Compounds > wr 1065
Page last updated: 2024-11-07

wr 1065

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

WR-1065 : An alkanethiol that is the N-3-aminopropyl derivative of cysteamine. Used as the S-phosphorylated prodrug, amifostine, for cytoprotection in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID104807
CHEMBL ID1201382
CHEBI ID72583
SCHEMBL ID38865
MeSH IDM0073652

Synonyms (36)

Synonym
2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanethiol
2-((3-aminopropyl)amino)ethyl hydrosulfide
2-((3-aminopropyl)amino)ethanethiol
wr1065
NCI60_003068
NCI60_016501
nsc-647527
nsc647527
ethanethiol, 2-((3-aminopropyl)amino)-
brn 2069586
wr-1065
C07651
31098-42-7
2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol
wr 1065
n-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,3-diaminopropane
CHEMBL1201382
amifostine thiol
chebi:72583 ,
AKOS006273087
05p3k9i49l ,
unii-05p3k9i49l
amifostine thiol [usp-rs]
aminopropyl)amino)ethanethiol, 2-((3-
SCHEMBL38865
ethanethiol, 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]-
n-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine
FT-0700628
2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethane-1-thiol
Q27104998
MS-22792
DTXSID90953197
UGH ,
EN300-7240484
CS-0142440
HY-137864

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" When used adjunctively with oxygen radical generating chemotherapeutic agents in mice, however, WR2721 produces synergistic toxicity rather than attenuation of the toxic effects of such agents."( Mechanisms of synergistic toxicity of the radioprotective agent, WR2721, and 6-hydroxydopamine.
Schor, NF, 1988)		0.27
" In conclusion, levamisole appears to be too toxic and non-specific to be useful in studying and regulating the metabolism, toxicity and radioprotection of WR-2721."( Modification of WR-2721 toxicity and radioprotection by an inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase.
Brown, DQ; Gold, J; Hardiman, J; Mann, DJ; Pittock, JW; Pogach, R; Shaw, LM, 1986)		0.27
"0 mM thiol, but is not seen at higher or lower drug concentrations; N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is toxic only at concentrations > or = 2 mM and shows no biphasic pattern; and glutathione (GSH) and penicillamine are only minimally toxic at all concentrations."( Mechanisms for the oxygen radical-mediated toxicity of various thiol-containing compounds in cultured mammalian cells.
Biaglow, JE; Held, KD, 1994)		0.29
"It has been shown that unithiol diminishes toxic action of cysteamine, AET, and disulfide of WR-1065 on mice."( [Decrease of toxic effects of aminothiol radiation-protective agents and increase of chemical protection action against ionizing radiation by the use of unithiol].
Bol'shakova, OI; Grachev, SA; Korolva, IK; Nikanorova, NG; Sverdlov, AG, )		0.13
" There is also evidence that aminothiols are toxic to the germinal cell layer of the seminiferous tubules when given to sham-irradiated mice."( Comparative intestinal and testes toxicity of four aminothiols in irradiated and nonirradiated mice.
Eckstein, JM; Egan, JE; Heman-Ackah, LM; Jackson, WE; Kendrick, JM; Steel-Goodwin, L, )		0.13
" The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the toxic effects of Daunorubicin, in normal or liposomal formulation, used in combination with WR1065, the active metabolite of Amifostine, against normal and tumor cells."( Effect of amifostine on the cytotoxicity of daunorubicin and daunoxome in tumor and normal cells.
Calistri, E; Candoni, A; Damiani, D; Fanin, R; Michelutti, A; Russo, D; Stocchi, R; Tiribelli, M, 2006)		0.33
" A frequent dose-limiting side effect of platinum-based anticancer therapy is neurotoxicity."( Use of C. elegans as a 3R-compliant in vivo model for the chemoprevention of cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity.
Bornhorst, J; Brinkmann, V; Crone, B; Fritz, G; Hennecke, T; Honnen, S; Karst, U; Kurzke, J; Weides, L; Wellenberg, A, 2021)		0.62

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by compartmental modeling of plasma concentration data from 10-min and 120-min iv infusions."( Pharmacokinetics and disposition of WR-1065 in the rhesus monkey.
