cynaropicrin profile

Cynaropicrin is a bitter sesquiterpene lactone found in artichoke (Cynara scolymus) and other plants of the Asteraceae family. It exhibits a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and antioxidant effects. Its unique structure and biological properties make it a promising target for research in the development of new drugs for the treatment of various diseases. Notably, cynaropicrin has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and to protect against liver damage. The compound's synthesis is complex and involves several steps, including the formation of a sesquiterpene lactone ring system. Studies on cynaropicrin are ongoing to better understand its mechanisms of action and its potential therapeutic applications.'

cynaropicrin: structure given in first source; RN given for ((3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha,8beta,9aalpha,9bbeta)))-isomer [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	119093
CHEMBL ID	374146
CHEBI ID	4038
SCHEMBL ID	1711811
MeSH ID	M0203869

Synonym
MEGXP0_001095
ACON1_000045
C09385
35730-78-0
cynaropicrin
NCGC00168845-01
bdbm50194430
chebi:4038 ,
CHEMBL374146 ,
BRD-K51428447-001-01-5
[(3ar,4s,6ar,8s,9ar,9br)-8-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] 2-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-enoate
2-propenoic acid, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-, (3ar,4s,6ar,8s,9ar,9br)-dodecahydro-8-hydroxy-3,6,9-tris(methylene)-2-oxoazuleno(4,5-b)furan-4-yl ester
2-propenoic acid, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-, dodecahydro-8-hydroxy-3,6,9-tris(methylene)-2-oxoazuleno(4,5-b)furan-4-yl ester, (3ar-(3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha,8beta,9aalpha,9bbeta))-
m9233789i9 ,
unii-m9233789i9
cynaropikrin
2-propenoic acid, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-, dodecahydro-8-hydroxy-3,6,9-tris(methylene)-2-oxoazuleno(4,5-b)furan-4-yl ester, (3ar-(3a.alpha.,4.alpha.,6a.alpha.,8.beta.,9a.alpha.,9b.beta.))-
SCHEMBL1711811
CS-8041
HY-N2350
NCGC00168845-02
AKOS032971358
Q15410905
DTXSID20957143
8-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethylidene-2-oxododecahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl 2-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-enoate
A901510
cynaropicrin - cynara cardunculus (artichoke)
XC160151
FS-8077

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cynaropicrin is a guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone with a 5-7-5 tricyclic skeleton, four exo-olefins, and two hydroxyl groups. "	( Antitrypanosomal structure-activity-relationship study of synthetic cynaropicrin derivatives. Adams, M; Brun, R; Hamburger, M; Hara, S; Kaiser, M; Kondo, R; Sato, M; Usuki, T; Yoshimoto, Y; Zimmermann, S, 2014)	2.08
"Cynaropicrin is a guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone with a 5-7-5 tricyclic skeleton, four exo-olefins, and two hydroxyl groups. "	( Cynaropicrin and inhibition of NF-κB activation: A structure activity relationship study. Kurita, M; Li, J; Usuki, T; Yoshida, Y, 2019)	3.4
"Cynaropicrin is a guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone, which has potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitory activity against Trypanosoma brucei, the protozoan parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT; sleeping sickness). "	( Synthesis of cynaropicrin-d(4). Adams, M; Hara, S; Ogawa, K; Sato, M; Sato, T; Usuki, T, 2015)	2.23
"Cynaropicrin is a sesquiterpene lactone displaying immunomodulatory effects on the production of cytokine and nitric oxide from macrophages/monocytes. "	( Cynaropicrin, a sesquiterpene lactone, as a new strong regulator of CD29 and CD98 functions. Chain, BM; Cho, JY; Joo, HG; Jung, JH; Katz, DR; Kim, AR; Kim, BH; Rhee, MH; Yoo, ES, 2004)	3.21

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cynaropicrin treatment improved the survival rate of the rats with AKI."	( Renal Tissue Damage Induced by Acute Kidney Injury in Sepsis Rat Model Is Inhibited by Cynaropicrin via IL-1β and TNF-α Down-Regulation. Cai, D; Cheng, Z; Duan, H; Fu, Y, 2021)	1.57
"Treatment with cynaropicrin in dosage-based manner increased the level of antioxidant enzymes, IL-10, Nrf-2, and Bcl-2 in the animals which indicates the antioxidative effect of cynaropicrin."	( Cynaropicrin Averts the Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury Through the Modulation of NF-kB. Jin, T; Leng, B, 2023)	2.69
"Treatment with cynaropicrin suppressed AKI induced urea nitrogen and creatinine in the rat serum in dose-dependent manner."	( Renal Tissue Damage Induced by Acute Kidney Injury in Sepsis Rat Model Is Inhibited by Cynaropicrin via IL-1β and TNF-α Down-Regulation. Cai, D; Cheng, Z; Duan, H; Fu, Y, 2021)	1.18

