysing class D β-lactamase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii. Chen, TL; Chiu, CH; Kuo, SC; Lee, YT; Lin, JC; Liu, YH; Wang, FD; Wang, YC, 2016)	0.68
"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole alone and combined with colistin was tested in vitro against six carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) clinical strains."	( In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Alone and in Combination with Colistin against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates. Kraniotaki, E; Nepka, M; Perivolioti, E; Politi, L; Pournaras, S; Tsakris, A, 2016)	0.43
" Imipenem, meropenem and doripenem were significantly more effective (reduced fold-change of MICs) when combined with rifampicin in bla VIM-negative isolates, especially in isolates with porin frameshift mutation."	( In vitro antibacterial activity of rifampicin in combination with imipenem, meropenem and doripenem against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hu, YF; Liu, CP; Shih, SC; Wang, NY, 2016)	0.43
"Human in vitro and dog in vitro/in vivo researches indicate that the drug-drug interaction (DDI) of decreased plasma valproic acid (VPA) concentration by co-administration of carbapenem antibiotics is caused by inhibition of acylpeptide hydrolase (APEH)-mediated VPA acylglucuronide (VPA-G) hydrolysis by carbapenems."	( Observation of Clinically Relevant Drug Interaction in Chimeric Mice with Humanized Livers: The Case of Valproic Acid and Carbapenem Antibiotics. Chiba, K; Goda, R; Koyama, K; Kuga, H; Nakai, D; Suzuki, E, 2017)	0.63
"Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates (n=23) were investigated for carbapenem resistance mechanisms and in vitro activities of carbapenems in combination with amikacin, colistin, or fosfomycin."	( In vitro activities of carbapenems in combination with amikacin, colistin, or fosfomycin against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. Chatsuwan, T; Singkham-In, U, 2018)	0.99
"Ceftazidime-avibactam is used clinically in combination with a polymyxin for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections; however, there are limited data to support this practice."	( Activity of ceftazidime-avibactam alone and in combination with polymyxin B against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tandem in vitro time-kill/in vivo Galleria mellonella survival model analysis. Borjan, J; Meyer, KA; Shields, RK; Wenzler, E, 2020)	0.56
" SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Drug combination is an effective approach for the treatment of resistant bacterial infection."	( In vitro interactions of ambroxol hydrochloride or amlodipine in combination with antibacterial agents against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Li, X; Lu, C; Sun, S; Wang, D; Wang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of CAZ-AVI alone and in combination with fosfomycin and carbapenems against KPC-Kp clinical isolates by E-test method."	( In Vitro Activity of Ceftazidime/Avibactam Alone and in Combination With Fosfomycin and Carbapenems Against KPC-producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Carone, G; Dalfino, L; De Robertis, A; Del Prete, R; Mosca, A; Romanelli, F; Stufano, M, 2020)	0.99
"To evaluate the activity of carbapenems alone or combined with DMSA against MBL-producing Escherichia coli in a severe murine peritonitis model."	( Dimercaptosuccinic acid in combination with carbapenems against isogenic strains of Escherichia coli producing or not producing a metallo-β-lactamase in vitro and in murine peritonitis. Chau, F; Cheminet, G; de Lastours, V; Fantin, B; Massias, L; Nordmann, P; Peoc'h, K; Poirel, L, 2020)	1.11
" MIC determinations and time-kill assays were performed for imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem alone or in combination with DMSA."	( Dimercaptosuccinic acid in combination with carbapenems against isogenic strains of Escherichia coli producing or not producing a metallo-β-lactamase in vitro and in murine peritonitis. Chau, F; Cheminet, G; de Lastours, V; Fantin, B; Massias, L; Nordmann, P; Peoc'h, K; Poirel, L, 2020)	0.82
"DMSA in combination with each carbapenem caused a significant decrease in the MICs for all MBL-producing strains, in a concentration-dependent manner, but did not provide benefit against non-MBL strains."	( Dimercaptosuccinic acid in combination with carbapenems against isogenic strains of Escherichia coli producing or not producing a metallo-β-lactamase in vitro and in murine peritonitis. Chau, F; Cheminet, G; de Lastours, V; Fantin, B; Massias, L; Nordmann, P; Peoc'h, K; Poirel, L, 2020)	0.82
" Timely surgical intervention combined with antibiotic treatment is essential, and the primary disease must be treated to control disease progression at the earliest."	( Surgery combined with antibiotics for the treatment of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by liver abscess. Di, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Resistant isolates were tested against 16 conventional antibiotics alone and in combination with colistin."	( Synergistic antibacterial effects of colistin in combination with aminoglycoside, carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, fosfomycin, and piperacillin on multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Chusri, S; Ontong, JC; Ozioma, NF; Voravuthikunchai, SP, 2021)	0.85
" Chequerboard tests and time-kill assays were performed for 20 CR-KP isolates to evaluate in vitro synergistic effects of tigecycline combined with aminoglycosides."	( In vitro and in vivo synergistic effects of tigecycline combined with aminoglycosides on carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Cui, J; Gao, Z; Guan, J; Liu, Y; Ni, W; Xi, W; Xu, Y; Yang, D; Zhao, L; Zhou, D, 2021)	0.62
"Compared with single drugs, tigecycline combined with aminoglycosides could exert synergistic effects and reduce the emergence of tigecycline resistance."	( In vitro and in vivo synergistic effects of tigecycline combined with aminoglycosides on carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Cui, J; Gao, Z; Guan, J; Liu, Y; Ni, W; Xi, W; Xu, Y; Yang, D; Zhao, L; Zhou, D, 2021)	0.62
" However, the synergistic effects of tigecycline in combination with other antibiotics including colistin or amikacin remain unclear."	( In Vitro Activities of Tigecycline in Combination with Amikacin or Colistin Against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Feng, H; He, L; Wu, H; Xu, P; Zhang, H, 2021)	0.62
"To investigate the antibacterial activity of the novel β-lactamase inhibitor BLI-489 combined with imipenem or meropenem against diverse carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) in vivo and in vitro."	( Synergistic effect of the novel β-lactamase inhibitor BLI-489 combined with imipenem or meropenem against diverse carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. Liu, Q; Shi, S; Xu, M; Yao, Z; Ye, J; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, B; Zhou, C; Zhou, T, 2022)	0.72
"Twenty-five CRE strains, including Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 10), Escherichia coli (n = 6) and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 9), were used in chequerboard assays to evaluate the synergistic effect of BLI-489 combined with imipenem or meropenem."	( Synergistic effect of the novel β-lactamase inhibitor BLI-489 combined with imipenem or meropenem against diverse carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. Liu, Q; Shi, S; Xu, M; Yao, Z; Ye, J; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, B; Zhou, C; Zhou, T, 2022)	0.72
"The novel β-lactamase inhibitor BLI-489 possesses a synergistic effect against diverse carbapenemase-producing CRE combined with imipenem or meropenem."	( Synergistic effect of the novel β-lactamase inhibitor BLI-489 combined with imipenem or meropenem against diverse carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. Liu, Q; Shi, S; Xu, M; Yao, Z; Ye, J; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, B; Zhou, C; Zhou, T, 2022)	0.72
"The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro activity of imipenem-relebactam alone and in combination with fosfomycin against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens."	( In vitro activity of imipenem-relebactam alone and in combination with fosfomycin against carbapenem-resistant gram-negative pathogens. Chen, L; Chen, T; Fang, R; Liao, W; Xu, C; Zhang, S; Zhou, C; Zhou, T, 2022)	0.72
"This study aimed to investigate the synergistic activity of eravacycline combined with other antimicrobial agents against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii collected from China."	( Synergism of eravacycline combined with other antimicrobial agents against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Cui, L; Li, Y; Wang, Q; Xue, F; Zheng, B, 2022)	0.72
" Imipenem, ceftazidime, cefoperazone-sulbactam, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and polymyxin B were selected to investigate their efficacy in combination with eravacycline against 60 carbapenem-resistant strains."	( Synergism of eravacycline combined with other antimicrobial agents against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Cui, L; Li, Y; Wang, Q; Xue, F; Zheng, B, 2022)	0.72
"Eravacycline combined with β-lactams or polymyxin B can lead to synergistic effects against clinically common carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria."	( Synergism of eravacycline combined with other antimicrobial agents against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Cui, L; Li, Y; Wang, Q; Xue, F; Zheng, B, 2022)	0.72
" This study demonstrated for the first time that fosfomycin (FOS) combined with rifampin (RIF) showed strong synergistic effects against CRPA and carbapenem-susceptible PA, with 100% synergistic rates."	( Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of fosfomycin combined with rifampin against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Li, M; Liu, Y; Ma, W; Sun, L; Sun, S; Wu, J; Zhao, W, 2022)	0.72
" CAS combined with PMB also significantly reduced the mixed biofilm biomass and fungal and bacterial viability mainly against carbapenem-resistant bacterium."	( Caspofungin alone or combined with polymyxin B are effective against mixed biofilm of Aspergillus fumigatus and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. de Azevedo Melo, AS; Fortes, BN; Ishida, K; Scheunemann, G, )	0.13
"Reducing the time of invasive catheter placement and mechanical ventilation in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), antimicrobial treatment, combined with tigecycline and sulbactam, might help reduce the mortality rate in patients with severe MDR-AB hospital-acquired pneumonia."	( Sulbactam combined with tigecycline improves outcomes in patients with severe multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia. Chen, L; Deng, Y; Huang, X; Yang, Y; Yu, H; Yue, M, 2022)	0.72
" In this study, we analyzed the in vitro activity of those novel antibacterial agents alone or in combination with polymyxin B against the CR-A."	( In vitro activity of ceftazidime/avibactam, imipenem/relebactam and meropenem/vaborbactam alone or in combination with polymyxin B against carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Gu, Y; Hu, D; Hu, M; Liang, R; Wang, D; Wang, M; Zhu, M, 2023)	0.91
" The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with CR-GNB infections treated with ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ/AVI) combined with colistin from October 2019 to February 2023 in China."	( Ceftazidime/avibactam combined with colistin: a novel attempt to treat carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection. Gong, F; Liu, J; Lu, L; Shao, Z; Shi, K; Tang, S; Zheng, Z, 2023)	0.91
"Thirty-one patients were treated with CAZ/AVI combined with colistin."	( Ceftazidime/avibactam combined with colistin: a novel attempt to treat carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection. Gong, F; Liu, J; Lu, L; Shao, Z; Shi, K; Tang, S; Zheng, Z, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"min/L giving an absolute bioavailability for FCE 22101 of 32%."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of FCE 22101 following its administration as the oral pro-drug FCE 22891. Lewis, DA; Lovering, AM; MacGowan, AP; Reeves, DS, 1992)	0.28
" Other studies were conducted to examine the effect of food intake on the bioavailability of CS-834 and also the effect of the coadministration of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of CS-834."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of CS-834, a new oral carbapenem antibiotic, in healthy volunteers. Hisaoka, M; Ikeda, Y; Kondo, K; Naganuma, H; Nakashima, M; Nishino, H; Tajima, M; Umemura, K, 1997)	0.3
" The same volunteers received the drug at a dose of 100 mg in the fasted and fed states to examine the effect of food intake on the bioavailability of DZ-2640."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of ascending single doses of DZ-2640, a new oral carbapenem antibiotic, administered to healthy Japanese subjects. Hakusui, H; Ito, Y; Kato, K; Kawamoto, K; Murakami, Y; Sato, K; Tanaka, M, 2000)	0.31
"An orally bioavailable carbapenem CS-834, which is a pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) ester-type prodrug and has (R)-5-oxopyrrolidin-3-ylthio moiety at the C-2 position of the 1 beta-methylcarbapenem skeleton, is currently under clinical trial."	( A short-step synthesis of orally active carbapenem antibiotic CS-834. Mori, M; Oida, S, 2000)	0.31
" After oral administration in rats of the pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug MEN 11505, the relative bioavailability of MEN 10700 was calculated as F=43%."	( Synthesis and biological activity of the penem antibiotic MEN 10700 and its orally absorbed ester MEN 11505. Altamura, M; Arcamone, FM; Crea, A; Maggi, CA; Manzini, S; Perrotta, E; Poma, D; Salimbeni, A; Triolo, A, 2000)	0.31
" In combination with once daily dosing and nearly complete bioavailability of some newer agents, the better risk to benefit ratios have led to empiric antibiotic use in many situations even when bacterial infections are not likely."	( Separating fact from fiction: the data behind allergies and side effects caused by penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenem antibiotics. Leviton, I, 2003)	0.32
"An orally active carbapenem L-084, which exhibits high bioavailability in humans, has a 1-(1,3-thiazolin-2-yl)azetidin-3-ylthio moiety at the C-2 position of the 1beta-methylcarbapenem skeleton."	( A practical and facile synthesis of azetidine derivatives for oral carbapenem, L-084. Isoda, T; Kumagai, T; Nagao, Y; Tamai, S; Yamamura, I, 2006)	0.33
" Tebipenem is the active form of tebipenem pivoxil, a novel oral carbapenem antibiotic that has a high level of bioavailability in humans, in addition to the above-mentioned features."	( Crystal structures of biapenem and tebipenem complexed with penicillin-binding proteins 2X and 1A from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Baba, N; Gomi, S; Ohsawa, F; Takeuchi, Y; Watanabe, T; Yamada, M, 2008)	0.35
" In conclusion, the absorption rate of TBPM-PI was reduced in the non-fasting state after the administration of TBPM-PI fine granules, but intake of food had little influence on the absorption amount of TBPM."	( [Effect of diet on the pharmacokinetics of tebipenem pivoxil fine granules in healthy male volunteers]. Aizawa, K; Morita, J; Nakashima, M; Takata, T, 2009)	0.35
"These results suggest that the morpholinoethyl esters of LK-157 and sanfetrinem could be further investigated to assess bioavailability in vivo."	( Permeability of a novel beta-lactamase inhibitor LK-157 and its ester prodrugs across rat jejunum in vitro. Iglicar, P; Legen, I; Prezelj, A; Selic, L; Vilfan, G, 2009)	0.35
" (1) In mouse, rat, dog and monkey, TBPM-PI were absorbed quickly, and the bioavailability was (71."	( [Pharmacokinetics of tebipenem pivoxil, a novel oral carbapenem antibiotic, in experimental animals]. Aoki, M; Hayashi, H; Kato, K; Kijima, K; Kurosawa, T; Morita, J; Shibasaki, S; Suzuki, K, 2009)	0.35
" This agent is a prodrug to improve intestinal absorption of TBPM, an active form, and an absorption rate of TBPM-PI is higher than those of other prodrug-type β-lactam antibiotics."	( Intestinal absorption mechanism of tebipenem pivoxil, a novel oral carbapenem: involvement of human OATP family in apical membrane transport. Iguchi, M; Kato, K; Kikuchi, A; Kuraoka, E; Kurosawa, T; Shibasaki, S; Shirasaka, Y; Suzuki, H; Tamai, I, 2010)	0.36
" New forms including crystalline forms with high oral bioavailability and modified spectrum including methicillin-resistant Staphylococci are some of new patents described in this review."	( Role and impact of carbapenem in nosocomial infections. Goulenok, TM; Majed, K; Monchi, M, 2011)	0.37
" Compounds 4 and 8 were well absorbed after oral administration to rats and beagles (bioavailability 18."	( Novel prodrugs of meropenem with two lipophilic promoieties: synthesis and pharmacokinetics. Kakeya, N; Kasai, M; Kunishiro, K; Matsui, H; Shirahase, H; Tanaka, S, 2011)	0.37
" SM-368589 and SM-375769, which are medoxomil esters of SM-295291 and SM-369926, respectively, showed good oral bioavailability in rats, dogs, and monkeys (4."	( Novel carbapenem antibiotics for parenteral and oral applications: in vitro and in vivo activities of 2-aryl carbapenems and their pharmacokinetics in laboratory animals. Eguchi, K; Eriguchi, Y; Fujimoto, K; Hatano, K; Kanazawa, K; Matsumoto, M; Nakai, T; Sato, K; Shimizudani, T; Sunagawa, M; Takemoto, K; Terashita, S; Ueda, Y, 2013)	0.6
" SPR994 is a novel formulation of the orally bioavailable pivoxil prodrug of SPR859 (tebipenem) and is being developed as the first oral carbapenem for treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) in adults."	( Characterization of SPR994, an Orally Available Carbapenem, with Activity Comparable to Intravenously Administered Carbapenems. Jain, A; Pucci, MJ; Rubio, A, 2018)	0.69
"Survival of the Acinetobacter baumannii inside host requires different micronutrients such as iron, but their bioavailability is limited because of nutritional immunity created by host."	( Proteomic analysis of iron-regulated membrane proteins identify FhuE receptor as a target to inhibit siderophore-mediated iron acquisition in Acinetobacter baumannii. Rajeswari, MR; Tiwari, M; Tiwari, V, 2019)	0.51
"Tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide is a novel orally bioavailable prodrug of tebipenem, a carbapenem antimicrobial, that binds to penicillin-binding proteins, inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall."	( Tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide-No PICC, no problem! Cho, JC; Clark, M; Kronsberg, KA; Sodhi, V, 2021)	0.62
" Tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide is an orally bioavailable carbapenem with activity against uropathogenic Enterobacterales, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains."	( Oral Tebipenem Pivoxil Hydrobromide in Complicated Urinary Tract Infection. Critchley, IA; Dane, A; Eckburg, PB; Jain, A; Keutzer, T; Kwak, H; Melnick, D; Moore, G; Muir, L; Phelan, AM; Talley, AK; Walpole, S, 2022)	0.72
" Prodrugs of carbapenem with increased bioavailability include temopenem, tebipenem, sanfetrinem, LK-157, and CP 5484."	( Carbapenem Antibiotics: Recent Update on Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities. Banik, BK; Kumar, M; Sahoo, BM; Tiwari, A; Tiwari, V; Verma, N, 2023)	0.91
"Tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide is an orally bioavailable carbapenem prodrug of the active agent tebipenem with broad-spectrum activity against drug-resistant Enterobacterales."	( Relative bioavailability of crushed tebipenem administered through a nasogastric tube with and without enteral feeding. Asempa, TE; Fouad, A; Nicolau, DP; Quintiliani, R, 2022)	0.72
"Tebipenem is an orally bioavailable carbapenem in development for the treatment of patients with complicated urinary tract infections."	( Evaluation of Oral Tebipenem as a Step-Down Therapy following Intravenous Ertapenem against Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in a Hollow-Fiber Ambrose, PG; Bhavnani, SM; Conde, H; Cotroneo, N; Friedrich, LV; Jones, S; VanScoy, BD, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Agents with longer half lives allowing twice daily dosing (cefmetazole and cefotetan) were as effective and less expensive than multiple doses of short-acting agents."	( Adjunctive antimicrobials in surgery of soft tissue infections: evaluation of cephalosporins and carbapenems. Hopkins, JA; Lami, JL; Wilson, SE, 1991)	0.5
"Rapid, stability-indicating, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the direct and simultaneous determination of a new beta-lactam molecule and its salt-forming agent in finished dosage forms was studied for the development of injectable formulations."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous assay of a new synthetic penem molecule and its salt-forming agent in injectable formulations. Busnelli, V; Farina, M; Finetti, G, 1990)	0.28
" Diarrhoea occurred in rabbits and monkeys dosed with imipenem or meropenem."	( Safety evaluation of meropenem in animals: studies on the kidney. Goonetilleke, UR; Jones, DV; Murgatroyd, LB; Topham, JC; Wright, J, 1989)	0.28
"9% following oral and intravenous dosing respectively."	( The pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of FCE 22101 following intravenous and oral administration. Andrews, JM; Ashby, JP; Wallbridge, D; Webberley, JM; Wise, R, 1988)	0.27
" It can be seen both in untreated controls and dosed animals."	( Urinary bladder hyperplasia in the rat: non-specific pathogenetic considerations using a beta-lactam antibiotic. Brughera, M; Dayan, AD; Iatropoulos, MJ; Mazue, G; Newman, AJ; Scampini, G, 1994)	0.29
" These factors, combined with the human plasma, tissue or urinary concentrations of meropenem which exceed modal MICs for the pathogens isolated in clinical trials for most or all of the recommended 8 h dosing interval, predict that meropenem should be efficacious in the treatment of infections at many body sites."	( Meropenem: a microbiological overview. Edwards, JR, 1995)	0.29
" In bacterial meningitis, the meropenem dosage in adults was 2 g 8 hourly and 40 mg/kg 8 hourly in children."	( Safety profile of meropenem: international clinical experience based on the first 3125 patients treated with meropenem. Faulkner, KL; Lesky, W; Newell, PA; Norrby, SR, 1995)	0.29
" For both doses, administration over 5 rather than 30 min doubled the plasma concentrations observed at the end of the dosing period."	( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of meropenem after administration by intravenous injection over 5 min and intravenous infusion over 30 min. Haworth, SJ; Hutchison, M; Kelly, HC, 1995)	0.29
" A higher dosage of 40 mg/kg or 2 g in adults given tds would be recommended for meningitis based on the penetration of meropenem into CSF."	( A compilation of meropenem tissue distribution data. Faulkner, KL; Haworth, SJ; Hutchison, M; Nadler, H; Pitkin, DH; Sheikh, W; Turner, PJ, 1995)	0.29
" The findings in the younger, lighter patients, if generally applicable, might have significance for the dosage recommendations for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices."	( The pharmacokinetics of meropenem in infants and children: a population analysis. Blumer, JL; Hutchison, M; Parker, EM, 1995)	0.29
" If the manufacturer's dosage recommendations are followed, the risk of seizures in patients receiving this combination is minimal."	( Neurotoxicity of carbapenem antibacterials. Norrby, SR, 1996)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetics of ritipenem acoxil, the oral prodrug of the antibiotic ritipenem, were studied in volunteers after single and repeated dosing (500 mg, three times daily for 10 days)."	( A study of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of ritipenem acoxil in healthy volunteers following multiple oral dosing. Carra, L; Frigerio, E; Poggesi, I; Rimoldi, R; Sassella, D; Spinelli, R; Strolin Benedetti, M, 1997)	0.3
