Compounds > leonurine
Page last updated: 2024-12-08

leonurine

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Description

leonurine: has neuroprotective activity; isolated from leaves of Leonurus artemisia; has uterotonic effect; structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
LeonurusgenusA plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that contains leonurine.[MeSH]LamiaceaeThe mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID161464
CHEMBL ID1290284
CHEBI ID80843
SCHEMBL ID2685302
MeSH IDM0061448

Synonyms (39)

Synonym
leonurine
scm-198
4-guanidino-n-butyl syringate
24697-74-3
C16985
FT-0659198
4-(diaminomethylideneamino)butyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate
chebi:80843 ,
CHEMBL1290284
09q5w34qda ,
benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-, 4-((aminoiminomethyl)amino)butyl ester
unii-09q5w34qda
AKOS015920020
S3890
4-carbamimidamidobutyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate
4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid .delta.-guanidinobutyl ester
leonurine [mi]
benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-, ester with (4-hydroxybutyl)guanidine
syringic acid .delta.-guanidinobutyl ester
(4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoyloxy)butyl)guanidine
4-guanidino-1-butanol syringate
4-guanidinobutyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate
SCHEMBL2685302
DS-1032
leonurine-hydrochloride
DTXSID70179434
AKOS025395615
HY-N0741
CS-6071
benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-, 4-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]butyl ester
mfcd09839432
4-guanidinobutyl syringate
Q410290
scm-198 pound>>scm198 pound>>scm 198
BCP30159
CCG-267591
20027-21-8
4-guanidinobutyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate xhydrochloride
4-[(diaminomethylidene)amino]butyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate

Research Excerpts

Overview

Leonurine (LEO) is a special alkaloid extracted from Chinese motherwort (Leonurus japonicus Houtt), which has an anti-inflammatory effect and reduces oxidative stress. Leonurine is a compound derived from Herba leonuri, which has been reported to protect cardiac tissue against ischemic injury.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Leonurine (LEO) is a special alkaloid extracted from Chinese motherwort (Leonurus japonicus Houtt), which has an anti-inflammatory effect and reduces oxidative stress."( Leonurine Preconditioning Attenuates Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury in Rats by Promoting Nrf2 Nuclear Translocation and Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Pathway.
Chen, A; Han, L; Liu, L; Wang, F, 2022)		2.89
"Leonurine (Leo) is a natural alkaloid extracted from Herba leonuri, which has many biological activities. "( Leonurine attenuates OVA-induced asthma via p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Bai, D; Hao, J; Li, H; Li, Q; Liang, Y; Sun, Y; Xu, X, 2023)		3.8
"Leonurine (Leo) is a pleiotropic anti-tumor agent isolated from traditional Chinese herb that was used in gynecologic treatments."( Leonurine suppresses prostate cancer growth
Cui, S; Liang, B; Zou, S, )		2.3
"Leonurine (Leo) is a natural alkaloid isolated from the herb Leonurus japonicus Houtt. "( Leonurine alleviates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in mice.
Chen, Y; Di, S; Huang, X; Wang, Y; Yu, Y; Zhou, S, 2023)		3.8
"Leonurine is a natural alkaloid extracted from the Herba leonuri, which has been widely used in the treatment of obstetric and gynecological diseases."( Leonurine protects against dexamethasone-induced cytotoxicity in pancreatic β-cells via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Bai, M; Cui, J; Deng, R; Wang, W; Xu, W; Zhou, F, 2020)		2.72
"Leonurine is an active alkaloid that is extracted from Traditional Chinese Medicine Herba leonuri. "( Leonurine Exerts Antidepressant-Like Effects in the Chronic Mild Stress-Induced Depression Model in Mice by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation.
Chen, M; Ding, J; Ding, X; Du, R; Hu, G; Jia, M; Li, C; Lu, M; Zheng, Y, 2017)		3.34
"Leonurine is a compound derived from Herba leonuri, which has been reported to protect cardiac tissue against ischemic injury via antioxidant and anti‑apoptosis effects. "( Leonurine protects cardiac function following acute myocardial infarction through anti‑apoptosis by the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway.
Jiang, X; Wei, F; Xu, L; Zhu, H, 2018)		3.37
"Leonurine (LE) is a plant phenolic alkaloid extracted from Herba leonuri that has demonstrated cardioprotective effects in many preclinical experiments."( Leonurine alleviates LPS-induced myocarditis through suppressing the NF-кB signaling pathway.
Li, D; Li, S; Ouyang, J; Peng, X; Tian, X; Wang, R; Yang, J; Yu, G; Zhao, Y, 2019)		2.68
"Leonurine is a potent component of herbal medicine Herba leonuri. "( Identification of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms responsible for leonurine glucuronidation in human liver and intestinal microsomes.
Cai, W; Ma, G; Tan, B; Yang, P; Zhang, J; Zhou, N; Zhu, Q; Zhu, Y, 2014)		2.08
"Leonurine is a special alkaloid for Herba leonuri, a traditional herb with cardioprotective effects."( Herba leonurine attenuates doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells.
Liu, XH; Xin, H; Zhu, YZ, 2009)		1.56
"Leonurine (Leo) is a special alkaloid principle of Herba leonuri that has recently been suggested to improve cardiovascular functions. "( Effects of Leonurine on L-type calcium channel in rat ventricular myocytes.
Cai, H; Gu, M; Huang, SY; Li, FP; Wang, WW; Xin, H; Zhang, XM; Zhu, YZ, 2012)		2.21
"Leonurine is a prominent pharmacologically active guanidine alkaloid (4-{[amino(imino)methyl]amino} butyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate), mainly exerting cardiovascular, hypotensive, uterotonic, and neuroprotective effects. "( Leonurus japonicus, Leonurus cardiaca, Leonotis leonurus: a novel HPLC study on the occurrence and content of the pharmacologically active guanidino derivative leonurine.
Kuchta, K; Ortwein, J; Rauwald, HW, 2012)		2.02

