gastrodin profile

Gastrodin is a naturally occurring compound found in the rhizomes of the Gastrodia elata Blume plant, a traditional Chinese medicine. It exhibits various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer effects. Gastrodin is known to have a significant impact on the central nervous system, specifically acting as a positive modulator of GABAergic neurotransmission. It is often studied for its potential therapeutic applications in conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, and epilepsy. Gastrodin is synthesized through various methods, including enzymatic hydrolysis of the precursor compound, gastrodin 4'-O-glucoside. Research continues to explore its pharmacological mechanisms and potential clinical benefits.'

gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume; [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Related Flora

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Gastrodia	genus	A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE which depends on the fungus Armillaria mellea to complete its life cycle. It is an ingredient of Zhenxuanyin (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL).[MeSH]	Orchidaceae	A plant family of the order Asparagales. All members of the orchid family have the same bilaterally symmetrical flower structure, with three sepals, but the flowers vary greatly in color and shape.[MeSH]
Gastrodia elata	species	[no description available]	Orchidaceae	A plant family of the order Asparagales. All members of the orchid family have the same bilaterally symmetrical flower structure, with three sepals, but the flowers vary greatly in color and shape.[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	115067
CHEMBL ID	274739
CHEBI ID	80828
SCHEMBL ID	1076037
MeSH ID	M0131909

Synonym
gastrodin hemihydrate
gastrodine
beta-d-glucopyranoside, 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl
gastrodin
4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside
62499-27-8
C16964
CHEMBL274739 ,
chebi:80828 ,
(2r,3s,4s,5r,6s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy)-tetrahydro-2h-pyran-3,4,5-triol
bdbm50177403
(2r,3s,4s,5r,6s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[4-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol
4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl beta-d-glucopyranoside
A833810
5ys9u2w3rq ,
unii-5ys9u2w3rq
AKOS015951256
BCP9000710
S2383
SCHEMBL1076037
(-)-gastrodin
.beta.-d-glucopyranoside, 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl
4-(.beta.-d-glucopyranosyl)-benzylalcohol
4-(.beta.-d-glucopyranosyloxy)benzyl alcohol
.beta.-d-glucopyranoside, 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl-
gastrodin [mi]
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 4-o-.beta.-d-glucopyranoside
gastrodin [inci]
gastrodin [who-dd]
Q-100720
CS-7969
HY-N0115
(2r,3s,4s,5r,6s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-3,4,5-triol
4-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)benzyl alcohol
AC-8028
4-\|a-d-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl alcohol
gastrodin, >=98% (hplc)
gastrodin, from gastrodia alata, >=98%
mfcd00272169
ncgc00346601-02_c13h18o7_beta-d-glucopyranoside, 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl
NCGC00346601-02
Q5526833
gastrodin (gastrodine)
4-[beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy] benzyl alcohol
gastrodin,(s)
(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy)tetrahydro-
(2r,3s,4s,5r,6s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-
2h-pyran-3,4,5-triol
AS-17473
HMS3884L15
DTXSID30978086
CCG-267336
b-d-glucopyranoside, 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl
4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylbeta-d-glucopyranoside
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 4-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside
beta-d-glucopyranoside, 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl-
4-(beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-benzylalcohol