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Fractions 5, 6, 7 and 8 caused concentration-dependent cell death in the culture of substantia nigra, the other fractions were not toxic at the concentrations used."	( Toxic effects of solstitialin A 13-acetate and cynaropicrin from Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae) in cell cultures of foetal rat brain. Cheng, CH; Costall, B; Hamburger, M; Hostettmann, K; Jenner, P; Naylor, RJ; Wang, Y, 1992)	0.54

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" However, the PenCDF dose-response relationship on the wasting syndrome has been superficial."	( [Effect of Cynaropicrin on 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran-induced Wasting Syndrome and Oxidative Stress]. Furue, M; Ishii, Y; Kuroki, H; Mitoma, C; Takeda, T; Uchi, H; Yamada, H; Yamada, K, 2015)	0.81
" The results can be interpreted with respect to a reference model by considering dose-response analyses and isobolograms with linear regression analyses."	( The Joint Action of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Leaves as an Explanation for the Activity of Cynara cardunculus. García, BF; Macías, FA; Molinillo, JM; Rial, C; Torres, A; Varela, RM, 2016)	0.43
" Antioxidant effects were analyzed by measuring the reactive oxygen species and malonyldialdehyde dosage was used to check the presence of lipid peroxidation."	( Antiproliferative Effects of Cynaropicrin on Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells. Bulotta, S; Celano, M; Lepore, SM; Lombardo, GE; Maggisano, V; Maiuolo, J; Mollace, V; Russo, D, 2019)	0.81