" To investigate the possibility that CS-834 may be the first carbapenem usable in an oral dosage form, its in vitro antibacterial activity (as R-95867) and in vivo antibacterial activity were compared with those of cefpodoxime proxetil, cefditoren pivoxil, cefdinir, ofloxacin, imipenem, and amoxicillin."	( In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of CS-834, a new oral carbapenem. Domon, H; Furuya, N; Ishii, K; Matsumoto, T; Miyazaki, S; Ohno, A; Tateda, K; Yamaguchi, K, 1998)	0.3
" For drugs such as the aminoglycosides included here, recent information has provided us with updated dosage guidelines."	( Antibacterial drug therapy. Focus on new drugs. Papich, MG, 1998)	0.3
" Cost-avoidance with meropenem is, therefore, mainly the result of less frequent dosing and the ability to administer meropenem by rapid intravenous injection."	( Formulary review of the carbapenems: comparison of imipenem/cilastatin and meropenem. Ambrose, PG; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R; Richerson, MA, 1998)	0.61
" However, the magnitude of those changes does not necessitate dosage adjustment in elderly patients with normal renal function for their age."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of a new parenteral carbapenem antibiotic, biapenem (L-627), in elderly subjects. Kanamaru, M; Kozawa, O; Matsumoto, S; Matsuno, H; Minamoto, M; Nagashima, S; Niida, Y; Niwa, M; Takiguchi, Y; Uematsu, T; Yokokawa, M, 1998)	0.3
" While T > MIC has a role in determining outcomes, the proportion of the dosing interval for which serum drug concentrations should exceed the pathogen MIC is less than for other beta-lactams."	( Continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics. Bowker, KE; MacGowan, AP, 1998)	0.3
" In the mouse pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) convulsive model, intravenous pretreatment with cefazolin (800 mg/kg) or imipenem (200 mg/kg) shifted the dose-response curve of PTZ (i."	( Low convulsive activity of a new carbapenem antibiotic, DK-35C, as compared with existing congeners. Cho, JH; Jin, C; Jung, I; Kim, DH; Kim, M; Ku, HJ; Oh, CH; Yook, J, 1999)	0.3
" Cefepime's twice-daily dosage and increased activity against Enterobacteriaceae may offer some advantages over older cephalosporins."	( Cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Asbel, LE; Levison, ME, 2000)	0.65
" Pharmacodynamic studies have shown that the major surrogate parameter for antimicrobial efficacy is the percentage of time of the dosage interval above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of the carbapenems: clinical implications. Horrevorts, AM; Mouton, JW; Touzw, DJ; Vinks, AA, 2000)	0.58
"A new, simple, precise and rapid high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of meropenem in human serum, urine and pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( A rapid, sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of meropenem in pharmaceutical dosage form, human serum and urine. Aboul-Enein, HY; Küçükgüzel, I; Ozkan, SA; Ozkan, Y, 2001)	0.31
" In combination with once daily dosing and nearly complete bioavailability of some newer agents, the better risk to benefit ratios have led to empiric antibiotic use in many situations even when bacterial infections are not likely."	( Separating fact from fiction: the data behind allergies and side effects caused by penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenem antibiotics. Leviton, I, 2003)	0.32
" Today, the beta-lactam antibiotics, particularly penicillins and cephalosporins, represent the world's major biotechnology products with worldwide dosage form sales of approximately 15 billion US dollars or approximately 65% of the total world market for antibiotics."	( Industrial production of beta-lactam antibiotics. Elander, RP, 2003)	0.32
" Doripenem has also completed two phase I studies in healthy volunteers with a number of different dosing regimens."	( Doripenem: S 4661. , 2003)	0.32
" As in young adults, ertapenem did not accumulate upon multiple dosing in the elderly."	( Pharmacokinetics of total and unbound ertapenem in healthy elderly subjects. Birk, K; Deutsch, P; Holland, S; Majumdar, A; Mistry, G; Muckow, J; Musson, DG; Rogers, JD; Sciberras, D; Xi, L, 2004)	0.32
" Few hospitals had systems for recommending changes in antimicrobial selection on the basis of susceptibility test results (27%) or for monitoring physician compliance with dosage recommendations by pharmacists (21%)."	( Pharmacist involvement in antimicrobial use at rural community hospitals in four Western states. Barbera, J; Gerberding, JL; Hannah, E; Houck, P; Moore, JW; Samore, M; Stevenson, KB, 2004)	0.32
" While structurally a carbapenem, the overall molecular structure of ertapenem has been modified to focus its antibacterial spectrum on important community-acquired aerobic and anaerobic pathogens, and to increase its plasma half-life, permitting once-a-day dosing for this parenteral antibiotic."	( Ertapenem: a Group 1 carbapenem with distinct antibacterial and pharmacological properties. Hammond, ML, 2004)	0.32
" In vivo hydrolysis of VPA-G was clearly shown by the existence of VPA in plasma after dosing of VPA-G to rats, and its inhibition by carbapenems was also clearly shown by the negligible levels of VPA in rat plasma after coadministration of carbapenems and VPA-G."	( Mechanism of the drug interaction between valproic acid and carbapenem antibiotics in monkeys and rats. Inagaki, H; Koike, M; Kominami, G; Mizobuchi, M; Nakajima, Y; Nakamura, M; Takagi, H; Yamaguchi, T, 2004)	0.53
" Consideration of pharmacodynamic principles in dosage regimens for these agents can maximize their antibacterial effectiveness and reduce the number of bacterial strains that survive to mutate or continue infection."	( Optimizing antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: dosage strategies for meropenem. Drusano, GL; Kuti, JL; Mattoes, HM; Nicolau, DP, 2004)	0.32
"The objectives of this review were to highlight examples of the application of pharmacodynamics to the carbapenems (particularly meropenem) and to comment on clinical utility of these dosage regimens."	( Optimizing antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: dosage strategies for meropenem. Drusano, GL; Kuti, JL; Mattoes, HM; Nicolau, DP, 2004)	0.54
" All studies demonstrating the pharmacodynamics of the carbapenems by incorporating changes in dosage strategies were included."	( Optimizing antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: dosage strategies for meropenem. Drusano, GL; Kuti, JL; Mattoes, HM; Nicolau, DP, 2004)	0.57
" The dosage scheme for meropenem may be modified to maximize the percentage of the dosage interval that drug concentrations remain above the minimum inhibitory concentration, an important parameter related to the bacterial kill rate."	( Optimizing antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: dosage strategies for meropenem. Drusano, GL; Kuti, JL; Mattoes, HM; Nicolau, DP, 2004)	0.32
"When proper pharmacodynamic principles are applied to dosage strategies for meropenem, clinical and microbiological outcomes can be optimized."	( Optimizing antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: dosage strategies for meropenem. Drusano, GL; Kuti, JL; Mattoes, HM; Nicolau, DP, 2004)	0.32
" Since, following a 1 g intravenous dose the free ertapenem concentration in the serum falls below 4 mg/L--corresponding to the lower of two MIC(50) estimates--within 4 h (17% of the dosage interval) selectivity in vivo should be minimized."	( Selectivity of ertapenem for Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants cross-resistant to other carbapenems. Livermore, DM; Mushtaq, S; Warner, M, 2005)	0.55
" Compared with vancomycin, ME1036 reduced the bacterial counts in the vegetations at a lower dosage or over a shorter period of administration when it was used for the treatment of MRSA endocarditis."	( Therapeutic effect of ME1036 on endocarditis experimentally induced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Hirai, Y; Kijima, K; Kurazono, M; Nagura, J; Shitara, E; Sugano, T; Takahata, S; Takayama, Y; Tanaka, Y; Yamada, K; Yonezawa, M, 2005)	0.33
"Monte Carlo simulation was employed for this comparative study to determine the optimal Carbapenem and its dosing strategy to cure the infections by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to consider how the difference of each Carbapenems in dosing regimens and antibiotic activity influenced to maximize % T > MIC."	( [The proper use of carbapenem examined by Monte Carlo simulation]. Mikamo, H; Totsuka, K, 2005)	0.51
" Each prescription was unfolded in the following steps: indication for antimicrobial therapy; adequacy of initial prescription, dosage and route; previous cultures; and parenteral-oral transition."	( Critical steps in fluoroquinolones and carbapenems prescriptions: results from a prospective clinical audit. Casali, FC; Dos Santos, RP; Grings, AO; Guzatto, F; Jacoby, T; Konkewicz, LR; Kuchenbecker, Rde S; Küplich, NM; Machado, AR; Morais, VD; Pires, MR; Ribeiro, RA; Schroeder, G; Seligman, BG, 2007)	0.61
"Using the Monte Carlo simulation method, the influence of various doses and dosing frequencies of carbapenems on the antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are the main causative organisms of respiratory infections, was studied with the aim of identifying optimized effectiveness."	( Evaluation of dosing designs of carbapenems for severe respiratory infection using Monte Carlo simulation. Fujimura, S; Fuse, K; Gomi, K; Kikuchi, T; Nukiwa, T; Watanabe, A, 2007)	0.84
" These results suggest that our simple and rapid HPLC method for the determination of the serum concentrations of carbapenems is useful for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD)-based determination of carbapenem dosage regimens."	( Simple and rapid determination of serum carbapenem concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hori, S; Kizu, J; Kurihara, Y, 2008)	0.56
" While the search for new antibiotic options continues, there is urgent need to employ strategies that will slow the development of resistance to the current armamentarium, such as avoiding prolonged antibiotic use or under-dosing, using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles to choose dosing regimens, and encouraging early and aggressive empirical therapy, followed by de-escalation and narrowing the antimicrobial spectrum when culture results become available."	( Emerging gram-negative antibiotic resistance: daunting challenges, declining sensitivities, and dire consequences. Siegel, RE, 2008)	0.35
"Recently, PK/PD (pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics) analysis for the antimicrobial dosage method became one of the popular categories in chemotherapy and infectious disease societies world wide."	( [Analysis on the effective dosage regimens for meropenem, biapenem and doripenem against P. aeruginosa infection based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics theory]. Kobayashi, Y; Sumitani, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Dosing regimens in mice were designed to approximate the free time above MIC (fT>MIC) observed with 500 mg doripenem every 8 h given as either a 1-h or 4-h intravenous infusion in humans."	( In vivo pharmacodynamic profiling of doripenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by simulating human exposures. Banevicius, MA; Kim, A; Nicolau, DP, 2008)	0.35
"4 and (ii) sigmoidal dose-response curves with cloxacillin (0."	( Restoration of susceptibility of intracellular methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to beta-lactams: comparison of strains, cells, and antibiotics. Appelbaum, PC; Glupczynski, Y; Lemaire, S; Olivier, A; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2008)	0.35
"In empirical antibacterial therapy, regional surveillance is expected to yield important information for the determination of the class and dosage regimen of antibacterial agents to be used when dealing with infections with organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in which strains resistant to antibacterial agents have been increasing."	( Susceptibility of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Northern Kyushu district of Japan to carbapenem antibiotics, determined by an integrated concentration method: evaluation of the method based on Monte Carlo simulation. Aoki, Y; Kusaba, K; Nagasawa, Z, 2008)	0.35
" These results should help to achieve a better understanding of the peritoneal pharmacodynamics of doripenem while also helping to rationalize and optimize the dosing regimen for intra-abdominal infections."	( Pharmacodynamic assessment of doripenem in peritoneal fluid against Gram-negative organisms: use of population pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation. Ikawa, K; Ikeda, K; Morikawa, N; Ohge, H; Sueda, T, 2008)	0.35
" The breakpoints for the minimum and maximum approved dosages of each drug were identical for imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem, and some of these values varied with dosing interval and infusion time."	( Development of breakpoints of carbapenems for intraabdominal infections based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in peritoneal fluid. Ikawa, K; Ikeda, K; Morikawa, N; Ohge, H; Sueda, T, 2008)	0.63
" However, a review of their use during that period creates concern that their clinical effectiveness is critically dependent on attainment of an appropriate dosing range."	( Clinical review: balancing the therapeutic, safety, and economic issues underlying effective antipseudomonal carbapenem use. Slama, TG, 2008)	0.35
" Optimized dosing of carbapenems should limit the emergence of resistance and prolong the utility of these agents."	( New developments in carbapenems. Kattan, JN; Quinn, JP; Villegas, MV, 2008)	0.99
" These results provide guidance for constructing a PK-PD-based strategy for dosing guidance for tailoring doripenem regimens."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target attainment analysis of doripenem in infected patients. Honda, N; Ikawa, K; Kumon, H; Monden, K; Morikawa, N; Uehara, S; Yamada, Y, 2009)	0.35
" In order to treat these infections effectively, it is important to design optimal dosing regimens based on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) relationships, which can be characterized by clarifying the pharmacokinetics of tebipenem (TBPM) in the pediatric population."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tebipenem pivoxil (ME1211), a novel oral carbapenem antibiotic, in pediatric patients with otolaryngological infection or pneumonia. Hayashi, H; Kijima, K; Koresawa, T; Kurosawa, T; Mitomi, N; Morita, J; Sato, N; Shibasaki, S; Suzuki, H; Totsuka, K, 2008)	0.35
"This article reviews available information on doripenem in the management of patients with complicated bacterial infections, including its chemistry, spectrum of activity, resistance mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug interactions, therapeutic efficacy, tolerability, and dosing and administration."	( Doripenem monohydrate, a broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic. Lancaster, JW; Matthews, SJ, 2009)	0.35
" Some of the dosing regimens identified have been validated as effective in phase 3 clinical studies (500 mg infused over 1 h every 8 h for complicated intra-abdominal infections), whereas others (1000 mg infused over 4 h every 8 h for hospital-acquired pneumonia) are undergoing clinical evaluation."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling to support doripenem dose regimen optimization for critically ill patients. Ambrose, PG; Andes, DR; Bhavnani, SM; Van Wart, SA, 2009)	0.35
" Currently unanswered questions regarding doripenem include the utility and dosing in neonatal, pediatric, and cystic fibrosis populations and specific dosage recommendations for patients receiving hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or continuous renal replacement therapies."	( Doripenem. Depestel, DD; Paterson, DL, 2009)	0.35
" Doripenem did not accumulate with repeated dosing over 7 days."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of doripenem after 0.5-, 1-, and 4-hour infusions in healthy volunteers. Cirillo, I; Natarajan, J; Redman, R; Solanki, B; Turner, K; Vaccaro, N, 2009)	0.35
" As new pharmacokinetic data emerge, clarification of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profile of colistin as well as appropriate dosing seems urgent, while development of resistance must be carefully monitored."	( Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections: what are the treatment options? Giamarellou, H; Poulakou, G, 2009)	0.35
" The majority of dosage was excreted out of body by 48 hours after administration."	( [Pharmacokinetics of tebipenem pivoxil, a novel oral carbapenem antibiotic, in experimental animals]. Aoki, M; Hayashi, H; Kato, K; Kijima, K; Kurosawa, T; Morita, J; Shibasaki, S; Suzuki, K, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to obtain information on effective dosage regimens of doripenem by a modeling and simulation approach based on pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) theory."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation to determine effective dosage regimens for doripenem. Katsube, T; Takano, M; Wajima, T; Yamano, Y; Yano, Y, 2010)	0.36
" Doripenem concentrations in pre- and post-membrane blood (plasma) samples collected at specified times during one dosing interval were measured in order to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters and clearance via hemodiafiltration."	( Doripenem pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients receiving continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF). Goto, K; Hagiwara, S; Hidaka, S; Iwasaka, H; Noguchi, T, 2010)	0.36
" From November 1, 2007 until October 31, 2008, retrospective audit and feedback were performed on all patients dosed with carbapenems or glycopeptides."	( [A hospital-wide intervention program to optimize the utilization quality of carbapenems and glycopeptides]. Cao, B; Chen, YY; Hou, SC; Hu, YS; Huang, KW; Li, B; Li, CS; Li, RS; Li, WX; Liu, K; Liu, YM; Pan, SF; Sun, LY; Tong, ZH; Wang, C; Wang, HY; Yang, Y, 2009)	0.79
" The total cost and mortality of patients dosed with glycopeptides decreased from a median of RMB 65,700 (30,300 - 146,900) yuan to 55,700 (36,700 - 90,900) yuan, and from 39."	( [A hospital-wide intervention program to optimize the utilization quality of carbapenems and glycopeptides]. Cao, B; Chen, YY; Hou, SC; Hu, YS; Huang, KW; Li, B; Li, CS; Li, RS; Li, WX; Liu, K; Liu, YM; Pan, SF; Sun, LY; Tong, ZH; Wang, C; Wang, HY; Yang, Y, 2009)	0.58
" Monte Carlo simulations were utilized to determine the appropriateness of several doripenem dosing regimens based on the probability of attaining the critical drug exposure metric of time that drug concentrations remain above the drug MIC (T>MIC) for 35% (and lower thresholds) of the dosing interval in >80 to 90% of the population (T>MIC 35% target)."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic-model-guided doripenem dosing in critically ill patients. Flamm, R; Kaniga, K; Nandy, P; Samtani, MN, 2010)	0.36
" Patients who received appropriate therapy tended to have lower mortality rates, although therapy was started late and dosage was suboptimal in most cases."	( Risk factors for 30-day mortality in patients with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii during an outbreak in an intensive care unit. Cantarelli, VV; Lopes, FS; Martins, AF; Prates, CG; Ramos, F; Superti, SV; Zavascki, AP, 2011)	0.37
"A spectrophotometric method was developed for the quantitative determination of doripenem in pharmaceutical dosage form (DORIBAX) in the presence of its degradation products."	( The UV-derivative spectrophotometry for the determination of doripenem in the presence of its degradation products. Cielecka-Piontek, J; Jelińska, A, 2010)	0.36
" Its high stability in solution render it extremely flexible for dosing and infusion time."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the carbapanemes: focus on doripenem. Mazzei, T, 2010)	0.36
"019) than those with the genes chromosomally encoded, which is most likely due to increased gene dosage provided by the higher copy number of associated plasmids."	( Emergence and Distribution of Plasmids Bearing the blaOXA-51-like gene with an upstream ISAba1 in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in Taiwan. Chang, FY; Chen, TL; Fung, CP; Hsueh, PR; Ko, WC; Kuo, SC; Lee, YT; Siu, LK, 2010)	0.36
"Despite the growing epidemic of obesity in the United States, dosing medications in such patients remains poorly studied and understood."	( Pharmacotherapy in the critically ill obese patient. Medico, CJ; Walsh, P, 2010)	0.36
" Dosing regimens were chosen on the basis of preliminary pharmacokinetic studies so that T(>MIC) was achieved for ≥50% of the dosing interval for all tested antibiotics."	( Efficacy of carbapenems against a metallo-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli clinical isolate in a rabbit intra-abdominal abscess model. Chryssouli, Z; Galani, I; Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E; Giamarellou, H; Konstantinidou, E; Pefanis, A; Souli, M; Tsaganos, T; Tzepi, I, 2011)	0.75
" Doripenem dosage regimens for patients receiving CRRT thus need to be adjusted."	( Influence of continuous venovenous hemofiltration and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration on the disposition of doripenem. Balis, D; Cirillo, I; Matzke, GR; Redman, R; Vaccaro, N, 2011)	0.37
"To address issues of antibiotic dosing during sustained low-efficiency dialysis by using available pharmacokinetic data, intermittent and continuous renal replacement therapy dialysis guidelines, and our experience with sustained low-efficiency dialysis."	( Antibiotic dosing during sustained low-efficiency dialysis: special considerations in adult critically ill patients. Bogard, KN; Erwin, MW; Fuller, PD; Olsen, KM; Peterson, NT; Plumb, TJ, 2011)	0.37
"Published clinical trials, case reports, and reviews of antibiotic dosing in humans during sustained low-efficiency dialysis."	( Antibiotic dosing during sustained low-efficiency dialysis: special considerations in adult critically ill patients. Bogard, KN; Erwin, MW; Fuller, PD; Olsen, KM; Peterson, NT; Plumb, TJ, 2011)	0.37
" Appropriate dose and calculation of dosing intervals is essential to provide adequate antibiotic therapy in these patients."	( Antibiotic dosing during sustained low-efficiency dialysis: special considerations in adult critically ill patients. Bogard, KN; Erwin, MW; Fuller, PD; Olsen, KM; Peterson, NT; Plumb, TJ, 2011)	0.37
" Clinicians should be vigilant regarding the possibility of carbapenem-induced seizures when selecting and dosing antimicrobial therapy."	( Epileptogenic potential of carbapenem agents: mechanism of action, seizure rates, and clinical considerations. Ball, AM; Bennett, CL; Bookstaver, PB; Dornblaser, EK; Miller, AD, 2011)	0.37
" Upon obtaining these results and several pharmacokinetic parameters, we attempted to optimize the dosing regimen of doripenem for hemodialysis patients."	( Removal of doripenem during hemodialysis and the optimum dosing regimen for patients undergoing hemodialysis. Hirata, S; Kadowaki, D; Nishi, K; Tanoue, K, 2011)	0.37
"This study was designed to simulate standard and optimized dosing regimens for intravenous antibiotics against contemporary populations of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using MIC distribution data to determine which of the tested carbapenem regimens provided the greatest opportunity for obtaining maximal pharmacodynamic (PD) activity."	( Assessing the pharmacodynamic profile of intravenous antibiotics against prevalent Gram-negative organisms collected in Colombia. Briceno, DF; Furtado, GH; Nicolau, DP; Ruiz, SJ; Villegas, MV, )	0.13
