distigmine profile

Distigmine is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and other neuromuscular disorders. It is a synthetic compound that was first synthesized in the 1950s. Distigmine works by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is essential for muscle contraction. This results in an increase in acetylcholine levels at the neuromuscular junction, which helps to improve muscle strength and function. Distigmine is also used to treat certain types of urinary incontinence and to relieve the symptoms of dry mouth. It is important to note that distigmine can have serious side effects, including bradycardia, hypotension, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Therefore, it is only prescribed by a doctor and should be taken exactly as directed.'

distigmine : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of hexane-1,6-diylbis(methylcarbamic acid) with the hydroxy group of 3-hydroxy-1-methylpyridinium. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	3116
CHEMBL ID	1199307
CHEBI ID	80756
SCHEMBL ID	16674116
MeSH ID	M0224849

Synonym
distigmine
17299-00-2
(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-3-yl) n-methyl-n-[6-[methyl-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-3-yl)oxycarbonylamino]hexyl]carbamate
CHEMBL1199307
pyridinium, 3,3'-(1,6-hexanediylbis((methylimino)carbonyloxy))bis(1-methyl-
t940307o7b ,
distigmine ion
distigmine cation
unii-t940307o7b
distigmine [who-dd]
3,3'-(1,6-hexanediylbis((methylimino)carbonyloxy))bis(1-methyl-pyridinium)
3,3'-{hexane-1,6-diylbis[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]}bis(1-methylpyridin-1-ium)
CHEBI:80756 ,
3,3'-{hexane-1,6-diylbis[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]}bis(1-methylpyridinium)
DTXSID00169484
SCHEMBL16674116
DB13694
FT-0727365
Q27149809
NCGC00510033-02
pyridinium, 3,3'-[1,6-hexanediylbis[(methylimino)carbonyloxy]]bis[1-methyl-

Research Excerpts

Overview

Distigmine bromide is a cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor used to treat dysuria due to a hypotonic bladder.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Distigmine bromide is a cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor used to treat dysuria due to a hypotonic bladder. "	( Unexpected cholinergic crisis caused by distigmine bromide: A case report. Kusunoki, S; Sera, T; Shime, N, 2022)	2.43
"Distigmine is a cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor used for the treatment of detrusor underactivity in Japan. "	( Distigmine Bromide Produces Sustained Potentiation of Guinea-Pig Urinary Bladder Motility by Inhibiting Cholinesterase Activity. Chino, D; Obara, K; Tanaka, Y, 2017)	3.34
"Distigmine bromide is a cholinesterase inhibitor widely used for the treatment of hypotonic neurogenic bladder. "	( [Acute respiratory failure associated with cholinergic crisis: report of five cases and review of the literature]. Morikawa, N; Sato, E; Shoji, M; Takahashi, H; Takahashi, M; Ubukata, S; Watanabe, H, 2011)	1.81

Treatment

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Treatment with distigmine bromide resulted in a statistically significant reduction of residual volume and percent residual volume, obviating the need for intermittent self-catheterisation in 11 patients. "	( Clinical efficacy of distigmine bromide in the treatment of patients with underactive detrusor. Bougas, DA; Giannopoulos, AM; Kollaitis, GC; Mitropoulos, DN; Mitsogiannis, IC; Serafetinides, EN, 2004)	1

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Distigmine sometimes causes severe adverse events, and the serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) level is reduced by distigmine."	( [Association between Distigmine-induced Adverse Events and Serum Butyrylcholinesterase Level: A Multicenter Retrospective Study]. Kaneko, C; Mitsuboshi, S; Otaki, S; Tsuruma, N, 2022)	2.48

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" We then assumed an effect compartment for the relationship between the plasma concentration of distigmine and AChE inhibition and analyzed the time course of AChE activity using a sigmoid maximum inhibitory effect model as the pharmacodynamic model."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of acetylcholinesterase inhibition by distigmine bromide in rats. Fushimi, K; Harada, T; Homma, R; Ito, Y; Kagawa, Y; Kato, Y; Nakazawa, H; Oka, H; Yamada, S, 2010)	0.8

