Compounds > precocene ii
Page last updated: 2024-11-05

precocene ii

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Precocene II is a naturally occurring compound found in certain plants, particularly in the genus Vitex. It is a sesquiterpene with a unique structure containing a pyrone ring. It has been extensively studied for its insect growth regulatory (IGR) properties, specifically its ability to disrupt the development of insects, particularly in Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). Precocene II acts as a juvenile hormone analog, interfering with the synthesis and activity of juvenile hormone in insects, leading to developmental abnormalities such as sterility, larval-pupal intermediates, and premature adult emergence. Precocene II has been investigated for its potential as a natural insecticide for controlling insect pests, especially those resistant to conventional insecticides. Researchers are exploring its use in integrated pest management strategies. The study of precocene II has provided valuable insights into insect development and the regulation of juvenile hormone. It has also sparked interest in discovering and developing new insect growth regulators for sustainable pest control.'

precocene II: has antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidant activities; from plants of genus Ageratum; an antiallotropin compound capable of inhibiting juvenile hormone biosynthesis [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID12565
CHEMBL ID448964
CHEBI ID35606
SCHEMBL ID119925
MeSH IDM0062480

Synonyms (41)

Synonym
precocen 2
CHEBI:35606 ,
6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2h-benzo(b)pyran
nsc-318792
nsc318792
ageratochromene
pricocene ii
2h-1-benzopyran,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-
ai3-36847
einecs 211-408-5
nsc 318792
brn 0160683
6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl2h-1-benzopyran
2h-1-benzopyran, 6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-
inchi=1/c13h16o3/c1-13(2)6-5-9-7-11(14-3)12(15-4)8-10(9)16-13/h5-8h,1-4h
preconene ii
6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2h-chromene
C09018
precocene ii
precocene 2
644-06-4
NCGC00160199-01
6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene
CHEMBL448964
prococene ii
6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2h-1-benzopyran
1w2r4try5h ,
unii-1w2r4try5h
5-17-05-00288 (beilstein handbook reference)
FT-0632734
SCHEMBL119925
DTXSID9060942
AKOS024306983
6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-(2h)-benzopyran (precocene ii )
6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2h-chromene #
ncgc00160199-01!precocene ii
Q27104316
STL564529
dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-chromene, 6,7-
HY-122940
CS-0090588

Research Excerpts

Overview

Precocene II is a botanically derived chemical. It inhibits the production of juvenile hormone (JH) in insects.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Precocene II is a botanically derived chemical that inhibits the production of juvenile hormone (JH) in insects. "( The effects of precocene II on reproduction and development of triatomine bugs (Reduviidae: Triatominae).
Bowers, WS; Cupp, EW; Tarrant, C, 1982)		2.06

Treatment

Precocene II treatment increased the oxygen consumption rate of ovaries. Treatment with precocene II significantly decreased the total number of progeny produced at both temperatures.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Precocene II treatment increased the oxygen consumption rate of ovaries, which in turn remained undeveloped."( [Effects of juvenile hormone and precocene II on the metabolic rate of the digestive system, fat body and ovaries of the insect Oncopeltus fasciatus].
Cuñat, P; Garcerá, MD; Ibáñez, P; Martínez, R, 1989)		1.28
"Treatment with precocene II significantly decreased the total number of progeny produced at both temperatures."( Effect of precocene II on fatty acid metabolism in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, under cold stress.
Chen, Z; Dillwith, JW; Madden, RD, 2005)		1.07

Toxicity

Precocene II was more toxic in 24 hour cultures than in 72 hour cultures of rat hepatocytes. It was significantly more toxic to hepatocytes cultured from PB-treated, compared with untreated, gerbils.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Precocene II was significantly more toxic to hepatocytes cultured from PB-treated, compared with untreated, gerbils."( Maintenance of monooxygenase activities and detection of cytochrome P-450-mediated cytotoxicity in Mongolian gerbil hepatocyte cultures.
Fentem, JH; Fry, JR; Hammond, AH, 1991)		1.19
" Administration of a toxic dose of precocene II (175 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats rapidly depleted hepatic GSH, produced histopathological changes in the liver, and induced increases in serum aminotransferase activity."( Alteration of precocene II-induced hepatotoxicity by modulation of hepatic glutathione levels.
Duddy, SK; Hsia, MT, 1989)		0.91
" Precocene II was also toxic to 72-h cultures, although the effect of the serum-free medium was attenuated."( Toxicity of precocene II in rat hepatocyte cultures: effects of serum and culture time.
Fry, JR; Hammond, AH, 1994)		1.58
"Precocene II was more toxic in 24 hour cultures than in 72 hour cultures of rat hepatocytes."( Mechanism of toxicity of precocene II in rat hepatocyte cultures.
Fry, JR; Garle, MJ; Hammond, AH, 1995)		2.04

