Compounds > emamectin benzoate
Page last updated: 2024-11-12

emamectin benzoate

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Description

emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component). [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID11549937
CHEMBL ID1907098
CHEBI ID39231
SCHEMBL ID229406
MeSH IDM0280799

Synonyms (16)

Synonym
CHEBI:39231 ,
emamectin b1a
155569-91-8
emamectin benzoate
emamectin
avermectin b1, 4''-deoxy-4''-(methylamino)-, (4''r)-
119791-41-2
137335-79-6
SCHEMBL229406
CHEMBL1907098
J-004450
Q27119776
nsc-781687
nsc781687
emmamectin isomer
DTXSID301045898

Research Excerpts

Overview

Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a semisynthetic bioinsecticide, which has been widely used in the control of forestry and agricultural pests. It is an efficient insecticide which widely used as an anthelmintic drug additive in aquaculture fish.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a widely used pesticide in agriculture, but its potential risks to the environment and health have not been fully evaluated. "( Induction of developmental toxicity and cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos by Emamectin benzoate through oxidative stress.
Li, Z; Lu, J; Tao, L; Wang, W; Xu, W; Zhang, C; Zhang, Y, 2022)		2.39
"Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is an avermectin insecticide that is extensively used for pest control, but there are few reports concerning its cytotoxic effects on human lymphocytes. "( Exposure to emamectin benzoate confers cytotoxic effects on human molt-4 T-cells and possible ameliorative role of vitamin E and dithiothreitol.
Chen, Y; Huang, Q; Liu, X; Luan, S; Xiao, C; Xu, J; Yan, D, 2023)		2.73
"Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a semisynthetic bioinsecticide, which has been widely used in the control of forestry and agricultural pests. "( Transcriptome analysis of emamectin benzoate caused midgut damage by inducing oxidative stress, energy metabolism disorder and apoptosis in gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar).
Bai, J; Li, L; Ma, L; Ma, W; Min, M; Xu, Z; Zhang, Y, 2022)		2.46
"Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a widely used pesticide and feed additive in agriculture and aquaculture. "( Neurodevelopmental Toxicity of Emamectin Benzoate to the Early Life Stage of Zebrafish Larvae (
Gu, J; Guo, L; Ji, G; Qian, L; Shi, L; Zhang, H; Zhu, Y, 2023)		2.64
"Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is an insecticide extensively used in agricultural area. "( Investigation on the immunotoxicity induced by Emamectin benzoate on THP-1 macrophages based on metabolomics analysis.
Feng, H; Li, Z; Shao, X; Tao, L; Wang, W; Wei, Z; Xu, W; Zhang, Y, 2023)		2.61
"Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a potent neurotoxic pesticide, extensively used in agriculture and aquaculture in Nigeria. "( Histological and hematological changes to Clarias gariepinus juveniles exposed to acute doses of Emamectin benzoate in a static bioassay.
Agbo, U; Amana, G; Ekpenyong, J; Elo, C; Nwakpa, J; Ogueji, E; Okey, I; Olaolu, M; Yaji, A, 2023)		2.57
"Emamectin benzoate (EB) is a widely used insecticide that can damage the central nervous and immune systems. "( Emamectin benzoate exposure impaired porcine oocyte maturation.