Research Excerpts

Overview

Gastrodin (GAS) is a phenolic glycoside extracted from Gastrodia elata. It has been reported as a potential therapeutic agent for AD. Gastrodin possesses antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gastrodin (GAS) is a phenolic glycoside extracted from the traditional Chinese herb-Gastrodia elata-and has been reported as a potential therapeutic agent for AD."	( Treatment Combining Focused Ultrasound with Gastrodin Alleviates Memory Deficit and Neuropathology in an Alzheimer's Disease-Like Experimental Mouse Model. Ao, L; Chen, M; Chen, S; Chen, WS; Feng, X; Liao, C; Liao, Y; Liu, Y; Luo, K; Wang, Y, 2022)	1.7
"Gastrodin (GAS), is a kind of phenolic compound extracted from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB). "	( Gastrodin promotes the regeneration of peripheral nerves by regulating miR-497/BDNF axis. Huichao, Y; Xiaowei, W; Yanxiang, Z; Yongguang, L, 2022)	3.61
"Gastrodin is a major active phenolic glycoside extract from Gastrodia elata, an important herb used in traditional medicine. "	( Gastrodin Alleviates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in a Mouse Model Through Inhibiting MAPK and Enhancing Nrf2 Pathways. Chou, AH; Hu, LM; Lee, HC; Liao, CC; Liu, FC; Yu, HP, 2022)	3.61
"Gastrodin is an effective active substance extracted from Gastrodia elata and possesses antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties."	( Gastrodin protects retinal ganglion cells from ischemic injury by activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (PI3K/AKT/Nrf2) signaling pathway. Fu, M; Hao, K; Li, S; Liu, Y; Yang, Q; Yang, X; Zhou, Z, 2022)	2.89
"Gastrodin (GAS) is a potential anti-inflammatory agent."	( Gastrodin alleviates rat chondrocyte senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction through Sirt3. Cai, W; Chen, J; Jin, W; Peng, H; Wei, S; Zhang, Y; Zhong, Y; Zhou, Y, 2023)	3.07
"Gastrodin is a sedative drug with a structure very similar to glucose."	( Strain differences in the drug transport capacity of intestinal glucose transporters in Sprague-Dawley versus Wistar rats, C57BL/6J versus Kunming mice. Cai, Z; Chen, J; Chen, Z; Huang, B; Jia, J; Li, Y; Liang, Y; Lin, Z; Pan, Y; Shi, B, 2023)	1.63
"Gastrodin (GAS) is an active ingredient of the G."	( Gastrodin alleviates cisplatin nephrotoxicity by inhibiting ferroptosis via the SIRT1/FOXO3A/GPX4 signaling pathway. Chen, B; Liang, YL; Mao, LS; Qiu, CW; Zhu, HF, 2024)	3.61
"Gastrodin (GAS) is a component of Gastrodia elata Blume, with strong antioxidant activity in neurodegenerative diseases. "	( Gastrodin protects against glutamate-induced ferroptosis in HT-22 cells through Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Cheng, H; Chu, J; Jiang, T; Li, Q; Su, J; Wang, Q; Wang, X, 2020)	3.44
"Gastrodin is a component of Gastrodia elata Blume with strong antioxidant activity."	( Gastrodin Inhibits H Cao, Y; Chen, H; Cheng, H; Chu, J; Jiang, T; Li, Q; Su, J; Tian, S; Wang, X, 2020)	2.72
"Gastrodin (GSTD) is a well-known active compound isolated from the roots of Rhizoma gastrodiae, a plant used in ancient Chinese traditional medicine."	( Gastrodin induced HO-1 and Nrf2 up-regulation to alleviate H2O2-induced oxidative stress in mouse liver sinusoidal endothelial cells through p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Huang, H; Qu, S; Yang, S; Yuan, B; Zeng, Z; Zhang, H, 2018)	2.64
"Gastrodin is a phenolic glycoside that has been demonstrated to provide neuroprotection in preclinical models of central nervous system disease, but its effect in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains unclear. "	( Effect of Gastrodin on Early Brain Injury and Neurological Outcome After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Chen, A; Li, S; Ma, J; Wang, C; Wang, X; Xin, Z; Zhang, J, 2019)	2.36
"Gastrodin (GAS) is a bioactive compound that is extracted from"	( Lipid Modulating Anti-oxidant Stress Activity of Gastrodin on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Larval Zebrafish Model. Ahmad, O; Cheng, L; Deng, Y; Li, M; Ma, K; Shang, J; Wang, B; Yang, L; Yang, Y; Zhao, J; Zhou, Q, 2019)	1.49
"Gastrodin is an active ingredient from Gastrodia elata Blume."	( Gastrodin protects dopaminergic neurons via insulin-like pathway in a Parkinson's disease model. Cao, X; Li, Z; Yan, J; Yang, Z; Zhao, N, 2019)	2.68
"Gastrodin (GAS) is a Chinese medicine with wide application for the treatment of nervous system disease. "	( Gastrodin, a traditional Chinese medicine monomer compound, can be used as adjuvant to enhance the immunogenicity of melanoma vaccines. Dong, J; Li, L; Liu, Z; Wang, B; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zhang, J; Zhang, L, 2019)	3.4
"Gastrodin is a main bioactive constituent of the traditional herbal Gastrodia elata Blume, which has been widely used in Oriental countries for centuries."	( Gastrodin inhibits the activity of acid-sensing ion channels in rat primary sensory neurons. Hu, WP; Liu, TT; Qiu, CY; Qiu, F; Qu, ZW; Yang, Z, 2014)	2.57
"Gastrodin is a main bioactive constituent of a Chinese herbal medicine (Gastrodia elata Blume) widely used for treating various neurological disorders and showed greatly improved mental function."	( Gastrodin ameliorates memory deficits in 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile-induced rats: possible involvement of dopaminergic system. Li, Y; Wang, A; Wang, X; Yan, S; Zhang, F, 2014)	2.57
"Gastrodin is an active ingredient derived from the rhizome of Gastrodia elata. "	( Protective Effects of Gastrodin Against Autophagy-Mediated Astrocyte Death. Guo, HL; Han, J; Liu, SB; Tian, Z; Wang, XS; Zhang, N; Zhao, MG, 2016)	2.19
"Gastrodin is a main bioactive constituent of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Gastrodia elata Blume, which has been widely used as an analgesic since ancient times."	( Gastrodin protects against chronic inflammatory pain by inhibiting spinal synaptic potentiation. Cao, Z; Dong, H; Han, WJ; Hu, SJ; Lin, Z; Lu, N; Luo, C; Wang, WT; Wu, SX; Xiao, MM; Xie, RG; Zhang, YQ, 2016)	2.6
"Gastrodin is a pharmacologically active substance isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume with sedation, anti-convulsion and anti-epilepsy activities. "	( Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin and its metabolite p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in rat blood, brain and bile by microdialysis coupled to LC-MS/MS. Chen, YF; Lee, WC; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH; Wu, YT, 2008)	2.11
"Gastrodin is a component extracted from the rhizome of Gastrodia elata, and has been shown to possess protective effects against neuron damage induced by simulated cerebral ischemia in previous studies. "	( A microdialysis study of effects of gastrodin on neurochemical changes in the ischemic/reperfused rat cerebral hippocampus. Zeng, X; Zhang, S; Zhang, Y; Zheng, X, 2007)	2.06
"Gastrodin is a bioactive constituent of rhizome in Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) The aim of this study is to develop a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatographic method coupled to microdialysis sampling system to measure the unbound of gastrodin in rat blood, brain and bile. "	( Analysis of brain distribution and biliary excretion of a nutrient supplement, gastrodin, in rat. Chen, YF; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH; Tsai, TR, 2007)	2.01