Effects

Leonurine has been reported to function as an anti-inflammatory agent with protective effects on nervous, urinary and cardiovascular systems. Leonurine (Leo) has been found to have neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemic injury.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Leonurine has been reported to function as an anti-inflammatory agent with protective effects on nervous, urinary and cardiovascular systems."( Leonurine protects against influenza A virus infection-induced pneumonia in mice.
Chen, XJ; Luo, YJ; Qiu, LN; Tan, YR, 2021)		2.79
"Leonurine (Leo) has been confirmed to exert antioxidative and antiinflammatory effects in many preclinical experiments, but these effects have not been studied in pleurisy."( Leonurine inhibits the TXNIP/NLRP3 and NF-κB pathways via Nrf2 activation to alleviate carrageenan-induced pleurisy in mice.
Ci, X; Hou, T; Hu, J; Peng, L; Yan, K, 2022)		2.89
"Leonurine (Leo) has been found to have neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemic injury. "( Leonurine Reduces Oxidative Stress and Provides Neuroprotection against Ischemic Injury via Modulating Oxidative and NO/NOS Pathway.
Deng, Z; Fan, K; Li, D; Li, J; Ma, Y; Tang, X; Wang, Y; Wu, S, 2022)		3.61
"Leonurine has been shown to have excellent anti-myocardial ischemia effects. "( Cardioprotective Mechanism of Leonurine against Myocardial Ischemia through a Liver-Cardiac Crosstalk Metabolomics Study.
Li, J; Lu, Q; Pan, D; Rong, W; Wang, A; Wang, L; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Q; Zhu, Q; Zhu, Y, 2022)		2.45
"And leonurine (Leo) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects."( The eNOS-induced leonurine's new role in improving the survival of random skin flap.
Chen, H; Chen, T; Fu, Y; Huang, H; Li, S; Li, Z; Liu, X, 2023)		1.73
"Leonurine has potential as a therapeutic agent for RA."( Leonurine attenuates fibroblast-like synoviocyte-mediated synovial inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.
Jiang, Y; Li, N; Lin, C; Liu, M; Liu, Q; Pan, D; Xu, H; Xu, Q, 2017)		2.62
"Leonurine has been reported to play an important role in ameliorating cognitive dysfunction, inhibiting ischemic stroke, and attenuating perihematomal edema and neuroinflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage. "( Neuroprotective effects of leonurine against oxygen-glucose deprivation by targeting Cx36/CaMKII in PC12 cells.
Han, D; Li, J; Liu, X; Ma, Y; Xu, J; Zhang, S, 2018)		2.22
"Leonurine has been shown to trigger antioxidant responses during ischemic stroke, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) imparts protective effects against oxidative injury. "( Protective effects of leonurine against ischemic stroke in mice by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway.
Chen, YX; He, JN; Xie, YZ; Yang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, XJ, 2019)		2.27
"Leonurine (LE) has been found to have therapeutic efficacy in cerebral thrombosis, but its poor solubility in water leads to very low bioavailability. "( A study on the PK and BA profiles in the mouse body for leonurine O/O microemulsion with determination by the LC-MS/MS method.
Ding, Q; Lu, C; Lu, T; Sun, Y; Yuan, Y; Zhang, X, 2016)		2.12
"Leonurine has neuroprotective effects and carries a therapeutic potential of stroke prevention."( Leonurine protects middle cerebral artery occluded rats through antioxidant effect and regulation of mitochondrial function.
Liu, XH; Loh, KP; Qi, J; Tan, BK; Wei, BG; Zhu, YZ, 2010)		3.25