Cao, Z; Liu, Q; Wang, X; Wu, S; Xu, C; Yan, Y; Zhang, D; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y; Zhu, Z; Zong, Y, 2023)		3.8
"Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is an efficient insecticide which widely used as an anthelmintic drug additive in aquaculture fish. "( Potential adverse outcome pathway (AOP) of emamectin benzoate mediated cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio).
Gu, J; Guo, L; Hu, J; Ji, G; Yin, D, 2023)		2.62
"Emamectin benzoate (EB) is a prophylactic pharmaceutical used to protect Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts migrating out of rivers and into the ocean against sea lice parasites. "( Negative impacts of the sea lice prophylactic emamectin benzoate on the survival of hatchery released salmon smolts in rivers.
Barlaup, BT; Helle, TM; Lennox, RJ; Madhun, A; Salvanes, AGV; Stöger, E; Vollset, KW, 2020)		2.26
"Emamectin Benzoate (EMB) is an avermectin insecticide widely used in agriculture and veterinary medicine. "( Neuroprotective effect of hesperidin against emamectin benzoate-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in rats.
Azouz, RA; Noshy, PA, )		1.83
"Emamectin benzoate (EB) is an avermectin insecticide used extensively in pest control on vegetable and field crops. "( Toxic effects of sub-chronic exposure of male albino rats to emamectin benzoate and possible ameliorative role of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil.
El-Sheikh, el-SA; Galal, AA, 2015)		2.1
"Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is an antisea lice chemical widely used in the aquaculture that may also unintentionally affect nontarget crustaceans in the environment. "( Whole-Organism Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Mechanistic Insight into the Acute Toxicity of Emamectin Benzoate in Daphnia magna.
Evenseth, LM; Gomes, T; Høgåsen, T; Iguchi, T; Rundberget, JT; Song, Y; Tollefsen, KE; Xie, L, 2016)		2.1
"Emamectin benzoate (EB) is a dominating pharmaceutical drug used for the treatment and control of infections by sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). "( Pharmacokinetics and transcriptional effects of the anti-salmon lice drug emamectin benzoate in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).
Lie, KK; Lunestad, BT; Mykkeltvedt, E; Olsvik, PA; Petersen, K; Samuelsen, OB; Stavrum, AK, 2008)		2.02
"Emamectin benzoate is a novel macrocyclic lactone insecticide derived from naturally occurring avermectin molecules isolated by fermentation from the soil microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis Kim & Goodfellow. "( Toxicity of emamectin benzoate to Cydia pomonella (L.) and Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): laboratory and field tests.
Anfora, G; Angeli, G; Civolani, S; Ioriatti, C; Pasqualini, E; Schmidt, S, 2009)		2.17
"Emamectin benzoate (Affirm) is a novel insecticide with potent efficacy against many specie of lepidoptera which are damaging fruits and leaves of agricultural crops. "( Emamectin benzoate (Affirm). a modern insecticide for the control of lepidoptera larvae on fruits, grapes and vegetables crops.
Cisneros, J; Correia, R; Decaudin, B; Liguori, R; Lopez, A; Thomas, C, 2010)		3.25

