punicalagin profile

punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Terminalia	genus	A plant genus of the family COMBRETACEAE. Members contain arjunin, an ellagitannin (TANNINS).[MeSH]	Combretaceae	A plant family of the order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are mostly trees and shrubs growing in warm areas.[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	44584733
CHEBI ID	167695
MeSH ID	M0297665

Synonym
punicalagin, technical grade
6,7,8,11,12,23,24,27,28,29,37,43,44,45,48,49,50-heptadecahydroxy-2,14,21,33,36,39,54-heptaoxaundecacyclo[33.20.0.04,9.010,19.013,18.016,25.017,22.026,31.038,55.041,46.047,52]pentapentaconta-4,6,8,10,12,16,18,22,24,26,28,30,41,43,45,47,49,51-octadecaene-3,
CHEBI:167695
65995-63-3
punicalagin
Q-100754
mfcd09838017
punicalagin, analytical standard
punicalagin, >=98% (hplc), from pomegranate
AKOS037514808
(63r,64r,64as,616ar)-14,15,16,22,23,27,28,34,35,36,61,68,69,610,611,612,613-heptadecahydroxy-25,210,63,64,64a,66,615,616a-octahydro-61h-5,8-dioxa-6(4,3)-dibenzo[f,h]pyrano[3,4-b][1,4]dioxecina-2(1,6)-chromeno[5,4,3-cde]chromena-1,3(1,2)-dibenzenacyclonona
a pomegranate ellagitannin
GLXC-14665