Fleckenstein, L; Geary, RS; Huelle, BK; Ludden, TM; Mangold, DJ; Miller, MA; Sanchez-Barona, DO; Swynnerton, NF, )		0.13
"The pharmacokinetic properties of WR-2721 were investigated in 13 cancer patients given a 150 mg/M2 intravenous bolus dose of the drug."( Human pharmacokinetics of WR-2721.
Bonner, HS; Glover, DJ; Kligerman, MM; Norfleet, AL; Shaw, LM; Turrisi, AT; Weiler, C, 1986)		0.27
" The concentration-time data, best described by a three-compartment open kinetic model, were used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters."( Measurement of WR-1065 in plasma: preliminary pharmacokinetics in the beagle.
Huelle, BK; Ludden, TM; Mangold, DJ; McGovern, EP; Swynnerton, NF, 1986)		0.27
" Validated analytic methodology to measure parent drug and pharmacologically active metabolites and pharmacokinetic studies are essential to the efficient performance and analysis of clinical studies."( Pharmacokinetic profile of amifostine.
Bonner, H; Lieberman, R; Shaw, LM, 1996)		0.29
" Both amifostine and WR 1065 were rapidly cleared from the plasma (95% and 50% of the peak concentration within 1 h, respectively)."( Pharmacokinetics of amifostine and its metabolites in the plasma and ascites of a cancer patient.
Gall, HE; Korst, AE; van der Vijgh, WJ; Vermorken, JB, 1996)		0.61
" Preliminary data from studies of SC amifostine in monkeys indicate a plasma pharmacokinetic profile similar to that reported earlier in humans."( Preclinical studies on the radioprotective efficacy and pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered amifostine.
Bachy, CM; Cassatt, DR; Fazenbaker, CA; Kifle, G, 2002)		0.31
"We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of amifostine and WR1065 in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed medulloblastoma to assess the influence of patient covariates, including demographics, clinical characteristics, and genetic polymorphisms, on amifostine and WR1065 pharmacokinetic parameters."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amifostine and WR1065 in pediatric patients with medulloblastoma.
Bai, F; Fouladi, M; Gajjar, A; McKibbin, T; Okcu, MF; Panetta, JC; Stewart, CF, 2010)		0.36
" A pharmacokinetic model was simultaneously fit to amifostine and WR1065 plasma or whole blood concentration-versus-time data."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of amifostine and WR1065 in pediatric patients with medulloblastoma.
Bai, F; Fouladi, M; Gajjar, A; McKibbin, T; Okcu, MF; Panetta, JC; Stewart, CF, 2010)		0.36

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Analysis of the free WR-1065 bioavailability values indicated large variability and an unpredictable dose response among subjects."( Intraduodenal administration of ethiofos (WR-2721): dose proportionality study in the rhesus monkey.
Geary, RS; Ludden, T; Mangold, DJ; Miller, MA; Swynnerton, NF, 1989)		0.28
" It is well absorbed (23%) after oral administration to rabbits."( Studies on the reduction of sputum viscosity in cystic fibrosis using an orally absorbed protected thiol.
Cerami, A; Peterson, CM; Tabachnik, NF, 1980)		0.26
" The effective combinations (L-TC + DOX, NAC + DOX, NAC + DMTU, NAC + HMT, NC + DOX) combined agents, reducing the bioavailability of the mustard with compounds possibly acting on the consequences of alkylation."( Efficient protection of human bronchial epithelial cells against sulfur and nitrogen mustard cytotoxicity using drug combinations.
Baeza-Squiban, A; Calvet, J; Marano, F; Rappeneau, S, 2000)		0.31
" Although human patient data indicate higher plasma bioavailability of the active metabolite (WR-1065) following intravenous compared to subcutaneous administration, there are no corresponding data showing human tissue levels of WR-1065 following either route of administration due to the difficulty in obtaining human specimens."( Tissue levels of WR-1065, the active metabolite of amifostine (Ethyol), are equivalent following intravenous or subcutaneous administration in cynomolgus monkeys.