" A 5,000 patient Monte Carlo simulation was performed for each regimen and PD targets were defined as free drug concentrations above the MIC for at least 40% of the dosing interval."	( Assessing the pharmacodynamic profile of intravenous antibiotics against prevalent Gram-negative organisms collected in Colombia. Briceno, DF; Furtado, GH; Nicolau, DP; Ruiz, SJ; Villegas, MV, )	0.13
"The objective of this structured review was to analyze critically the findings of pharmacokinetic studies of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with intra-abdominal disease; that is, intra-abdominal infection (IAI) or previous abdominal surgery and determine the requirements for dosage modification in this population."	( Pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with intra-abdominal disease: a structured review. Adnan, S; Kumar, S; Li, J; Lipman, J; Paterson, DL; Roberts, JA; Rudd, M, 2012)	0.38
" However, further research is necessary to determine the clinical outcome of individualized dosing on the basis of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with intra-abdominal disease: a structured review. Adnan, S; Kumar, S; Li, J; Lipman, J; Paterson, DL; Roberts, JA; Rudd, M, 2012)	0.38
" Simulating two dosing scenarios gave doripenem levels in the CSF above or close to the literature MIC values."	( Pharmacokinetics of doripenem in CSF of patients with non-inflamed meninges. Archontaki, H; Boutos, N; Charkoftaki, G; Dimaraki, E; Dokoumetzidis, A; Margetis, K; Markantonis, S; Nalda-Molina, R; Sakas, D; Skoutelis, A; Valsami, G; Vryonis, E, 2012)	0.38
" A pharmacokinetic model with peripheral elimination described the data adequately and was tentatively used to predict concentration-versus-time profiles and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) target attainment in patients under various dosing regimens."	( Modeling approach to characterize intraocular doripenem pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to rabbits, with tentative extrapolation to humans. Adier, C; Couet, W; Goldschmidt, P; Grégoire, N; Lamarche, I; Laroche, L; Marchand, S; Semoun, O, 2012)	0.38
" Mathematical model assessments were evaluated experimentally using clinically relevant dosing regimens of imipenem, with or without MK-7655, in a hollow-fiber infection model (HFIM)."	( In vitro activity of MK-7655, a novel β-lactamase inhibitor, in combination with imipenem against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Chang, KT; Hirsch, EB; Ledesma, KR; Motyl, MR; Schwartz, MS; Tam, VH, 2012)	0.38
" Antibiotic therapy was considered appropriate if the antibiotics were administered via an appropriate route within 24 hr after the result of blood culture, had in vitro sensitivity to isolated strains, and of an adequate dosage according to the current guidelines."	( Risk factors for mortality in patients with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia: impact of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Hong, KW; Kang, MW; Kim, SI; Kim, YJ; Kim, YR; Park, YJ, 2012)	0.38
" Therefore, individualization of dosing regimens based on knowledge of pharmacokinetic parameters of individual patients may be useful."	( [Pharmacokinetics of carbapenems]. Rychlíčková, J; Suchánková, H; Urbánek, K, 2012)	0.7
" Combinations at the highest dosage regimens resulted in undetectable bacterial counts at 72 h in 5 of 8 cases (4 isolates at 2 inocula)."	( The combination of colistin and doripenem is synergistic against Klebsiella pneumoniae at multiple inocula and suppresses colistin resistance in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Bergen, PJ; Bulitta, JB; Davis, K; Deris, ZZ; Forrest, A; Jacob, J; Ku, CK; Li, J; Nation, RL; Paterson, DL; Poudyal, A; Soon, RL; Tsuji, BT; Velkov, T; Yu, HH, 2012)	0.38
" The current dosing recommendations in the United States and Europe for aztreonam are lower than the literature supported dosing range of 200-300 mg/kg/day divided every 6 hr, maximum 8-12 g/day."	( Optimization of anti-pseudomonal antibiotics for cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: I. aztreonam and carbapenems. Ampofo, K; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Waters, CD; Young, DC; Zobell, JT, 2012)	0.59
"To compare the abilities of doripenem and ciprofloxacin to restrict the enrichment of resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, multiple antibiotic dosing regimens were simulated in an in vitro model at comparable ratios of the 24 h AUC (AUC24) to the MIC."	( Concentration-resistance relationships with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to doripenem and ciprofloxacin in an in vitro model. Firsov, AA; Gilbert, D; Greer, K; Portnoy, YA; Zinner, SH, 2013)	0.39
"Doripenem- and ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants were enriched at antibiotic concentrations that fell into the mutant selection window for ≥ 45% and ≥ 60% of the dosing interval, respectively."	( Concentration-resistance relationships with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to doripenem and ciprofloxacin in an in vitro model. Firsov, AA; Gilbert, D; Greer, K; Portnoy, YA; Zinner, SH, 2013)	0.39
" We sought to describe the population pharmacokinetics of doripenem in critically ill patients with nosocomial pneumonia and then to use Monte Carlo dosing simulations to procure clinically relevant dosing recommendations for that population."	( Optimal doripenem dosing simulations in critically ill nosocomial pneumonia patients with obesity, augmented renal clearance, and decreased bacterial susceptibility. Lipman, J; Roberts, JA, 2013)	0.39
" PK parameters were utilized to simulate free-drug profiles for various regimens in PD studies, from which the percentage of the dosing interval for which free-drug concentrations exceed the MIC of the targeted strain (%fT>MIC) was calculated."	( Pharmacodynamic variability beyond that explained by MICs. Forrest, A; Ly, NS; Rao, G; Soon, RL; Tsuji, B; Wollenberg, L; Yang, K, 2013)	0.39
" Higher dosage did not prevent selection of porin-deficient subpopulations."	( Frequent emergence of porin-deficient subpopulations with reduced carbapenem susceptibility in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli during exposure to ertapenem in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Adler, M; Cars, O; Löwdin, E; Sandegren, L; Tängdén, T, 2013)	0.39
" The probability of pharmacodynamic target attainment was calculated over a range of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), assuming a target of 35% of the dosing interval that unbound drug concentrations remain above the MIC."	( Pharmacokinetics of doripenem in infected patients treated within and outside the intensive care unit. Bhalodi, AA; Keel, RA; Kuti, JL; Lodise, TP; Nicolau, DP; Quintiliani, R, 2013)	0.39
" Optimal dosing regimens should be selected based on underlying renal function and suspected MIC of the infecting pathogen."	( Pharmacokinetics of doripenem in infected patients treated within and outside the intensive care unit. Bhalodi, AA; Keel, RA; Kuti, JL; Lodise, TP; Nicolau, DP; Quintiliani, R, 2013)	0.39
" Geometric means of maximum plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the dosing interval at steady state, time to reach maximum plasma concentration, and terminal elimination half-life for 500 mg doripenem as a 1-h infusion were 22."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of doripenem in elderly patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Chida, K; Harada, M; Inui, N; Matsuo, Y; Nakamura, Y; Suda, T; Wajima, T, 2013)	0.39
"The goal of this study was to evaluate our current dosing strategy for cefepime and the formulary carbapenem (imipenem) compared with meropenem and doripenem to determine the best dosing strategy for achieving maximal pharmacodynamic activity against an institution-specific population of P aeruginosa isolates."	( When pharmacodynamics trump costs: an antimicrobial stewardship program's approach to selecting optimal antimicrobial agents. Goff, DA; Nicolau, DP, 2013)	0.39
" Cefepime dosing was increased from 2 g q12h SI to 2 g q8h PI, a 52% increase in drug acquisition cost."	( When pharmacodynamics trump costs: an antimicrobial stewardship program's approach to selecting optimal antimicrobial agents. Goff, DA; Nicolau, DP, 2013)	0.39
"Antimicrobial stewardship programs should consider pharmacodynamic modeling to select the optimal dosing strategies to guide therapy in an era of escalating antimicrobial resistance."	( When pharmacodynamics trump costs: an antimicrobial stewardship program's approach to selecting optimal antimicrobial agents. Goff, DA; Nicolau, DP, 2013)	0.39
" This study aimed to determine the pharmacodynamic targets of carbapenems for Acinetobacter baumannii based on a range of percentages of the dosing interval in which free drug concentrations remained above the MIC (fT>MIC) in the neutropenic murine thigh infection model."	( Characterizing in vivo pharmacodynamics of carbapenems against Acinetobacter baumannii in a murine thigh infection model to support breakpoint determinations. Crandon, JL; Macvane, SH; Nicolau, DP, 2014)	0.91
" However, currently approved dosing regimens provide adequate pharmacodynamic exposures for susceptible bacteria in obese patients."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doripenem and meropenem in obese patients. Cheatham, SC; Chung, EK; Fleming, MR; Juenke, JM; Kays, MB, 2014)	0.4
"Doripenem is a newer carbapenem with little data available to guide effective dosing during renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients."	( Doripenem population pharmacokinetics and dosing requirements for critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration. Bulitta, JB; Dunlop, R; Hayashi, Y; Jarrett, P; Lassig-Smith, M; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; Roberts, NA; Starr, T; Stuart, J; Udy, AA; Wallis, SC, 2014)	0.4
" However, the combination of agents and dosing regimens that delivers the best clinical efficacy while minimizing toxicity is yet to be defined."	( Treatment options for carbapenem-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Doi, Y; Nguyen, MH; Viehman, JA, 2014)	0.4
" Six meropenem dosage regimens (0."	( Evaluation of meropenem regimens suppressing emergence of resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii with human simulated exposure in an in vitro intravenous-infusion hollow-fiber infection model. Gong, WT; Li, X; Liu, W; Wang, L; Xu, B; Yang, Y; Zhang, XJ; Zhu, YQ, 2014)	0.4
" In cases of acute kidney injury, dosing of doripenem depends on creatinine clearance and requires adjustments."	( The doripenem serum concentrations in intensive care patients suffering from acute kidney injury, sepsis, and multi organ dysfunction syndrome undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy slow low-efficiency dialysis. Gaszynski, T; Gaszynski, W; Tokarz, A; Wieczorek, A, 2014)	0.4
"In vitro static concentration time-kill (SCTK) studies are a cornerstone for antibiotic development and designing dosage regimens."	( Novel rate-area-shape modeling approach to quantify bacterial killing and regrowth for in vitro static time-kill studies. Bulitta, JB; Cheah, SE; Li, J; Nation, RL, 2015)	0.42
" These dosing regimens also provide sufficient exposure to doripenem from the viewpoint of the percentage of time above the minimum inhibitory concentration."	( Population pharmacokinetics of doripenem in Japanese subjects and Monte-Carlo simulation for patients with renal impairment. Ishibashi, T; Kubota, R; Matsuo, Y; Wajima, T, 2015)	0.42
" The effectiveness of current dosing schemes of ertapenem in subjects with significant hypoalbuminemia should be revisited."	( Association between hypoalbuminemia and mortality among subjects treated with ertapenem versus other carbapenems: prospective cohort study. Daitch, V; Farbman, L; Lador, A; Leibovici, L; Paul, M; Tredler, Z; Zusman, O, 2015)	0.63
" To obtain the maximal benefit from the limited options available, dosing of antimicrobial agents should be optimized based on pharmacokinetic data, especially for colistin and carbapenems."	( Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Doi, Y; Paterson, DL, 2015)	0.61
" baumannii using Monte Carlo simulations of human pharmacokinetics to rationally optimize combination dosage regimens for immunocompromised, critically ill patients."	( Novel approach to optimize synergistic carbapenem-aminoglycoside combinations against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Boyce, JD; Bulitta, JB; Landersdorfer, CB; Nation, RL; Yadav, R, 2015)	0.42
" Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may aid antibiotic prescription and implementation of initial empirical antimicrobial dosage recommendations."	( Impact of the introduction of real-time therapeutic drug monitoring on empirical doses of carbapenems in critically ill burn patients. Decosterd, LA; Eggimann, P; Fournier, A; Marchetti, O; Pagani, JL; Pannatier, A; Que, YA; Revelly, JP; Voirol, P, 2015)	0.64
"Imipenem/cilastatin and meropenem use and daily empirical dosage at a five-bed burn ICU were analyzed retrospectively."	( Impact of the introduction of real-time therapeutic drug monitoring on empirical doses of carbapenems in critically ill burn patients. Decosterd, LA; Eggimann, P; Fournier, A; Marchetti, O; Pagani, JL; Pannatier, A; Que, YA; Revelly, JP; Voirol, P, 2015)	0.64
"Real-time carbapenem TDM availability significantly altered the empirical daily dosage of imipenem/cilastatin at our burn ICU."	( Impact of the introduction of real-time therapeutic drug monitoring on empirical doses of carbapenems in critically ill burn patients. Decosterd, LA; Eggimann, P; Fournier, A; Marchetti, O; Pagani, JL; Pannatier, A; Que, YA; Revelly, JP; Voirol, P, 2015)	0.64
"The aim of this paper was to predict the pharmacokinetics of doripenem in pediatrics from adult pharmacokinetic data and to investigate dosing regimens in pediatrics using Monte-Carlo pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) simulations prior to the initiation of pediatric clinical trials."	( Prediction of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Doripenem in Pediatric Patients. Ishibashi, T; Matsuo, Y; Shimamura, K; Wajima, T, 2015)	0.42
" Hepatic and renal APEH activity was negligible even at 24 h after dosing of MEPM to a dog."	( In vivo inhibition of acylpeptide hydrolase by carbapenem antibiotics causes the decrease of plasma concentration of valproic acid in dogs. Fusegawa, K; Goda, R; Ikenaga, H; Izumi, T; Kobayashi, N; Kuga, H; Nakai, D; Suzuki, E, 2016)	0.43
" One of the reasons (carba)penems are seldom used for treatment of TB is the high dosage levels required, often at the therapeutic limits."	( Carbapenems and Rifampin Exhibit Synergy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium abscessus. Kaushik, A; Lamichhane, G; Makkar, N; Pandey, P; Parrish, N; Singh, U, 2015)	1.86
" However, limited data currently exist to guide optimal dosing in this scenario."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Doripenem in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis in a Malaysian Intensive Care Unit. Abd Rahman, AN; Abdul-Aziz, MH; Lipman, J; Mat-Nor, MB; Roberts, JA; Staatz, CE; Sulaiman, H; Wallis, SC, 2016)	0.43
" Based on recent pharmacokinetic studies, current colistin dosing regimens may result in a prolonged time to therapeutic concentrations, leading to suboptimal and delayed effective treatment."	( Influence of Colistin Dose on Global Cure in Patients with Bacteremia Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli. Bass, SN; Bauer, SR; Gibson, GA; Lam, SW; Neuner, EA, 2016)	0.43
" While the initial dosing recommendation for renally competent patients and patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (cRRT) was 500 mg every 8 h (q8h), the dose for renally competent patients was updated to 1 g q8h in June 2012."	( Doripenem Treatment during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. Fritsch, A; Jaehde, U; Jäger, W; Jilch, S; Lemmerer, R; Maier-Salamon, A; Saria, K; Thalhammer, F; Unger, M; Vossen, MG; Wenisch, JM; Zuba, C, 2015)	0.42
" Higher dosage of antibiotics has recently been used, and high-dose doripenem (DRPM; 3 g daily) was approved for use in Japan in April 2011."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of high-dose doripenem in Japanese patients with pneumonia. Akata, K; Ishimoto, H; Kawanami, T; Kido, T; Mukae, H; Naito, K; Nishida, C; Noguchi, S; Sakamoto, N; Yamasaki, K; Yatera, K, 2016)	0.43
"Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses with Monte Carlo simulations (MCSs) can be used to integrate prior information on model parameters into a new renal replacement therapy (RRT) to develop optimal drug dosing when pharmacokinetic trials are not feasible."	( Use of Monte Carlo Simulations to Determine Optimal Carbapenem Dosing in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Prolonged Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapy. Kays, MB; Lewis, SJ; Mueller, BA, 2016)	0.43
"The purpose of the study was to determine the optimal dosing regimen of intravenous fosfomycin for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) based on PK/PD targets."	( Optimizing intravenous fosfomycin dosing in combination with carbapenems for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in critically ill patients based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) simulation. Asuphon, O; Houngsaitong, J; Kiratisin, P; Montakantikul, P; Sonthisombat, P, 2016)	0.68
" A dynamic in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model that can simulate the pharmacokinetic profiles of antibiotics provides a powerful tool to compare antibacterial responses to different clinical dosage regimens."	( Synergistic killing by meropenem and colistin combination of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Chinese patients in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Bian, X; Chen, Y; Li, Y; Liu, X; Shi, J; Zhang, J; Zhao, M, 2016)	0.43
" Optimizing colistin dosing should translate to improved patient outcomes."	( The Effectiveness and Safety of High-Dose Colistin: Prospective Cohort Study. Altunin, S; Benattar, YD; Daitch, V; Elbaz, M; Granot, M; Leibovici, L; Omar, M; Paul, M; Yahav, D; Zak-Doron, Y; Zusman, O, 2016)	0.43
" In a large cohort, we found no association between high colistin dosing and all-cause mortality."	( The Effectiveness and Safety of High-Dose Colistin: Prospective Cohort Study. Altunin, S; Benattar, YD; Daitch, V; Elbaz, M; Granot, M; Leibovici, L; Omar, M; Paul, M; Yahav, D; Zak-Doron, Y; Zusman, O, 2016)	0.43
" The MCS indicated that more intensive doripenem dosing schemes should be considered for organisms with MIC values in excess of 2 mg/L."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Doripenem in Critically Ill Trauma Patients with Sepsis. Abraham, P; Chaar, M; Chester, K; Curzio, K; Huang, V; Lockwood, A; Lodise, TP; Morse, B; Pai, MP; Patka, J; Rabinovich, M; Rahbar, AJ; Salomone, J; Williams, B, 2016)	0.43
" Among these patients, the MCS analyses suggest that current dosing strategies may be ineffective when the MIC value for the infecting pathogen is expected to be above 2 mg/L."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Doripenem in Critically Ill Trauma Patients with Sepsis. Abraham, P; Chaar, M; Chester, K; Curzio, K; Huang, V; Lockwood, A; Lodise, TP; Morse, B; Pai, MP; Patka, J; Rabinovich, M; Rahbar, AJ; Salomone, J; Williams, B, 2016)	0.43
" Designing rational dosage regimens for patients to maximize the antimicrobial activity and minimize the emergence and prevalence of resistance is recommended."	( Systematic Review of Antimicrobial Resistance of Clinical Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates in Iran: An Update. Ardebili, A; Mardaneh, J; Razavi Nikoo, H, 2017)	0.46
"Doripenem population pharmacokinetics and dosing recommendations are limited in obesity."	( Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Doripenem in Obese, Hospitalized Patients. Cheatham, SC; Chung, EK; Fleming, MR; Kays, MB, 2017)	0.46
" Using 40% fT>MIC, PTA was >90% for all simulated dosing regimens at MICs ≤2 mg/L."	( Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Doripenem in Obese, Hospitalized Patients. Cheatham, SC; Chung, EK; Fleming, MR; Kays, MB, 2017)	0.46
" Currently approved dosing regimens provide adequate pharmacodynamic exposures at 40% fT>MIC for susceptible bacteria in obese patients."	( Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Doripenem in Obese, Hospitalized Patients. Cheatham, SC; Chung, EK; Fleming, MR; Kays, MB, 2017)	0.46
" Optimization of pharmacokinetics requires high dosage and continuous or prolonged infusions for β-lactams."	( How Should We Treat Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae? Pilmis, B; Timsit, JF; Zahar, JR, 2017)	0.46
" Further study of colistin pharmacokinetics in children and neonates will likely lead to optimization of dosage recommendations."	( Colistin Use in Neonates and Children With Infections Due to Carbapenem-resistant Bacteria. Antachopoulos, C; Iosifidis, E, 2017)	0.46
"Doripenem (DRPM) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent often used as empirical therapy for critically ill patients, although there is a lack of studies validating the recommended dosage regimen for patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), based on pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) index."	( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis for Doripenem Regimens in Intensive Care Unit Patient. Goto, K; Ito, K; Itoh, H; Kaneko, T; Kurogi, S; Nonoshita, K; Ohchi, Y; Sato, Y; Suzuki, Y; Tanaka, R; Ueno, T; Yasuda, N, 2017)	0.46
" In this retrospective observational study of 40 patients with post-neurosurgical meningitis and ventriculitis due to CRAB, 33 patients without concomitant infection received appropriate dosage regimens of IV colistin."	( Outcomes of adjunctive therapy with intrathecal or intraventricular administration of colistin for post-neurosurgical meningitis and ventriculitis due to carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii. Chusri, S; Doi, Y; Kositpantawong, N; Panthuwong, S; Pattharachayakul, S; Sakarunchai, I; Santimaleeworagun, W; Singkhamanan, K, 2018)	0.48
" We observed a 56% decline in half-life with short-term meropenem dosing and an improvement in mental status shortly after administration."	( Intentional use of carbapenem antibiotics for valproic acid toxicity: A case report. Biggs, AD; Dudley, SW; Erstad, BL; French, RNE; Huckleberry, YC; Khobrani, MA; Kopp, BJ; Shirazi, FM, 2018)	0.48
" Among these two antibiotics, colistin is considered toxic, and therefore, its clinical use and dosage need cautious approach."	( Use of succinic & oxalic acid in reducing the dosage of colistin against New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 bacteria. Chandar, B; Kumar, R; Parani, M, 2018)	0.48
" It is essential to assess the clinical application and the dose-response relationships of combinations such as colistin plus cotrimoxazole."	( In vivo activity of co-trimoxazole combined with colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 in a Galleria mellonella model. Hefzy, EM; Khalil, MAF; Moawad, SS, 2019)	0.51
" Formulating the principles of antimicrobial therapy of CRKP infection and combined antibiotics therapy and implementing appropriate dosage regimens designed by pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles will be of importance."	( [Further understanding of infection of carbapenems-resistant Huan, JN; Xiang, J, 2018)	0.75