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Punicalagin is recorded to be a potent anti-inflammatory drug, while its effect on inflammation existing in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) requires further verification. "	( Punicalagin suppresses inflammation in ventilator-induced lung injury through protease-activated receptor-2 inhibition-induced inhibition of NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 inflammasome activation. Zhang, W; Zhu, Q, 2022)	3.61
"Punicalagin (PA) is a key ellagitannin abundant in pomegranate with wide-ranging biological activities. "	( Ellagitannin Punicalagin Disrupts the Pathways Related to Bacterial Growth and Affects Multiple Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling by Acting as a Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor. Li, RW; Liu, F; Pham, Q; Smith, AD; Wang, TTY; Yang, H, 2023)	2.72
"Punicalagin (PU) is an active antioxidant polyphenol found in pomegranates, raspberries, blueberries, and chestnuts that has attracted considerable attention owing to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties."	( Pomegranate polyphenol punicalagin improves learning memory deficits, redox homeostasis, and neuroinflammation in aging mice. Chen, F; Chen, P; Lei, J; Zhou, B, 2023)	1.94
"Punicalagin (PN), which is a type of polyphenol, has been reported to act as a tumor suppressor."	( Punicalagin inhibits the viability, migration, invasion, and EMT by regulating GOLPH3 in breast cancer cells. Duan, Y; Lou, L; Ma, F; Pan, L, 2020)	2.72
"Punicalagin is an antioxidant ellagitannin found in pomegranate juice with known antiproliferation and anti‑angiogenesis properties."	( Punicalagin inhibited proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis of osteosarcoma through suppression of NF‑κB signaling. Huang, T; Wang, H; Zhang, X, 2020)	2.72
"Punicalagin is a phenolic compound extracted from Lafoensia pacari A. "	( Punicalagin triggers ergosterol biosynthesis disruption and cell cycle arrest in Cryptococcus gattii and Candida albicans : Action mechanisms of punicalagin against yeasts. Ataídes, F; Costa, CR; de Ávila, RI; Freitas, VAQ; Santos, AS; Silva, MDRR; Silva, TC; Valadares, MC; Zara, ALSA, 2020)	3.44
"Punicalagin is an ellagitannin mostly found in pomegranate husk and shows very strong antitumoral activity."	( Punicalagin induces apoptosis in A549 cell line through mitochondria-mediated pathway. Berköz, M; Krośniak, M, 2020)	2.72
"Punicalagin (PUG) is a polyphenol which has shown multiple pharmacological effects on various diseases."	( Punicalagin Inhibits Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Apoptosis and Extracellular Matrix Degradation in Chondrocytes by Activating Autophagy and Ameliorates Murine Osteoarthritis. Chen, T; Gong, X; Kong, J; Wang, J; Zheng, X, 2020)	2.72
"Punicalagin (PUN) is an active substance extracted from pomegranate peel."	( Punicalagin ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis by downregulating M1 macrophage and pyroptosis via NF-κB signaling pathway. Bai, J; Chen, H; Ge, G; Geng, D; Hao, Y; Liang, X; Niu, J; Tao, H; Wang, Q; Wei, M; Xu, Y; Xue, Y; Yang, H, 2022)	2.89
"Punicalagin (PUN) is a common anti-inflammatory polyphenol. "	( Punicalagin attenuates osteoarthritis progression via regulating Foxo1/Prg4/HIF3α axis. Han, Q; Li, D; Liu, F; Wu, X; Yang, H, 2021)	3.51
"Punicalagin (PUN) is an ellagitannin found in the peel of pomegranate ("	( Physiological and Immune Functions of Punicalagin. Horky, P; Kolesarova, A; Slama, P; Venusova, E, 2021)	1.61
"Punicalagin is a phenolic compound with antioxidant properties. "	( Dual hypopigmentary effects of punicalagin via the ERK and Akt pathways. Cho, JH; Jeong, HS; Kim, DS; Kim, MK; Kwon, NS; Lee, H; Shin, JS; Yun, HY, 2017)	2.18
"Punicalagin is an ellagitannin and a potent antioxidant in pomegranate juice."	( Punicalagin, a polyphenol in pomegranate juice, downregulates p53 and attenuates hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cultured human placental syncytiotrophoblasts. Chen, B; Longtine, MS; Nelson, DM, 2013)	2.55
"Punicalagin (PC) is an ellagitannin found in the fruit peel of Punica granatum. "	( Punicalagin and ellagic acid demonstrate antimutagenic activity and inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene induced DNA adducts. Ahmad, I; Aqil, F; Gupta, RC; Zahin, M, 2014)	3.29
"Punicalagin (PG) is a hydrolyzable polyphenol in Punica granatum. "	( Neuroprotective effect of punicalagin against cerebral ischemia reperfusion-induced oxidative brain injury in rats. Byna, B; Thakur, SR; Yaidikar, L, )	1.87
"Punicalagin (PG) is a hydrolysable tannin compound found in Punica granatum L. "	( Punicalagin attenuated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion insult via inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, up-regulation of Bcl-2, down-regulation of Bax, and caspase-3. Thakur, S; Yaidikar, L, 2015)	3.3
"Punicalagin is a bioactive polyphenol that is classified as an ellagitannin. "	( Punicalagin attenuates osteoclast differentiation by impairing NFATc1 expression and blocking Akt- and JNK-dependent pathways. Iwatake, M; Okamoto, K; Tanaka, T; Tsukuba, T, 2015)	3.3
"Punicalagin is a primary polyphenol found in pomegranate juice, which possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic properties, suggesting a protective effect of punicalagin on diabetic embryopathy."	( Punicalagin exerts protective effect against high glucose-induced cellular stress and neural tube defects. Reece, EA; Yang, P; Zhong, J, 2015)	2.58
"Punicalagin is a prominent polyphenol in pomegranate juice that protects cultured syncytiotrophoblasts from stress-induced apoptosis. "	( Punicalagin promotes autophagy to protect primary human syncytiotrophoblasts from apoptosis. Chen, B; Longtine, MS; Nelson, DM; Wang, Y, 2016)	3.32
"Punicalagin (PU) is a known antioxidant. "	( Punicalagin Mollifies Lead Acetate-Induced Oxidative Imbalance in Male Reproductive System. Rao, F; Sun, F; Zhai, Y, 2016)	3.32
"Punicalagin (PC) is a hydrolysable polyphenol derived from Punica granatum and a potent antioxidant."	( Metabolic Alterations and the Protective Effect of Punicalagin Against Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Toxicity in HT22 Cells. Goodla, L; Manubolu, M; Pathakoti, K; Tencomnao, T, 2017)	1.43
"Punicalagin is an antioxidant ellagitannin of pomegranate juice. "	( Evaluation of the bioavailability and metabolism in the rat of punicalagin, an antioxidant polyphenol from pomegranate juice. Cerdá, B; Cerón, JJ; Espín, JC; Llorach, R; Tomás-Barberán, FA, 2003)	2