Bachy, CM; Cassatt, DR; Fazenbaker, CA; Kifle, G; McCarthy, MP, 2004)		0.32
"This study shows the effect of ion pair formation on intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of amifostine."( Ion-pair strategy for enabling amifostine oral absorption: rat in situ and in vivo experiments.
Bermejo, M; Foroutan, M; González-Álvarez, I; Mangas-Sanjuan, V; Samiei, N; Shafaati, A; Zarghi, A, 2013)		0.39
" The bioavailability of WR-1065 was 61."( Evaluation of a method for measuring the radioprotective metabolite WR-1065 in plasma using chemical derivatization combined with UHPLC-MS/MS.
Harteg, C; Lipka, E; Lister, RJ; Reyna, D; Simon, ES, 2018)		0.48
" Direct jejunal AMF administration incurred a systemic bioavailability of 61."( Novel Formulation Strategy to Improve the Feasibility of Amifostine Administration.
Buchman, L; Buchman, SR; Donneys, A; Lipka, E; Lynn, J; Nelson, N; Ranganathan, K; Reyna, D; Rodriguez, J; Simon, E; Snider, A; Zhang, Y, 2018)		0.48
"Orally administered AMF achieves a similar systemic bioavailability and decreased peak plasma level of WR-1065 compared to intravenously administered AMF, suggesting oral AMF formulations maintain radioprotective efficacy without causing onerous side effects, and are clinically feasible."( Novel Formulation Strategy to Improve the Feasibility of Amifostine Administration.
Buchman, L; Buchman, SR; Donneys, A; Lipka, E; Lynn, J; Nelson, N; Ranganathan, K; Reyna, D; Rodriguez, J; Simon, E; Snider, A; Zhang, Y, 2018)		0.48
" Nanoscale drug delivery systems of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers can improve the bioavailability of drugs due to excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and long circulation characteristics."( Oral Codelivery of WR-1065 Using Curcumin-Linked ROS-Sensitive Nanoparticles for Synergistic Radioprotection.
Guo, Y; Li, X; Lin, X; Liu, Y; Miao, L; Tian, H; Wang, X; Yuan, R, 2021)		0.62

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" In anesthetized rats exposed to regional myocardial ischemia by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 60 minutes followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion WR 10 65 applicated in a dosage of 1 mM/kg body weight intraperitoneally 30 minutes prior to ischemia induced an improvement of post ischemic recovery of segment shortening from 31% of pre-ischemic values in untreated animals to 64."( Improved contractile function in the reperfused rat heart by the radical scavenger 2-[3-aminopropylamino] ethane thiol.
Jänichen, F; Krause, EG; Pissarek, M; Siegel, G; Tapp, E, 1989)		0.28
" This analytical procedure and others specific for ethiofos, free WR-1065 and WR-33278 were applied to dosing experiments in which the parent drug and its major metabolites were variously administered to beagle dogs and rhesus monkeys."( A method for the combined measurement of ethiofos and WR-1065 in plasma: application to pharmacokinetic experiments with ethiofos and its metabolites.
Huelle, BK; Ludden, TM; Mangold, DJ; Swynnerton, NF, 1986)		0.27
" In the absence of WR-compounds, dose-response data for transformation induction by neutrons from TRIGA and JANUS reactors were fitted to a common curve with a linear coefficient of about 7 x 10(-4)/Gy."( Effects of WR-1065 and WR-151326 on survival and neoplastic transformation in C3H/10T1/2 cells exposed to TRIGA or JANUS fission neutrons.
Balcer-Kubiczek, EK; Blakely, WF; Harrison, GH; Hill, CK, 1993)		0.29
" Multiple dosing resulted in a tendency toward increasing peak levels of WR 1065 and decreasing peak levels of the disulfides."( Pharmacokinetics of amifostine and its metabolites in the plasma and ascites of a cancer patient.
Gall, HE; Korst, AE; van der Vijgh, WJ; Vermorken, JB, 1996)		0.53
" Doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide, cisplatin, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and 4-hydroperoxyifosfamide were equally cytotoxic with and without preincubation of WR-2721 (14 mM) or WR-1065 (40 microM) as shown by virtually identical dose-response curves and ID50 values."( Effects of WR-2721 (amifostine) and its metabolite WR-1065 on the antiproliferative activity of chemotherapeutic agents on neuroblastoma cells in vitro.