" There is virtually no data in neonates and children currently; there is therefore an urgent need for pharmacokinetic and safety trials in these populations to determine the optimal drug and dosing regimens and provide recommendations for their use against carbapenem resistant infections."	( The use of polymyxins to treat carbapenem resistant infections in neonates and children. Dona', D; Ellis, S; Heath, P; Sharland, M; Standing, JF; Thomas, R; Velaphi, S; Walker, AS, 2019)	0.51
" The PK and safety profiles of benapenem in healthy Chinese volunteers support its once-daily dosing in future clinical investigations."	( A First-in-Human Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics Study of Benapenem in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Ji, XW; Kang, ZS; Liu, MY; Liu, Y; Lv, Y; Ma, Y; Tian, JH; Wei, MJ; Xia, YH; Zhao, CY; Zhu, Y, 2019)	0.51
" These results could help to determine if there is a need for altered dosing regimens in the future."	( Modeling Ertapenem: the impact of body mass index on distribution of the antibiotic in the body. Bobola, V; Forbes, W; Frazier, W; Joyner, ML; Manning, CC, 2019)	0.51
" The studies had no control of dosage regimens and treatment modifications."	( Meta-analysis of Polymyxin Use in Patients. Leibovici, L; Paul, M; Zusman, O, 2019)	0.51
" The intensity of effluent flow rates (less intensive vs intensive) did not substantially influence the probability of target attainment of antibiotic dosing regimens regardless of pharmacodynamic target."	( Antibiotic Exposure Profiles in Trials Comparing Intensity of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. Jang, SM; Mueller, BA; Pai, MP; Shaw, AR, 2019)	0.51
"4% and 0% were susceptible standard dosing regimen (S), 55."	( Variable performance of different commercial systems for testing carbapenem susceptibility of KPC carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli. Antonelli, A; Camarlinghi, G; Coppi, M; Giani, T; Mattei, R; Nardone, M; Parisio, EM; Riccobono, E; Rossolini, GM, 2019)	0.51
" 38/50 articles included information on both Vd and Cl, but a dosing advice was given in only 22 articles."	( Pharmacokinetics and Target Attainment of Antibiotics in Critically Ill Children: A Systematic Review of Current Literature. Brüggemann, RJ; de Wildt, SN; Dia, N; Hartman, SJF; Orriëns, L; Schreuder, MF, 2020)	0.56
" Studies frequently fail to provide a dosing advice for this patient population, even if the necessary information is available."	( Pharmacokinetics and Target Attainment of Antibiotics in Critically Ill Children: A Systematic Review of Current Literature. Brüggemann, RJ; de Wildt, SN; Dia, N; Hartman, SJF; Orriëns, L; Schreuder, MF, 2020)	0.56
" The significance of using drug combination is that it can reduce drug dosage requirements, reduce the toxic effects of agents and prevent or delay the emergence of drug resistance."	( In vitro interactions of ambroxol hydrochloride or amlodipine in combination with antibacterial agents against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Li, X; Lu, C; Sun, S; Wang, D; Wang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" A lack of pediatric-specific comparative effectiveness data, uncertain pediatric dosing regimens for several agents, and a relative lack of new antibiotics with pediatric indications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) collectively present unique challenges for children."	( Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections in Children. Chiotos, K; Gerber, JS; Hayes, M; Tamma, PD, 2020)	0.56
" Furthermore, we looked at the recommended dosing regimens and approved indications."	( Preclinical Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Studies and Clinical Trials in the Drug Development Process of EMA-Approved Antibacterial Agents: A Review. Jorda, A; Zeitlinger, M, 2020)	0.56
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."	( Abbasi, S; Abd El-Wahab, A; Abdallah, M; Abebe, G; Aca-Aca, G; Adama, S; Adefegha, SA; Adidigue-Ndiome, R; Adiseshaiah, P; Adrario, E; Aghajanian, C; Agnese, W; Ahmad, A; Ahmad, I; Ahmed, MFE; Akcay, OF; Akinmoladun, AC; Akutagawa, T; Alakavuklar, MA; Álava-Rabasa, S; Albaladejo-Florín, MJ; Alexandra, AJE; Alfawares, R; Alferiev, IS; Alghamdi, HS; Ali, I; Allard, B; Allen, JD; Almada, E; Alobaid, A; Alonso, GL; Alqahtani, YS; Alqarawi, W; Alsaleh, H; Alyami, BA; Amaral, BPD; Amaro, JT; Amin, SAW; Amodio, E; Amoo, ZA; Andia Biraro, I; Angiolella, L; Anheyer, D; Anlay, DZ; Annex, BH; Antonio-Aguirre, B; Apple, S; Arbuznikov, AV; Arinsoy, T; Armstrong, DK; Ash, S; Aslam, M; Asrie, F; Astur, DC; Atzrodt, J; Au, DW; Aucoin, M; Auerbach, EJ; Azarian, S; Ba, D; Bai, Z; Baisch, PRM; Balkissou, AD; Baltzopoulos, V; Banaszewski, M; Banerjee, S; Bao, Y; Baradwan, A; Barandika, JF; Barger, PM; Barion, MRL; Barrett, CD; Basudan, AM; Baur, LE; Baz-Rodríguez, SA; Beamer, P; Beaulant, A; Becker, DF; Beckers, C; Bedel, J; Bedlack, R; Bermúdez de Castro, JM; Berry, JD; Berthier, C; Bhattacharya, D; Biadgo, B; Bianco, G; Bianco, M; Bibi, S; Bigliardi, AP; Billheimer, D; Birnie, DH; Biswas, K; Blair, HC; Bognetti, P; Bolan, PJ; Bolla, JR; Bolze, A; Bonnaillie, P; Borlimi, R; Bórquez, J; Bottari, NB; Boulleys-Nana, JR; Brighetti, G; Brodeur, GM; Budnyak, T; Budnyk, S; Bukirwa, VD; Bulman, DM; Burm, R; Busman-Sahay, K; Butcher, TW; Cai, C; Cai, H; Cai, L; Cairati, M; Calvano, CD; Camacho-Ordóñez, A; Camela, E; Cameron, T; Campbell, BS; Cansian, RL; Cao, Y; Caporale, AS; Carciofi, AC; Cardozo, V; Carè, J; Carlos, AF; Carozza, R; Carroll, CJW; Carsetti, A; Carubelli, V; Casarotta, E; Casas, M; Caselli, G; Castillo-Lora, J; Cataldi, TRI; Cavalcante, ELB; Cavaleiro, A; Cayci, Z; Cebrián-Tarancón, C; Cedrone, E; Cella, D; Cereda, C; Ceretti, A; Ceroni, M; Cha, YH; Chai, X; Chang, EF; Chang, TS; Chanteux, H; Chao, M; Chaplin, BP; Chaturvedi, S; Chaturvedi, V; Chaudhary, DK; Chen, A; Chen, C; Chen, HY; Chen, J; Chen, JJ; Chen, K; Chen, L; Chen, Q; Chen, R; Chen, SY; Chen, TY; Chen, WM; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Cheng, GJ; Cheng, J; Cheng, YH; Cheon, HG; Chew, KW; Chhoker, S; Chiu, WN; Choi, ES; Choi, MJ; Choi, SD; Chokshi, S; Chorny, M; Chu, KI; Chu, WJ; Church, AL; Cirrincione, A; Clamp, AR; Cleff, MB; Cohen, M; Coleman, RL; Collins, SL; Colombo, N; Conduit, N; Cong, WL; Connelly, MA; Connor, J; Cooley, K; Correa Ramos Leal, I; Cose, S; Costantino, C; Cottrell, M; Cui, L; Cundall, J; Cutaia, C; Cutler, CW; Cuypers, ML; da Silva Júnior, FMR; Dahal, RH; Damiani, E; Damtie, D; Dan-Li, W; Dang, Z; Dasa, SSK; Davin, A; Davis, DR; de Andrade, CM; de Jong, PL; de Oliveira, D; de Paula Dorigam, JC; Dean, A; Deepa, M; Delatour, C; Dell'Aiera, S; Delley, MF; den Boer, RB; Deng, L; Deng, Q; Depner, RM; Derdau, V; Derici, U; DeSantis, AJ; Desmarini, D; Diffo-Sonkoue, L; Divizia, M; Djenabou, A; Djordjevic, JT; Dobrovolskaia, MA; Domizi, R; Donati, A; Dong, Y; Dos Santos, M; Dos Santos, MP; Douglas, RG; Duarte, PF; Dullaart, RPF; Duscha, BD; Edwards, LA; Edwards, TE; Eichenwald, EC; El-Baba, TJ; Elashiry, M; Elashiry, MM; Elashry, SH; Elliott, A; Elsayed, R; Emerson, MS; Emmanuel, YO; Emory, TH; Endale-Mangamba, LM; Enten, GA; Estefanía-Fernández, K; Estes, JD; Estrada-Mena, FJ; Evans, S; Ezra, L; Faria de, RO; Farraj, AK; Favre, C; Feng, B; Feng, J; Feng, L; Feng, W; Feng, X; Feng, Z; Fernandes, CLF; Fernández-Cuadros, ME; Fernie, AR; Ferrari, D; Florindo, PR; Fong, PC; Fontes, EPB; Fontinha, D; Fornari, VJ; Fox, NP; Fu, Q; Fujitaka, Y; Fukuhara, K; Fumeaux, T; Fuqua, C; Fustinoni, S; Gabbanelli, V; Gaikwad, S; Gall, ET; Galli, A; Gancedo, MA; Gandhi, MM; Gao, D; Gao, K; Gao, M; Gao, Q; Gao, X; Gao, Y; Gaponenko, V; Garber, A; Garcia, EM; García-Campos, C; García-Donas, J; García-Pérez, AL; Gasparri, F; Ge, C; Ge, D; Ge, JB; Ge, X; George, I; George, LA; Germani, G; Ghassemi Tabrizi, S; Gibon, Y; Gillent, E; Gillies, RS; Gilmour, MI; Goble, S; Goh, JC; Goiri, F; Goldfinger, LE; Golian, M; Gómez, MA; Gonçalves, J; Góngora-García, OR; Gonul, I; González, MA; Govers, TM; Grant, PC; Gray, EH; Gray, JE; Green, MS; Greenwald, I; Gregory, MJ; Gretzke, D; Griffin-Nolan, RJ; Griffith, DC; Gruppen, EG; Guaita, A; Guan, P; Guan, X; Guerci, P; Guerrero, DT; Guo, M; Guo, P; Guo, R; Guo, X; Gupta, J; Guz, G; Hajizadeh, N; Hamada, H; Haman-Wabi, AB; Han, TT; Hannan, N; Hao, S; Harjola, VP; Harmon, M; Hartmann, MSM; Hartwig, JF; Hasani, M; Hawthorne, WJ; Haykal-Coates, N; Hazari, MS; He, DL; He, P; He, SG; Héau, C; Hebbar Kannur, K; Helvaci, O; Heuberger, DM; Hidalgo, F; Hilty, MP; Hirata, K; Hirsch, A; Hoffman, AM; Hoffmann, JF; Holloway, RW; Holmes, RK; Hong, S; Hongisto, M; Hopf, NB; Hörlein, R; Hoshino, N; Hou, Y; Hoven, NF; Hsieh, YY; Hsu, CT; Hu, CW; Hu, JH; Hu, MY; Hu, Y; Hu, Z; Huang, C; Huang, D; Huang, DQ; Huang, L; Huang, Q; Huang, R; Huang, S; Huang, SC; Huang, W; Huang, Y; Huffman, KM; Hung, CH; Hung, CT; Huurman, R; Hwang, SM; Hyun, S; Ibrahim, AM; Iddi-Faical, A; Immordino, P; Isla, MI; Jacquemond, V; Jacques, T; Jankowska, E; Jansen, JA; Jäntti, T; Jaque-Fernandez, F; Jarvis, GA; Jatt, LP; Jeon, JW; Jeong, SH; Jhunjhunwala, R; Ji, F; Jia, X; Jia, Y; Jian-Bo, Z; Jiang, GD; Jiang, L; Jiang, W; Jiang, WD; Jiang, Z; Jiménez-Hoyos, CA; Jin, S; Jobling, MG; John, CM; John, T; Johnson, CB; Jones, KI; Jones, WS; Joseph, OO; Ju, C; Judeinstein, P; Junges, A; Junnarkar, M; Jurkko, R; Kaleka, CC; Kamath, AV; Kang, X; Kantsadi, AL; Kapoor, M; Karim, Z; Kashuba, ADM; Kassa, E; Kasztura, M; Kataja, A; Katoh, T; Kaufman, JS; Kaupp, M; Kehinde, O; Kehrenberg, C; Kemper, N; Kerr, CW; Khan, AU; Khan, MF; Khan, ZUH; Khojasteh, SC; Kilburn, S; Kim, CG; Kim, DU; Kim, DY; Kim, HJ; Kim, J; Kim, OH; Kim, YH; King, C; Klein, A; Klingler, L; Knapp, AK; Ko, TK; Kodavanti, UP; Kolla, V; Kong, L; Kong, RY; Kong, X; Kore, S; Kortz, U; Korucu, B; Kovacs, A; Krahnert, I; Kraus, WE; Kuang, SY; Kuehn-Hajder, JE; Kurz, M; Kuśtrowski, P; Kwak, YD; Kyttaris, VC; Laga, SM; Laguerre, A; Laloo, A; Langaro, MC; Langham, MC; Lao, X; Larocca, MC; Lassus, J; Lattimer, TA; Lazar, S; Le, MH; Leal, DB; Leal, M; Leary, A; Ledermann, JA; Lee, JF; Lee, MV; Lee, NH; Leeds, CM; Leeds, JS; Lefrandt, JD; Leicht, AS; Leonard, M; Lev, S; Levy, K; Li, B; Li, C; Li, CM; Li, DH; Li, H; Li, J; Li, L; Li, LJ; Li, N; Li, P; Li, T; Li, X; Li, XH; Li, XQ; Li, XX; Li, Y; Li, Z; Li, ZY; Liao, YF; Lin, CC; Lin, MH; Lin, Y; Ling, Y; Links, TP; Lira-Romero, E; Liu, C; Liu, D; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, LP; Liu, M; Liu, T; Liu, W; Liu, X; Liu, XH; Liu, Y; Liuwantara, D; Ljumanovic, N; Lobo, L; Lokhande, K; Lopes, A; Lopes, RMRM; López-Gutiérrez, JC; López-Muñoz, MJ; López-Santamaría, M; Lorenzo, C; Lorusso, D; Losito, I; Lu, C; Lu, H; Lu, HZ; Lu, SH; Lu, SN; Lu, Y; Lu, ZY; Luboga, F; Luo, JJ; Luo, KL; Luo, Y; Lutomski, CA; Lv, W; M Piedade, MF; Ma, J; Ma, JQ; Ma, JX; Ma, N; Ma, P; Ma, S; Maciel, M; Madureira, M; Maganaris, C; Maginn, EJ; Mahnashi, MH; Maierhofer, M; Majetschak, M; Malla, TR; Maloney, L; Mann, DL; Mansuri, A; Marelli, E; Margulis, CJ; Marrella, A; Martin, BL; Martín-Francés, L; Martínez de Pinillos, M; Martínez-Navarro, EM; Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez, D; Martínez-Velasco, A; Martínez-Villaseñor, L; Martinón-Torres, M; Martins, BA; Massongo, M; Mathew, AP; Mathews, D; Matsui, J; Matsumoto, KI; Mau, T; Maves, RC; Mayclin, SJ; Mayer, JM; Maynard, ND; Mayr, T; Mboowa, MG; McEvoy, MP; McIntyre, RC; McKay, JA; McPhail, MJW; McVeigh, AL; Mebazaa, A; Medici, V; Medina, DN; Mehmood, T; Mei-Li, C; Melku, M; Meloncelli, S; Mendes, GC; Mendoza-Velásquez, C; Mercadante, R; Mercado, MI; Merenda, MEZ; Meunier, J; Mi, SL; Michels, M; Mijatovic, V; Mikhailov, V; Milheiro, SA; Miller, DC; Ming, F; Mitsuishi, M; Miyashita, T; Mo, J; Mo, S; Modesto-Mata, M; Moeller, S; Monte, A; Monteiro, L; Montomoli, J; Moore, EE; Moore, HB; Moore, PK; Mor, MK; Moratalla-López, N; Moratilla Lapeña, L; Moreira, R; Moreno, MA; Mörk, AC; Morton, M; Mosier, JM; Mou, LH; Mougharbel, AS; Muccillo-Baisch, AL; 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Tseng, CH; Tu, H; Tu, YJ; Tung, SY; Turpault, S; Tuynman, JB; Uemoto, AT; Ugurlu, M; Ullah, S; Underwood, RS; Ungell, AL; Usandizaga-Elio, I; Vakonakis, I; van Boxel, GI; van den Beucken, JJJP; van der Boom, T; van Slegtenhorst, MA; Vanni, JR; Vaquera, A; Vasconcellos, RS; Velayos, M; Vena, R; Ventura, G; Verso, MG; Vincent, RP; Vitale, F; Vitali, S; Vlek, SL; Vleugels, MPH; Volkmann, N; Vukelic, M; Wagner Mackenzie, B; Wairagala, P; Waller, SB; Wan, J; Wan, MT; Wan, Y; Wang, CC; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JF; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, S; Wang, WM; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, Z; Wang, ZG; Warriner, K; Weberpals, JI; Weerachayaphorn, J; Wehrli, FW; Wei, J; Wei, KL; Weinheimer, CJ; Weisbord, SD; Wen, S; Wendel Garcia, PD; Williams, JW; Williams, R; Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)	0.72
" In vivo efficacy was achieved in a mouse thigh infection model with meropenem/272 dosed subcutaneously."	( Restoring carbapenem efficacy: a novel carbapenem companion targeting metallo-β-lactamases in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. Chalam-Judge, N; Cooper, IR; Lee, S; Lee, VE; Newman, R; Ooi, N; Orr, D; Savage, VJ; Wilkinson, AJ, 2021)	0.62
" Based on current breakpoints for Enterobacterales, cefepime therapy was not associated with an unfavourable outcome for CRKP BSI with MIC-based dosing strategies."	( Clinical impact of cefepime breakpoint in patients with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia. Chen, PL; Ko, WC; Lee, NY; Li, CW; Li, MC; Lo, CL; Syue, LS, 2021)	0.62
" For bacterial infections, the choice of dosing regimen is typically relying on preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data, because the bacterial load and disease severity, and consequently the PK/PD relationship, cannot be quantified well on clinical data, given the low-information end points used."	( Pivotal Role of Translation in Anti-Infective Development. Friberg, LE, 2021)	0.62
"We conducted a retrospective study of proper cefepime use between March 1st, 2018 and February 28th, 2019, to assess indication, antimicrobial stewardship, dosing schedule, microbiological documentation, reevaluation, and treatment duration."	( Cefepime use: A need for antimicrobial stewardship. de La Blanchardière, A; Guérin, F; Le Hello, S; Meurant, A; Saint-Lorant, G, 2021)	0.62
"5% of patients, dosage was adapted to the indication for 77."	( Cefepime use: A need for antimicrobial stewardship. de La Blanchardière, A; Guérin, F; Le Hello, S; Meurant, A; Saint-Lorant, G, 2021)	0.62
" The necessity of routine determination of the true MIC values of carbapenems was shown to optimize their dosage regimens and select the combination antibiotic therapy regimens."	( Microbiological efficiency of the combinations of two carbapenems against antibiotic resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Karpov, IA; Osipkina, OV; Petrovskaya, TA; Tapalski, DV; Timoshkova, EV, 2021)	1.11
" Ninety-two distinct antibiotic regimens were identified with 47 of them (51%, 5863 patients) not reporting any details on numbers, type, dosage and in vitro activity of the included antibiotic molecules."	( The role of combination therapy in the treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem resistant gram-negatives: a systematic review of clinical studies. Bragantini, D; Carrara, E; Chiamenti, M; Ellis, S; Franceschi, F; Piddock, LJV; Righi, E; Savoldi, A; Tacconelli, E, 2021)	0.62
" As with other carbapenems, tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide is expected to have the potential to decrease the seizure threshold and will likely require renal dosage adjustment for patients with altered renal function due to high renal clearance."	( Tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide-No PICC, no problem! Cho, JC; Clark, M; Kronsberg, KA; Sodhi, V, 2021)	0.97
" The observed efficacy with either dosing regimen indicates potential low humanized doses of 1-5 mg/kg."	( Vancomycin-arginine (STM-001) abrogates ESBL carrier and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli burden in a murine complicated urinary tract infection model. Neville, LF; Rendell, JT; Shalit, I; Warn, PA, 2022)	0.72
" Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is urgently needed to optimize dosage regimens to maximize efficacy, minimize toxicity, and delay the emergence of resistance."	( Rapid, simple, and economical LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of ceftazidime and avibactam in human plasma and its application in therapeutic drug monitoring. Cai, Y; Chen, M; Cheng, Y; Li, X; Lin, H; Liu, M; Qiu, H; Que, W; Zhang, B; Zhang, H, 2022)	0.72
"To describe cefiderocol CSF and plasma PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) data from two different dosing regimens [2 g IV q6h (regimen 1) and 2 g IV q8h (regimen 2)] during treatment of CRAB meningitis."	( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of cefiderocol during successful treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. Abouelhassan, Y; Bourdages, G; Gutierrez, RL; Kufel, WD; Nicolau, DP; Perwez, T; Steele, JM, 2022)	0.72
" Estimated free plasma and CSF concentrations exceeded the MIC of the isolate for 100% of the dosing interval."	( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of cefiderocol during successful treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. Abouelhassan, Y; Bourdages, G; Gutierrez, RL; Kufel, WD; Nicolau, DP; Perwez, T; Steele, JM, 2022)	0.72
"Cefiderocol, when given as 2 g q8h and 2 g q6h, attained CSF concentrations that exceeded the organism-specific MIC and the CLSI susceptible breakpoint (≤4 mg/L) for 100% of the dosing interval."	( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of cefiderocol during successful treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis. Abouelhassan, Y; Bourdages, G; Gutierrez, RL; Kufel, WD; Nicolau, DP; Perwez, T; Steele, JM, 2022)	0.72
" Optimization of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters, such as prolonged infusion (for time-dependent antibiotics), increased dosage (for concentration-dependent antibiotics), and therapeutic drug monitoring, also influences the outcome."	( How to Manage Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. Guery, B; Jacot, D; Papadimitriou-Olivgeris, M, 2022)	0.72
"The aim of this study is to assess clinical efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam for the management of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections in renal patients receiving recommended dosing adjustments compared to those treated with scheduled full-dose."	( Clinical efficacy of renal dosing adjustments of ceftazidime-avibactam in patients affected by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Fornaro, G; Gatti, M; Giannella, M; Pea, F; Viale, P, 2023)	0.91
"Two authors independently searched PubMed-MEDLINE and Scopus database from inception to 31 December 2021, to retrieve randomized controlled trials or observational studies comparing clinical efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam in patients affected by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections receiving recommended renal dosing adjustments compared to those treated with scheduled full-dose."	( Clinical efficacy of renal dosing adjustments of ceftazidime-avibactam in patients affected by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Fornaro, G; Gatti, M; Giannella, M; Pea, F; Viale, P, 2023)	0.91
"Renal dosing adjustment of ceftazidime-avibactam seems to be associated with a higher risk of mortality in patients affected by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections."	( Clinical efficacy of renal dosing adjustments of ceftazidime-avibactam in patients affected by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Fornaro, G; Gatti, M; Giannella, M; Pea, F; Viale, P, 2023)	0.91
" It also highlights that renal dosing in CKD 5D patients' needs to be clinically studied to ensure antibiotic safety."	( Ertapenem-induced neurotoxicity in an end-stage renal disease patient on intermittent haemodialysis: a case report. Arimuthu, DA; Mazlan, SA; Shahar, S, 2022)	0.72
" Using the 90% CI criteria, Cmaxand AUC0-8 values for tebipenem were found to be bioequivalent following alternative methods of administration compared with oral dosing of the whole tablet."	( Relative bioavailability of crushed tebipenem administered through a nasogastric tube with and without enteral feeding. Asempa, TE; Fouad, A; Nicolau, DP; Quintiliani, R, 2022)	0.72
" A 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulation was performed using various piperacillin/tazobactam dosing regimens to determine the probability of target attainment (PTA) for 50% free time above the MIC."	( Piperacillin/Tazobactam Dose Optimization in the Setting of Piperacillin/Tazobactam-susceptible, Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Time to Reconsider Susceptible Dose Dependent. Gill, CM; Nicolau, DP, 2023)	0.91
" The dosing schedule was based on a loading dose of 5 MU and a 5-MU twice-daily divided maintenance dose, titrated on renal function."	( Outcome and safety of colistin usage in pediatric cancer patients with carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae bacteremia at children cancer hospital Egypt. Adel, N; El-Abhar, H; Elanany, M; Hafez, H; Khedr, R; Zaki, HF, )	0.13
" Most of their dosage is secreted unchanged as waste, thereby making its way into the urban water system."	( Effects of sewer biofilms on the degradability of carbapenems in wastewater using laboratory scale bioreactors. Gao, J; Gao, S; Jiang, G; Kelso, C; Sharma, E; Shi, J; Sivakumar, M; Zhang, S; Zhou, X, 2023)	1.16
" The increasing understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) characteristics of antibiotics, and the effects of critical illness on key PK/PD parameters, is gradually re-shaping how antibiotics are dosed in critically ill patients."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of carbapenem antibiotics in critically ill patients: an overview of principles, recommended dosing regimens, and clinical outcomes. Joynt, GM; Ling, L; Lipman, J; Wong, WT, )	0.13
"The PK/PD characteristics of commonly used carbapenem antibiotics, the principles of the application of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), and current as well as future methods of utilizing TDM to optimally devise dosing regimens will be reviewed."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of carbapenem antibiotics in critically ill patients: an overview of principles, recommended dosing regimens, and clinical outcomes. Joynt, GM; Ling, L; Lipman, J; Wong, WT, )	0.13
"It is important to understand the principles of TDM in order to correctly inform dosing regimens."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of carbapenem antibiotics in critically ill patients: an overview of principles, recommended dosing regimens, and clinical outcomes. Joynt, GM; Ling, L; Lipman, J; Wong, WT, )	0.13
" Due to pathophysiological changes in critically ill children, the available evidence has demonstrated that the standard dosage regimens of meropenem could not meet an appropriate pharmacodynamic (PD) target attainment in severely infected children."	( Meropenem for the Pharmacological Treatment of Severe Infections in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients: Breakthrough Standard Treatment Strategies Based on PK/PD. Chen, F; Gong, X; He, X; Liu, X; Wang, L, 2023)	0.91
" The starting dosage was 2875 g of amoxicillin twice daily and 125 mg of clavulanic acid twice daily."	( Breaking Antimicrobial Resistance: High-Dose Amoxicillin with Clavulanic Acid for Urinary Tract Infections Due to Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ciszek, M; Hryniewiecka, E; Jasińska, K; Pączek, L; Wilkowski, P, 2023)	0.91
