olaquindox profile

Olaquindox is a synthetic quinoxaline-1,4-di-N-oxide that serves as a growth promoter and antibacterial agent in animal husbandry. Its synthesis typically involves the condensation of 2-amino-3-nitrophenol with a suitable quinoxaline derivative. Olaquindox has demonstrated effectiveness against various bacterial infections in animals, including E. coli and Salmonella, and has been shown to enhance growth rate and feed efficiency in livestock. However, concerns have been raised regarding potential human health risks associated with olaquindox residues in animal products, leading to its restricted use or ban in many countries. The compound's mechanism of action involves disruption of bacterial DNA synthesis. Research on olaquindox focuses on optimizing its synthesis, understanding its biological effects, developing safer alternatives, and assessing its impact on the environment and human health.'

olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	71905
CHEMBL ID	1649716
CHEBI ID	177538
SCHEMBL ID	557579
MeSH ID	M0060731

Synonym
AC-13888
olaquindox [ban:inn]
bay va 9391
olaquindox
n-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-2-quinoxalinecarboxamide 1,4-dioxide
bayernox
bayonox
2-quinoxalinecarboxamide, n-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-, 1,4-dioxide
bisergon
CHEBI:177538
n-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxido-1-oxoquinoxalin-1-ium-2-carboxamide
nsc634933
nsc-634933
1,4-dihydroxy-n-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-1.lambda.~5~,4.lambda.~5~-quinoxaline-2-carboxamide
n-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-1,4-dioxido-quinoxaline-1,4-diium-2-carboxamide
NCGC00164265-01
olachindox
olaquindox (inn)
23696-28-8
D08292
olaquindox [veterinary] (tn)
CHEMBL1649716
bay-va-9391
dtxcid1020726
cas-23696-28-8
dtxsid3040726 ,
tox21_112095
g3law9u88t ,
FT-0673254
FT-0630505
AKOS015895584
SCHEMBL557579
tox21_112095_1
NCGC00164265-02
olaquindox [mart.]
olaquindox [mi]
olaquindox [inn]
olaquindox [hsdb]
2-((2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide
olaquindox, vetranal(tm), analytical standard
J-015187
2-(2-hydroxyethylcarbamoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide
AKOS037514759
HY-N0465
mfcd00210341
AS-12544
A14807
Q27278699
CS-0008992
olaquindox-(ethylene-d4)
2-(n-(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl)-3-methylquinoxaline1,4-dioxide
olaquindox 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
olaquindox 100 microg/ml in methanol
2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl]-3-methyl-1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1\|e?-quinoxalin-1-ylium-4-olate

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Olaquindox (OLA) is a chemosynthetic growth promoter, which could promote the treatment of bacterial infections and improve feed energy efficiency. "	( Molecular mechanism of olaquindox-induced hepatotoxicity and the hepatic protective role of curcumin. Dai, C; Li, C; Li, D; Li, L; Liu, X; Pei, X; Tang, S; Xiao, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2020)	2.31
"Olaquindox (OLA) is a potent antibacterial agent used as a feed additive and growth promoter. "	( Olaquindox induces DNA damage via the lysosomal and mitochondrial pathway involving ROS production and p53 activation in HEK293 cells. Chen, M; Geng, C; Jiang, L; Li, Q; Liu, X; She, Y; Tang, L; Yang, G; Yang, Y; Zhong, L, 2015)	3.3
"Olaquindox is a growth-promoting feed additive for food-producing animals. "	( The metabolism of olaquindox in rats, chickens and pigs. Chen, DM; Huang, LL; Liu, ZY; Tao, YF; Yuan, ZH; Zhang, HH; Zhou, XN, 2011)	2.15
"Olaquindox is an oral anti-bacterial agent used as an additive to animal food. "	( Demonstration of olaquindox phototoxicity in vitro. Bergner, T; Eberlein, B; Przybilla, B, 1992)	2.07