Treatment

Leonurine treatment significantly inhibited the mortality caused by H1N1 infection. Leonurine reduced both the mRNA and protein levels of Bax and increased the level of Bcl-2.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Leonurine treatment significantly inhibited the mortality caused by H1N1 infection."( Leonurine protects against influenza A virus infection-induced pneumonia in mice.
Chen, XJ; Luo, YJ; Qiu, LN; Tan, YR, 2021)		2.79
"Leonurine treatment improved kidney function by preventing renal tubular injury and apoptosis. "( Leonurine attenuates cisplatin nephrotoxicity by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Bi, X; Chen, L; Ding, W; Lu, J; Sun, Q; Tong, Y; Zhang, Q, 2022)		3.61
"Leonurine treatment reduced both the mRNA and protein levels of Bax and increased the level of Bcl-2."( Leonurine Exerts Anti-Catabolic and Anti-Apoptotic Effects via Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Signaling Pathways in Chondrocytes.
Hu, PF; Qian, J; Sun, FF, 2019)		2.68
"Leonurine treatment appeared to decrease hyperalgesia and myometrial infiltration."( Leonurine Attenuates Hyperalgesia in Mice with Induced Adenomyosis.
Liu, X; Nie, J, 2017)		2.62
"Leonurine treatment significantly decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα) and MMPs (MMP-1 and MMP-3) and suppressed the migration and invasion of RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes. "( Leonurine attenuates fibroblast-like synoviocyte-mediated synovial inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.
Jiang, Y; Li, N; Lin, C; Liu, M; Liu, Q; Pan, D; Xu, H; Xu, Q, 2017)		3.34
"Mice treated with leonurine hydrochloride consistently resisted cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian damage by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, Caspase-1 and GSDMD in both ovarian tissue and granulosa cells, which led to lower levels of IL-18 and IL-1β in the serum (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001)."( Protective effects of leonurine hydrochloride on pyroptosis in premature ovarian insufficiency via regulating NLRP3/GSDMD pathway.
Chi, YN; Cui, YH; Hai, DM; Hu, HT; Lan, XB; Liu, N; Ma, L; Yang, JM; Yu, JQ, 2023)		1.55
"Pre-treated with Leonurine could attenuate DOX-induced apoptotic death of H9c2 cell, reduce MDA formation and intracellular Ca2+ overload."( Herba leonurine attenuates doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells.
Liu, XH; Xin, H; Zhu, YZ, 2009)		1.16
"Treatment with leonurine blocked TNF-α-induced mRNA and protein expression of adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), cyclooxygenase-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in endothelial cells."( Leonurine protects against tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Gong, Q; Liu, X; Pan, L; Wang, X; Zhu, YZ, 2012)		2.16

