A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
| Excerpt | Reference |
|---|
| "Neuroleptic-induced catatonia is reported in an adolescent patient who responded successfully to lorazepam." | ( Woodbury, MA; Woodbury, MM, 1992) |
| "Catatonia is a syndrome that is often considered as a subtype of schizophrenia, although studies have shown that it is most often associated with affective disorders." | ( Campbell, R; Schaffer, CB; Tupin, J, 1983) |
| "Catatonia is supposed to be one of the poor prognostic signs of acute amphetamine intoxication that requires intensive care." | ( Chern, CH; Tsai, WJ, 1993) |
| "catatonia is most prevalent among elderly patients with severe depression." | ( Chemerinski, E; Leiguarda, R; Merello, M; Migliorelli, R; Petracca, G; Starkstein, SE; Tesón, A, 1996) |
| "Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome with concomittant akinesia and anxiety which both respond almost immediately to benzodiazepines such as lorazepam." | ( Bogerts, B; Czcervenka, C; Danos, P; Krause, R; Kropf, D; Northoff, G; Otto, H; Steinke, R; Ulrich, S, 1999) |
| "Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome that can be characterized by behavioural, affective and motor abnormalities." | ( Bogerts, B; Böker, H; Danos, P; Genz, A; Grosser, O; Krause, R; Nagel DCzerwenka, C; Northoff, G; Otto, HJ; Steinke, R, 2000) |
| "Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome with an inability to execute and terminate movements completely, leading consecutively to akinesia and posturing, which both respond almost immediately to benzodiazepines, i." | ( Bogerts, B; Danos, P; Krug, M; Leschinger, A; Northoff, G; Pfennig, A; Schwarz, A, 2000) |
| "Catatonia is a motor syndrome with abnormalities in neuroendocrine regulation." | ( Fink, M, 2002) |
| "Catatonia is a life-threatening disorder characterized by motor abnormalities, mutism, and disturbances of behaviour, which is increasingly being diagnosed in persons with autism." | ( Ghaziuddin, M; Ghaziuddin, N; Quinlan, P, 2005) |
| "Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by catalepsy, negativism, mutism, muscular rigidity, and mannerisms, often accompanied by autonomic instability and fever." | ( Baker, IW; Bass, C; Jackson, M, 2005) |
| "Catatonia is commonly found among psychiatric in-patients with a similar frequency and severity but differing clinical presentations in Wales and India." | ( Chalasani, P; Healy, D; Morriss, R, 2005) |
| "Lethal catatonia is characterised by acute excitation, catalepsy, autonomic instability and fever, which can lead to death." | ( Egbers, PH; Rutgers, RJ; ter Haar, IM, 2006) |
| "Catatonia is a common neuropsychiatric syndrome which may arise from GABA-A hypoactivity, dopamine (D2) hypoactivity,and possibly glutamate NMDA hyperactivity." | ( Ahuja, N; Carroll, BT; Franco, KN; Goforth, HW; Kraus, MF; McDaniel, WW; Muñoz, C; Pozuelo, L; Spiegel, DR; Thomas, C, 2007) |
| "Catatonia is a syndrome that encompasses multiple motor signs." | ( Chandran, M; El-Shazly, M, 2009) |
| "Catatonia is a common but under-diagnosed neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by the occurrence in a single patient of concomitant affective, motor and behavioral symptoms with a hazardous outcome (called lethal catatonia: LC)." | ( Allio, G; Baarir, Z; Briant, L; Desbordes, M; Follet, M; Haouzir, S; Jouen, F; Lemoine, X; Menard, JF; Meunier, C; Petit, M, 2009) |
| "Catatonia is a motor dysregulation syndrome described by Karl Kahlbaum in 1874." | ( Fink, M; Shorter, E; Taylor, MA, 2010) |
| "A case of catatonia is reported which occurred after alcohol withdrawal." | ( Consoli, SM; Cottencin, O; Danel, T; Goudemand, M; Thomas, P, 2009) |
| "Catatonia is characterized by the predominance of psychomotor abnormalities and shares many clinical, biological and treatment response features with the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), a rare adverse reaction to psychoactive medications." | ( Ferentinos, P; Liappas, J; Mourikis, I; Paparrigopoulos, T; Tzavellas, E, 2009) |
| "Malignant catatonia is a severe form of catatonia which is acute in onset, and is systemically devastating, as it is associated with fever and autonomic instability." | ( Burt, L; Dhossche, DM; Kumar, T; Shettar, SM, 2009) |