" If antimicrobial treatment is not administered at the prescribed dosing intervals, this may have implications for the efficacy of time-dependent broad-spectrum antibiotics such as carbapenems."	( Evaluation of intermittent antimicrobial infusion documentation practices in intensive care units: A cross-sectional study. Allison Rout, J; Brysiewicz, P; Yusuf Essack, S, 2023)	1.1
" The ARLG has conducted pharmacokinetic studies to inform the optimal dosing of antibiotics that are important in the treatment of drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria, including oral fosfomycin, intravenous minocycline, and a combination of intravenous ceftazidime-avibactam and aztreonam."	( Priorities and Progress in Gram-negative Bacterial Infection Research by the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group. Baum, K; Bonomo, RA; Doi, Y; Evans, SR; Fowler, VG; Hamasaki, T; Komarow, L; Lodise, TP; Patel, R; Rodvold, KA; Rouphael, N; Satlin, MJ; Schwager, N; Souli, M; Tamma, PD; van Duin, D; Van Tyne, D, 2023)	0.91
" DOOR was initially applied to observational studies to determine optimal dosing of vancomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylcococcus aureus bacteremia and the efficacy of ceftazidime-avibactam versus colistin for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales infection."	( The Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group: Scientific Advancements and Future Directions. Chambers, HF; Cross, HR; Evans, SR; Fowler, VG; Patel, R; Souli, M, 2023)	0.91

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	86 (1.21)	18.7374
1990's	436 (6.13)	18.2507
2000's	1069 (15.04)	29.6817
2010's	3442 (48.43)	24.3611
2020's	2074 (29.18)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	147 (2.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	736 (10.01%)	6.00%
Case Studies	319 (4.34%)	4.05%
Observational	164 (2.23%)	0.25%
Other	5,989 (81.43%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	4.94	2	1	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
3-chloroalanine 3-chloroalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-chloroalanine : A chloroalanine obtained by replacement of one of the methyl hydrogens of alanine by a chloro group.	1.98	1	0	chloroalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	5.05	2	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
beta-alanine [no description available]	5.75	6	1	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	5.25	2	1	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.41	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
carbamates [no description available]	2.03	1	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	3.12	1	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
carnitine [no description available]	5.27	3	1	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	4.9	1	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	4.9	1	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.61	2	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.39	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.25	1	0	alkane	xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.41	1	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.21	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	4.9	1	1	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	1.99	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.46	2	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.84	3	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	5.09	1	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.15	1	0
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.46	2	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	1.99	1	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.01	1	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.6	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	4.9	1	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	4.9	1	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.03	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.17	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.6	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.	2.11	1	0	phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound	algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.08	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.21	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.99	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
spermidine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.17	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.25	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
3-nitrobenzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	2.25	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	4.9	1	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amine
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.6	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.25	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	3.23	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
aztreonam Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.	7.2	36	0
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	4.9	1	1	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.89	3	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	3.14	1	0	biphenyls
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	5.48	4	1	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	3.84	11	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	3.08	5	0
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	3.11	1	0	pyridinium ion
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	11.96	78	3	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	5.07	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	4.9	1	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	4.9	1	1	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
disulfiram [no description available]	7.9	2	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	7.22	30	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2.41	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
embelin embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.	3.14	1	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	4.9	1	1	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	1.99	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.15	1	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	3.24	5	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	2.21	1	0	benzoate ester
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	8.61	46	1
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.15	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	2.41	1	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.41	1	0	methoxybenzenes
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.02	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	2.15	1	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	4.9	1	1	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	4.9	1	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
edaravone [no description available]	4.9	1	1	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	4.9	1	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	9.23	28	2	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	2.07	1	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.82	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	1.99	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	14.99	24	6	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	4.9	1	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxolinic acid quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.	2.13	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; enzyme inhibitor
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.15	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.01	1	0	aromatic amine
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	4.9	1	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	4.3	4	1	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.6	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.6	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.31	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.11	1	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	4.38	5	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.02	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tosufloxacin tosufloxacin: quinolone anti-infective agent; structure given in first source. tosufloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tosufloxacin.. 7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively.	3.9	3	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; aminopyrrolidine; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound; quinolone antibiotic; tertiary amino compound
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	4.61	7	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.69	2	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	2.31	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	2.25	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.69	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	1.99	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.	2.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; glucocorticoid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	5.71	10	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.71	3	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.06	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	2.15	1	0	guanidines
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	4.63	6	1	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	5.38	10	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	5.25	9	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	3.43	7	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	2.73	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	7.94	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2.05	1	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	4.85	3	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	1.99	1	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	9.66	62	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	4.29	17	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.44	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	4.99	12	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	2.95	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.21	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	5.08	2	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	4.9	1	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	2	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	4.9	1	1	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	5.13	13	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	12.62	42	1	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cytarabine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.02	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.47	2	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.71	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2.96	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.05	1	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.01	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	6.48	7	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	3.12	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	3.12	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.54	2	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	5.63	4	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.05	1	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	2.41	1	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	4.9	1	1	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.45	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	13.94	87	3	penicillanic acids
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.41	1	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	4.9	1	1	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.21	1	0	xanthene
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	5.63	14	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
benzenesulfonic acid benzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzenesulfonic acid : The simplest member of the class of a benzenesulfonic acids that consists of a benzene carrying a single sulfo group.	2.01	1	0	benzenesulfonic acids
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	2.6	1	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
ethyl bromoacetate [no description available]	4.9	1	1
2,5-dioxopiperazine piperazine-2,5-dione : A cyclic peptide that is piperazine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by oxo groups.	5.09	1	1	2,5-diketopiperazines; cyclic peptide
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.46	2	0	alkane
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	4.94	4	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.46	2	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.6	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.25	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	4.99	2	1	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
aluminum acetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	4.9	1	1	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.39	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	4.9	1	1	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	7.77	3	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.02	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	4.07	1	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	4.9	1	1	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	5.42	4	1	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.55	2	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	4.62	8	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	2.72	2	0	1,2,4-triazole
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.41	1	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
paraoxon [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	1.98	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2.05	1	0	ketene
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	2.72	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.08	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
azetidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	4.9	1	1
1,3-propanediol propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.	7.11	1	0	propane-1,3-diols	metabolite; protic solvent
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.07	1	0	thiazolidine
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	4.9	1	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.11	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	4.74	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.15	1	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
violacein [no description available]	2.03	1	0
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	3.95	3	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.21	1	0	phenoxazine
glycylglycine [no description available]	3.14	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	4.9	1	1	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	4.9	1	1	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.04	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
methyl nitrite [no description available]	2.03	1	0
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	3.88	3	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	4.05	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxycytidine [no description available]	5.09	1	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	2.13	1	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.6	1	0	zinc molecular entity
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	12.57	83	2	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	3.11	1	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
didecyldimethylammonium didecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; deciquam 222 refers to bromide	2.6	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.31	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	3.52	2	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.52	2	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	4.93	2	1	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
streptomycin [no description available]	2.52	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.31	1	0	carbon oxoanion
nitroxoline nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.	2.41	1	0	C-nitro compound; monohydroxyquinoline	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; renal agent
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	1.97	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
vantocil polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.07	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	2	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.01	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	5.27	3	1	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	6.64	13	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	5.3	3	1	titanium group element atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	7.63	2	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.48	2	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
titanium tetrachloride titanium tetrachloride: RN given refers to TiCl4	2.03	1	0
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.9	1	1	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
sodium sulfate [no description available]	4.9	1	1	inorganic sodium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.44	2	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	1.97	1	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.82	2	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	5.3	2	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	4.9	1	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	2.31	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
iodine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	5.75	6	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	3.47	1	1	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
pyrrolidine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	4.9	1	1
alkenes [no description available]	2.04	1	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	3.14	5	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.62	8	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.52	2	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	4.21	16	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	4.9	1	1	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
gallium citrate [no description available]	4.9	1	1
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	7.31	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	5.51	7	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.	2.99	4	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	5.57	20	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	5.09	1	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p [no description available]	3.11	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	4.91	6	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
miloxacin miloxacin: structure in second source	2.13	1	0	quinolines
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	12.27	85	7	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	1.99	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
sulbenicillin Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.	2.15	1	0	penicillin
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.17	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
cefmetazole Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.	4.69	6	1	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.11	1	0
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	14.46	102	4	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefotiam Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotiam : A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.	4.63	3	2	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	3.23	5	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	11.27	18	2	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	2.11	1	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	1.99	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.9	4	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	3.57	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	3.77	2	1
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	4.9	1	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	5.09	1	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	4.9	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	4.9	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
thiolactic acid thiolactic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	2.45	2	0
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	4.9	1	1	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.25	1	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfadoxine drug combination trimethoprim, sulfadoxine drug combination: combination of sulfadoxine & trimethoprim	2.31	1	0
ursolic acid [no description available]	2.25	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
cyclam cyclam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	7.01	1	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.25	1	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	19.72	560	15	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
ritipenem ritipenem: carbapenem antibiotic; structure given in first source	11.1	66	7
flomoxef flomoxef: structure given in first source; RN given refers to sodium salt. flomoxef : A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.	3.31	6	0	N-acyl-amino acid; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
ebrotidine ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector	3.11	1	0	sulfonamide
fropenem [no description available]	4.02	13	0	faropenem
pazufloxacin [no description available]	2.75	3	0	quinolines
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.69	2	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	4.3	5	0	1,2,3-triazole
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	6.45	2	2	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
arbekacin arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside; kanamycins	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
resorufin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	phenoxazine
morpholinopropane sulfonic acid 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.2 at 20 degreeC.	2.25	1	0	MOPS; morpholines; organosulfonic acid
cefminox cefminox : A second-generation cephamycin antibiotic having [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and 2-{[(2S)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}acetamido side-groups located respectively at positions 3 and 7beta of the cephem nucleus. A broad-spectrum bactericide, it is especially effective against Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria.	1.98	1	0	cephamycin; tetrazoles
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.41	1	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
ljc 10627 biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.	6.27	46	0	carbapenems; organic sulfide; pyrazolotriazole	antibacterial drug
dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.	3.14	1	0	razoxane	antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	3.14	1	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
sanfetrinem sanfetrinem: orally absorbed hexetil ester of GV-104326	2.71	3	0
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.31	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
panipenem panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source	8.88	36	2	organic molecular entity
pd 131628 PD 131628: CI-990 is L-alanylamide prodrug of PD-131628; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione: has antineoplastic, intercalating, and trypanocidal activities; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
isoalantolactone isoalantolactone: RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure. isoalantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.	7.25	1	0	eudesmane sesquiterpenoid; sesquiterpene lactone	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	20.18	342	36	carbapenems