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" However, few studies have been done to unveil its possible toxic effect and tissue injury on aquatic animal."	( Subchronic toxicity and hepatocyte apoptosis of dietary olaquindox in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Geng, Y; He, Q; He, S; Liu, T; Wang, E; Wang, K; Xie, H; Yang, Q; Ye, C, 2018)	0.73
" Hepatotoxicity is still a poor feature associated with the adverse effects of OLA."	( Molecular mechanism of olaquindox-induced hepatotoxicity and the hepatic protective role of curcumin. Dai, C; Li, C; Li, D; Li, L; Liu, X; Pei, X; Tang, S; Xiao, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.87

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The pharmacokinetic properties and residue levels of these quinolones and fluoroquinolones for which clinical experience or experimental information exists in poultry are reviewed here."	( Pharmacokinetic and residue studies of quinolone compounds and olaquindox in poultry. Anadón, A; Bringas, P; Diaz, MJ; Martinez-Larrañaga, MR; Velez, C, 1990)	0.52
"To estimate the consumer exposure to olaquindox (OLA) residues in porcine edible tissues, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (MQCA), the marker residue of OLA, was developed in pigs based on the assumptions of the flow-limited distribution, hepatic metabolism, and renal excretion."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the prediction of the depletion of methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid, the marker residue of olaquindox, in the edible tissues of pigs. Fang, K; Huang, LL; Liu, ZL; Peng, DP; Wang, YL; Yang, B; Yuang, ZH, 2014)	0.88

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" To improve studies of the metabolism and toxicity of olaquindox, its biotransformation in rat liver microsomes and the structure of its metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MS-ITTOF) were investigated."	( Metabolism of olaquindox in rat liver microsomes: structural elucidation of metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chen, D; Dai, M; Huang, L; Liu, Z; Tao, Y; Wang, Y; Yuan, Z, 2008)	0.96
"In this paper, a novel and hydrophilic functionalised material of olaquindox-imprinted polymer was synthesised in aqueous solution by a surface molecular imprinting in combination with a sol-gel process."	( Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for analysis of trace olaquindox residues in chick feeds. Chen, H; Qiao, X; Song, J; Xu, Z; Zhang, Y; Zhao, D, 2011)	0.81

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" This may reduce the bioavailability and thus biodegradation rates of TYL."	( Biodegradability of metronidazole, olaquindox, and tylosin and formation of tylosin degradation products in aerobic soil--manure slurries. Halling-Sørensen, B; Ingerslev, F, 2001)	0.59
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" In the olaquindox groups only the 200 ppm dosage showed a consistent decrease to hyponatraemic levels from four weeks treatment."	( Comparative study of the effect of the effect of carbadox, olaquindox and cyadox on aldosterone, sodium and potassium plasma levels in weaned pigs. Baars, AJ; de Graaf, GJ; Jager, LP; van der Molen, EJ, 1989)	0.95
" The effect of cyadox was very low even at the highest dosage tested."	( Cytogenetic effects of quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide-type growth-promoting agents. I. Micronucleus test in rats. Cihák, R; Srb, V, 1983)	0.27
" For each drug, 13-18 groups (n = 5-10 individuals/group) of the dosed animals were killed at different post-dosing times."	( Comparative plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics and drug residue profiles of different chemotherapeutants in fowls and rabbits. Guo, WX; Hu, GZ; Li, SF; Li, SY; Li, T; Meng, FD; Qiao, GL; Qiu, YS; Yie, HL; Zhang, XY, 1995)	0.29
" The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay demonstrated a clear dose-response relationship between olaquindox treatments and micronucleus (MN) frequencies."	( Olaquindox-induced genotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in human hepatoma G2 (HepG2) cells. Chen, K; Chen, Q; Jin, X; Tang, S; Xiao, X; Zhang, T; Zou, J, 2009)	2.01
"4 % YCD would be the optimum dosage in a Jian carp diet."	( Hepatoprotective effects of a Chinese herbal formulation, Yingchen decoction, on olaquindox-induced hepatopancreas injury in Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Ji, H; Li, C; Wang, L; Zhou, J; Zhu, T, 2015)	0.64