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Emamectin benzoate has been used to treat sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, infestations on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. "( Detection of emamectin benzoate tolerance emergence in different life stages of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Gettinby, G; Hammell, KL; Jones, PG; Revie, CW, 2013)		2.2

Toxicity

Study could provide guidance for the safe use of emamectin benzoate. Could serve as reference for the establishment of maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" For both formulations, no adverse affects on zooplankton were detected, instead observed changes in zooplankton abundance and community composition displayed natural seasonal cycles of abundance."( Sea lice treatments on salmon farms have no adverse effects on zooplankton communities: a case study.
Black, KD; Cromey, CJ; Gillibrand, PA; Willis, KJ, 2005)		0.33
" Few studies have been done for evaluating adverse effects of EB."( Toxic effects of sub-chronic exposure of male albino rats to emamectin benzoate and possible ameliorative role of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil.
El-Sheikh, el-SA; Galal, AA, 2015)		0.66
"016 mg cm(-3) ) were the most toxic fumigant compounds and were 10."( Toxicity of Lavandula angustifolia oil constituents and spray formulations to insecticide-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant Plutella xylostella and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata.
Ahn, YJ; Choi, BR; Hieu, TT; Kwon, M; Lee, SH; Yi, CG, 2016)		0.43
" This study could provide guidance for the safe use of emamectin benzoate and serve as a reference for the establishment of maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China."( Dissipation, transfer and safety evaluation of emamectin benzoate in tea.
Chen, Z; Jiang, Y; Lou, Z; Luo, F; Zhang, X; Zhou, L, 2016)		0.94
" Although the adverse effects of this compound are well documented in various species, the full modes of action (MoAs) are still not well characterized."( Whole-Organism Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Mechanistic Insight into the Acute Toxicity of Emamectin Benzoate in Daphnia magna.
Evenseth, LM; Gomes, T; Høgåsen, T; Iguchi, T; Rundberget, JT; Song, Y; Tollefsen, KE; Xie, L, 2016)		0.65
"The current study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of emamectin insecticide in mice and the possible protective effect of pumpkin seed oil."( Ameliorative effect of pumpkin seed oil against emamectin induced toxicity in mice.
Abou-Zeid, SM; AbuBakr, HO; El-Bahrawy, A; Mohamed, MA, 2018)		0.48
" Therefore, it can be inferred that exposure to a mixture of the pesticides beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate in the greenhouse environment may have adverse effects on the reproductive health of male mice."( Effect of a beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate pesticide mixture on reproductive toxicity in male mice in a greenhouse environment.
Chi, H; Kong, C; Li, J; Shao, L; Wang, F; Xing, J; Zhai, Q; Zhang, Y, 2020)		1.05
" Consequently, under experimental conditions, EMB exposure caused toxicity in the liver of male mice, and significant adverse effects were determined with biomarkers."( Biopesticide emamectin benzoate in the liver of male mice: evaluation of oxidative toxicity with stress protein, DNA oxidation, and apoptosis biomarkers.
Temiz, Ö, 2020)		0.93
" Results of these trials indicate that, at the dosage used, the administration of emamectin at the end of the summer is safe for striped bass yearlings and considerably reduces the prevalence and intensity of the infection by this parasite."( Emamectin benzoate is a safe and effective anthelmintic against coelomic nematode Philometra rubra in striped bass Morone saxatilis.
Béland, K; Lair, S; Séguin, G, 2020)		2
" The current research was conducted to study the neurobehavioral toxic effects of EMB in rats and also to evaluate the protective effect of HSP against these toxic effects."( Neuroprotective effect of hesperidin against emamectin benzoate-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in rats.
Azouz, RA; Noshy, PA, )		0.39
" However, the immune toxic effects of EMB in human received limited attention."( The potential immunotoxicity of emamectin benzoate on the human THP-1 macrophages.
Feng, H; Fu, W; Li, Z; Shao, X; Tao, L; Wang, W; Wei, Z; Xu, W; Zhang, P; Zhang, Y, 2023)		1.19
" It easily enters the aquatic environment through various pathways, thus causing adverse effects on aquatic organisms."( Neurodevelopmental Toxicity of Emamectin Benzoate to the Early Life Stage of Zebrafish Larvae (
Gu, J; Guo, L; Ji, G; Qian, L; Shi, L; Zhang, H; Zhu, Y, 2023)		1.2
" Assessing the toxic effects of EMB in mammals or humans and its endogenous metabolites alteration are the appropriate means of evaluating its risks to human health."( Investigation on the immunotoxicity induced by Emamectin benzoate on THP-1 macrophages based on metabolomics analysis.
Feng, H; Li, Z; Shao, X; Tao, L; Wang, W; Wei, Z; Xu, W; Zhang, Y, 2023)		1.17
" Previous studies have identified the potential developmental and neurotoxic effects of EMB, however, systematic studies pertaining to the cardiovascular toxic effects of EMB on fish are scarce."( Potential adverse outcome pathway (AOP) of emamectin benzoate mediated cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio).
Gu, J; Guo, L; Hu, J; Ji, G; Yin, D, 2023)		1.17