Berthold, F; Fulda, S; Oster, W, 1997)		0.3
" The amifostine peak values at the end of each 15 min infusion did not accumulate in the multiple dosing schedule."( Pharmacokinetics of amifostine and its metabolites in patients.
Eeltink, CM; Korst, AE; van der Vijgh, WJ; Vermorken, JB, 1997)		0.3
" Adequate dosing of either drug is necessary for protecting the cells from toxic effects of alkylating agents."( Blood thiols following amifostine and mesna infusions, a pediatric oncology group study.
Aktas, MK; Bernstein, ML; Dubowy, RL; Fahey, RC; Karjoo, S; Newton, GL; Sadowitz, PD; Sayin, OA; Souid, AK, 2001)		0.31
" Nontumor-bearing control animals were sham treated using the same dosing and surgery schedules."( Inhibition of spontaneous metastases formation by amifostine.
Grdina, DJ; Hunter, N; Kataoka, Y; Milas, L; Murley, JS; Weichselbaum, RR, 2002)		0.31
" Multiple-dose studies in rats show radioprotective effects equal to or greater than those obtained with intravenous dosing in the setting of fractionated irradiation."( Preclinical studies on the radioprotective efficacy and pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered amifostine.
Bachy, CM; Cassatt, DR; Fazenbaker, CA; Kifle, G, 2002)		0.31
"The WR-1065 tumor portal dosing AUC15-60 was 40% of systemic dosing, and tumor concentrations following portal dosing were one-fifth of that following systemic dosing."( Disposition of WR-1065 in the liver of tumor-bearing rats following regional vs systemic administration of amifostine.
DeRemer, SJ; Dou, C; Ensminger, WD; Levi, M; Smith, DE, 2004)		0.32
" However, portal dosing also increases systemic exposure to WR-1065, which is associated with hypotension."( Disposition of WR-1065 in the liver of tumor-bearing rats following regional vs systemic administration of amifostine.
DeRemer, SJ; Dou, C; Ensminger, WD; Levi, M; Smith, DE, 2004)		0.32
" The need for daily dosing to achieve optimal radioprotection was consistent with the tissue pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite."( Effects of dose and schedule on the efficacy of ethyol: preclinical studies.
Bachy, CM; Cassatt, DR; Fazenbaker, CA; Kifle, G, 2003)		0.32
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
radiation protective agentAny compound that is able to protect normal cells from the damage caused by radiation therapy.
antioxidantA substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
drug metabolitenull
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
diamineAny polyamine that contains two amino groups.
alkanethiolAn alkanethiol is a compound in which a sulfanyl group, -SH, is attached to an alkyl group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (11)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1299697Protection against DNA damage in gamma irradiated human NHDF assessed as decrease in median number of gammaH2AX/53BP1 foci per nucleus at 4 mM preincubated for 15 mins followed by gamma irradiation measured after 5 mins by confocal fluorescence microscopi2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells.
AID1299701Decrease in median number of gammaH2AK/53BP1 foci per nucleus in gamma irradiated human MCF7 cells at 4 mM preincubated for 15 mins followed by gamma irradiation measured after 5 mins by confocal fluorescence microscopic analysis relative to control2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells.
AID1299713Induction of DNA DSB repair in gamma irradiated human NHDF assessed as median number of gammaH2AK/53BP1 foci per nucleus at 4 mM preincubated for 15 mins followed by gamma irradiation measured after 60 mins by confocal fluorescence microscopic analysis re2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells.
AID1299707Reduction of DNA DSB repair in gamma irradiated human MCF7 cells at 4 mM preincubated for 15 mins followed by gamma irradiation measured after 60 to 120 mins by neutral comet assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells.
AID1299698Protection against DNA damage in gamma irradiated human NHDF assessed as decrease in median number of gammaH2AX/53BP1 foci per nucleus at 4 mM preincubated for 15 mins followed by gamma irradiation measured after 60 mins by confocal fluorescence microscop2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells.
AID1299716Drug uptake in human MCF7 cells at 4 mM after 20 to 75 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells.