Effects

Gastrodin (Gas) has exhibited protective activity in neurological disorders. Gastrodin has shown the potential as an anticonvulsant.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gastrodin has a dual effect on microglia with OGD. "	( Effects of Gastrodin on BV2 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation and its mechanism. Cao, H; Chu, L; Lv, Y; Peng, H; Shen, X; Yang, H, 2021)	2.45
"Gastrodin has been reported to have hepatoprotective effect."	( Gastrodin attenuates perfluorooctanoic acid-induced liver injury by regulating gut microbiota composition in mice. Ma, S; Sun, Y; Yang, Y; Zheng, X, 2021)	2.79
"Gastrodin has been widely investigated for food and medical applications."	( One-pot biosynthesis of gastrodin using UDP-glycosyltransferase itUGT2 with an in situ UDP-glucose recycling system. Cui, C; Kong, M; Liu, Y; Ming, H; Su, Q; Yan, J; Zhang, Z; Zhou, C, 2023)	1.94
"Gastrodin (Gas) has exhibited protective activity in neurological disorders. "	( Effect of gastrodin against cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in APP/PS1 mice via regulating gut microbiota-gut-brain axis. Chen, L; Chen, Y; Fu, J; He, Y; Liu, J; Yu, Q; Yuan, S; Zhang, Y, 2023)	2.76
"Gastrodin has no obvious toxic effect on BV-2 cells under physiological conditions. "	( Effects of Gastrodin on BV2 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation and its mechanism. Cao, H; Chu, L; Lv, Y; Peng, H; Shen, X; Yang, H, 2021)	2.45
"Gastrodin has a dual effect on microglia with OGD. "	( Effects of Gastrodin on BV2 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation and its mechanism. Cao, H; Chu, L; Lv, Y; Peng, H; Shen, X; Yang, H, 2021)	2.45
"Gastrodin has shown the potential as an anticonvulsant. "	( Gastrodin attenuates lithium-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy by activating AMPK-mediated PPARα in a juvenile rat model. Han, J; Li, Y; Wang, Y; Yang, Y, 2021)	3.51
"Gastrodin has the effect of vasorelaxation on isolated thoracic aorta rings of rats. "	( Vasorelaxation effect of gastrodin on isolated thoracic aorta rings of rats. Liu, JJ; Ma, HH; Wang, X; Xie, YL; Zhou, M, 2015)	2.16
"Gastrodin has been showed to possess many beneficial physiological functions, including protection against inflammation and oxidation and apoptosis. "	( Protective effect of gastrodin on bile duct ligation-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Ge, M; He, H; Li, N; Li, Y; Shao, RG; Yu, B; Zhao, S; Zhen, Y, 2015)	2.18

Actions

Gastrodin can increase the amount of miR-20a-5p in circulating exosomes. Gastrodine can inhibit the expression of IL-1 beta, IL-6 in cultured BV-2 cells induced by high concentration of glucose.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gastrodin can increase the amount of miR-20a-5p in circulating exosomes, which penetrates the BBB and upregulates XIAP expression in the ischaemic hemisphere."	( Gastrodin facilitates recovery of neurological function of MCAO rats through upregulating miR-20a-5p/XIAP pathway via exosome. Nan, Y; Wang, S; Zhu, B; Zhu, W, 2023)	3.07
"Gastrodine can inhibit the expression of IL-1 beta, IL-6 in cultured BV-2 cells induced by high concentration of glucose."	( [Gastrodine represses expression of IL-1 beta, IL-6 induced by hyperglycemia in gitter cells]. Du, X; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Mao, R; Shan, Y, 2009)	2.71