| "Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that can occur due to medical or psychiatric disorder." | ( Daniels, J, 2009) |
| "Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome characterized by concomitant emotional, behavioural and motor symptoms." | ( Grimm, S; Northoff, G; Richter, A, 2010) |
| "Catatonia is described as a risk factor for the development of NMS and some consider NMS to be a variant of malignant catatonia." | ( Askenazy, F; Benoit, M; Dor, E; Dupuis, G; Myquel, M; Seddiki, Y; Serret, S, 2010) |
| "Catatonia is a distinct neuropsychiatric syndrome that is becoming more recognized clinically and in ongoing research." | ( Francis, A, 2010) |
| "Catatonia is a syndrome of motor and behavioral disturbance." | ( Barbosa, V; Ghaziuddin, M; Ghaziuddin, N; Gih, D; Maixner, DF, 2010) |
| "Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by concurrent motor, emotional, and behavioral symptoms." | ( Math, SB; Narayanaswamy, J; Srinivasaraju, R; Tibrewal, P; Zutshi, A, 2010) |
| "Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by dysregulation of the motor system." | ( Blom, JD; Bruijn, DJ, 2010) |
| "Catatonia is a rare complication of multiple sclerosis (MS)." | ( Dinwiddie, SH; Pontikes, TK, 2010) |
| "Catatonia is a well-described neuropsychiatric syndrome that has been the subject of several texts." | ( Aloysi, AS; Kellner, CH; Popeo, DM, 2011) |
| "Catatonia is a syndrome of physical and behavioral abnormalities that can result from psychiatric, neurological, or medical illness." | ( Pustilnik, S; Trutia, A, 2011) |
| "Catatonia is a movement disorder with various possible etiologies." | ( Catalano, G; Catalano, MC; Kahn, D; Obregon, DF; Velasco, RM; Wuerz, TP, 2011) |
| "Catatonia is currently a diagnosis that is made clinically; however, due to the varied clinical presentations of catatonia, underdiagnosis is common." | ( Liang, CS; Liao, WC; Yang, FW, 2011) |
| "Catatonia is an underdiagnosed psychomotor syndrome often associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders, but it has rarely been documented in patients with HD." | ( Aguilar-Venegas, LC; Espinola-Nadurille, M; Fricchione, GL; Merida-Puga, J; Ramirez-Bermudez, J, 2011) |
| "Catatonia is a syndrome with protean manifestations and multiple aetiologies." | ( Jean-Baptiste, M; Mukai, Y; Two, A, 2011) |
| "Acute catatonia is a non-specific, relatively frequent syndrome, which manifests itself through characteristic motor signs that enables its diagnosis." | ( Belaizi, M; Bichra, MZ; Bouchikhi Idrissi, ML; Mehssani, J; Yahia, A, 2013) |
| "Catatonia is often a prominent feature of the syndrome." | ( Bobo, WV; Heckers, S; Jacobowski, NL, 2013) |
| "Catatonia is a syndrome of motor dysregulation, usually associated with psychiatric, neurological, systemic and drug-related diseases." | ( Luykx, JJ; Post, EH; van der Erf, M; Van Hecke, J, 2013) |
| "Catatonia is a unique clinical phenomenon characterized by concurrent motor, emotional, vegetative and behavioral signs." | ( Huang, TL; Lin, CC, 2013) |
| "Catatonia is a rare occurrence after DBS but when present may be safely treated with standard therapies such as lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy." | ( Abbott, CC; Brodsky, A; Deligtisch, A; Evans, D; Khafaja, M; Quinn, DK; Rees, C, 2014) |
| "Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome involving motor signs in association with disorders of mood, behavior, or thought." | ( Conway, C; Cristancho, P; Jewkes, D; Mon, T, 2014) |
| "Catatonia is a syndrome linked to frontal dysfunction that most frequently occurs in patients with mood disorders." | ( Arai, H; Iseki, E; Utumi, Y, 2013) |
| "Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome with motor and behavioral symptoms occurring in patients with or without a history of psychiatric illness." | ( Berg, SM; Bittner, EA; Nejad, SH; Saddawi-Konefka, D, 2014) |
| "Catatonia is a rare manifestation of benzodiazepine withdrawal in elderly patients who have used it for a long time." | ( Khandelwal, SK; Sivakumar, T; Sood, M; Yadav, A, 2013) |
| "Although catatonia is known to psychiatrists for more than a century, it is still poorly understood, often under recognized, have inspired debate and criticism about nosological status of the catatonic syndrome in recent times without reaching its conclusion." | ( Padhy, SK; Parakh, P; Sridhar, M, 2014) |