Class	Description
quinoxaline derivative	Any naphthyridine derivative that is a derivative of quinoxaline (1,4-naphthyridine).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0013	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID588515
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	9.7717	0.0123	7.9835	43.2770	AID1645841
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	33.4915	0.0030	41.6115	22,387.1992	AID1159552
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.6717	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID743075
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0014	0.0237	23.2282	63.5986	AID588543
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.1220	0.0355	20.9770	89.1251	AID504332
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0008	0.0578	21.1097	61.2679	AID1159526
peripheral myelin protein 22	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	12.5797	0.0056	12.3677	36.1254	AID624044
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (75)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424	RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347425	Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID585432	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] harboring pMD18-T::oqxAB by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID585420	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli C600 W191-T transconjugant by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID560282	Antibacterial activity against azithromycin-resistant Escherichia coli J53 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID560312	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate 4-39 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID585430	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli C600 SP8-T transconjugant by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID560286	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli isolate 4-67 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID561045	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate 1-68 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID561049	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate 3-45 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID560284	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli isolate 1-12 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID585422	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli C600 W245-T transconjugant by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID560304	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae isolate 1-3 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID560318	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate 4-13 harboring aac(6')Ib-cr gene by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID585433	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5[alpha] by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID585426	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli C600 X1B1-T transconjugant by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID585427	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli C600 XT11-T transconjugant by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID560302	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae isolate 1-40 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID560296	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli isolate 5-59 harboring qepA gene by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID585424	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli C600 G062-T transconjugant by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID560288	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli isolate 4-69 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID585425	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli C600 G375-T transconjugant by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID585423	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli C600 G262-T transconjugant by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID561051	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate 5-22 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID561047	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate 2-54 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID585431	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli C600 D83-T transconjugant by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID560316	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate 6-49 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID560290	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli isolate 4-78 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID585428	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli C600 SW8-T transconjugant by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID560314	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate 5-80 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID585421	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli C600 W322-T transconjugant by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID560300	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae isolate 1-39 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID585419	Antimicrobial activity against oqxAB positive Escherichia coli C600 W281-T transconjugant by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID560298	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae isolate 1-26 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID560308	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae isolate 6-4 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID560280	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID585418	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli C600 by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID560292	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli isolate 5-56 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID560320	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate 4-38 harboring aac(6')Ib-cr gene by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID560310	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate 3-51 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID585429	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli C600 ST2-T transconjugant harboring oqxAB, qnrB6 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes by CLSI agar dilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Oct, Volume: 54, Issue:10	Prevalence and dissemination of oqxAB in Escherichia coli isolates from animals, farmworkers, and the environment.
AID560306	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae isolate 4-11 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID560294	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli isolate 5-65 by broth dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	23 (14.74)	18.7374
1990's	20 (12.82)	18.2507
2000's	35 (22.44)	29.6817
2010's	60 (38.46)	24.3611
2020's	18 (11.54)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	3 (1.85%)	5.53%
Reviews	2 (1.23%)	6.00%
Case Studies	10 (6.17%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	147 (90.74%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
adenine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	3.22	5	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.02	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.6	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.08	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
albendazole [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	1.98	1	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	7.42	2	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	7.97	4	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	7	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.02	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	2.01	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.92	4	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
monodansylcadaverine monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.	2.11	1	0	aminonaphthalene; primary amino compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; protective agent
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.47	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.05	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamonomethoxine Sulfamonomethoxine: Long acting sulfonamide antibacterial agent.	1.98	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline: An antiprotozoal agent used to combat coccidial infections of swine, cattle, fowl, and other veterinary animals. Also used in controlling outbreaks of fowl typhoid and fowl cholera and in treatment of infectious enteritis.	1.98	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.01	1	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