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The pharmacokinetic examination revealed highest EB concentrations in all three tissues at day 14, seven days after the end of the medication period."( Pharmacokinetics and transcriptional effects of the anti-salmon lice drug emamectin benzoate in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).
Lie, KK; Lunestad, BT; Mykkeltvedt, E; Olsvik, PA; Petersen, K; Samuelsen, OB; Stavrum, AK, 2008)		0.58
"The pharmacokinetic profile of the antiparasitic agent emamectin benzoate was studied in plasma after intravenous (i."( A single-dose pharmacokinetic study of emamectin benzoate in cod, Gadus morhua L., held in sea water at 9 degrees C.
Samuelsen, OB, 2010)		0.88

Dosage Studied

The risk of emamectin benzoate at the recommended dosage was negligible to humans depending on risk quotient (RQ) value, that was lower than 1 significantly. The objective of this experiment was not only to provide a simple residue analytical method to evaluate the safe application rate of Emamector Benzoate for paddy crops but also to give a suitable recommended dosage.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Ten Leghorn hens (Gallus domesticus) were orally dosed once daily for 7 days (1 mg/kg of body weight/day)."( Metabolism of 3H/14C-labeled 4''-deoxy-4''-epimethylaminoavermectin B1a benzoate in chickens. Identification of novel fatty acid conjugates of '4'-deoxy-4''-epimethylaminoavermectin B1a.
Arison, B; Crouch, LS; Faidley, T; Johnson, N; Mushtaq, M; Wrzesinski, CL, 1998)		0.3
"2 million first-year-class fish were included in the trial, of which approximately 561,000 received emamectin benzoate at a dosage of 50 microg kg(-1) body wt d(-1), while approximately 610,000 received teflubenzuron at a dosage of 10 mg kg(-1) body wt d(-1)."( Field trials in Norway with SLICE (0.2% emamectin benzoate) for the oral treatment of sea lice infestation in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar.
Colquhoun, DJ; Nordmo, R; Ramstad, A; Simmons, R; Sutherland, IH, 2002)		0.8
"3 kg) maintained in tanks of seawater at 5 +/- 1 degrees C were dosed with [3H]emamectin B1 benzoate in feed at a nominal rate of 50 microg of emamectin benzoate/kg/day for 7 consecutive days."( Tissue distribution, metabolism, and residue depletion study in Atlantic salmon following oral administration of [3H]emamectin benzoate.
Bova, A; Crouch, LS; Kim-Kang, H; Robinson, RA; Wislocki, PG; Wu, J, 2004)		0.73
" xylotella were obviously negatively affected after treated the 3rd larvae with sub-lethal dosage of the mixtures and emamectin."( [Effects of applying Sophora alopecuroids extracts and emamectin on the growth, development, and fecundity of diamondback moth plutella xylostella].
Ding, J; Luo, WC; Niu, HT; Xiao, T; Yan, L; Yu, TC, 2007)		0.34
"The objective of this experiment was not only to provide a simple residue analytical method to evaluate the safe application rate of Emamectin Benzoate for paddy crops but also to give a suitable recommended dosage in paddy crops."( Dissipation and residues of emamectin benzoate study in paddy under field conditions.
Chen, W; Han, L; Li, M, 2011)		0.87
" This study proposes an adaptation of the traditional, dose-response format bioassay to a fixed-dose method."( A fixed-dose approach to conducting emamectin benzoate tolerance assessments on field-collected sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis.
Elmoslemany, A; Hammell, KL; Revie, CW; Westcott, JD; Whyte, SK, 2013)		0.66
" The risk of emamectin benzoate at the recommended dosage was negligible to humans depending on risk quotient (RQ) value, that was lower than 1 significantly."( Dissipation, transfer and safety evaluation of emamectin benzoate in tea.
Chen, Z; Jiang, Y; Lou, Z; Luo, F; Zhang, X; Zhou, L, 2016)		1.06
"The solid dispersion technique, which is widely used in the medical field, was applied to prepare a pesticide dosage form of emamectin benzoate (EM)."( Application of Solid Dispersion Technique to Improve Solubility and Sustain Release of Emamectin Benzoate.
Huang, BB; Liu, DX; Liu, K; Wu, G, 2019)		0.94
" This study evaluated the safety of EB-dosing in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at the recommended dose and dosage of 50 μg/kg biomass/day for 7 consecutive days (1X) and compared with control and 10 times the recommended dose (10X)."( Safety of emamectin benzoate administered in feed to Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.).
Abraham, TJ; Bardhan, A; Julinta, RB; Kumar, KA; Patil, PK; Roy, A; Sar, TK; Singha, J, 2020)		0.96
"025 mg/kg applied two and three times at two levels of dosage with PHIs of 10, 14, and 21 days."( Dissipation Dynamic, Residue Distribution and Risk Assessment of Emamectin Benzoate in Longan by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection.
Chang, H; Liu, Y; Sun, H; Wang, S; Wang, X, 2023)		1.15
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
emamectins
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (236)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's2 (0.85)18.2507
2000's36 (15.25)29.6817
2010's117 (49.58)24.3611
2020's81 (34.32)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 47.64