Treatment

Gastrodin pretreatment may alleviate renal IRI via the amelioration of oxidative injury, inflammatory response, and renal tubular apoptosis. Treatment with 400 mg·kg. Gastrodin significantly alleviated HG‑induced apoptosis and oxidative stress.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gastrodin pretreatment improved IRI-induced renal dysfunction and histologic injury. "	( Gastrodin Pretreatment Alleviates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Bai, F; Zhang, N; Zheng, Y, 2022)	3.61
"Gastrodin pretreatment may alleviate renal IRI via the amelioration of oxidative injury, inflammatory response, and renal tubular apoptosis."	( Gastrodin Pretreatment Alleviates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Bai, F; Zhang, N; Zheng, Y, 2022)	3.61
"Gastrodin treatment of the SHRs resulted in a marked attenuation of elevated blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, and pathological changes in the abdominal aorta."	( Based on network pharmacology, gastrodin attenuates hypertension-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Ali, F; Chen, K; Fang, Y; Guo, Z; Peng, J; Shen, A; Wen, Y; Wu, M; Yu, M; Zhang, S; Zhang, W; Zhou, Y, 2023)	1.92
"Gastrodin treatment ameliorated neuronal damage and restored protein expression of relevant factors."	( Early Intervention of Gastrodin Improved Motor Learning in Diabetic Rats Through Ameliorating Vascular Dysfunction. Cui, G; Deng, CK; Huang, YJ; Lei, B; Miao, YH; Mu, ZH; Qian, ZY; Shen, X; Song, JL; Wang, YY; Wu, XY; Zhang, F; Zhang, WQ; Zhang, Y; Zhou, RD; Zou, YY, 2020)	1.59
"Gastrodin treatment in rats ameliorated oxidative stress and fluoride accumulation that were induced by fluoride; treatment with 400 mg·kg"	( Gastrodin alleviates bone damage by modulating protein expression and tissue redox state. Abdullah, AO; He, J; Liu, Y; Muhammed, FK; Shi, C; Zheng, B, 2020)	2.72
"Gastrodin treatment significantly alleviated HG‑induced apoptosis and oxidative stress."	( Gastrodin inhibits high glucose‑induced human retinal endothelial cell apoptosis by regulating the SIRT1/TLR4/NF‑κBp65 signaling pathway. Gao, X; Hao, LL; Huang, CM; Ji, Q; Wang, JW; Zhang, TH, 2018)	2.64
"Gastrodin treatment reduced the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), decreased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and increased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activities in a dose-dependent manner."	( Hepatoprotective effect of gastrodin against alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Chen, C; Jiang, ZH; Li, XX; Zhang, XY; Zhou, B, 2019)	1.53
"Gastrodin pretreatment could prevent oxidative stress-induced reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, and this effect was inhibited by the application of CsA. "	( [Role of mitochondrial permeability transition pore in mediating the inhibitory effect of gastrodin on oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes Han, X; He, M; Li, X; Pi, J; Sun, Y; Tian, W; Xu, J; Xu, S; Yu, R, 2018)	2.14
"Gastrodin treatment that was started "late" (one day after the ischemic injury) significantly improved neural function, reduced infarct volume and apoptosis, and increased the number of DCX/BrdU double-positive cells in permanent MCAO mice."	( Post-stroke gastrodin treatment ameliorates ischemic injury and increases neurogenesis and restores the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in focal cerebral ischemia in mice. He, JY; Li, F; Liu, SY; Liu, ZY; Qiu, CW; Xiao, ZC; Zhang, FL; Zhang, L, 2019)	1.61
"Gastrodin treatment also prevented alterations in dopamine D2 receptor and dopamine transporter protein levels in the rat hippocampus."	( Gastrodin ameliorates memory deficits in 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile-induced rats: possible involvement of dopaminergic system. Li, Y; Wang, A; Wang, X; Yan, S; Zhang, F, 2014)	2.57
"Gastrodin treatment prevented MPTP-induced oxidative stress, as measured by malondialdehyde in midbrain."	( Gastrodin prevents motor deficits and oxidative stress in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease: involvement of ERK1/2-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Dong, MX; Hong, B; Li, XM; Wang, XL; Xing, GH; Zhang, XJ; Zou, Y, 2014)	2.57
"Gastrodin treatment prevented the increase of serotonin transporter (SERT) and the decrease of serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor expression in the hippocampus of IDPN-treated rats."	( Ameliorative effect of gastrodin on 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile-induced memory impairment in rats. Tan, Y; Wang, X; Zhang, F, 2015)	1.45
"Gastrodin treatment also reverted IDPN-induced decreases of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and increases of a2 GABAA receptor protein expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of IDPN-treated rats."	( Gastrodin Attenuates Cognitive Deficits Induced by 3,3'-Iminodipropionitrile. Jin, X; Li, L; Li, P; Liu, J; Sun, P; Wang, X; Zhang, D, 2016)	2.6
"Gastrodin pretreatment can alleviate MIRI."	( Gastrodin Pretreatment Impact on Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Transport ATPase (SERCA) and Calcium Phosphate (PLB) Expression in Rats with Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion. Li, Y; Lou, C; Wang, X, 2016)	2.6
"Gastrodin treatment also reduced the intimal area and the number of PCNA-positive cells."	( Gastrodin inhibits cell proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells and attenuates neointima formation in vivo. Cui, C; Guan, H; Jiang, H; Tian, S; Wang, L; Wang, X; Yang, D; Zhang, S; Zhu, L, 2012)	2.54
"Treatment of gastrodin (60 mg/kg for 15 days) significantly improved memory impairments in the Morris water maze test and probe test."	( Gastrodin alleviates memory deficits and reduces neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Hu, Y; Li, C; Shen, W, 2014)	2.2

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Only one article detailed the occurrence of adverse reactions and thus the present study cannot make a positive conclusion on the safety of gastrodin in the treatment of tension-type headache."	( [Systematic review and Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of gastrodin in treatment of tension-type headache]. Chen, WJ; Fan, XM; Fu, GJ; Gong, X; Guo, CL; Jin, XL; Liao, X; Piao, JZ; Wei, JJ; Yan, Y; Zhang, YL, 2021)	1.06