Pharmacokinetics

The results demonstrated that the present LC-MS/MS method was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic study of stachydrine and leonurine following oral administration of Herba Leonuri extract.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The validated HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study in rats following oral administration of leonurine."( Quantification of leonurine, a novel potential cardiovascular agent, in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic study in rats.
Cai, W; Ma, G; Sha, X; Shi, X; Zheng, Y; Zhu, Q; Zhu, Y, 2012)		0.92
" The results demonstrated that the present LC-MS/MS method was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic study of stachydrine and leonurine following oral administration of Herba Leonuri extract."( Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of stachydrine and leonurine in rat plasma after oral administration of Herba Leonuri extract by LC-MS/MS.
Li, B; Li, X; Wu, J, 2013)		0.83
"05) in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the primary dysmenorrhoea and normal groups."( Comparative pharmacokinetics study of leonurine and stachydrine in normal rats and rats with cold-stagnation and blood-stasis primary dysmenorrhoea after the administration of Leonurus japonicus houtt electuary.
Gong, LY; Kamara, MO; Ma, HY; Meng, FH; Sun, Q; Wang, L; Wen, YQ; Zhao, N, 2019)		0.78

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In this article, a leonurine O/O microemulsion (LE-ME) was prepared and investigated for its in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior and bioavailability in the mouse body using an aqueous suspension of leonurine (LE-SWW) for the control group."( A study on the PK and BA profiles in the mouse body for leonurine O/O microemulsion with determination by the LC-MS/MS method.
Ding, Q; Lu, C; Lu, T; Sun, Y; Yuan, Y; Zhang, X, 2016)		1
" This result implied that Leonurus japonicus houtt electuary remained longer and was absorbed slower in rats with primary dysmenorrhoea and exhibited higher bioavailability and peak concentration."( Comparative pharmacokinetics study of leonurine and stachydrine in normal rats and rats with cold-stagnation and blood-stasis primary dysmenorrhoea after the administration of Leonurus japonicus houtt electuary.
Gong, LY; Kamara, MO; Ma, HY; Meng, FH; Sun, Q; Wang, L; Wen, YQ; Zhao, N, 2019)		0.78
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
trihydroxybenzoic acid
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (36)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1323486Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced oxidative stress in rat H9c2 cells assessed as antioxidant activity by measuring reduction in MDA levels at 1 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by H2O2 addition for 2 hrs by spectrophotometry2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the codrug of Leonurine and Aspirin as cardioprotective agents.
AID627001Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced Sprague-Dawley NRVM damage assessed as increase in hydrogen sulfide level at 0.1 uM treated 12 hrs before hypoxia challenge measured after 5 hrs2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9
Leonurine-cysteine analog conjugates as a new class of multifunctional anti-myocardial ischemia agent.
AID1323500Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced oxidative stress mediated inflammation in rat H9c2 cells assessed as suppression of IL-6 in supernatant at 1 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by H2O2 addition for 2 hrs by ELISA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the codrug of Leonurine and Aspirin as cardioprotective agents.
AID539391Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced neonatal rat ventricular myocytes damage assessed as decrease of LDH release at 1 uM treated 12 hrs before hypoxia challenge measured after 5 hrs2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 20, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel leonurine-SPRC conjugate as cardioprotective agents.
AID1323509Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced oxidative stress mediated inflammation in rat H9c2 cells assessed as suppression of IL-1beta in supernatant at 1 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by H2O2 addition for 2 hrs in presence of aspirin by ELIS2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the codrug of Leonurine and Aspirin as cardioprotective agents.
AID1739491Oral bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rat measured upto 24 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID627000Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced Sprague-Dawley NRVM damage assessed as inhibition of LDH release at 0.1 uM treated 12 hrs before hypoxia challenge measured after 5 hrs2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9
Leonurine-cysteine analog conjugates as a new class of multifunctional anti-myocardial ischemia agent.