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	9.94	22	1	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
phosphoric phenyl ester diamide [no description available]	3.51	1	0
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	6.22	5	2	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
valproic acid glucuronide valproic acid glucuronide: major metabolite of valproic acid	4.27	5	0	glucosiduronic acid
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	4.9	1	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.6	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0
mci 9038 [no description available]	3.15	1	0	peptide
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	4.26	16	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.06	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
s-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.	2.03	1	0	glutathione conjugate
2,5-dihydroxypyridine pyridine-2,5-diol : A dihydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	4.9	1	1	dihydroxypyridine	mouse metabolite
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.04	1	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	18.7	535	23	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
pumiliotoxin c pumiliotoxin C: isolated from skin of Dendrobates pumilio (frog); see also records for pumiliotoxin A, pumiliotoxin B & pumiliotoxins	3.12	1	0
amdinocillin pivoxil Amdinocillin Pivoxil: Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin.. pivmecillinam : A penicillanic acid ester that is the [(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl ester and prodrug of mecillinam.	2.06	1	0	penicillanic acid ester; penicillin; pivaloyloxymethyl ester	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; prodrug
panipenem-betamipron panipenem-betamipron: useful perenteral antibiotic against respiratory tract infections; structure given in first source	5.6	5	1
n-(3-oxohexanoyl)-3-aminodihydro-2(3h)-furanone N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-3-aminodihydro-2(3H)-furanone: cpd synthesized by luminous bacteria excreted into medium that induces luciferase synthesis at threshold concentration; structure in first source. N-(3-oxohexanoyl)homoserine lactone : A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-oxohexanoic acid with the amino group of homoserine lactone.	4.47	7	0	N-acyl homoserine lactone; secondary carboxamide
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	4.9	1	1	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.11	1	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
celastrol [no description available]	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	13.43	74	2	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
aerobactin [no description available]	3.71	2	0	L-lysine derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; siderophore; virulence factor
garenoxacin garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; isoindoles; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1,4,7-triazacyclononane-n,n',n''-triacetic acid 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
cefotiam hexetil cefotiam hexetil: RN given refers to the (6R-(6alpha,7beta))-isomer. cefotiam hexetil ester : The 1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl ester of cefotiam. It is used as its dihydrochloride salt as a prodrug for cefotiam.	3.37	1	1	carboxylic ester	prodrug
methotrexate [no description available]	2.49	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer: autoinducer required for expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes; structure given in first source. N-(3-oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone : A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide arising from formal condensation of homoserine lactone with 3-oxododecanoic acid.	2.15	1	0	N-acyl homoserine lactone
glutamate-1-semialdehyde (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid : A 5-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 5-oxopentanoic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4 (the 4S-stereoisomer).	2.42	2	0	5-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; glutamic semialdehyde	Escherichia coli metabolite
cgp 31608 CGP 31608: structure given in first source; CGP 32879 is the (5S,6R,8S)-isomer	7.89	4	0
sulbactam [no description available]	10.21	73	3	penicillanic acids
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.41	1	0	D-xylose
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	22.46	332	5	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	11.05	8	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hre 664 HRE 664: synthetic penem antibiotic; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	16.44	36	5	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	15.83	147	7	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	4.99	4	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	5.52	2	1	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
canertinib dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.6	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	4.9	1	1	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	4.9	1	1	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	5.82	2	1	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
n,n-dimethyl-n-hexadecyl-1-octadecylammonium N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecyl-1-octadecylammonium: cationic lipid; RN given refers to chloride	2.6	1	0
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	2.02	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
temocillin temocillin: beta-lactam antibiotic with unusual spectrum of antibacterial activity & exceptional stability to bacterial beta-lactamases; RN given refers to di-Na salt (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6alpha))-isomer; structure in first source. temocillin : A penicillin compound having a 6alpha-methoxy and 6beta-[2-carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido side-groups.	9.63	7	0	penicillin
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	4.9	1	1
cs 834 CS 834: orally active carbapenem; structure in first source; an ester-type prodrug of R-95867	3.94	13	0
oxytocin, asp(5)- [no description available]	3.86	3	0
ps 5 PS 5: lactam antibiotic from Streptomyces sp. A271 ATCC 31358; RN given refers to (5R-cis)-isomer; structure in fifth source	1.97	1	0	carbapenems
aspergillomarasmine a [no description available]	2.5	2	0
2-deoxystreptamine 2-deoxystreptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure.. 2-deoxystreptamine : An amino cyclitol consisting of scyllo-inositol with the hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 replaced by unsubstituted amino groups and that at position 2 replaced by hydrogen.	2.06	1	0
iclaprim iclaprim: has antiviral activity. iclaprim : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-iclaprim. Both enantiomers exhibit similar, potent bactericidal activity against major Gram-positive pathogens, notably methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA, respectively).. 5-[(2-cyclopropyl-7,8-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-5-yl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine that is 5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a 2-cyclopropyl-7,8-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-5-yl group.	4.69	3	0	aminopyrimidine; chromenes; cyclopropanes
colistimethate sodium [no description available]	3.16	5	0
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.17	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	4.9	1	1
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	3.12	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
hafnia Hafnia: A genus of straight, gram-negative bacterial rods which are facultatively anaerobic and motile by peritrichous flagella. This genus is found in human and animal feces, soil, water, and dairy products. It is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)	2.05	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	7.13	32	0
acetogenins Acetogenins: Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.	5.09	1	1
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	3.86	3	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2	1	0	cellotriose
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	3.12	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
thienamycin thienamycin: beta-lactam antibiotic; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.16	5	0	carbapenems
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	19.64	588	34	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sq 27860 carbapenem-3-carboxylic acid: from species of Serratia & Erwinia; carbapenam antibiotic; structure given in first source. 1-carbapenem-3-carboxylic acid : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid that is the 3-carboxy derivative of 2,3-didehydro-1-carbapenam.	3.37	7	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	7	22	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	2.92	4	0
linezolid [no description available]	9.94	26	1	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
genipin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
sultamicillin sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam	7.73	15	2	penicillanic acid ester
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.21	1	0	cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.02	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
bulgecin a bulgecin A: structure in first source; do not confuse with bulgecin	2.13	1	0
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	5.2	2	1	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.41	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.17	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	5.09	1	1	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	11.41	16	0
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	11.71	63	3	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	4.8	8	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	2.04	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	5.02	2	1
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	4.9	1	1	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	4.9	1	1	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
l 743,872 [no description available]	2.54	2	0
dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.	2.05	1	0	kanamycins	antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
streptothricins Streptothricins: A group of antibiotic aminoglycosides differing only in the number of repeating residues in the peptide side chain. They are produced by Streptomyces and Actinomyces and may have broad spectrum antimicrobial and some antiviral properties.. streptothricin : An N-glycosyl compound consisting of 2-amino-4-O-carbamoyl-2-deoxy-N-[(3aS,7R,7aS)-7-hydroxy-4-oxooctahydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-ylidene]-beta-D-gulopyranosylamine in which the amino group at position 2 of the gulopyranosyl moiety is acylated by a peptide unit made up of between 1 and 7 N(epsilon)-linked units of beta-lysine.	2.52	2	0
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.6	1	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
geraniol [no description available]	4.9	1	1	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.46	7	0	isomethyleugenol
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.21	1	0	stilbene
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	2.02	1	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
s 1033 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	5.49	3	1
n-benzoylalanine N-benzoylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd (L-Ala)-isomer. N-benzoylalanine : An N-acylamino acid that is the N-benzoyl derivative of alanine.. N-benzoyl-L-alanine : An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of L-alanine with the carboxy group of benzoic acid.	4.3	4	1	N-acyl-L-alanine; N-benzoylalanine	metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	5.3	2	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
1-n-methyl-5-thiotetrazole 1-N-methyl-5-thiotetrazole: side chain of several new antibiotics associated with development of hypoprothrombinemia	2.03	1	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	7.03	1	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	2.41	1	0
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	2.25	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
nadp [no description available]	4.9	1	1
2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone: structure in first source. 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone : A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.	2.54	2	0	quinolone	signalling molecule
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	2.44	2	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	2.41	1	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
maraviroc [no description available]	2.04	1	0	tropane alkaloid
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.08	1	0	alkali metal atom
4-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine 4-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	piperidines
cystine [no description available]	5.14	2	1
isepamicin [no description available]	2.31	1	0
carbonyl 3-chlorophenylhydrazone carbonyl 3-chlorophenylhydrazone: inhibitor of ATP synthesis; inhibits iron-containing nitrile hydratases	2.1	1	0
telavancin telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.	4.06	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
apramycin apramycin : An aminoglycoside that is 2-deoxystreptamine that is substituted on the oxygen at position 4 by an (8R)-2-amino-8-O-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-D-glycero-alpha-D-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl) group.	3.38	5	0	2-deoxystreptamine derivative; aminoglycoside; organic heterobicyclic compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
homoserine lactone homoserine lactone: a putative signal for starvation in E. coli; structure in first source. homoserinium lactone : The conjugate acid of homoserine lactone; major species at pH 7.3.. homoserine lactone : A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.	4.52	7	0	ammonium ion derivative; organic cation
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.49	2	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2.08	1	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
sq 109 N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity	4.07	1	0
quercetin [no description available]	3.14	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	4.9	1	1	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.31	1	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	3.87	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	7.2	30	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefzil cefprozil: structure given in first source. cefprozil : A semisynthetic, second-generation cephalosporin, with prop-1-enyl and (R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used to treat bronchitis as well as ear, skin and other bacterial infections.	2.04	1	0
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	4.9	1	1	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	4.9	1	1	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
baicalein [no description available]	3.01	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
morusin morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.	4.9	1	1	extended flavonoid; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
rhamnetin rhamnetin: aglycone of xanthorhamnin; from Rhamnus. rhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position 7.	2.9	2	0	monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; metabolite
pterostilbene [no description available]	2.21	1	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	4.9	1	1	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	3.11	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.	2.71	3	0	cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid	antibacterial drug
menatetrenone menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	2.03	1	0	menaquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ubiquinone 8 [no description available]	4.9	1	1	ubiquinones	biomarker
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.03	1	0
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.54	2	0	hydrochloride
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
pyoverdin pyoverdin: a partly cyclic octapeptide linked to a chromophore, derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline, which confers color and fluorescence to the molecule; yellow-green pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; pyoverdin Pf from P. fluorescens; structure has been determined	2.6	1	0
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	6.79	4	2	metal atom; pnictogen
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	4.9	1	1	boron group element atom
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.42	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	6.21	5	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
deoxyribose [no description available]	2.13	1	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	4.9	1	1	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.75	3	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.01	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
n-acetylmuramic acid N-acetylmuramic acid: RN given refers to D-Glucopyranose, (R)-isomer. N-acetyl-D-muramic acid : The pyranose form of N-acetylmuramic acid.	2.04	1	0	N-acetylmuramic acid
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	4.9	1	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	4.9	1	1	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
lycopodine [no description available]	3.12	1	0	quinolizidine alkaloid
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	12.19	71	4	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
hr 810 cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.68	3	0	cephalosporin; cyclopentapyridine
cefetamet cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.	1.99	1	0	cephalosporin
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.15	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	8.71	31	3	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
way 202196 3-(3-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-naphthonitrile: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
mastoparan [no description available]	3.35	1	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	4.9	1	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
cefatrizine Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.	1.99	1	0	amino acid amide; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; phenols; semisynthetic derivative; triazoles	antibacterial drug; EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	4.9	1	1	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
cilastatin [no description available]	18.81	51	15	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
nitrocefin nitrocefin: chromogenic cephalosporin used for detection of beta-lactamase activity; Cefinase is name for nitrocefin on paper disc; RN given refers to (6R-(3(E),6 alpha,7 beta))-isomer; structure for mono-Na salt in second source	4.23	6	0
brl 28500 ticarcillin-clavulanic acid: combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid; used against gram-negative rods	3.87	3	0
2-(3-methanesulfonylamino-1-propenyl)pyrrolidin-4-ylthiol-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1-methyl-1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid DA 1131: structure in first source	4.01	14	0
ixabepilone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.	2.02	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
sudoterb sudoterb: an antibacterial active against M. tuberculosis; structure in first source	4.07	1	0
opc-67683 OPC-67683: an antitubercular agent	2.11	1	0	piperidines
carumonam carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.	2.13	1	0	monobactam	antibacterial drug
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	4.58	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
fce 22891 FCE 22891: structure in first source	6.25	11	1
sitafloxacin sitafloxacin: structure in first source	2.99	4	0
clavam clavam: structure in first source. penam : Compound comprising a beta-lactam ring fused to a saturated 5-membered ring containing one sulfur atom.	2.44	2	0	natural product fundamental parent; penams
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	4.33	6	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
cefmenoxime Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmenoxime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.	2.39	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	2.01	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
asparenomycin asparenomycin: from Streptomyces tokunonensis sp. nov.; structure given in first source	2.41	1	0
cefoselis cefoselis: structure given in first source. cefoselis : A cephalosporin compound having [2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-imino-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively. A 4th generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin.	2.6	1	0
tebipenem tebipenem: an oral carbapenem antibiotic, against penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; structure in first source	17.41	65	8
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	4.68	8	0
tomopenem [no description available]	6.12	16	2
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	4.9	1	1	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
avibactam avibactam : A member of the class of azabicycloalkanes that is (2S,5R)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxamide in which the amino hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a sulfooxy group. Used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftazidime pentahydrate for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis.	7.05	45	0	azabicycloalkane; hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; ureas	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
ppi-0903 ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.	7.21	8	1	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; iminium betaine; organic phosphoramidate; oxime O-ether; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; prodrug
cefditoren cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.	3.3	6	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	6.21	8	1	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
l 084 L 084: an oral carbapenem with a 1-(1,3-thiazolin-2-yl)azetidin-3-ylthio group at the C-2 position; structure in first source	3.43	7	0	carbapenems; pivaloyloxymethyl ester
thiocolchicoside thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure	4.9	1	1	glycoside
rucaparib AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.9	1	1	azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
cp 70429 sulopenem: a penem antibiotic	2.9	2	0
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate	2.17	1	0
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	3.35	1	0
struvite Struvite: The mineral magnesium ammonium phosphate with the formula NH4MgPO4. It is associated with urea-splitting organisms in a high magnesium, high phosphate, alkaline environment. Accumulation of crystallized struvite is found in the urinary tract as struvite CALCULI and as scale on sewage system equipment and wastewater pipes.	2.6	1	0	hydrate; phosphate mineral	fertilizer
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	4.9	1	1
me1036 ME1036: structure in first source	3.64	9	0
ici 213689 ICI 213689: a meropenem metabolite	1.99	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	4.97	2	1
sm-216601 SM-216601: exhibits potent activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE); structure in first source	4.35	4	1