Pharmacokinetics

Gastrodin (GAS), a bioactive component of tianma, its pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior significantly changed after oral administration of DCXDCP. The results showed that the pharmacokinetics were quite different among the three types of gastrodin administration.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The pharmacokinetic behavior of Gastrodin in rat plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after intranasal and intravenous administration (50mg kg(-1)) was investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics of Gastrodin in rat plasma and CSF after i.n. and i.v. Chen, G; Wang, Q; Zeng, S, 2007)	0.95
" This selective and sensitive method is useful for the determination of gastrodin and HBA and in the pharmacokinetic studies of these compounds."	( Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin and its metabolite p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in rat blood, brain and bile by microdialysis coupled to LC-MS/MS. Chen, YF; Lee, WC; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH; Wu, YT, 2008)	0.9
" Thus, the method was valid enough to be applied for pharmacokinetic study of GAS in human plasma."	( Determination and pharmacokinetics of gastrodin in human plasma by HPLC coupled with photodiode array detector. Cui, X; Guo, DM; Ju, XH; Liu, N; Shi, Y, 2010)	0.63
"1 pharmacokinetic software."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin from compound Tianma granule in rats]. Chen, Y; Du, P; Han, FM; Yang, Y, 2010)	0.68
" At different predetermined time points after administration, the concentrations of GAS in rat plasma were determined by using HPLC, and main pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics comparative study of a novel Chinese traditional herbal formula and its compatibility. Hu, PY; Wu, B; Wu, ZF; Yang, M; Yue, PF; Zheng, Q, 2011)	0.37
"The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters, AUC and C(max) of GAS were dramatically different (p<0."	( Pharmacokinetics comparative study of a novel Chinese traditional herbal formula and its compatibility. Hu, PY; Wu, B; Wu, ZF; Yang, M; Yue, PF; Zheng, Q, 2011)	0.37
" Using this validated method, pharmacokinetic behaviors of gastrodin and HBA after intragastric administration (ig) of gastrodin to dogs were studied for the first time."	( Analysis and pharmacokinetics studies of gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in dogs using ultra fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Jia, Y; Kong, L; Li, X; Liu, Q; Luo, J; Shen, J; Wang, J; Wang, KD; Xie, H, 2014)	0.91
"The paper aims to study the pharmacokinetic parameters of gastrodin in rats effected by compound compatibilitiy and different doses of Tiangou Jiangya capsule."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin from Tiangou Jiangya capsule in rats]. Li, LJ; Yan, R, 2014)	0.97
"To establish a HPLC method for simultaneously determining plasma concentrations of gastrodin (Gas) and its metabolites hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), puerarin (Pur) and internal standard (IS) p-hydroxyphenylethanol (Tyr) in rats and studying the pharmacokinetic process and interactions of gastrodin and puerarin after single and combined intravenous injection and oral administration."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on combined application of gastrodin and puerarin in rats]. Jiang, L; Wang, YR; Xu, GL; Yan, XJ; Yu, LB; Zhang, QY, 2015)	0.9
" Based on multi-active metabolites of parishin in vivo, integrated pharmacokinetic mode was established."	( Pharmacokinetic study of Gastrodia elata in rats. Cheng, M; Liu, X; Tang, C; Wang, L; Xiao, H, 2015)	0.42
"The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-∞, t1/2, MRT, Vd, CL, were quite different among the three types of gastrodin administration."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of gastrodin in rats after intragastric administration of free gastrodin, parishin and Gastrodia elata extract. Cheng, M; Liu, X; Qu, Y; Tang, C; Wang, L; Xiao, H, 2015)	0.9
" Gastrodin (GAS), a bioactive component of tianma, its pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior significantly changed after oral administration of DCXDCP compared with the extract of tianma."	( Pharmacokinetic comparative study of gastrodin after oral administration of Gastrodia elata Bl. extract and its compatibility with the different indigents of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. to rats. Hu, PY; Liu, D; Wu, B; Yang, M; Yue, PF; Zhang, GS; Zheng, Q, 2016)	1.62
"To investigate the effect of the combination of gastrodia and uncaria on the pharmacokinetics of gastrodin and rhynchophylline, and determine their pharmacokinetic parameters after administration of the combination of gastrodia and uncaria at the ratio of 12∶9."	( [Effect of combination of gastrodia and uncaria on pharmacokinetics of gastrodin and rhynchophylline]. Hou, J; Li, YJ; Luo, M; Qin, J; Wang, J; Wang, JX; Wang, LM; Wu, LH, 2017)	0.91
" Pharmacokinetic assessment of TMP, FA, gastrodin or gastrodigenin in blood or brain interstitial fluid (BIF) has been reported in healthy animals."	( Pharmacokinetic comparative study of tetramethylpyrazine and ferulic acid and their compatibility with different concentration of gastrodin and gastrodigenin on blood-stasis migraine model by blood-brain microdialysis method. Cheng, H; Guo, S; Ke, G; Liu, M; Mao, Y; Mi, Y; Wang, M; Wei, P, 2020)	1.03
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the blood-brain microdialysis in combination with the high-performance liquid chromatography method."	( Pharmacokinetic comparative study of GAS with different concentration of tetramethylpyrazine and ferulic acid on liver-yang hyperactivity migraine model by blood-brain microdialysis method. Cheng, H; Li, S; Liu, M; Mi, Y; Wang, M, 2020)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the effects of gentiopicroside, gastrodin, and sweroside in rats were dose-dependent when the dose of JWXF was 1-4 g/kg."	( Discovery of the material basis of Jiuwei Xifeng granules using pharmaco-chemistry and pharmacokinetics. Cao, L; Chen, X; Gao, H; Gao, X; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Xiao, W, 2023)	1.14