AID1299704Protection against DNA damage in gamma irradiated human NHDF assessed as decrease in double strand breakage of DNA at 4 mM preincubated for 15 mins followed by gamma irradiation measured after 5 mins by neutral comet assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells.
AID1299706Induction of DNA DSB repair in gamma irradiated human NHDF at 4 mM preincubated for 15 mins followed by gamma irradiation measured after 60 to 120 mins by neutral comet assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells.
AID1299715Drug uptake in human NHDF at 4 mM after 20 to 75 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells.
AID1299705Induction of DNA damage in gamma irradiated human MCF7 cells assessed as increase in double strand breakage of DNA at 4 mM preincubated for 15 mins followed by gamma irradiation measured after 5 mins by neutral comet assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells.
AID1299702Decrease in median number of gammaH2AK/53BP1 foci per nucleus in gamma irradiated human MCF7 cells at 4 mM preincubated for 15 mins followed by gamma irradiation measured after 60 mins by confocal fluorescence microscopic analysis relative to control2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-14, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (219)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199050 (22.83)18.7374
1990's81 (36.99)18.2507
2000's62 (28.31)29.6817
2010's23 (10.50)24.3611
2020's3 (1.37)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 18.31

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index18.31 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.46 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.46 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index18.60 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (18.31)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials6 (2.64%)5.53%
Reviews12 (5.29%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (0.44%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other208 (91.63%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0810benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		1.9710amino-acid anion
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.0410halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		1.9910monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.6830sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		1.9810elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.1102-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		210pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		1.9610oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		2.1110phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		2.0810benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
putrescine
[no description available]		1.9810alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		1.9810divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
spermidine
[no description available]		4.1950polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		3.7830polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0810alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		2.3820alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea
beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.		1.9810
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		13.031015diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		1.9810guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		210methoxybenzenes
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		1.9910monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		1.9710indolesfluorochrome
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.420alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.0110organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
ellipticine
ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.		2.1110indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polycyclic heteroarene		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.3622ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
mimosine
Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.		1.9910alpha-amino acid
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		2.3820nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		210polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		210dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.4120benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		1.9810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
idoxuridine
[no description available]		1.9810organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.0210L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		1.9910aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		1.9710ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		4.33200amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		1.9810antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
2-thiomalic acid
[no description available]		2.3720C4-dicarboxylic acid
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		1.9910arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
boranes
Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.		2.1110boranes;
mononuclear parent hydride
cumene hydroperoxide
cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.		1.9710peroxolenvironmental contaminant;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
oxidising agent
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.1110quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
acrolein
[no description available]		2.420enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.0210pyrrole;
secondary amine
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.3820dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.43201,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		1.9910phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		1.9810N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		210amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		210thiazolidine
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		210ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.1310dialdehydebiomarker
beta-mercaptopropylamine
beta-mercaptopropylamine: RN given refers to cpd with isomeric designation; structure		1.9510
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.2560acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.0810N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		2.1110cadmium molecular entity
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		1.9810organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		1.9810methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		3.38701,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		1.9810diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
helenalin
helenalin: toxic principle of Helenium microcephalum (smallhead sneezeweed); structure. helenalin : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).. NF-kappaB inhibitor : An inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a protein complex involved in the transcription of DNA.		2.0310cyclic ketone;
gamma-lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
sesquiterpene lactone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		1.9910monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		2.0410inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0510delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		1.9610diatomic bromine
misonidazole
Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.		1.9610
desmethylmisonidazole
[no description available]		1.9610
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		1.96106-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		2.0310aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.2110inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		2.0210penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.4720azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		210taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		4.8842beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.420alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.0210alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
stictic acid
stictic acid: antioxidant from lichen, Usnea articulata; structure in first source		2.1110aromatic ether
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		1.9910amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
9-hydroxyellipticine
9-hydroxyellipticine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-hydroxyellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is ellipticine in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1110organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound		antineoplastic agent
fotemustine
fotemustine: structure given in first source. fotemustine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fotemustine. It is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma.. diethyl (1-{[(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino}ethyl)phosphonate : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is ethyl diethylphosphonate in the hydrogen at position 1 of the ethyl group attached to the phosphorus has been replaced by a [(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino group.		2.0110N-nitrosoureas;
organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound
monobromobimane
monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.320organobromine compound;
pyrazolopyrazole		fluorochrome
wr 33278
WR 33278: symmetrical disulfide of WR-1065		6.13170
3-(3-methylaminopropylamino)propylmercaptan
3-(3-methylaminopropylamino)propylmercaptan: dephosphorylated derviative of WR 151327		2.8940
s-2-(3-methylaminopropylamino)ethanethiol
S-2-(3-methylaminopropylamino)ethanethiol: structure given in first source		2.6730