aldosterone [no description available]	6.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.68	3	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	1.97	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.52	8	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.81	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	1.97	1	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.4	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	1.99	1	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	10.19	141	3	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
arsanilic acid Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.	2.02	1	0	organoarsonic acid
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.25	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.8	3	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
nithiamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	acetamides; aromatic amide
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
thiazoles [no description available]	1.96	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	1.98	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
streptomycin [no description available]	2.43	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.08	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.6	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	7.69	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.25	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	8.11	4	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	2.38	2	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	1.97	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
closantel closantel: structure. N-{5-chloro-4-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-2-methylphenyl}-2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzamide : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.. closantel : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clostanel. An anthelmintic, it is used (as the dihydrate of the sodium salt) in veterinary medicine for the treatment of fluke and nematode infections.	1.97	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organoiodine compound; phenols
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.5	2	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
quindoxin quindoxin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #702	2.88	4	0	quinoxaline derivative
quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.46	2	0
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	2.05	1	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.21	1	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.52	2	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
mequindox Mequindox: a synthetic quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivative which can effectively improve growth and feed efficiency in animals; structure in first source	9.27	5	0
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	2.4	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	1.97	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
tiamulin tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.	2.41	2	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antibacterial drug
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	7.25	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
apramycin apramycin : An aminoglycoside that is 2-deoxystreptamine that is substituted on the oxygen at position 4 by an (8R)-2-amino-8-O-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-D-glycero-alpha-D-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl) group.	1.97	1	0	2-deoxystreptamine derivative; aminoglycoside; organic heterobicyclic compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.04	1	0
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.05	1	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	1.97	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
quinocetone quinocetone: structure in first source	4.26	5	0
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	7	1	0
nitrovin Nitrovin: An antibacterial growth promoter used in animal feeds.	7	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans
bambermycins Bambermycins: Antibiotic complex obtained from Streptomyces bambergiensis containing mainly Moenomycins A and C. They are used as feed additives and growth promoters for poultry, swine, and cattle.	2.05	1	0
3-methylquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid 3-methylquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid: cytotoxic and genotoxic	7.57	2	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.05	1	0
gentamicin sulfate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.4	2	0
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	6.95	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.05	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.47	2	0
avoparcin avoparcin: glycopeptide antibiotic from Streptomyces candidus; antibiotic growth promoter for improving growth rates & feed conversion efficiency of broiler chickens & pigs	1.99	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	1.98	1	0
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.01	1	0	fumarate salt
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	7.05	1	0
tylosin [no description available]	3.26	6	0
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.69	3	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.94	4	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	3.42	7	0
methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid: structure in first source	4.13	3	1
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.01	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
cyadox cyadox: structure	6.69	17	1
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	2.11	1	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
carbadox Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)	5.93	33	0	quinoxaline derivative

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.52	2	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	4.26	3	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	4.26	3	1
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	3.24	6	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	4.13	3	1
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	3.92	13	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	2.08	1	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.14	5	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	2.04	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.46	2	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.05	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.5	8	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.06	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.68	3	0
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	2.08	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	2.68	3	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic [description not available]	3.5	8	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	3.78	11	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	7.87	4	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	1.98	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	1.98	1	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.39	2	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.98	1	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	1.98	1	0
Infections, Spirochaetales [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	1.99	1	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	1.99	1	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	1.99	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.41	2	0
Bejel [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	1.98	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.97	1	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.97	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	1.97	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	1.97	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	1.97	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	1.97	1	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	1.97	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	7.37	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.37	2	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	1.97	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	1.96	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	6.96	1	0

olaquindox

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (54)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (8)

Potency Measurements

Bioassays (75)

Research

Studies (156)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 38.94

Study Types

olaquindox

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (54)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (8)

Potency Measurements

Bioassays (75)

Research

Studies (156)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 38.94

Study Types

Related Drugs (90)

Related Conditions (70)