Compound-Compound Interactions

EA and EA intervention combined with gastrodin is more effective for the treatment of vertigo. The current study will carry out a widespread systematic review to estimate clinical therapeutic effects of Gastrodin in combination with betahistine. This study aimed to investigate the effect of gastrodIn combined with isorhynchophylline on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(MPP~+)-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"To observe the effect of electroacupuncture(EA) combined with medication on changes of expression of Nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) in the hippocampal CA 1 and CA 3 regions of focal cerebral ischemia (FC1) rats, so as to analyze its mechanisms underlying neuroprotection."	( [Effects of Electroacupuncture Intervention Combined with Gastrodin on Expression of Proteins Related to Proliferation-differentiation of Neural Stem Cells in Hippocampal CA 1 and CA 3 Regions in Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rats]. Li, HB; Miao, HC; Wu, F; Xiong, KR; Zhu, XL, 2015)	0.66
" Rats of the medication group were given with intraperitoneal injection of gastrodin (10 mg/kg)."	( [Effects of Electroacupuncture Intervention Combined with Gastrodin on Expression of Proteins Related to Proliferation-differentiation of Neural Stem Cells in Hippocampal CA 1 and CA 3 Regions in Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rats]. Li, HB; Miao, HC; Wu, F; Xiong, KR; Zhu, XL, 2015)	0.89
"EA and EA intervention combined with gastrodin can significantly up-regulate the number of Nestin- and NSE-IR positive cells, and down-regulate the number of GFAP positive cells in the CA 1 and CA 3 regions of hippocampus in focal cerebral ischemia rats, which may contribute to their effects in promoting the differentiation and proliferation of mature neurons in the hippocampus for improving cerebral functions."	( [Effects of Electroacupuncture Intervention Combined with Gastrodin on Expression of Proteins Related to Proliferation-differentiation of Neural Stem Cells in Hippocampal CA 1 and CA 3 Regions in Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rats]. Li, HB; Miao, HC; Wu, F; Xiong, KR; Zhu, XL, 2015)	0.93
"To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) intervention combined with medication (Gastrodin) on changes of neurological function and expression of Nogo-A and Nogo-A receptor (NgR) in the frontal lobe cortex around the ischemic loci of focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) rats, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of neuroregeneration of FC."	( [Effect of Electroacupuncture Intervention Combined with Gastrodin Administration on Neurological Function, Nogo-A and NgR Expression in the Frontal Lobe Cortex of Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rats]. Ding, J; Huang, R; Li, HB; Miao, HC; Wu, F; Xiong, KR; Zhao, J, 2016)	0.9
" This study aimed to investigate the effect of gastrodin combined with isorhynchophylline on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(MPP~+)-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells and their antioxidant mechanism."	( [Antioxidant mechanism of gastrodin combined with isorhynchophylline in inhibiting MPP~+-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells]. Dong, MX; Li, X; Liu, LK; Xu, TJ, 2021)	1.18
" The current study will carry out a widespread systematic review to estimate clinical therapeutic effects of gastrodin in combination with betahistine on vertigo."	( Clinical therapeutic effects of gastrodin in combination with betahistine on vertigo: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Jin, S; Liu, F; Qiao, YL; Xiang, WQ, 2021)	1.12
"The current study aims to stipulate more consistent substantiation to explore whether gastrodin combined with betahistine is more effective for the treatment of vertigo."	( Clinical therapeutic effects of gastrodin in combination with betahistine on vertigo: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Jin, S; Liu, F; Qiao, YL; Xiang, WQ, 2021)	1.13

Bioavailability

The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two analytes in rats were obtained. Relative bioavailability of gastrodin and parishin in two formulations were calculated. Compared with the Gastrodiae Rhizoma extract, isodose gastrodins showed a significant decrease for Cmax, Ke and increase for t1/2Ke, V/Fc.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" 30 min); the bioavailability of gastrodigenin in the brain was increased by 33."	( Effect of borneol on the distribution of gastrodin to the brain in mice via oral administration. Cai, Z; Hou, S; Li, Y; Pu, J; Xu, S; Yang, Z; Zhao, B, 2008)	0.61
" The relative oral bioavailability of Pur in combined administration was 10."	( Simultaneous determination of gastrodin and puerarin in rat plasma by HPLC and the application to their interaction on pharmacokinetics. Dai, J; Du, Q; Huang, Z; Jiang, L; Lin, J; Wang, Y, 2013)	0.68
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two analytes in rats were obtained and the relative bioavailability of gastrodin and parishin in two formulations were calculated."	( Relative bioavailability of gastrodin and parishin from extract and powder of Gastrodiae rhizoma in rat. Gong, XJ; Kang, ZJ; Zhao, Y; Zhou, X, 2014)	0.91
" Morever, comparison with the Gastrodiae Rhizoma extract, isodose gastrodin in Tiangou Jiangya capsule showed a significant decrease for Cmax, Ke and increase for t1/2Ke, V/Fc, this indicated that compound compatibility can delay the absorbtion of gastrodin, prolong the resident time and promote the distribution in vivo, but its bioavailability is not significantly effected."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin from Tiangou Jiangya capsule in rats]. Li, LJ; Yan, R, 2014)	0.96
" Specifically, the relative bioavailability of the combined oral ad-inistration of Pur was 10."	( [Pharmacokinetic study on combined application of gastrodin and puerarin in rats]. Jiang, L; Wang, YR; Xu, GL; Yan, XJ; Yu, LB; Zhang, QY, 2015)	0.67
" It is notable that each metabolite from parishin shares the similar metabolic process at three dosages of parishin and the bioavailability of parishin was approximately 14 %."	( Pharmacokinetic study of Gastrodia elata in rats. Cheng, M; Liu, X; Tang, C; Wang, L; Xiao, H, 2015)	0.42
" On the basis of our previous study of the relative bioavailability of gastrodin (GAS) and parishin (PA) from extract and powder of GR, we performed further research on the tissue distribution and excretion of the two analytes."	( Relative tissue distribution and excretion studies of gastrodin and parishin from powder and extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma in rat by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Gong, X; Jiang, Z; Yan, Y; Zhao, C; Zhao, Y; Zheng, X; Zhou, X, 2017)	0.94
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
"Designing oral drug delivery systems using intestinal glucose transporters (IGTs) may be one of the strategies for improving oral bioavailability of drugs."	( Strain differences in the drug transport capacity of intestinal glucose transporters in Sprague-Dawley versus Wistar rats, C57BL/6J versus Kunming mice. Cai, Z; Chen, J; Chen, Z; Huang, B; Jia, J; Li, Y; Liang, Y; Lin, Z; Pan, Y; Shi, B, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