mn(iii) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(n-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin
[no description available]		2.1110
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.730oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-azabicyclo(2,2,2,)octan-3-one
2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-azabicyclo(2,2,2,)octan-3-one: structure in first source		3.5520cyclic ketone;
quinuclidines
carboplatin
[no description available]		5.3953
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		1.9910tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.0310
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.3110aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
1,3-dimethylthiourea
[no description available]		210
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		210one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.0510
cystine
[no description available]		2.3720
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		3.8421
tissue plasminogen activator
[no description available]		210alpha-amino acid
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1104-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.4220cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		1.9810guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.04101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		2.0410alkali metal atom
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		3.580cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.0510
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		1.9910chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
oxepins
Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.		2.1110
lactacystin
[no description available]		210lactam;
S-substituted L-cysteine
perfosfamide
[no description available]		2.4320
cp 31398
CP 31398: structure in first source		3.5520
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		1.9810benzoxazole
mdl 73811
MDL 73811: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		1.9810
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		1.96101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
hoe 33342
bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye		210
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.3870organosulfonic acid
cysteamine-s-phosphate
Cystaphos: Proposed as an adjuvant to cancer chemotherapy; may have radiation protective properties.. cysteamine S-phosphate(2-) : An organic phosphorothioate anion that is the conjugate base of cysteamine S-phosphate, obtained by deprotonation of the two free thiophosohate OH groups and protonation of the amino group.. cysteamine S-phosphate : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of cysteamine.		1.9510organic phosphorothioate anion
apr-246
eprenetapopt: works in tandem with cisplatin to cause apoptosis of tumor cells; structure in first source		2.1110
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.0110ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		2.0210
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		1.99103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		2.0510purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.5720
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.3110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.9340
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.1450
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		02.1710
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		03.1150
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		02.1710
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.1240
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		03.1240
Acute Radiation Syndrome
A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.		03.0310
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.1310
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.1310
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.1310
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		04.5251
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.7530
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.7430
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.7430
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		02.7130
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0510
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.0510
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		02.0510
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		07.0572
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.4611
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		03.4611
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.4611
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.8321
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		03.4611
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		03.4611
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.8321
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		03.4611
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.0810
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.420
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.0110
Spider Veins
[description not available]		02.0110
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.420
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.0110
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		02.0110
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.6930
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.6930
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.971
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		06.971
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.4220
Asialia
[description not available]		02.0110
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.4220
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		02.0110
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0210
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.4220
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.9310
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		02.9310
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0210
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.0210
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.0210
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.5830
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.3620
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.3620
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Leukemia L5178
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.		02.6830
Cystinuria
An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.		01.9610
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		04.1560
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		03.8140
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9810
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		01.9810
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		01.9910
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		01.9910
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		01.9910
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		01.9910
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		01.9910
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		01.9910
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		01.9910
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.3920
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.3920
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		03.7921
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		03.7720
Cancer, Second Primary
[description not available]		02.9110
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.420
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.420
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		0210
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		0210
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.9110
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.9110
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		02.9110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.9110
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.9110
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		02.9110
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.9110
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.9140
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.9140
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		0210
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		0210
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		0210
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		0210
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.4120
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.4120
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		03.3911
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		03.3911
Emesis
[description not available]		03.3911
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		03.3911
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		03.3911
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		03.3911
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.4120
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.4120
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		0210
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		0210
Cancer of Muscle
[description not available]		02.0110
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0110
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.0110
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.0110
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		01.9710
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		01.9710
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		01.9710
Cystine Diathesis
[description not available]		01.9610
Cystinosis
A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.		01.9610