Dosage Studied

Dose of distigmine bromide has been reduced to 5 mg/day for patients with difficulty in urination due to detrusor underactivity. Compared to patients on monotherapy, patients on combination therapy needed more TWOCs to void.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" He had been administered distigmine bromide orally for over two years at a daily dosage of 10 mg as a treatment for underactive neurogenic bladder."	( [A case of acute distigmine bromide intoxication in the therapeutic dosage for treatment of underactive neurogenic bladder]. Fujita, N; Koike, H; Nagai, H; Tada, M; Umeda, M, 2004)	0.96
" Compared to patients on monotherapy, patients on combination therapy needed more TWOCs to void due to gradual increase in the dosage of distigmine bromide."	( Cholinergic drugs for treatment of recurrent urinary retention in high surgical risk/elderly BPH patients. A pilot study. Skolarikos, A; Stamatiou, K; Tyritzis, S, 2012)	0.58
"Since distigmine can cause the serious side effect of cholinergic crisis, its dosage regimen has been reduced to 5 mg/day for patients with difficulty in urination due to detrusor underactivity."	( [Effect of distigmine at 5 mg daily in patients with detrusor underactivity]. Ashitomi, K; Hokama, S; Kadekawa, K; Matayoshi, Y; Mukouyama, H; Nakasone, K; Nishijima, S; Onaga, T; Shimabukuro, H; Shimabukuro, S; Sugaya, K; Touyama, Y, 2014)	1.27

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor	An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).
muscarinic agonist	Any drug that binds to and activates a muscarinic cholinergic receptor.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
pyridinium ion
carbamate ester	Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1372389	Suppression of voiding dysfunction in monkey UAB model assessed as increase in voided volume at 30 ng/kg/min administered as 2 hrs iv infusion
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	2 (4.00)	18.7374
1990's	3 (6.00)	18.2507
2000's	17 (34.00)	29.6817
2010's	21 (42.00)	24.3611
2020's	7 (14.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	4 (7.84%)	5.53%
Reviews	6 (11.76%)	6.00%
Case Studies	15 (29.41%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	26 (50.98%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	9.35	4	1	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	1.93	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
oxotremorine m oxotremorine M: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	2.05	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
propiverine propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome	7.07	1	0	diarylmethane
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	2.04	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
urapidil [no description available]	3.4	1	1	piperazines
amifampridine Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.02	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiazoles [no description available]	2.61	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.01	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
tamsulosin [no description available]	3.87	3	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.08	1	0
silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source	7.11	1	0	indolecarboxamide
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.1	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
8-(3-(1-((3-fluorophenyl)methyl)-4-piperidinyl)-1-oxopropyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4h-pyrrolo(3,2,1-ij)quinolin-4-one 8-(3-(1-((3-fluorophenyl)methyl)-4-piperidinyl)-1-oxopropyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo(3,2,1-ij)quinolin-4-one: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	2.01	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	3.49	5	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	4.93	7	0
Drooling [description not available]	4.76	6	1
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	3.49	5	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.93	7	0
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	4.76	6	1
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	5.53	10	0
Bladder, Underactive [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.25	1	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.25	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	2.25	1	0
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	4.53	5	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.52	2	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	4.53	5	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	3	4	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	5.99	5	2
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.1	1	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	9.67	6	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.11	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.11	1	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	2.13	1	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	4.47	5	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	3.84	2	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.96	1	0
Congenital Myasthenia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a congenital defect in neuromuscular transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This includes presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic disorders (that are not of autoimmune origin). The majority of these diseases are caused by mutations of various subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) on the postsynaptic surface of the junction. (From Arch Neurol 1999 Feb;56(2):163-7)	2.05	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.07	1	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.07	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	2.07	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	2.46	2	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	1.93	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	1.94	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	1.94	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	7.01	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	7.01	1	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	2.02	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	2.02	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	2.02	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.03	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.03	1	0
MELAS [description not available]	7.03	1	0
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.03	1	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	7.03	1	0
MELAS Syndrome A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)	2.03	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)	7.04	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	3.38	1	1

distigmine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (21)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Dosage Studied

Roles (2)

Drug Classes (2)

Bioassays (1)

Research

Studies (50)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 45.38

Study Types

distigmine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (21)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Dosage Studied

Roles (2)

Drug Classes (2)

Bioassays (1)

Research

Studies (50)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 45.38

Study Types

Related Drugs (20)

Related Conditions (66)