Class	Description
sesquiterpene lactone	Any member of a diverse class of complex, multicyclic phytochemicals showing a variety of skeleton arrangements and bioactivities, and having in common a sesquiterpenoid structure including a lactone ring.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase	Escherichia coli K-12	IC50 (µMol)	19.5000	0.1000	4.2169	8.8000	AID276339
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
peptidoglycan biosynthetic process	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase	Escherichia coli K-12
regulation of cell shape	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase	Escherichia coli K-12
peptidoglycan biosynthetic process	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase	Escherichia coli K-12
UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine biosynthetic process	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase	Escherichia coli K-12
cell division	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase	Escherichia coli K-12
cell wall organization	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase	Escherichia coli K-12
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase activity	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase	Escherichia coli K-12
transferase activity	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase	Escherichia coli K-12
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cytoplasm	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase	Escherichia coli K-12
cytosol	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase	Escherichia coli K-12
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (56)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347159	Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347160	Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID725399	Inhibition of NF-kappaB-65 (unknown origin) expressed in human keratinocytes assessed as inhibition of bFGF production at 4 uM by EIA	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2	Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B.
AID780229	Reduction of T(SH)2 level in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense at 50 uM after 40 mins by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID276342	Inhibition of MurA at 5 uM	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21	Sesquiterpene lactones are potent and irreversible inhibitors of the antibacterial target enzyme MurA.
AID276340	Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1293 MurA in presence of UNAG	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21	Sesquiterpene lactones are potent and irreversible inhibitors of the antibacterial target enzyme MurA.
AID780214	Induction of CYN-thiol adduct formation in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense assessed as extracellular CYN level at 50 uM after 20 mins by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID1069399	Antitrypanosomal activity against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense STIB 900 after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 24, Issue:3	Antitrypanosomal structure-activity-relationship study of synthetic cynaropicrin derivatives.
AID780212	Induction of CYN-thiol adduct formation in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense assessed as extracellular CYN level at 50 uM after 40 mins by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID1544460	Inhibition of TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB activation in human HEK293 cells expressing pGL4.32 [luc2p/NF-kBRE/Hygro] at 2.5 uM to 10 uM incubated for 2 hrs followed by TNFalpha addition and measured after 5 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 29, Issue:12	Cynaropicrin and inhibition of NF-κB activation: A structure activity relationship study.
AID385429	Cytotoxicity against human SKOV3 cells by SRB assay	2008	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 71, Issue:4	Guaiane sesquiterpene lactones and amino acid-sesquiterpene lactone conjugates from the aerial parts of Saussurea pulchella.
AID385428	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells by SRB assay	2008	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 71, Issue:4	Guaiane sesquiterpene lactones and amino acid-sesquiterpene lactone conjugates from the aerial parts of Saussurea pulchella.
AID725402	Inhibition of NF-kappaB (unknown origin) expressed in TNFalpha-stimulated HEK293 cells expressing pGL3-Luc assessed inhibition of transactivation activity after 24 hrs by luciferase assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2	Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B.
AID1069397	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for rat L6 cells to IC50 for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense STIB 900	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 24, Issue:3	Antitrypanosomal structure-activity-relationship study of synthetic cynaropicrin derivatives.
AID780222	Inhibition of trypanothione reductase in Trypanosoma cruzi using T(S)2 as substrate at 100 to 200 uM after 240 mins by spectrophotometry in presence of NADPH	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID780217	Induction of CYN-thiol adduct formation in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense assessed as GS-CYN monoadduct level at 50 uM after 5 mins by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID276339	Inhibition of Escherichia coli K12 Mur A in presence of UNAG	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21	Sesquiterpene lactones are potent and irreversible inhibitors of the antibacterial target enzyme MurA.
AID780216	Induction of CYN-thiol adduct formation in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense assessed as T(S-CYN)2 bisadduct level at 50 uM after 5 mins by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID780220	Induction of T(SH)2-CYN adduct formation by HPLC-MS analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID725396	Antiphotoaging activity in DBA-2 mouse assessed as reduction of UVB-induced epidermal hyperproliferation in ear tissue at 462.2 mg/kg, po as powder qd for 12 days relative to untreated control	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2	Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B.
AID725395	Antiphotoaging activity in DBA-2 mouse assessed as reduction of UVB-induced epidermal hyperproliferation in ear tissue administered as po as powder qd for 12 days relative to untreated control	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2	Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B.
AID780228	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei assessed as intermediate phenotype at 50 uM after 5 to 10 mins by Giemsa staining-based light microscopy	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID1544462	Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells at 3 uM after 7 hrs by WST-8 assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 29, Issue:12	Cynaropicrin and inhibition of NF-κB activation: A structure activity relationship study.
AID780218	Induction of CYN-thiol adduct formation in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense assessed as intracellular CYN level at 50 uM after 5 mins by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID1069398	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells after 70 hrs by alamar blue assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 24, Issue:3	Antitrypanosomal structure-activity-relationship study of synthetic cynaropicrin derivatives.
AID780213	Induction of CYN-thiol adduct formation in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense assessed as extracellular CYN level at 50 uM after 30 mins by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID725401	Inhibition of NF-kappaB-65 (unknown origin)-mediated transactivation in TNFalpha-stimulated HEK293 cells assessed inhibition of I-kappaB phosphorylation and degradation after 24 hrs	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2	Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B.
AID725400	Inhibition of NF-kappaB-65 (unknown origin) expressed in TNFalpha-stimulated HEK293 cells assessed inhibition of nuclear translocation at 8 uM after 3 hrs	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2	Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B.
AID1544457	Inhibition of TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB activation in human HEK293 cells expressing pGL4.32 [luc2p/NF-kBRE/Hygro] assessed as NFkappaB activity by measuring relative light units at 1.5 uM incubated for 2 hrs followed by TNFalpha addition and measured afte	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 29, Issue:12	Cynaropicrin and inhibition of NF-κB activation: A structure activity relationship study.