The study was to study the influence of ophiopogonis tuber and Chinese magnoliavine fruit with gastrodia rhizome on the pharmacokinetics of gastrodin in rat. Three dosages of compound Tianma granule extract were administered to rats.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"To study the influence of the compatibility of ophiopogonis tuber and Chinese magnoliavine fruit with gastrodia rhizome on the pharmacokinetics of gastrodin in rat, three dosages of compound Tianma granule extract (equivalent to gastrodin 50, 100, 200 mg x kg(-1)) and one dosage of Tianma extract (equivalent to gastrodin 100 mg x kg(-1) were administered to rats by intragastric administration separately."	( [Pharmacokinetics of gastrodin from compound Tianma granule in rats]. Chen, Y; Du, P; Han, FM; Yang, Y, 2010)	0.88
" Moreover, in vitro experiments revealed that GAS did not increase the cell viability of astrocytes but protected it from 72 h's serum-free damage at the dosage 20 μg/mL."	( Gastrodin ameliorates depressive-like behaviors and up-regulates the expression of BDNF in the hippocampus and hippocampal-derived astrocyte of rats. Chen, Y; Peng, Z; Tan, Q; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Xue, F; Zhang, R, 2014)	1.85
" The results indicated that higher bioavailability was obtained when low dosage of GR powder was used, whereas, higher bioavailability values were obtained when medium and high dosages of GR extract were used."	( Relative bioavailability of gastrodin and parishin from extract and powder of Gastrodiae rhizoma in rat. Gong, XJ; Kang, ZJ; Zhao, Y; Zhou, X, 2014)	0.7
" They showed unique advantages compared with simple dosage increase of western medicines."	( [Effect of combination of gastrodia and uncaria on pharmacokinetics of gastrodin and rhynchophylline]. Hou, J; Li, YJ; Luo, M; Qin, J; Wang, J; Wang, JX; Wang, LM; Wu, LH, 2017)	0.69
"(2)Effective rate based on dosage form, both the gastrodin capsules and injection groups were better than western medicine group(RR_(capsules)=1."	( [Systematic review and Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of gastrodin in treatment of tension-type headache]. Chen, WJ; Fan, XM; Fu, GJ; Gong, X; Guo, CL; Jin, XL; Liao, X; Piao, JZ; Wei, JJ; Yan, Y; Zhang, YL, 2021)	1.12