| "Catatonia is a comorbid syndrome occurring in 12-17% of selected groups of adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders who have been referred for specialised care or admitted to hospital." | ( Dhossche, DM; Shettar, SM; van der Steen, LF, 2015) |
| "Catatonia is a recognisable and treatable syndrome in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders." | ( Dhossche, DM; Shettar, SM; van der Steen, LF, 2015) |
| "Catatonia is a severe motor syndrome found in approximately 10% of all acute psychiatric hospital admissions." | ( Amad, A; Caudron, M; Deheul, S; Geoffroy, PA; Rolland, B; Thomas, P, 2016) |
| "Three episodes of catatonia are described to illustrate the effect of zolpidem in a patient for whom lorazepam was ineffective or inadequate." | ( Cottencin, O; Javelot, H; Javelot, T; Michel, B; Steiner, R, 2015) |
| "Catatonia is a common but often overlooked motor syndrome in child and adolescent psychiatry." | ( Ballin, NH; Pagsberg, AK, 2016) |
| "Catatonia is a motor and behavioural syndrome with multiple psychiatric, general medical and neurological aetiologies that might be simultaneously present." | ( Cardoso, D; Fonseca, C; Marques, F; Proenca, M, 2016) |
| "Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome, caused by different underlying metabolic, neurologic, psychiatric and toxic conditions." | ( Lemmens, G; Vanstechelman, S; Vantilborgh, A, 2016) |
| "Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome which can include motor, mental, behavioral and vegetative symptoms." | ( Callery, G; Dollfus, S; Lebain, P; Madigand, J, 2016) |
| "Catatonia is potentially life threatening." | ( Strik, W; Walther, S, 2016) |
| "This catatonia is reversible and it responds magnificently to the reintroduction of clozapine." | ( Aalouane, R; Bout, A; Jaafari, M; Rammouz, I, 2016) |
| "Delirium and catatonia are commonly comorbid in the medical setting and should not be viewed as mutually exclusive." | ( Carroll, BT; Denysenko, L; Francis, A; Freudenreich, O; Penders, TM; Philbrick, KL; Rex, N; Shaffer, S; Sica, N; Walker, A; Zimbrean, P, 2018) |
| "Pediatric catatonia is believed to be a rare condition, but challenges in recognition and variability in presentation may lead to underdiagnosis." | ( Chaney-Catchpole, M; Hazen, EP; Sorg, EM, 2018) |
| "Pediatric catatonia is a potentially lethal disease entity that can be effectively treated if accurately identified early in its course." | ( Chaney-Catchpole, M; Hazen, EP; Sorg, EM, 2018) |
| "Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric clinical syndrome which has been described in case reports and in a small case series as occurring in the immediate post-solid organ transplantation (SOT) period, and it has been attributed to calcineurin inhibitor neurotoxicity, psychological vulnerability, and depression." | ( Kozlowski, T; Laughon, SL; Tatreau, JR, 2018) |
| "Catatonia is frequently associated with mood and psychotic disorders as well as with general medical conditions, especially with seizures." | ( Luykx, JJ; Verbraeken, R, 2018) |
| "Catatonia is a rare, underdiagnosed syndrome in children." | ( Amad, A; Corfiotti, C; Ferrafiat, V; Jardri, R; Leroy, A; Medjkane, F; Nguyen The Tich, S, 2018) |
| "Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by diverse psychomotor abnormalities, including motor dysregulation and behavioral and affective disturbances." | ( Bradshaw, K; Calarge, CA; Heekin, RD, 2019) |
| "Catatonia is more severe in the initial years of illness, those with prior episodes of catatonia and in the younger age group." | ( Hari Hara, S; Kumar Reddi, VS; Muliyala, KP; Subramaniyam, BA, 2019) |
| "Catatonia is a severe neuropsychiatric syndrome with an excellent prognosis if recognized and treated without delay." | ( Khouadja, S; Younes, S; Zarrouk, L, 2019) |
| "Malignant catatonia is a life-threatening syndrome, associated mostly with psychiatric diseases but also with neurological and neurodegenerative syndromes." | ( Dhote, J; Gasnier, M; Kipman, A, 2020) |
| "Catatonia is a widespread problem in psychiatric hospitals as approximately 10% of patients present with catatonic symptoms upon admission." | ( Sichert, V; Volz, HP, 2021) |
| "Catatonia is a rare medical condition that can be fatal in paediatric patients if left untreated." | ( Giggie, MA, 2021) |