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index47.64 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.53 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.49 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index146.73 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.95 (0.95)

This Compound (47.64)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials4 (1.63%)5.53%
Reviews1 (0.41%)6.00%
Case Studies3 (1.22%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other238 (96.75%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.5820amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.1110monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		2.0810amino-acid anion
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.4110halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
acephate
acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.		7.610mixed diacylamine;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.1310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
azinphosmethyl
Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.		2.1710benzotriazines;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		8.2450chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		8.91110aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		2.1310alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dimethoate
Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		2.8220monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
fenvalerate
fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		2.0810aromatic ether;
carboxylic ester;
monochlorobenzenes		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
fipronil
fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.		3.4770(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfoxide
methomyl
Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.		2.7630aliphatic sulfide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
butyl phosphorotrithioate
butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide		2.110organic thiophosphatedefoliant
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		7.8330benzodioxolespesticide synergist
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.4110aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		7.4110L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
systhane
systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.		2.4110monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
triazoles
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.1110aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
thiazoles
[no description available]		2101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.5820azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
paraoxon
[no description available]		2.110aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
dazomet
dazomet: fumigant for poultry litter & eggs to control salmonella; structure. dazomet : A dithiocarbamic ester that is 1,3,5-thiadiazinane with a thione moiety at position 2 and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A fungicide, herbicide and nematicide, it is used prior to sowing or planting for the control of soil fungi, nematodes, bacteria and germinating weeds, and as fumigant for poultry litter and eggs to control Salmonella. It is a non-ozone-depleting alternative to methyl bromide.		2.0610dithiocarbamic ester;
thiadiazinane		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
herbicide;
nematicide
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.3110dialdehydebiomarker
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.7220alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.72201,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.610elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
1,3-dichloro-1-propene
1,3-dichloro-1-propene: soil fumigant; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 1,3-dichloropropene : A chloropropene with two chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively..		2.0610
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.610benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
diflubenzuron
Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.		2.8130benzoylurea insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes		insect sterilant
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.4120cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.7490aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties		2.08101-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		2.8430conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer
fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		2.3110aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
barium oxide
[no description available]		2.610
baicalin
[no description available]		7.610dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.08401,2,3-triazole
azamethiphos
[no description available]		2.8130organic thiophosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fluphenacur
fluphenacur: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1110aromatic ether;
benzoylurea insecticide;
dichlorobenzene;
N-acylurea;
organofluorine compound
penconazole
penconazole: structure given in first source. penconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-penconazole. A fungicide used to control powdery mildew, scab and other pathogenic Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the classof triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl group.		2.2110dichlorobenzene;
triazoles
teflubenzuron
teflubenzuron: effective against development of house fly larvae (Musca domestica). teflubenzuron : A N-acylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide substituted by a 3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl group at the terminal nitrogen atom.		3.4970dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
N-acylurea		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
hexafluoron
hexafluoron: insect growth regulator against mosquito larva; the active agent in Sonet, a Russian product, is hexaflumuron. hexaflumuron : An N-acylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, while a hycrogen attached to the other nitorgen is replaced by a 3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl group.		2.1110aromatic ether;