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Class	Description
glycoside	A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
succinate metabolic process	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamate metabolic process	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
central nervous system development	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
post-embryonic development	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
copulation	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic process	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to iron ion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum development	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heat generation	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine secretion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
exploration behavior	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressure	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaine	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic potential	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of prolactin secretion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of aspartate secretion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
4-aminobutyrate transaminase activity	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
pyridoxal phosphate binding	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase binding	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
4-aminobutyrate:2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase activity	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
iron-sulfur cluster binding	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
mitochondrion	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
4-aminobutyrate transaminase complex	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347159	Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347160	Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID260086	Inhibitory activity against GABAT	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb, Volume: 16, Issue:3	Inhibition of GABA shunt enzymes' activity by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde derivatives.
AID260087	Inhibitory activity against SSADH	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb, Volume: 16, Issue:3	Inhibition of GABA shunt enzymes' activity by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde derivatives.
AID283816	Prevention of serum deprivation-induced PC12 cell apoptosis at > 100 uM by MTT assay	2007	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 70, Issue:4	Neuroprotective principles from Gastrodia elata.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	13 (4.33)	18.7374
1990's	10 (3.33)	18.2507
2000's	38 (12.67)	29.6817
2010's	156 (52.00)	24.3611
2020's	83 (27.67)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	3 (0.99%)	5.53%
Reviews	7 (2.32%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1 (0.33%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	291 (96.36%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.04	1	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
dihydro-3-coumaric acid dihydro-3-coumaric acid: intermediate in biosynthesis of dihydrophenanthrenes from phenylalanine. 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid carrying a 3-hydroxyphenyl substituent at C-3.	2.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	8.3	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol: the aglycone of gastrodin. p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from Arcangelisia gusanlung.	10.75	26	0	benzyl alcohols; phenols	plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	3.14	5	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.03	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.53	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	1.97	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.31	1	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.08	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.03	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.13	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.1	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.03	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	2.13	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.31	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.04	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.46	2	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	2.21	1	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.1	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	2.78	3	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	7.11	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.13	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	7.41	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	2.9	3	0	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.13	1	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.14	4	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.47	2	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	1.99	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.17	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	2.06	1	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
undecylenic acid undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.	2.1	1	0	undecenoic acid	antifungal drug; plant metabolite
corticosterone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.93	3	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.57	2	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	7.25	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.1	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.73	3	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.53	2	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.03	1	0	lactose
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	1.99	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
4-hydroxypropiophenone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetophenones
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.25	1	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.21	1	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.08	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.06	1	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
3-methylpentane 3-methylpentane : An alkane that is pentane which is substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It is used as a solvent in organic synthesis, as a lubricant and as a raw material for producing carbon black.	2.41	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	allelochemical; human metabolite; non-polar solvent
2-methyltetrahydrofuran 2-methyltetrahydrofuran: structure in first source	7.1	1	0
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.1	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
4-hydroxyacetophenone 4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.	2.03	1	0	monohydroxyacetophenone	fungal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile: lathyrogen; RN refers to parent cpd; blocks axoplasmic transport of neurofilament proteins with subsequent axon swelling typical of some motor neuron diseases	3.03	4	0
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	2.06	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	2.6	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	3.16	1	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.05	1	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
thiazoles [no description available]	2.31	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.23	5	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	7.31	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.63	2	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.56	7	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	8.23	5	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.21	1	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	7.21	1	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.13	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	7.41	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.25	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.13	1	0	calcium phosphate
fluorides [no description available]	2.25	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
4-anisaldehyde 4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696. p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4.	2.03	1	0	benzaldehydes	bacterial metabolite; human urinary metabolite; insect repellent; plant metabolite
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	3.81	10	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.57	2	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.03	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
vanillyl alcohol vanillyl alcohol: structure. vanillyl alcohol : A monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4.	7.44	2	0	benzyl alcohols; guaiacols	plant metabolite
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	12.01	271	3	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	3.16	1	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
gentiopicroside gentiopicroside: a secoiridoid in Gentiana with rearrangement to two pyran rings	2.6	1	0	glycoside
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	7.03	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	7.31	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzylamine 4-hydroxybenzylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine
obovatol obovatol: antineoplastic agent from Magnolis obovata; structure given in first source	3.16	1	0
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	2.05	1	0
monobromobimane monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.14	1	0	organobromine compound; pyrazolopyrazole	fluorochrome
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.31	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
astragaloside a [no description available]	2.13	1	0
rhodioloside [no description available]	2.1	1	0	glycoside
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	2.1	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
sweroside [no description available]	2.6	1	0	glycoside
3-n-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide 3-N-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide: from seeds of Apium graveolens Linn.; RN given refers to (-)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	3.27	1	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	2.06	1	0
wortmannin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
Bardoxolone [no description available]	2.41	1	0	cyclohexenones
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.21	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.17	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	3.16	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.1	1	0
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.11	1	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	3.16	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.08	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	3.24	5	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.15	1	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.01	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
glycosides [no description available]	6.4	13	1
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.57	2	0	stilbene
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	2.06	1	0	diarylmethane
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.16	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.07	1	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.21	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
rhyncophylline rhyncophylline: an oxindole; RN given refers to (7beta,16E,20alpha)-isomer	2.9	3	0
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	7.31	1	0	alkali metal atom
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.01	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	3.5	2	0
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.05	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3.27	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	8.14	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.21	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	1.99	1	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	7.6	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	2.17	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ermanin ermanin: from Tanacetum microphyllum; structure given in first source. 3,4'-dimethylkaempferol : A dimethoxyflavone that is kaempferol in which the hydroxy groups at position 3 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It is a component of bee glue and isolated from several plant species including Tanacetum microphyllum.	2.17	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; dimethoxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	7.25	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
puerarin [no description available]	4.36	5	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
beta-escin [no description available]	2.72	3	0
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.04	1	0	borneol
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.9	3	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.21	1	0
n6-(4-hydroxybenzyl)adenine riboside N6-(4-hydroxybenzyl)adenine riboside: neuroprotective compound from Gastrodia elata; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
parishin c parishin C: major component of Gastrodia elata BLUME; structure in first source	3.4	6	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.71	3	0
helicide helicide: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	glycoside
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.53	2	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.13	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.21	1	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	2.52	2	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.17	1	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.31	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	7.6	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	7.41	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.52	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.3	44	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0
Aura [description not available]	3.83	3	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	3.83	3	0
Headache, Tension [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Tension-Type Headache A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	8.23	1	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.45	2	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	2.31	1	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	4.41	16	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	4.41	16	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	3.64	8	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	3.64	8	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	3.64	8	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	3.64	8	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.41	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.01	3	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.41	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.01	3	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	7.69	2	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	7.41	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	7.41	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	8.11	4	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.87	3	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	8.44	6	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	4.08	10	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	3.36	5	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	3.36	5	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	4.08	10	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	4.43	17	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	4.67	23	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	4.67	23	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	4.43	17	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.63	2	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.69	2	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.57	2	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.57	2	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	7.97	4	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	5.42	4	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	5.42	4	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.6	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.6	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	3.14	1	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	3.14	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	3.14	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	3.14	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	3.39	6	0
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	3.39	6	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	3.34	6	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	3.34	6	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.91	3	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.91	3	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	7.25	1	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.25	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	5.13	14	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.53	2	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	5.13	14	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.25	1	0
Acute Yellow Atrophy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.63	2	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	2.25	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Dental Fluoroses [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.57	2	0
Fluorosis, Dental A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)	2.25	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.66	2	0
Postoperative Cognitive Complications COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.	2.31	1	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	3.36	6	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.87	3	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	3.36	6	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	7.61	2	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.31	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	2.82	3	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.72	2	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	2.31	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	2.89	3	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	2.15	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	7.15	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	7.15	1	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.17	1	0
Tetraploid [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	7.54	2	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	3.5	2	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	3.5	2	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	2.17	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.61	2	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.17	1	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.17	1	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	2.17	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.52	2	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.31	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.31	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	7.21	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	7.55	2	0
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	2.21	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	7.21	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	2.51	2	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	2.52	2	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.1	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	2.11	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	2.11	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.11	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	2.11	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.11	1	0
Ache [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	7.79	3	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	3.88	2	1
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.13	1	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	2.13	1	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	7.13	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	7.5	2	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.13	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.46	2	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.04	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.98	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	2.07	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	7.07	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.03	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	1.99	1	0
Bodily Distress Disorder [description not available]	3.35	1	1

gastrodin

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Research Demand Index: 45.82

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gastrodin

Description

Related Flora

Cross-References

Synonyms (57)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (28)

Molecular Functions (9)

Ceullar Components (4)

Bioassays (8)

Research

Studies (300)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 45.82

Study Types

Related Drugs (146)

Related Conditions (178)