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	4.9	1	1
l 749345 L 749345: structure given in first source. ertapenem sodium : The monosodium salt of ertapenem. It is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract. It is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I tham imipenem, and so unlike imipenem, its use with cilastatin, which inhibits the enzyme, is not required.	6.79	19	0	organic sodium salt	antibacterial drug
tedizolid DA 7157: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. tedizolid : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a 2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl group at position 2 and by a 2-fluoro-4-[(5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl group at position 5. It is used as its phosphate pro-drug used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.	2.31	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone; primary alcohol; pyridines; tetrazoles	antimicrobial agent; drug metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
arq 197 [no description available]	3.35	1	0	indoles
cefdinir Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.	2.92	4	0
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	5.09	1	1
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.15	1	0	benzoxazole
methylamphotericin b methylamphotericin B: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	macrolide; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; metabolite
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	3.1	1	0
nemonoxacin nemonoxacin: has antibacterial activity	2.06	1	0	quinolines
rifamycins [no description available]	4.96	2	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.21	1	0
pluracidomycin pluracidomycin: from Streptomyces pluracidomyceticus; carbapenem antibiotic; structure given in first source	3.21	6	0
sch 29482 Sch 29482: penem antibiotic; bactericidal & stable to beta-lactamases; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.25	1	0
curcumol [no description available]	4.9	1	1	sesquiterpenoid
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	6.38	2	2	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tachyplesin peptide, tachypleus tridentatus tachyplesin peptide, Tachypleus tridentatus: isolated from the hemocytes of the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus); cationic peptide; 17 amino acid residues given in first source	3.35	1	0
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	4.9	1	1	tannin
thymalfasin Thymalfasin: A thymus hormone polypeptide found in thymosin fraction 5 (a crude thymus gland extract) but now produced by synthesis. It is used alone or with interferon as an immunomodulator for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C. Thymalfasin is also used for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression, and to enhance the efficacy of influenza and hepatitis B vaccines in immunocompromised patients.	3.43	1	1	polypeptide
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	5.17	2	1
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.15	1	0
oritavancin oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.	4.09	2	0	disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	4.9	1	1	glycoside
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	2.52	2	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	5.09	1	1	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
ceragenin csa-13 ceragenin CSA-13: has antibacterial activity; isolated from Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine APX001A: has antifungal activity; structure in first source	4.9	1	1
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	4.9	1	1
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.	10.1	29	6
chitosan [no description available]	2.21	1	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	2.13	1	0	organosulfonic acid
sy 5555 SUN 5555: structure given in first source	8.82	33	18
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	3.51	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
monoperoxysulfate monoperoxysulfate: RN given refers to mono-Na salt	2.05	1	0
raltegravir potassium Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.	2.04	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	9.34	33	2
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.	14.11	93	3
bli-489 BLI-489: structure in first source	3.71	2	0
quinupristin-dalfopristin quinupristin-dalfopristin: RP 59500 is a combination of RP 57669 & RP 54476, which are water soluble derivatives of pristinamycin IA & pristinamycin IIB, respectively	3.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
bo 2727 BO 2727: structure in first source	5.39	14	1	carbapenems
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.93	3	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uridine diphosphate n-acetylmuramic acid Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylmuramic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which is formed from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. It serves as the building block upon which peptidoglycan is formed.. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate(3-) : A UDP-N-acetyl-D-muramate(3-) in which the anomeric centre of the pyranose fragment has alpha-configuration.	2.1	1	0	UDP-N-acetylmuramate(3-)
cyslabdan cyslabdan: potentiates imipenem activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
mannans [no description available]	4.9	1	1
achn 490 plazomicin: structure in first source	5.51	7	0
mk-7655 relebactam: structure in first source	7.18	22	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	4.54	7	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	3.43	1	1
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	19.14	478	14
tylosin [no description available]	2.41	1	0
fr 264205 ceftolozane: cephalosporin anti-bacterial agent with enhanced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ceftolozane : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (5-amino-4-{[(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-2-ium-2-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria that have become resistant to conventional antibiotics.	7.68	21	0
bocillin fl BOCILLIN FL: used for detecting pencillin-binding proteins; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
bal 30072 BAL 30072: a siderophore with antibacterial activity; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.05	1	0
cefteram cefteram: structure given in first source. cefteram : A cephalosporin compound having (5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.	2.39	2	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.93	3	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	6.17	9	1
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	13.25	165	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.39	2	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.11	1	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
teriflunomide [no description available]	4.9	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tigecycline [no description available]	13.67	216	0
omadacycline omadacycline: demonstrated in vitro activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and select Gram-negative pathogens; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	tetracyclines
dolutegravir [no description available]	2.13	1	0	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
eravacycline eravacycline: has antibacterial activity	10.14	16	2	tetracyclines
rpx7009 RPX7009: a beta-lactamase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.37	14	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	2.07	1	0
bismuth oxybromide bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation	4.9	1	1
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	4.9	1	1
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	4.9	1	1
cefuroxime axetil [no description available]	1.97	1	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	2.75	3	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	10.48	19	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	4.9	1	1
glutaminase [no description available]	2.01	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	5.09	1	1
cefiderocol cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.	13.24	57	3	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; siderophore
mesembrine [no description available]	3.12	1	0
daptomycin [no description available]	7.13	17	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	2.25	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.14	4	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	4.9	1	1
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	4.19	15	0
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.39	6	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2.04	1	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	5.09	1	1
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	16.14	39	4	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.11	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	2.13	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	2.11	1	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
ceftobiprole ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).	10.76	8	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles	antimicrobial agent
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	3.64	9	0
streptothricin f streptothricin F: streptothricin group of antibiotics; see also racemomycins: 11006-72-7, streptothricin E for racemomycin C: 3776-38-3, yazumycin: 11051-45-9; structure. streptothricin F : A streptothricin in which the peptide side-chain consists of a single unit of beta-lysine.. streptothricin F(3+) : A primary aliphatic ammonium ion which is obtained from streptothricin F by protonation of the guanidino and amino groups.	2.6	1	0	guanidinium ion; primary aliphatic ammonium ion	antimicrobial agent
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.15	1	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.21	1	0
dactinomycin cefozopran: RN given refers to the (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/91. cefozopran : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-1-ium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.52	8	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	9.32	71	2
E coli Infections [description not available]	13.97	246	5
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	13.97	246	5
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	20.54	1,109	7
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	20.54	1,109	7
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	17.84	444	10
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	18.64	407	10
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	18.64	407	10
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	16.1	192	12
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	19.92	927	14
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.31	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	16.1	192	12
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	20.57	895	17
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	20.57	895	17
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	15.44	99	19
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	15.44	99	19
Co-infection [description not available]	7.42	16	1
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	12.55	62	4
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	19.91	101	10
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	14.91	101	10
Enteric Fever [description not available]	4.74	9	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	4.74	9	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	17.62	524	6
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	17.62	524	6
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	12.01	23	17
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	12.01	23	17
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	11.26	69	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	11.26	69	1
Aura [description not available]	5.41	13	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	5.41	13	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	3.33	1	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	20.38	828	4
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	25.38	828	4
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	11.95	133	4
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	2.63	2	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	2.86	3	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	13.3	79	6
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	3.95	3	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	3.95	3	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	5.79	20	0
Intra-Abdominal Infections [description not available]	13.25	39	8
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	18.61	244	33
Intraabdominal Infections Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.	13.25	39	8
Infection, Wound [description not available]	4.11	14	0
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	6.59	17	0
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	6.59	17	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	5.79	7	1
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	5.79	7	1
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	13.27	56	8
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	21.38	321	42
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	26.38	321	42
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	6.91	25	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	6.91	25	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	7.3	11	2
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	8.93	18	2
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	12.3	11	2
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	9.49	31	2
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	9.49	31	2
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.47	2	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	5.2	2	1
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.47	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	5.2	2	1
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	2.77	3	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	8.27	29	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	8.27	29	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	5.18	7	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	4.36	4	0
Diathesis [description not available]	6.83	13	1
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	10.38	31	2
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	10.38	31	2
Candida Infection [description not available]	4.99	8	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.99	8	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	3.13	4	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	8.48	21	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	8.48	21	1
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	6.37	20	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	6.37	8	1
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	6.37	8	1
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	10.36	15	9
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	10.36	15	9
Infections, Serratia [description not available]	5.77	19	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	11.29	50	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	9.51	15	4
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia [description not available]	5.8	11	0
Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation that is acquired through an interaction within a healthcare institution often through a therapeutic experience (e.g., use of catheters or ventilators).	5.8	11	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.59	2	1
Febrile Neutropenia Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.	6.56	15	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	8.45	13	3
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	8.45	13	3
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	11.17	31	12
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	11.17	31	12
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	3.34	6	0
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	2.59	2	0
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis [description not available]	5	6	0
Neonatal Sepsis Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.	5	6	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	8.99	28	3
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	8.99	28	3
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	3.45	6	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	3.45	6	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	10.6	4	1
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	2.99	4	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	2.41	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	5.6	4	1
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	2.41	1	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	4.72	1	1
Koch's Disease [description not available]	6.48	8	1
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	6.48	8	1
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	7.59	2	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	6.18	3	1
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	3.27	5	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	9.85	47	3
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	5.47	7	2
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	9.85	47	3
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	6.18	3	1
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	3.27	5	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	8.75	20	1
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	8.75	20	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	6.57	5	2
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	6.57	5	2
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	3.12	5	0
Central Nervous System Infection [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Cerebral Ventriculitis Inflammation of CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.	2.87	3	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.98	4	0
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	3.45	6	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.41	1	0
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	4.18	3	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	4.18	3	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.57	9	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	4.57	9	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	4.88	7	0
Infection Reactivation [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	3.22	5	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	4.88	7	0
Candidemia A form of invasive candidiasis where species of CANDIDA are present in the blood.	3.76	3	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	2.96	3	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	10.34	49	5
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	10.34	49	5
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	12.59	64	3
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.95	4	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	8.13	31	1
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	8.13	31	1
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.41	1	0
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	3.06	4	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	2.94	3	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	8.55	17	3
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	8.75	17	3
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.76	3	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	8.75	17	3
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	5.12	2	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	5.12	2	1
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	5.12	2	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	5.12	2	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	6.59	9	2
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	6.59	9	2
Thrombopenia [description not available]	2.98	3	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	2.98	3	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	5.33	4	1
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	5.2	3	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	4.72	1	1
ADDH [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Bleb [description not available]	4.73	2	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	6.21	3	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	6.62	5	2
Lassitude [description not available]	4.94	2	1
Cancer of Head [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Paratyphoid Fever A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.	4.8	2	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Low Back Ache [description not available]	6.28	3	2
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.72	1	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	4.72	1	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	4.72	1	1
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	4.82	2	1
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	4.72	1	1
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	4.72	1	1
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	4.72	1	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	6.21	3	2
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	6.15	2	2
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	4.72	1	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	4.72	1	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	6.62	5	2
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	4.72	1	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	4.94	2	1
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	4.72	1	1
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	5.06	3	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	6.28	3	2
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	5.33	4	1
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	4.72	1	1
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	4.72	1	1
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.	2.41	1	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	3.68	9	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	3.68	9	0
Disseminated Fungal Infection [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	12.11	65	11
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	17.11	65	11
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	8.22	16	3
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	8.22	16	3
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	3.03	4	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.6	1	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	2.6	1	0
Fasciitis, Necrotizing A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.	3.4	2	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	6.51	10	1
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	6.51	10	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	5.81	15	0
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	5.04	8	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	2.6	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	2.6	1	0
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	7.9	8	1
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	8.45	5	5
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	5.85	2	1
Disorder, Borderline Personality [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Brucella Infection [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	4.91	1	1
As If Personality [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	8.4	6	5
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	8.63	6	5
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	4.91	1	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	4.91	1	1
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	4.94	2	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	8.45	5	5