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Punicalagin has been documented as a potential phytomedicine to selectively inhibit the progression and expansion of numerous cancers."	( Punicalagin induces ROS-mediated apoptotic cell death through inhibiting STAT3 translocation in lung cancer A549 cells. Fang, L; Fang, X; Wang, H; Zhang, J, 2021)	2.79

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Punicalagin treatment attenuated VILI-induced lung histopathological changes and counteracted VILI-induced increases in the lung injury score, W/D weight ratio and total protein level in BALF."	( Punicalagin suppresses inflammation in ventilator-induced lung injury through protease-activated receptor-2 inhibition-induced inhibition of NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 inflammasome activation. Zhang, W; Zhu, Q, 2022)	2.89
"Punicalagin treatment significantly decreased osteosarcoma cell proliferation and increased apoptosis."	( Punicalagin inhibited proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis of osteosarcoma through suppression of NF‑κB signaling. Huang, T; Wang, H; Zhang, X, 2020)	2.72
"Punicalagin treatment altered the accumulation of proteins and enzymes needed for iron acquisition, and it altered amounts of enzymes for glycolysis, citric acid cycling, protein biosynthesis, and purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis."	( Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Treated With Punicalagin, a Natural Antibiotic From Pomegranate That Disrupts Iron Homeostasis and Induces SOS. Beard, HS; Cooper, B; Garrett, WM; Gu, G; Islam, N; Nou, X; Xu, Y, 2018)	1.44
"Punicalagin pretreatment attenuated palmitate-induced mitochondrial membrane potential lost, ATP depletion, and reactive oxygen species production."	( Punicalagin attenuates palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells by activating the Keap1-Nrf2 antioxidant defense system. Feng, Z; Liu, J; Liu, X; Long, J; Sun, W; Wang, X; Yan, C, 2016)	2.6
"Treatment with punicalagin induced an increase in the extracellular concentrations of potassium and a release of cell constituents."	( Punicalagin Damages the Membrane of Salmonella Typhimurium. Li, G; Pan, L; Xia, X; Xu, Y, 2020)	2.34
"The treatment with punicalagin significantly decreased oxidative stress as indicated by decreased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl formation in the brain."	( Punicalagin ameliorates the elevation of plasma homocysteine, amyloid-β, TNF-α and apoptosis by advocating antioxidants and modulating apoptotic mediator proteins in brain. AbouEl-Ezz, AM; El-Missiry, MA; ElKomy, MA; Othman, AI, 2018)	2.24
"Treatment with punicalagin significantly inhibited OCL formation from RAW-D cells and BMMs and prevented bone resorption of BMM-derived OCLs."	( Punicalagin attenuates osteoclast differentiation by impairing NFATc1 expression and blocking Akt- and JNK-dependent pathways. Iwatake, M; Okamoto, K; Tanaka, T; Tsukuba, T, 2015)	2.2

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Nothing is known about the bioavailability and metabolism of punicalagin or other food ellagitannins."	( Evaluation of the bioavailability and metabolism in the rat of punicalagin, an antioxidant polyphenol from pomegranate juice. Cerdá, B; Cerón, JJ; Espín, JC; Llorach, R; Tomás-Barberán, FA, 2003)	0.8
" However, the bioavailability of ellagitannins, including punicalagin, has not been previously described in humans."	( The potent in vitro antioxidant ellagitannins from pomegranate juice are metabolised into bioavailable but poor antioxidant hydroxy-6H-dibenzopyran-6-one derivatives by the colonic microflora of healthy humans. Cerdá, B; Espín, JC; Martínez, P; Parra, S; Tomás-Barberán, FA, 2004)	0.57
"The present work aims to evaluate, in healthy humans, the bioavailability and metabolism of pomegranate juice ellagitannins, to assess their effect on several blood parameters (including cardiovascular risk disease markers) and to compare the antioxidant activity of punicalagin with that of the in vivo generated metabolites."	( The potent in vitro antioxidant ellagitannins from pomegranate juice are metabolised into bioavailable but poor antioxidant hydroxy-6H-dibenzopyran-6-one derivatives by the colonic microflora of healthy humans. Cerdá, B; Espín, JC; Martínez, P; Parra, S; Tomás-Barberán, FA, 2004)	0.5
" Our data also suggest that constituents of pomegranate juice, most probably punicalagin, impair the enteric functions of sulfoconjugation and that this might have effects upon the bioavailability of drugs and other compounds present in food and in the environment."	( Pomegranate juice inhibits sulfoconjugation in Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells. Nakajima, Y; Narukawa, Y; Okamura, S; Saruwatari, A; Takeda, T; Tamura, H, 2008)	0.57

