Compounds > pyriproxyfen
Page last updated: 2024-12-07

pyriproxyfen

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Description

Pyriproxyfen is an insect growth regulator that interferes with the development of insects. It is a synthetic compound that acts as a juvenile hormone analog, disrupting the molting process in insects. This disruption prevents insects from reaching their adult stage, ultimately controlling their population. Pyriproxyfen is widely used in agriculture to control pests, and it is also found in some household products, such as flea and tick treatments for pets. Studies on pyriproxyfen focus on its effectiveness in pest control, its potential environmental impact, and its safety for humans and animals. The compound's unique mode of action makes it an important tool for managing insect populations, especially in light of growing insecticide resistance. Research is ongoing to further understand its effects on different insect species and its potential for integrated pest management.'

pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID91753
CHEMBL ID1883234
CHEBI ID39260
SCHEMBL ID26721
MeSH IDM0156489

Synonyms (95)

Synonym
s-31183
juvinal
AKOS015841821
s31183 ,
pyriproxyfen [iso:bsi]
s 9138
hsdb 7053
pyridine, 2-(1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy)-
oms 3019
s 31183
2-(1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy)pyridine
pyriproxyfen
2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine
4-phenoxyphenyl (rs)-2-(2-pyridyloxy)propyl ether
CHEBI:39260 ,
95737-68-1
NCGC00164462-01
NCGC00163945-01
NCGC00163945-02
cyclio [veterinary] (tn)
D08455
2-[1-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)propan-2-yloxy]pyridine
A845449
NCGC00163945-03
NCGC00163945-04
C18605
dtxsid1032640 ,
NCGC00254622-01
dtxcid9012640
tox21_300716
cas-95737-68-1
2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxy-phenoxy)-ethoxy]-pyridine
unii-3q9vor705o
3q9vor705o ,
nemesis
knack
archer igr
distance igr
nylar
pluto mc
distance
bcp 8702
tiger 10ec
nyguard igr
sumilarv
esteem
ec 429-800-1
admiral
lano tape
pyriproxifen
FT-0630990
S5798
2-[1-methyl- 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine
2-[1 -methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine
2-[ 1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine
2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy] pyridine
SCHEMBL26721
CHEMBL1883234
sk-591
bcp-8702
vectra felis component pyriproxyfen
pyriproxyfen, (+/-)-
pyriproxyfen component of vectra 3d
s-71639
(+/-)-pyriproxyfen
pyriproxyfen [ema epar veterinary]
seize
pyriproxyfen [mart.]
juventox
vectra 3d component pyriproxyfen
pyriproxyfen [iso]
s-9318
pyriproxyfen component of vectra felis
cyclio
oms-3019
pyriproxyfen [jan]
pyriproxyfen [mi]
HY-B2031
CS-5218
2-((1-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)pyridine
2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine #
KS-5363
pyridine, 2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]-
pyriproxifen, pestanal(r), analytical standard
pyriproxyfen 10 microg/ml in cyclohexane
pyriproxyfen 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
pyriproxyfen 10 microg/ml in acetonitrile
2-{[1-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)propan-2-yl]oxy}pyridine
pyriproxifen, certified reference material, tracecert(r)
BCP19779
Q413089
2-(1-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)propan-2-yloxy)pyridine
EN300-7359616
P2612
Z3182789033