AID725397	Inhibition of NF-kappaB p65 expressed in human keratinocytes co-cultured with human epidermal melanocytes assessed as inhibition of melanocyte proliferation at 4 uM by WST-1 assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2	Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B.
AID1544459	Inhibition of TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB activation in human HEK293 cells expressing pGL4.32 [luc2p/NF-kBRE/Hygro] assessed as NFkappaB activity by measuring relative light units at 3 uM incubated for 2 hrs followed by TNFalpha addition and measured after	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 29, Issue:12	Cynaropicrin and inhibition of NF-κB activation: A structure activity relationship study.
AID402670	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 3 days by SRB assay	2005	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 68, Issue:7	Cytotoxic activity of some natural and synthetic guaianolides.
AID725162	Antiphotoaging activity in DBA-2 mouse assessed as reduction of UVB-induced melanocyte proliferation in ear tissue at 92.4 to 462.2 mg/kg, po as powder qd for 12 days relative to untreated control	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2	Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B.
AID725393	Antiphotoaging activity in DBA-2 mouse assessed as reduction of UVB-induced PCNA-positive cell in ear tissue at 92.4 to 462.2 mg/kg, po as powder qd for 12 days	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2	Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B.
AID402676	Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-2 cells after 3 days by SRB assay	2005	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 68, Issue:7	Cytotoxic activity of some natural and synthetic guaianolides.
AID780221	Induction of GS-CYN monoadduct formation by HPLC-MS analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID402671	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 3 days by SRB assay	2005	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 68, Issue:7	Cytotoxic activity of some natural and synthetic guaianolides.
AID385430	Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-2 cells by SRB assay	2008	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 71, Issue:4	Guaiane sesquiterpene lactones and amino acid-sesquiterpene lactone conjugates from the aerial parts of Saussurea pulchella.
AID402673	Cytotoxicity against human KB cells after 3 days by SRB assay	2005	Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 68, Issue:7	Cytotoxic activity of some natural and synthetic guaianolides.
AID780225	Reduction of GSH level in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense at 50 uM after 40 mins by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID780224	Inhibition of trypanothione synthatase in Trypanosoma brucei using GSH as substrate at 200 uM	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID780219	Induction of CYN-thiol adduct formation in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense assessed as extracellular CYN level at 50 uM after 5 mins by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID725398	Inhibition of NF-kappaB-65 (unknown origin) expressed in human dermal fibroblasts assessed as inhibition of MMP1 production at 4 uM by EIA	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2	Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B.
AID1544458	Inhibition of TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB activation in human HEK293 cells expressing pGL4.32 [luc2p/NF-kBRE/Hygro] assessed as NFkappaB activity by measuring relative light units at 0.75 uM incubated for 2 hrs followed by TNFalpha addition and measured aft	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 29, Issue:12	Cynaropicrin and inhibition of NF-κB activation: A structure activity relationship study.
AID780215	Induction of CYN-thiol adduct formation in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense assessed as extracellular CYN level at 50 uM after 10 mins by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID725394	Antiphotoaging activity in DBA-2 mouse assessed as reduction of UVB-induced epidermal hyperproliferation in ear tissue at 92.4 mg/kg, po as powder qd for 12 days relative to untreated control	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 23, Issue:2	Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B.
AID1293873	Inhibition of HDAC in mouse C127-LT cells assessed as activation of EGFP expression at 10 uM after 24 hrs by fluorescence microscopy	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 26, Issue:9	Identification of new quinic acid derivatives as histone deacetylase inhibitors by fluorescence-based cellular assay.
AID780223	Irreversible inhibition of trypanothione synthatase in Trypanosoma brucei using GSH as substrate at 200 uM after 240 mins	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID780226	Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense STIB900 assessed as intracellular ornithine level at 50 uM after 20 mins (Rvb = 4 +/- 1 uM)	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID1544456	Cytotoxicity against human HEK293 cells at 0.75 uM to 3 uM after 7 hrs by WST-8 assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 29, Issue:12	Cynaropicrin and inhibition of NF-κB activation: A structure activity relationship study.
AID780227	Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei assessed as stumpy phenotype at 50 uM after 40 mins by Giemsa staining-based light microscopy	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 21, Issue:22	Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei.
AID382836	Cytotoxicity against human HCT15 cells by SRB assay	2008	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 71, Issue:4	Guaiane sesquiterpene lactones and amino acid-sesquiterpene lactone conjugates from the aerial parts of Saussurea pulchella.
AID276341	Inhibition of Escherichia coli K12 Mur A C115D at 50 uM in presence of UNAG	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 16, Issue:21	Sesquiterpene lactones are potent and irreversible inhibitors of the antibacterial target enzyme MurA.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	3 (5.66)	18.2507
2000's	9 (16.98)	29.6817
2010's	31 (58.49)	24.3611
2020's	10 (18.87)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	53 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.6	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
berberine [no description available]	2.13	1	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.08	1	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
entinostat [no description available]	2.13	1	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.02	1	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	1.98	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.02	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
thiazoles [no description available]	2.03	1	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.08	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.21	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
helenalin helenalin: toxic principle of Helenium microcephalum (smallhead sneezeweed); structure. helenalin : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).. NF-kappaB inhibitor : An inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a protein complex involved in the transcription of DNA.	2.15	1	cyclic ketone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; plant metabolite
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.11	1	dihydrogen
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.08	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.02	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran: structure given in first source	7.11	1	polychlorinated dibenzofuran
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.03	1	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	2.03	1	lignan
alantolactone alantolactone: allergenic sesquiterpene lactone; crystalline mixture of alantolactones from group of sesquiterpenes; structure. alantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-octahydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-2-one bearing two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 8a as well as a methylidene substituent at position 3.	2.03	1	naphthofuran; olefinic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dehydrocostus lactone dehydrocostus lactone : An organic heterotricyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-bis(methylene)decahydoazulen-5-yl group and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to afford the corresponding gamma-lactone.	2.03	1	gamma-lactone; guaiane sesquiterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; metabolite; trypanocidal drug