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The toxicology of dihydrodiol is more complex than what can be deduced solely on the basis of diminished bioavailability of the epoxide precursor, and the increased hydrophilicity associated with the dihydrodiol moiety."( Toxicological significance of dihydrodiol metabolites.
Hsia, MT, 1982)		0.26
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
precocenesnull
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
chromenes
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.01000.003245.467312,589.2998AID2517
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (35)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1080535Inhibition of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol production by Fusarium graminearum in liquid culture at 3 to 30 uM at 26.5 degC measured after 48 to 144 hr by thin layer chromatography2009Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum.
AID1090258Antifeeding activity against Tribolium confusum (confused flour beetle) adults in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as absolute coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1080538Inhibition of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol production by Fusarium graminearum in compound-pretreated rice solid culture medium at 26.5 degC after 7 days by LC/MS analysis2009Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum.
AID1090248Antifeeding activity against Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvaes in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as absolute coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1090255Antifeeding activity against Tribolium confusum (confused flour beetle) adults in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as total coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1080540Inhibition of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol production by Fusarium graminearum in liquid culture at 26.5 degC after 7 days by thin layer chromatography2009Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum.
AID1090246Antifeeding activity against Sitophilus granarius (granary weevil) adults in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as absolute coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1090259Antifeeding activity against Tribolium confusum (confused flour beetle) larvaes in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as relative coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1090257Antifeeding activity against Tribolium confusum (confused flour beetle) larvaes in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as total coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1090254Antifeeding activity against Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle ) larvaes in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as absolute coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1090243Antifeeding activity against Aphididae (aphids) in compound treated chinese cabbage leaves assessed as settled aphids measured up to 24 hr2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1080523Inhibition of deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium graminearum in compound-pretreated rice solid culture medium at 26.5 degC after 7 days by LC/MS analysis2009Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum.
AID1080539Growth inhibition of Fusarium graminearum assessed as mycelial weight at 26.5 degC after 7 days2009Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum.
AID1090247Antifeeding activity against Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvaes in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as total coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1080532Downregulation of Tri6 gene expression in Fusarium graminearum at 26.5 degC measured after 48 to 96 hr by quantitative-RT-PCR analysis2009Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum.
AID1090256Antifeeding activity against Tribolium confusum (confused flour beetle) adults in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as relative coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1090251Antifeeding activity against Sitophilus granarius (granary weevil) adults in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as total coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1080531Downregulation of Tri10 gene expression in Fusarium graminearum at 26.5 degC measured after 48 to 96 hr by quantitative-RT-PCR analysis2009Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum.
AID1080525Effect on deoxynivalenol synthetic pathway intermediates accumulation in Fusarium graminearum at 30 uM by TLC analysis2009Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum.
AID1090245Antifeeding activity against Leptinotarsa decemlineata adults in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as relative coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1090242Antifeeding activity against Leptinotarsa decemlineata adults in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as absolute coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1080534Downregulation of Tri4 gene expression in Fusarium graminearum at 3 to 30 uM at 26.5 degC measured after 48 to 144 hr by quantitative-RT-PCR analysis2009Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum.
AID1090250Antifeeding activity against Sitophilus granarius (granary weevil) adults in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as relative coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1090252Antifeeding activity against Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle) larvaes in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as total coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1090260Antifeeding activity against Tribolium confusum (confused flour beetle) larvaes in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as absolute coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1080533Downregulation of Tri5 gene expression in Fusarium graminearum at 3 to 30 uM at 26.5 degC measured after 48 to 144 hr by quantitative-RT-PCR analysis2009Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 57, Issue:3
Isolation and identification of precocenes and piperitone from essential oils as specific inhibitors of trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum.
AID1090244Antifeeding activity against Leptinotarsa decemlineata adults in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as total coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1090253Antifeeding activity against Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle) larvaes in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as relative coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1090249Antifeeding activity against Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvaes in compound treated wheat wafer disk assessed as relative coefficient of deterrence by feeding deterrent activity test2005Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jul-27, Volume: 53, Issue:15
Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of precocene derivatives with lactone moiety.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).2014Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (65)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199036 (55.38)18.7374
1990's11 (16.92)18.2507
2000's8 (12.31)29.6817
2010's7 (10.77)24.3611
2020's3 (4.62)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 19.36