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Both treatments also decreased the amounts of the 3 proteins with dose-response effects, but only in the apical compartment."	( Anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) husk ellagitannins in Caco-2 cells, an in vitro model of human intestine. During, A; Hérent, MF; Hollebeeck, S; Larondelle, Y; Leclercq, J; Schneider, YJ; Winand, J, 2012)	0.38
"PE administration at a dosage of 150 mg/kg/day significantly inhibited HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid deposition."	( Mitochondrial dysfunction in obesity-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the protective effects of pomegranate with its active component punicalagin. Cao, K; Chen, C; Dong, Z; Feng, Z; Gao, J; Li, H; Li, Y; Liu, J; Long, J; Lu, W; Luo, C; Pang, W; Shi, Y; Sun, W; Szeto, IM; Wang, J; Wang, X; Xu, J; Yan, C; Zhang, P; Zhang, Y; Zhao, F; Zhao, J; Zhao, Y; Zheng, A; Zou, X, 2014)	0.6

Class	Description
tannin	Any of a group of astringent polyphenolic vegetable principles or compounds, chiefly complex glucosides of catechol and pyrogallol.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	2 (0.84)	18.2507
2000's	24 (10.08)	29.6817
2010's	129 (54.20)	24.3611
2020's	83 (34.87)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	3 (1.23%)	5.53%
Reviews	7 (2.87%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	234 (95.90%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.8	3	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	8.86	11	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.15	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.21	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	7.41	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.17	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	7	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.49	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2	1	0
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.05	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.69	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	7.6	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.17	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.15	1	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	3.8	1	1	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	2.17	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	7.17	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.25	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
acrylamide [no description available]	7.25	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.04	1	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.5	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	3.21	5	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiazoles [no description available]	2.13	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.18	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.76	2	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
violacein [no description available]	2.1	1	0
3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid having nitro substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used in colorimetric testing for the presence of free carbonyl groups (C=O) in reducing sugars.	2.31	1	0	C-nitro compound; monohydroxybenzoic acid	hapten
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.54	2	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.13	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.41	1	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	7.41	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.25	1	0	titanium group element atom
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	2.61	2	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.04	1	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.02	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.58	2	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.49	2	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	5.75	14	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	2.41	1	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.8	3	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
5-hydroxymethylcytosine 5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.	7.41	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic primary alcohol; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
honokiol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	biphenyls
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	4.25	4	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	3.8	1	1	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	7.17	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.17	1	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.69	2	0	proanthocyanidin
asiaticoside [no description available]	2.31	1	0
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
geraniin Geraniin: in various plants; structure in first source	9.2	4	0
glabridin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans	antiplasmodial drug
glucogallin glucogallin: RN given refers to (D-glucose)-isomer	2.13	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	2.82	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
rhodioloside [no description available]	3.31	1	0	glycoside
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.15	1	0
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	2.31	1	0
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.07	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.15	1	0	cellotriose
genipin [no description available]	7.31	1	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
casuarinin casuarinin: a hydrolyzable tannin from the bark of Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae)	3.27	1	0	tannin
Pedunculagin pedunculagin: from the walnut (Juglans regia) pellicle	2.17	1	0	tannin
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.13	1	0
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	7.41	1	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
ergosterol [no description available]	7.25	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	3.14	1	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.31	1	0
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.49	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	8.73	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.05	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.49	2	0
quercetin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.8	3	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
luteolin [no description available]	3.87	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
myricetin [no description available]	2.52	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
quercetagetin quercetagetin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. quercetagetin : A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.31	1	0	flavonols; hexahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	9.01	39	1	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.11	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.13	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
urolithin b urolithin B: has antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	coumarins
3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one: metabolite of ellagic acid	4.75	6	1	coumarins	geroprotector
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.11	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
mart-1 antigen MART-1 Antigen: A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.	2.07	1	0
procyanidin b1 procyanidin B1 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin units joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' respectively in a beta-configuration.. Procyanidin B1 can be found in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark or cortex), in Uncaria guianensis (cat's claw, in the root), and in Vitis vinifera (common grape vine, in the leaf) or in peach.	2.17	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; metabolite
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.25	1	0	nystatins
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.03	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	9.97	14	0
chitosan [no description available]	2.31	1	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	2.6	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