AID1739490Half life in po dosed Sprague-Dawley rat measured upto 24 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID1739459Antioxidant activity in rat H9c2 cells assessed as protection against H2O2-induced hypoxic injury by measuring cell viability at ED50 concentration preincubated for 4 hrs followed by H2O2 stimulation for 1 hr by MTT assay relative to control2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID1323499Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced oxidative stress mediated inflammation in rat H9c2 cells assessed as suppression of IL-1beta in supernatant at 1 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by H2O2 addition for 2 hrs by ELISA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the codrug of Leonurine and Aspirin as cardioprotective agents.
AID1739456Antioxidant activity in rat H9c2 cells assessed as protection against H2O2-induced hypoxic injury by measuring cell viability at 1 uM preincubated for 4 hrs followed by H2O2 stimulation for 1 hr by MTT assay relative to control2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID539387Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced neonatal rat ventricular myocytes damage assessed as increase in hydrogen sulfide level at 1 uM treated 12 hrs before hypoxia challenge measured after 5 hrs2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 20, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel leonurine-SPRC conjugate as cardioprotective agents.
AID1323482Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity in rat H9c2 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 1 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by H2O2 addition for 2 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the codrug of Leonurine and Aspirin as cardioprotective agents.
AID1739467Antiapoptotic activity in rat H9c2 cells assessed as reduction in H2O2-induced mitochondrial membrane potential loss at 10 uM preincubated for 4 hrs followed by H2O2 stimulation for 1 hr by JC1 staining based fluorescence microscopic analysis2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID737024Neuroprotective activity in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as reduction of H2O2-induced apoptosis at 25 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 23, Issue:6
Neuroprotective effects of mercaptoethylleonurine and mercaptoethylguanidine analogs on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells.
AID1323505Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced oxidative stress mediated inflammation in rat H9c2 cells assessed as suppression of TNF-alpha in supernatant at 1 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by H2O2 addition for 2 hrs in presence of aspirin by ELI2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the codrug of Leonurine and Aspirin as cardioprotective agents.
AID1739461Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced injury in rat H9c2 cells assessed as reduction in LDH release at 10 uM preincubated for 4 hrs followed by H2O2 stimulation for 1 hr by LDH assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID626999Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced Sprague-Dawley NRVM damage assessed as increased cell viability at 0.1 uM treated 12 hrs before hypoxia challenge measured after 5 hrs by MTT assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 46, Issue:9
Leonurine-cysteine analog conjugates as a new class of multifunctional anti-myocardial ischemia agent.
AID1323501Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced oxidative stress in rat H9c2 cells assessed as reduction in MDA levels at 1 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by H2O2 addition for 2 hrs in presence of aspirin by spectrophotometry2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the codrug of Leonurine and Aspirin as cardioprotective agents.
AID1739465Antiapoptotic activity in rat H9c2 cells assessed as reduction in H2O2-induced caspase-3 activation at 10 uM preincubated for 4 hrs followed by H2O2 stimulation for 1 hr by Western blotting analysis2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID539389Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced neonatal rat ventricular myocytes damage assessed as increased cell viability at 1 uM treated 12 hrs before hypoxia challenge measured after 5 hrs by MTT assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 20, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel leonurine-SPRC conjugate as cardioprotective agents.
AID1323490Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced oxidative stress in rat H9c2 cells assessed as antioxidant activity by measuring increase in catalase activity at 1 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by H2O2 addition for 2 hrs by spectrophotometry2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the codrug of Leonurine and Aspirin as cardioprotective agents.