benzoylurea insecticide;
dichlorobenzene;
N-acylurea;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine insecticide
chlorfenapyr
chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.		2.9330hemiaminal ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine acaricide;
organofluorine insecticide;
pyrroles		proacaricide;
proinsecticide
novaluron
novaluron: insecticide		210aromatic ether;
benzoylurea insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound
methoxyfenozide
methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.		2.5820carbohydrazide;
monomethoxybenzene		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		2.47201,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
indoxacarb
indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.		3.84100methyl ester;
organochlorine insecticide		voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		2.920
prizes
acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.		2.5320carboxamidine;
monochloropyridine;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		7.610resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
azadirachtin
azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).		2.5820acetate ester;
azadirachtin;
cyclic hemiketal;
enoate ester;
epoxide;
methyl ester;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		hepatoprotective agent
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		7.6107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
cyhalothrin
cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		3.4560aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		2.610alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
thiodicarb
[no description available]		210
pyrachlostrobin
pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.		2.610aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
carbanilate fungicide;
methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bifenthrin
bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.		3.0840carboxylic ester;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
phoxim
phoxim: structure		7.4820
medigoxin
spirotetramat: for the control of a broad spectrum of sucking insects; structure in first source. spirotetramat : An azaspiro compound that is methoxycyclohexane which is fused at position 4 to the 5-position of a 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one that is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by 2,5-dimethylphenyl and (ethoxycarbonyl)oxy groups, respectively (the cis isomer). It is a proinsecticide (via hydrolysis of the ethyl carbonate group to give the corresponding 4-hydroxypyrrol-2-one, "spirotetramat-enol") and is used for the control of a wide range of sucking insects on fruit and potato crops.		2.5320
chlorantranilipole
chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.		4.06120monochlorobenzenes;
organobromine compound;
pyrazole insecticide;
pyrazoles;
pyridines;
secondary carboxamide		ryanodine receptor agonist
cyantraniliprole
cyantraniliprole: an insecticide; structure in first source. cyantraniliprole : A carboxamide that is chlorantraniliprole in which the chlorine atom attached to the phenyl ring has been replaced by a cyano group. A ryanodine receptor agonist, it is used as insecticide for the control of whitefly, thrips, aphids, fruitflies, and fruit worms in crops such as onions, potatoes and tomatoes. It is highly toxic to honeybees.		7.4110nitrile;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazole insecticide;
pyridines;
secondary carboxamide		ryanodine receptor agonist
doramectin
[no description available]		2.1310macrolide
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		10.422084
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.1710
sodium borate
borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.		2.0810
chitosan
[no description available]		2.610
spinetoram
spinetoram: a second-generation spinosyn; insecticide		3.670organic molecular entity
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.1510ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.9130
pyrethrins
[no description available]		4.72260
moxidectin
moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity		2.1310
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.2510purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		4.29160imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
avermectin
avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.		4.7790
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.3110
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.4110
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.4110
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		07.34383
Child Mental Disorders
[description not available]		02.610
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).		02.610
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.610
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.610
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.610
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.4620
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.1510
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		07.1510
Ectoparasitic Infestations
Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.		06.2172
Capillaria hepatica Infection
[description not available]		02.5420
Pediculosis
[description not available]		03.4570
Lice Infestations
Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)		03.4570
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.7830
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.5320
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.1110
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.5320
Adipocere
[description not available]		02.1310
Parasitic Diseases, Animal
Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.		04.1231
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.0710
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.0710
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.610
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.2510
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		02.1510
Snoring
Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.		02.1510
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		02.1510