madecassoside [no description available]	2.6	1	0	carboxylic ester; pentacyclic triterpenoid; trisaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; antirheumatic drug; plant metabolite; vulnerary
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.53	2	0
granatin b granatin B: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor isolated from Punica granatum; do not confuse with granaticin B	7.41	1	0	tannin
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	2.6	1	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.31	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	4.75	6	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.31	1	0
ellagitannin ellagitannin: structure; precoxin A/ praecoxin A is a purified ellagitannin. ellagitannin : A form of hydrolysable tannin produced from ellagic acid. Ellagitannins are glucosides which are readily hydrolysed by water to regenerate ellagic acid when the plants are eaten.	3.21	5	0
punicalin punicalin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa	5.04	12	0	tannin
chebulinic acid chebulinic acid: one of the allagitannins in the seeds of Euphoria longana; structure given in first source	4.3	5	0
chebulagic acid [no description available]	4.92	10	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.13	1	0
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.15	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
vescalagin vescalagin: structure in first source; castalagin is the (33beta)-isomer of vescalagin	3.27	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Allodynia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.41	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	6.43	22	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	6.43	22	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	7.59	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.23	4	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.72	2	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	3.12	4	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	3.12	4	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	7.59	2	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.72	2	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	7.82	2	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	3.9	10	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.41	1	0
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	9.11	2	1
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	4.11	2	1
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.41	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.66	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	4.21	5	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	4.21	5	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	2.41	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	7.41	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.02	4	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	7.72	2	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.96	3	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.58	2	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.96	3	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	8.43	2	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	8.43	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	3.14	1	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	3.14	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	8.14	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.13	5	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	3.26	5	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	7.6	1	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	3.01	2	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.6	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	3.01	2	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	3.07	3	0
ADDH [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	2.6	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.46	2	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.21	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.21	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.6	2	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.6	2	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.25	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	4.77	6	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.25	1	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.25	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	7.25	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.25	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.25	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.25	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	8.94	2	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.25	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	3.94	2	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.25	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.25	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.98	3	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.98	3	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.25	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.63	2	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.63	2	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.9	3	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.31	1	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	7.57	2	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.41	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	2.31	1	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.15	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	2.15	1	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.15	1	0
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.57	2	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.57	2	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.17	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	2.17	1	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	2.52	2	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.21	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	2.08	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	7.08	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.47	2	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	2.1	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	7.11	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	2.11	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	7.11	1	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	2.11	1	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.11	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	7.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.13	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.13	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	7.13	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.13	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	2.13	1	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.5	2	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	7.15	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	7.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	7.13	1	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.13	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	7.13	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.04	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	2.05	1	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.07	1	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.03	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.04	1	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	1.99	1	0

punicalagin

Description

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Synonyms (13)

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Overview

Effects

Treatment

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Research

Studies (238)

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Research Demand Index: 30.73

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punicalagin

Description

Related Flora

Cross-References

Synonyms (13)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Research

Studies (238)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 30.73

Study Types

Related Drugs (109)

Related Conditions (183)