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	5.85	2	1
Borderline Personality Disorder A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)	4.91	1	1
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	4.91	1	1
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	4.91	1	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	7.19	7	3
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	4.91	1	1
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	8.4	6	5
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	7.9	8	1
Blood Diseases [description not available]	7.24	11	2
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	7.24	11	2
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	2.59	2	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	5.89	11	2
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	5.89	11	2
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	2.47	2	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.25	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	3.6	8	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	10.25	33	5
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	8.56	32	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	10.25	33	5
Pyrexia [description not available]	11.87	28	5
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	16.87	28	5
6th Nerve Palsy [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Diplopia A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.	2.21	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bernard Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	2.21	1	0
Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	2.21	1	0
Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction A myocardial infarction that does not produce elevations in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. ST segment elevation of the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction).	2.21	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	2.21	1	0
Anus Prolapse [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.83	3	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	2.59	2	0
Infection [description not available]	9.52	8	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	4.52	8	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	13.57	57	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	18.57	57	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2.86	3	0
Cerebral Nocardiosis [description not available]	4.39	7	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	5.03	9	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	3.17	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	3.17	1	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.69	2	0
Burns, Inhalation Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.	2.25	1	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	2.49	2	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.25	1	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Megacolon, Toxic An acute form of MEGACOLON, severe pathological dilatation of the COLON. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ULCERATIVE COLITIS; CROHN DISEASE; AMEBIC DYSENTERY; or CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS.	2.25	1	0
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	2.99	4	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	2.25	1	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2.49	2	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.76	3	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	3.75	3	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	8.75	3	0
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.25	1	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	2.25	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	2.25	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	8.94	11	1
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	5.63	6	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	6.31	7	2
Cardiac Death [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	7.84	4	4
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	7.81	5	4
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	4.72	1	1
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	7.84	4	4
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	4.72	1	1
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	4.72	1	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	4.92	2	1
Berger Disease [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	5.11	3	1
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	5.41	2	2
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	4.72	1	1
Sinus Infections [description not available]	4.92	2	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	7.84	4	4
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Bucket Handle Tears [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.72	1	1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	4.72	1	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	4.72	1	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	4.72	1	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	4.72	1	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	7.84	4	4
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	6.31	7	2
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	4.72	1	1
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	4.72	1	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	4.72	1	1
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	4.72	1	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	4.72	1	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	4.72	1	1
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	4.72	1	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	5.11	3	1
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	4.72	1	1
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	4.72	1	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	4.72	1	1
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	4.72	1	1
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	7.84	4	4
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	4.99	2	1
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	5.41	2	2
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	4.92	2	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	4.72	1	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	4.72	1	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	7.84	4	4
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	4.72	1	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	4.72	1	1
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	7.84	4	4
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	7.81	5	4
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	4.72	1	1
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	4.72	1	1
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	4.72	1	1
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	4.72	1	1
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	4.72	1	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	4.72	1	1
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	2.25	1	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	2.25	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	4.49	8	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	4.49	8	0
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	3.81	10	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	4.86	12	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	4.86	12	0
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.41	1	0
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.41	1	0
MODS [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	3.31	6	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	3.41	2	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	6.8	12	0
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection [description not available]	6.2	8	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	4.41	4	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	3.7	1	1
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	3.7	1	1
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	4.26	6	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	4.26	6	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.31	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	5.94	5	1
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	8.08	24	1
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	8.08	24	1
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	2.15	1	0
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.	9.88	7	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	5.02	9	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	5.02	9	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	2.15	1	0
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.84	3	0
Digestive System Fistula An abnormal passage communicating between any components of the digestive system, or between any part of the digestive system and surrounding organ(s).	2.15	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	3.18	5	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	3.18	5	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	3.06	4	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.15	1	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	4.58	9	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	5.42	14	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	5.42	14	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Abscess, Abdominal [description not available]	6.68	11	2
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	2.17	1	0
Abdominal Abscess An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	11.68	11	2
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	3.99	4	0
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	4.08	5	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	4.64	9	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	2.57	2	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	3.53	7	0
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	4.86	7	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	4.86	7	1
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.17	1	0
Maggot Infestations [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Postthrombotic Syndrome A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. Clinical features include EDEMA; PAIN; aching; heaviness; and MUSCLE CRAMP in the leg. When severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous STASIS ULCER.	2.17	1	0
Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	2.21	1	0
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY.	2.17	1	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	5.75	4	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	5.75	4	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.17	1	0
Asymptomatic Colonization [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Pancreatic Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.	2.21	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	3.48	2	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	2.21	1	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	6.94	11	1
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	6.94	11	1
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.21	1	0
Leanness [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	3.82	11	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	4.53	5	1
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	4.53	5	1
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.21	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	3.65	3	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pus [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	3.4	2	0
B cepacia Infection [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Pleuropneumonia Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with PLEURISY, inflammation of the PLEURA.	2.08	1	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	3.36	2	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	2.1	1	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	7.08	1	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	2.1	1	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	2.1	1	0
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	5.09	3	1
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	3.81	2	1
Acute Cholecystitis [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Cholecystitis, Acute Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.	3.5	1	1
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.75	3	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	2.11	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	4.15	3	1
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	4.15	3	1
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.11	1	0
Colonic Diverticulitis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.11	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	3.83	2	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	3.83	2	0
Bowel Incontinence [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.	2.13	1	0
Choledocholithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.	2.11	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	2.11	1	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.11	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.11	1	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	2.5	2	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.13	1	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2.13	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	2.13	1	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	5.47	3	1
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	5.47	3	1
Mediastinitis Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.	2.13	1	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	2.13	1	0
Far East Scarlet-like Fever [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Discitis Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.	2.13	1	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Communicable Diseases, Imported Infectious diseases originating in one geographically delineated ecosystem that are carried (by travel or immigration) to another geographically delineated ecosystem by an infected individual, animal, or disease vector.	2.13	1	0
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	4.15	3	1
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Chills The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.	2.15	1	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.13	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	2.15	1	0
Exanthem [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	2.77	3	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	5.42	5	1
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.15	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.15	1	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	2.13	1	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	2.04	1	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	2.04	1	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	2.04	1	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	2.96	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	3.43	1	1
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	2.04	1	0
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	2.04	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.79	2	1
Actinomycetoma [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Mycetoma A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.	2.96	1	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	3.85	4	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	3.85	4	0
Acute Biphenotypic Leukemia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute An acute leukemia exhibiting cell features characteristic of both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages and probably arising from MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS.	2.04	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Amentia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.46	2	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	2.04	1	0
Bacillaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACILLACEAE.	2.45	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	2.05	1	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	5.04	3	3
Bone Diseases, Infectious Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.	2.05	1	0
Epiglottitis Inflammation of the EPIGLOTTIS.	2.05	1	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	2.05	1	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	3.81	2	1
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.	2.05	1	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	2.05	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	2.96	1	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	2.05	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.05	1	0
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	2.05	1	0
Infections, Roseolovirus [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.05	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	2.05	1	0
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	2.05	1	0
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis [description not available]	4.01	5	0
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Meningitis, Pneumococcal An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)	4.01	5	0
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	2.05	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.06	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.06	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	5.07	5	2
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	10.07	5	2
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	2.4	2	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	2.06	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	2.72	3	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2.06	1	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	2.06	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.06	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.48	2	0
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Type 2 von Willebrand Disease [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Abscess, Peritonsillar [description not available]	2.07	1	0
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	2.07	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.07	1	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	2.06	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Lemierre Disease [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	3.36	2	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.48	2	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.07	1	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Enterocolitis, Neutropenic A syndrome characterized by inflammation in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the ASCENDING COLON. It is observed in cancer patients with CHEMOTHERAPY-induced NEUTROPENIA or in other immunocompromised individuals (IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST).	2.08	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	2.08	1	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.07	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	2.07	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	2.07	1	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	2.08	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	4.35	2	2
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	4.35	2	2
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.01	1	0
Cellulitis, Pelvic [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Parametritis Inflammation of the parametrium, the connective tissue of the pelvic floor, extending from the subserous coat of the uterus laterally between the layers of the BROAD LIGAMENT.	3.39	1	1
Fisher Syndrome [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.93	1	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	2.93	1	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	2.93	1	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	2.93	1	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	2.93	1	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	2.93	1	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	2.93	1	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.42	2	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	3.35	2	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	2.01	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	2.42	2	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.02	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2.02	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.02	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	2.02	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	2.02	1	0
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	2.02	1	0
Francisella tularensis Infection [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Tularemia A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.	2.02	1	0
Anal Fissure [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Fissure in Ano A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.	2.02	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.03	1	0
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	2.03	1	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Fungemia The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.	2.03	1	0
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).	2.03	1	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	2.03	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	3.41	1	1
Deficiency, Vitamin K [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.	2.03	1	0
Vitamin K Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)	2.03	1	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	2.03	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.03	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	2.03	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	2.96	1	0
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	4.34	2	2
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	4.34	2	2
Scarlet Fever Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.	4.34	2	2
Glycosuria, Renal An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene.	1.98	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	1.98	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	1.98	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	1.98	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	4.29	1	1
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	4.29	1	1
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	4.29	1	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	3.37	1	1
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	1.99	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	2	1	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	2	1	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	2	1	0
Ludwig's Angina Severe cellulitis of the submaxillary space with secondary involvement of the perimandibular spaces. It usually results from infection in the lower molar area or from an infection following a penetrating injury to the MOUTH FLOOR.	2	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2	1	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	2.39	2	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	2	1	0
Epididymitis Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	2	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	2	1	0
Bites, Human Bites inflicted by humans.	2	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.01	1	0
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	2.89	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	1.97	1	0

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carbapenems

Cross-References

Synonyms (9)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (7,107)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 121.70

Study Types

Related Drugs (606)

Related Conditions (729)