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index19.36 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.32 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.38 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index18.60 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (19.36)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews3 (4.05%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other71 (95.95%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		1.9910ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
benzene
[no description available]		1.9710aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.3820coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		3.2310trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		1.9610sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.110long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.6730propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		1.9710azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		1.9710methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
1-aminobenzotriazole
[no description available]		2.3920
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		1.9710ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		3.0610ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		1.9710aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		1.9910carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
methomyl
Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.		1.9610aliphatic sulfide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.3820barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		1.9710diarylmethane
aniline
[no description available]		1.9710anilines;
primary arylamine
piperitone
piperitone: from Mentha longifolia var. chorodictya Rech F; structure in first source. piperitone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an isopropyl group at position 6.		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
p-menthane monoterpenoid		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
1,3-dichloro-2-propanol
1,3-dichloro-2-propanol: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants. 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is isopropanol in which one hydrogen of each methyl group is substituted by a chlorine. A liquid at room temperature (melting point -4degreeC, boiling point 174degreeC at 760 mm Hg), it is used as a solvent for hard resins and nitrocellulose.		1.9910organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		cross-linking reagent;
protic solvent
alpha-chlorohydrin
alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.		1.9910chloropropane-1,2-diol
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		1.97105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.6730primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		1.9910dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
thiazoles
[no description available]		1.97101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
hexahydrofarnesylacetone
hexahydrofarnesylacetone: a C-18 terpene		2.110ketone
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		1.9710thiazolidine
1,3-dichloroacetone
1,3-dichloroacetone : A ketone that is propan-2-one in which a hydrogen at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by chloro groups. It is used in the synthesis of citric acid. Also used as a solvent and as an intermediate in organic synthesis.		1.9910ketone;
organochlorine compound
2,3-dichloro-1-propanol
[no description available]		1.9910
2-nonanone
2-nonanone: RN given refers to cpd with locant for oxo moiety in position 2. nonanone : Any ketone that is nonane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. nonan-2-one : A methyl ketone that is nonane in which the methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group.		2.110methyl ketoneplant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.1110alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		2.3820methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
ecdysone
[no description available]		6.961014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
6-oxo steroid;
ecdysteroid		prohormone
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.3820diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		1.96106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
precocene i
precocene I: cpd not in Chemline 7/20/83; structure; inhibits juvenille hormones. precocene I : A member of the class of chromenes that is 2H-chromene substituted by a methoxy group at position 7 and two methyl groups at position 2.		4.95120aromatic ether;
chromenes		plant metabolite;
precocenes
7-ethoxycoumarin
7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.		1.9710aromatic ether;
coumarins
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
triflumuron
triflumuron: insect growth inhibitor		210aromatic ether;
benzoylurea insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name		1.9710
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.39201,2,3-triazole
methyl syringate
methyl syringate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of syringic acid with methanol.		3.2310benzoate ester;
dimethoxybenzene;
phenols		plant metabolite
beta-eudesmol
beta-eudesmol: found in Atractylodes and other plants; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4aalpha,8abeta))-isomer. beta-eudesmol : A carbobicyclic compound that is trans-decalin substituted at positions 2, 4a, and 8 by 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, methyl and methylidene groups, respectively (the 2R,4aR,8aS-diastereoisomer).		2.110carbobicyclic compound;
eudesmane sesquiterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		volatile oil component
6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo(3.1.1)heptan-3-ol
6,6-dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo(3.1.1)heptan-3-ol: fragrance ingredient; structure in first source. pinocarveol : A pinane monoterpenoid that is a bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane substituted by two methyl groups at position 6, a methylidene group at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.		2.110carbobicyclic compound;
pinane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		GABA modulator;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.0810cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
ethoxyprecocene
[no description available]		1.9710chromenesprecocenes
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		3.0610aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		2.0810acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.940
caryophyllene oxide
caryophyllene oxide: has butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity; structure in first source. epoxide : Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.		2.110epoxidemetabolite
nadp
[no description available]		2.3720
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.0810cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
azadirachtin
azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).		1.9710acetate ester;
azadirachtin;
cyclic hemiketal;
enoate ester;
epoxide;
methyl ester;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		hepatoprotective agent
methoprene
Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.		7.6730isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate;
isopropyl ester		juvenile hormone mimic
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.		2.0810trichotheceneepitope;
mycotoxin
ecdysterone
Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		2.372014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ecdysteroid;
phytoecdysteroid		animal metabolite;
plant metabolite
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		1.9710ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.1110ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.6730benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
aldrin
Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.		3.0610
aldrin-transdiol
aldrin-transdiol: dieldrin metabolite suggested as active neurotoxic form; RN refers to (1 alpha,2 alpha,3 beta,4 alpha,4a beta,5 alpha,8 alpha,8a beta)-isomer		3.0610
blasticidin s
blasticidin S: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. blasticidin S : A blasticidin that is an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces griseochromogene.		3.2310
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.110
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.110
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		02.3920
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		02.3920
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		01.9610
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.3720
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.3720
Elaeophoriasis
[description not available]		01.9610
Dipetalonema Infections
Infections with nematodes of the genus DIPETALONEMA.		01.9610
Filariasis
Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.		01.9610