| "Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome that presents with severe symptoms which can lead to dangerous and lethal conditions if not diagnosed and treated properly." | ( Adriani, B; Fiaschè, F; Mancinelli, I; Taranto, A, 2021) |
| "Catatonia is a severe clinical syndrome which has been increasingly reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)." | ( McDougle, CJ; Thom, RP, 2022) |
| "Catatonia is a clinical syndrome characterized by psychomotor disruption, which often goes undiagnosed." | ( Amin, J; Bean, E; Findlay, C; Gee, C, 2021) |
| "Periodic catatonia is a rare form of catatonia, characterized by episodes occurring in a cyclic pattern with clinical features of combined stupor and excitement, with intervals of remission." | ( Angelopoulos, E; Konstantinou, G; Papageorgiou, CC, 2021) |
| "Pediatric catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome." | ( Chaffkin, J; Josephs, IA; Katz, ER, 2022) |
| "Catatonia is a syndrome that may present with stupor, immobility, and postural retention, and appears in various primary disorders including schizophrenia, depressive disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders." | ( Hagikura, M; Inada, T, 2023) |
| "Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder involving stupor, waxy flexibility, and mutism lasting more than 1 hour." | ( Gücüyener, K; Karaduman, AE; Menderes, DK; Özbudak, P; Öztürk, H, 2023) |
| "Catatonia is a complication of numerous psychiatric and medical conditions." | ( Bonomo, N; Huang, H; Schoenbachler, B, 2023) |
| "Catatonia is a syndrome of primarily psychomotor disturbances most common in psychiatric mood disorders but that also rarely has been described in association with cannabis use." | ( Gauthier, T; Keopple, D; Prakash, PB; Vardis, R, 2023) |
| "Catatonia is a psycho-motor disorder associated with various psychiatric, neurological, and medical illnesses." | ( Jha, A, 2023) |
| "Opioid-induced catatonia is underrecognized and poorly understood in the literature." | ( Ketigian, LA; Kidambi, SS, 2023) |
| Excerpt | Reference |
|---|
| "Rapid remission of lethal catatonia after the first ECT treatment and of her affective disorder within days was achieved." | ( Beckmann, H; Kornhuber, J; Weller, M, 1992) |
| "The authors describe a case report of catatonia syndrome after administration of depot neuroleptics." | ( Alonso-Abolafia, A; de la Serna, I; de Leon, J; Munoz-Ruata, J; Pico-Soler, E; Saiz-Ruiz, J, 1990) |
| "This article describes a patient with lethal catatonia: treatment by ECT alone was ineffective, whereas continued treatment with ECT in combination with dantrolene sodium led to improvement." | ( Nolen, WA; Zwaan, WA, 1990) |
| "The authors describe a case of the catatonia syndrome associated with disulfiram therapy." | ( Marks, RC; Verghese, JP; Weddington, WW, 1980) |
| "Acute catatonia of the retarded type responds rapidly to treatment with lorazepam." | ( Gaind, GS; Mazurek, MF; Rosebush, PI, 1994) |
| "Twenty-eight patients with catatonia were treated systematically with parenteral and/or oral lorazepam for up to 5 days, and with ECT if lorazepam failed." | ( Bush, G; Dowling, F; Fink, M; Francis, A; Petrides, G, 1996) |
| "Treatment and course of catatonia in an adolescent patient with Prader-Willi Syndrome are presented." | ( Bouman, NH; Dhossche, DM, 1997) |
| "This resistant case of lethal catatonia responded selectively to high-dose olanzapine treatment." | ( Cassidy, EM; Finucane, J; O'Brien, M; O'Keane, V; Osman, MF, 2001) |
| "The authors describe four cases of catatonia in which topiramate treatment was used." | ( McDaniel, WW; Sahota, AK; Spiegel, DR, 2006) |
| "With a working diagnosis of 'lethal catatonia' she was treated by electroshock and later also with the antipsychotic agent quetiapine." | ( Egbers, PH; Rutgers, RJ; ter Haar, IM, 2006) |
| "He was diagnosed with catatonia and was treated successfully with lorazepam." | ( de Winter, CF; Dhossche, DM; Stolker, JJ; van Dijk, F; Verhoeven, WM, 2007) |
| "We describe a case of catatonia in a 51-year-old man in whom the catatonic symptoms could not be distinguished from symptoms of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) until they were resolved with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)." | ( Matsuoka, H; Suzuki, K; Takano, T, 2009) |