AID1739489Cardioprotective activity in C57BL/6J mouse model of LAD coronary artery ligation-induced acute myocardial infarction assessed as reduction in apoptosis of cardiomyocytes at 10 mg/kg, ip pretreated for 7 consecutive days followed by LAD coronary artery li2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID737023Neuroprotective activity in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as reduction of H2O2-induced apoptosis at 5 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 23, Issue:6
Neuroprotective effects of mercaptoethylleonurine and mercaptoethylguanidine analogs on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells.
AID1739464Antiapoptotic activity in rat H9c2 cells assessed as restoration of H2O2-induced bcl-2 downregulation at 10 uM preincubated for 4 hrs followed by H2O2 stimulation for 1 hr by Western blotting analysis2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID1739457Antioxidant activity in rat H9c2 cells assessed as protection against H2O2-induced hypoxic injury by measuring cell viability at 10 uM preincubated for 4 hrs followed by H2O2 stimulation for 1 hr by MTT assay relative to control2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID1739458Antioxidant activity in rat H9c2 cells assessed as protection against H2O2-induced hypoxic injury by measuring cell viability preincubated for 4 hrs followed by H2O2 stimulation for 1 hr by MTT assay relative to control2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID736614Neuroprotective activity in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as reduction of H2O2-induced apoptosis at 5 mM after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to N-acetyl-cysteine2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 23, Issue:6
Neuroprotective effects of mercaptoethylleonurine and mercaptoethylguanidine analogs on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells.
AID1739462Anti-oxidative effect in rat H9c2 cells assessed as reduction in H2O2-induced MnSOD activity at 10 uM preincubated for 4 hrs followed by H2O2 stimulation for 1 hr by WST-8 assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID1323498Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced oxidative stress mediated inflammation in rat H9c2 cells assessed as suppression of TNF-alpha in supernatant at 1 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by H2O2 addition for 2 hrs by ELISA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the codrug of Leonurine and Aspirin as cardioprotective agents.
AID1739488Cardioprotective activity in C57BL/6J mouse model of LAD coronary artery ligation-induced acute myocardial infarction assessed as reduction in myocardial infarct size at 10 mg/kg, ip pretreated for 7 consecutive days followed by LAD coronary artery ligati2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 200Design and synthesis of novel SCM-198 analogs as cardioprotective agents: Structure-activity relationship studies and biological evaluations.
AID737025Neuroprotective activity in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as reduction of H2O2-induced apoptosis at 50 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 23, Issue:6
Neuroprotective effects of mercaptoethylleonurine and mercaptoethylguanidine analogs on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells.
AID1323507Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced oxidative stress mediated inflammation in rat H9c2 cells assessed as suppression of IL-6 in supernatant at 1 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by H2O2 addition for 2 hrs in presence of aspirin by ELISA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the codrug of Leonurine and Aspirin as cardioprotective agents.
AID1323489Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced oxidative stress in rat H9c2 cells assessed as antioxidant activity by measuring increase in SOD activity at 1 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by H2O2 addition for 2 hrs by spectrophotometry2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the codrug of Leonurine and Aspirin as cardioprotective agents.
AID1323504Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced oxidative stress in rat H9c2 cells assessed as antioxidant activity by measuring increase in SOD activity at 1 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by H2O2 addition for 2 hrs in presence of aspirin by spectr2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 26, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of the codrug of Leonurine and Aspirin as cardioprotective agents.
AID539393Cardioprotective activity against hypoxia-induced neonatal rat ventricular myocytes damage assessed as decrease of creatine kinase release at 1 uM treated 12 hrs before hypoxia challenge measured after 5 hrs2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 20, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel leonurine-SPRC conjugate as cardioprotective agents.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (128)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19904 (3.13)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's8 (6.25)29.6817
2010's69 (53.91)24.3611
2020's47 (36.72)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 37.12