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid [no description available]	2.21	1
taraxerol taraxerol: structure. taraxerol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanan-3-ol lacking the methyl group at position 14, with an alpha-methyl substituent at position 13 and a double bond between positions 14 and 15.	2.41	1	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.03	1
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	2.08	1	oligopeptide
parthenolide [no description available]	2.41	2	germacranolide
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.08	1	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2.38	2	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
aguerin b aguerin B: has antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	3	4
santamarine santamarine: sesquiterpene derivative of costunolide. santamarin : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group.	1.99	1	sesquiterpene lactone
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	2.11	1
lupeol [no description available]	2.41	1	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
grosheimin grosheimin: from the aerial parts of V. decurens; structure	2.13	1	sesquiterpene lactone
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.03	1
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.13	1	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.03	1	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
reynosin reynosin: sesquiterpene derivative of costunolide. reynosin : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group, found particularly in Magnolia grandiflora and Laurus nobilis.	1.99	1	organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.41	1	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	5.22	45
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.17	1	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.13	1	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
piperolactam a piperolactam A: isolated from Houttynia cordata; structure in first source	2.13	1	alkaloid
5'-o-caffeoylquinic acid trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid : A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid.	2.13	1	cinnamate ester; cyclitol carboxylic acid	plant metabolite
costunolide [no description available]	2.03	1	germacranolide; heterobicyclic compound	anthelminthic drug; antiinfective agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; antiviral drug; metabolite
eupatoriopicrine [no description available]	2.03	1	germacranolide
hispidulin hispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.	2.17	1	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
angiotensin amide psilostachyin A: has antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, leishmanicidal, and molluscicidal activities; isolated from Ambrosia psilostachya; structure in first source	2.08	1
furanoheliangolide furanoheliangolide: structure in first source	2.15	1
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.04	1	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	1.98	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
narcissin flavonol narcissin flavonol: flavanol glycoside from Strumpfia maritima; do not confuse with other narcissin in Chemline, an alkaloid (lycorine (NM))	2.13	1	disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone
arglabin arglabin: a sesquiterpene lactone from the Chinese herb Artemisia myriantha; structure given in first source. arglabin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-dimethyl-1,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydroazulen-5-yl group in which the double bond in the 7-membered ring has been epoxidised and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to give the corresponding gamma-lactone. It is found in Artemisia glabella. Arglabin-DMA HCl, the hydrochloride salt of the adduct resulting from the conjugate addition of dimethylamine to the ene-lactone moiety, has been successfully used in Khazakhstan for the treatment of breast, colon, ovarian and lung cancers.	2.15	1	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
indigo carmine 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source. 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.	2.13	1
guaiane guaiane: from Artemisia caruifolia; structure in first source	2.15	1	sesquiterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
methyl 3,5-di-o-caffeoyl quinate 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester: results suggest that the effect of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic esters on CHS is associated with a decrease in the production of interleukins, but not with the inhibition of iNOS expression. Moreover, esterification of the carboxyl group at C-1 enhanced protection against tyrosine nitration in the skin. methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid with methanol. Isolated from Suaeda glauca and Dichrocephala bicolor, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.13	1
eudesmanolide eudesmanolide: structure in first source	2.15	1	sesquiterpene lactone
chitosan [no description available]	2.25	1
germacranolide germacranolide: from Artemisia pallens; structure in first source. germacranolide : A sesquiterpene lactone based on germacrane skeleton.	2.15	1
cnicin cnicin: extract from CENTAUREA BENEDICTA	2.03	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	3.05	4
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	2.08	1
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	2.48	2
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	2.48	2
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.6	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.6	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.6	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	2.6	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.6	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	7.6	1
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.6	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.6	1
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	2.41	1
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	2.41	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.31	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.31	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	7.31	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.31	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.31	1
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	7.31	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	7.31	1
Black Fever [description not available]	2.15	1
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.15	1
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.15	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.15	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	2.15	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.15	1
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	2.15	1
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.15	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.17	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.17	1
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.17	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	2.17	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.17	1
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.21	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.21	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.21	1
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	2.21	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.49	2
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.49	2
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.08	1
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.08	1
Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.11	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.06	1
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.07	1
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	1.98	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	1.98	1

cynaropicrin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (29)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Toxicity

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (5)

Molecular Functions (2)

Ceullar Components (2)

Bioassays (56)

Research

Studies (53)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 32.29

Study Types

cynaropicrin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (29)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Toxicity

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (5)

Molecular Functions (2)

Ceullar Components (2)

Bioassays (56)

Research

Studies (53)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 32.29

Study Types

Related Drugs (57)

Related Conditions (50)