| "The authors identified 25 cases of catatonia treated with either agent." | ( Ahuja, N; Carroll, BT; Franco, KN; Goforth, HW; Kraus, MF; McDaniel, WW; Muñoz, C; Pozuelo, L; Spiegel, DR; Thomas, C, 2007) |
| "Though catatonia is common and highly treatable, there have been few research studies investigating the syndrome." | ( Daniels, J, 2009) |
| "Thus, physician should consider catatonia when treating neuroleptic malignant like syndrome." | ( Miyazaki, M; Yanagawa, Y, 2010) |
| "Successful aripiprazole treatment of catatonia was reported in some recent case reports." | ( Tényi, T; Vörös, V, 2010) |
| "We report a case of malignant catatonia initially diagnosed as neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) that responded successfully to diazepam administration." | ( Higuchi, MA; Mishima, T; Obata, T; Tsuboi, Y; Tsugawa, J; Yamada, T, 2011) |
| "We review the possible causes of catatonia and pharmacologic treatments for the condition and highlight the possible benefits of N-methylD-aspartic acid receptor antagonists such as memantine in the treatment of catatonia." | ( Catalano, G; Catalano, MC; Kahn, D; Obregon, DF; Velasco, RM; Wuerz, TP, 2011) |
| "We present a case of catatonia associated with hyponatremia treated with a course of electroconvulsive therapy." | ( Aggarwal, M; Grover, S; Kattharaghatta Girigowda, V; Malhotra, N, 2012) |
| "The non-recognition of catatonia as an independent entity, the lack of a therapeutic consensus and the pending issue on the safety and efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of catatonia are at the origin of the difficulties of therapeutic support of catatonic patients." | ( Belaizi, M; Bichra, MZ; Bouchikhi Idrissi, ML; Mehssani, J; Yahia, A, 2013) |
| "Severity and course of catatonia including treatment response were evaluated with the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS)." | ( Buchmann, J; Häßler, F; Höppner, J; Pohl, B; Reis, O; Weirich, S, 2013) |
| "Three out of six children whose catatonia ratings did not change after the first dose, responded after administration of a second double dose." | ( Akena, D; Dhossche, DM; Idro, R; Kakooza-Mwesige, A; Nalugya, J; Opar, BT, 2015) |
| "Psychiatric symptoms and catatonia are key components of the clinical presentation of paraneoplastic encephalitis; additionally symptoms can be long-lasting and often difficult to treat." | ( Amorim, E; McDade, EM, 2016) |
| "Relieving catatonia helps identify the underlying etiology and its treatment." | ( Huang, TL; Hung, YY; Lin, CC; Tsai, MC, 2016) |
| "Patients with catatonia who had more than one episode of catatonia and were treated with the lorazepam-diazepam protocol were identified." | ( Huang, TL; Hung, YY; Lin, CC; Tsai, MC, 2016) |
| "Periodic catatonia has long been a challenging diagnosis and there are no absolute guidelines for treatment when precipitating factors are also unclear." | ( Chen, RA; Huang, TL, 2017) |
| "Successful treatment of acute periodic catatonia was achieved with a lorazepam-diazepam protocol, and the patient remained in remission for a longer duration under clozapine treatment." | ( Chen, RA; Huang, TL, 2017) |
| "Pediatric catatonia is a potentially lethal disease entity that can be effectively treated if accurately identified early in its course." | ( Chaney-Catchpole, M; Hazen, EP; Sorg, EM, 2018) |
| "In the case of the latter, catatonia mostly resolves when the seizures respond to the anticonvulsive treatment." | ( Luykx, JJ; Verbraeken, R, 2018) |
| "The patient was diagnosed with catatonia due to benzodiazepine withdrawal and had gradual return to baseline with administration of lorazepam 1 mg intravenous three times per day." | ( Abdelmalak, F; Bornmann, C; Iyengar, S; LaRocca, T, 2018) |
| "He was diagnosed with catatonia and treated successfully with lorazepam." | ( Franssen, A; Sienaert, P, 2019) |
| "To date, the pathophysiology of catatonia is unclear, and few guidelines are available for the treatment of catatonia." | ( Adriani, B; Fiaschè, F; Mancinelli, I; Taranto, A, 2021) |
| "Greater recognition and treatment of catatonia in individuals with COVID-19 infection is warranted." | ( Koola, MM; Mohammadi, T; Oh, J; Pradhan, BK; Sahota, PC, 2023) |
| "benzodiazepines; case reports; catatonia; electroconvulsive therapy." | ( Jha, A, 2023) |