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index37.12 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.88 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.25 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index53.49 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (37.12)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1 (0.77%)5.53%
Reviews5 (3.85%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other124 (95.38%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.1110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		9.951151trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.0510gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
glycine
[no description available]		2.4110alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.11102-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.1710uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		7.610acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		7.1310benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
bisbenzimidazole
Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.		2.0510bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.0810ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		2.1510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		7.2510carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.4110catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		210C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.0610benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.4110barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		210inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.4110L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.4110adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.610pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		7.2110D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.4120phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		9.0421aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4110amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.520arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid : A benzoic acid derivative carrying 3-, 4- and 5-methoxy substituents.		2.4110benzoic acids;
methoxybenzenes		human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
cuprizone
[no description available]		2.2110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
syringic acid
syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.		7.9640benzoic acids;
dimethoxybenzene;
phenols		plant metabolite
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.4870dialdehydebiomarker
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.0810acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		7.4110inorganic sodium salt
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.610alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.06103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0510organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		3.5110hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
methyl syringate
methyl syringate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of syringic acid with methanol.		2.1310benzoate ester;
dimethoxybenzene;
phenols		plant metabolite
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		8.711amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.110D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
stachydrine
stachydrine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (S)-isomer; structure. L-proline betaine : An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.		3.360alkaloid;
amino-acid betaine;
N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzoylarginine ethyl ester
benzoylarginine ethyl ester: used as substrate for trypsin; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.520
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		3.360amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		3.3750amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.1510stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.610
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.2110prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		3.1710disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.0610
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.		2.0510cyanine dye;
indolium ion		fluorochrome
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		7.4620cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.0510cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		2.4110oligopeptide
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		7.4110D-ribose;
ribopyranose
leojaponin
leojaponin: from Leonurus japonicus leaves; structure in first source		2.1510
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		2.1710
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.7430
s-propargylcysteine
S-propargylcysteine: a memory enhancing agent; structure in first source		2.4620
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.0710
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.9130
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.0510
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		0340
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		0340
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.0810
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		03.2350
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		03.2350
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.3110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.55200
Grippe
[description not available]		02.3110
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.3110
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.3110
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.3110
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.3110
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		07.3110
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.3110
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.3110
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.930
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		02.4110
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.1740
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		03.1740
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		03.3310
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		04.0140
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		03.3310
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		04.0140
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		02.4110
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		07.4110
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.4110
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.4110
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.920
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		07.4110
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.920
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.4110
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		02.4110
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		07.4110
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.9630
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		02.9630
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.6620
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.6620
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.5320
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.4110
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.5320
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.4110
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.4110
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.4860
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		03.4720
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		03.4860
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.610
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.610
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.5240
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		03.5240
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		07.6620
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		08.0640
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.8390
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.8390
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.0120
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		03.1240
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		03.1240
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		07.2110
Chondromalacia
Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.		02.2510
Cartilage Diseases
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).		02.2510
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		04.1450
Atheroma
[description not available]		02.2510
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		04.1450
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		02.2510
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		02.2510
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.5920
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.5920
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.3110
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		08.2310
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		08.2310
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		02.6320
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		07.6320
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.1510
Adenomyosis
The extension of endometrial tissue (ENDOMETRIUM) into the MYOMETRIUM. It usually occurs in women in their reproductive years and may result in a diffusely enlarged uterus with ectopic and benign endometrial glands and stroma.		07.1510
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.1510
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.8230
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.8230
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.5420
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.5420
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.0910
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		03.0910
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.1310
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.1310
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.1310
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.1310
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		07.1310
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.1710
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.5820
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.5820
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		02.1710
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		02.1710
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.1710
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.1710
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.5420
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.1710
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.2110
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.2110
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		02.2110
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.2110
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.2110
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.2110
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.2110
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		02.2110
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		02.2110
Carditis
[description not available]		07.2110
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		07.2110
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		03.1710
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.1710
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.5120
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		07.1110
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.1110
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.1110
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		02.1110
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		02.1110
Urethral Obstruction
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.		02.1110
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.1110
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.1110
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.1310
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		07.1310
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.0510
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.0510
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.0610
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.0610
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.0510
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.0510
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.0710
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.0710
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		02.0610
Abortion, Incomplete
Premature loss of PREGNANCY in which not all the products of CONCEPTION have been expelled.		02.0610
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		02.0610
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.0710
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.0710
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.0710
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.0710
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.0810
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		0210