Research Excerpts

Overview

Pyriproxyfen is a pyridine-based insecticide used for pest control in fruits and vegetables. Pyripr is an insect growth regulator acting as larvicide against a large spectrum of public health insect pests, especially dipterans.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pyriproxyfen (PPF) is a novel insecticide that has been proposed for use in autodissemination techniques to control mosquito vectors."( Evaluation of Pyriproxyfen Effects on Aedes aegypti and Predatory Mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus (Diptera: Culicidae).
Alomar, AA; Alto, BW, 2022)		1.8
"Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analogue that is commonly used to control the immature stages of mosquitoes in both artificial and natural water reservoirs. "( Sublethal exposure to pyriproxyfen does not impair the abilities of the backswimmer Buenoa amnigenus to prey upon Aedes aegypti larvae.
Araújo, SHC; Barbosa, JF; Nery, RS; Newland, PL; Oliveira, EE; Valbon, W, 2022)		2.48
"Pyriproxyfen (PPX) is a pesticide/larvicide used to increase productivity in agriculture against insects by inhibiting development of insects' larvae. "(
Bugda, H; Guven Ezer, B; Rencuzogullari, E, 2023)		2.35
"Pyriproxyfen is a pyridine-based insecticide used for pest control in fruits and vegetables. "( Persistence, leaching and associated toxicity risks of insecticide pyriproxyfen in soil ecosystem.
Beniwal, RK; Duhan, A; Kumari, P; Rani, N, 2022)		2.4
"Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone-like pesticide. "( The inhibition of ecdysone signal pathway was the key of pyriproxyfen poisoning for silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Bi, L; Cui, Q; Huang, X; Jiang, M; Jiang, S; Li, B; Liu, Y; Pan, Z; Wang, P; Wang, X; Wei, W; Zhang, Y, 2023)		2.6
"Pyriproxyfen is an agricultural chemical pesticide that has been detected in the aquatic environment. "( Pyriproxyfen influences growth as well as thyroid hormone-related and gh/igf-1 gene expression during the early life stage of zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Horie, Y; Mitsunaga, K; Yap, CK, 2023)		3.8
"Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analogue. "( The promoting effects of pyriproxyfen on autophagy and apoptosis in silk glands of non-target insect silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Cai, K; He, C; Li, G; Li, Y; Liu, X; Lu, Q; Wei, Y; Xu, K; Zhu, Y, 2023)		2.66
"Pyriproxyfen (PYR) is a type of aromatic juvenile hormone analog and a hygienic insecticide used in agriculture to control insect species. "( Toxicity risk assessment of pyriproxyfen and metabolites in the rat liver: A vitro study.
Li, P; Liu, D; Liu, H; Wang, P; Zhou, Z, 2020)		2.29
"Pyriproxyfen is an insect growth regulator acting as larvicide against a large spectrum of public health insect pests, especially dipterans. "( Fate and ecotoxicological effects of pyriproxyfen in aquatic ecosystems.
Devillers, J, 2020)		2.27
"Pyriproxyfen (PPF) is a synthetic substance and an insect juvenile hormone agonist with growth regulating effect. "( Environmental risk assessment (ERA) of pyriproxyfen in non-target aquatic organisms.
Moura, JAS; Souza-Santos, LP, 2020)		2.27
"Pyriproxyfen (PPF) is an increasingly used hormone analogue that prevents juvenile Aedes mosquitoes from becoming adults and being incapable of transmitting dengue."( Use of pyriproxyfen in control of Aedes mosquitoes: A systematic review.
Alexander, N; Boyce, R; Bradley, J; Hii, J; Hustedt, JC, 2020)		1.73
"Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analog that primarily blocks adult emergence, but does not cause mortality in larvae."( The effects of exposure to pyriproxyfen and predation on Zika virus infection and transmission in Aedes aegypti.
Alomar, AA; Alto, BW; Eastmond, BH, 2020)		1.58
"Pyriproxyfen is a biorational insecticide from IGR family, used worldwide against several economic pests. "( Laboratory induced selection of pyriproxyfen resistance in Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae): Cross-resistance potential, realized heritability, and fitness costs determination using age-stage, two-sex life table.
Güncan, A; Hafeez, F; Iftikhar, A; Naeem, A; Shah, FM; Ullah, F; Waaiz, M, 2021)		2.35
"Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analogue insecticide used worldwide. "( Toxicity and fate of chiral insecticide pyriproxyfen and its metabolites in zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Cui, J; Liu, D; Liu, X; Wang, P; Wei, Y; Zhai, W; Zhou, Z, 2021)		2.33
"Pyriproxyfen is a powerful mosquito larvicide and pupacide with low mammalian toxicity that shows promise for area-wide vehicle-mounted (either ground or airborne) applications. "( Truck-mounted area-wide applications of larvicides and adulticides for extended suppression of adult Aedes albopictus.
Faraji, A; Fonseca, DM; Gaugler, R; Marcombe, S; Unlu, I; Williams, GM, 2019)		1.96
"Pyriproxyfen (PPF) is a larvicide, used to combat the proliferation of Aedes aegypti larvae. "( Determination by chromatography and cytotoxotoxic and oxidative effects of pyriproxyfen and pyridalyl.
Alves, PES; Amélia de Carvalho Melo Cavalcante, A; Campinho Dos Reis, A; de Jesus Aguiar Dos Santos Andrade, T; Feitosa, CM; Marcos de Almeida, P; Martins, FA; Oliveira, MDDA; Rai, M; Soares da Costa Júnior, J, 2019)		2.19
"Pyriproxyfen is an analogue of the juvenile hormone recommended by the World Health Organization as one of the alternative regulators of the dengue vector in drinking waters."( [Effect of pyriproxyfen for the Aedes (S) aegypti control (Diptera: Culicidae) in strains with various degrees of temephos resistance].
Bisset Lazcano, JA; Pérez Insueta, O; Ricardo Leyva, Y; Rodríguez Coto, MM; Sánchez Valdés, L, )		1.24
"Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone mimic of vital importance for insect development with little risk to humans. "( Pyriproxyfen enhances the immunoglobulin G immune response in mice.
Fukmits, Y; Hiramatsu, Y; Hosokawa, M; Imoto, M; Irie, K; Kashige, N; Miake, F; Nakashima, Y; Okuno, T; Satho, T; Sharmin, T; Talukder, P; Tamura, Y; Toda, A; Tsuruda, S; Uyeda, S; Watanabe, M, 2013)		3.28
"Pyriproxyfen is an insecticidal juvenile hormone analog that perturbs insect and tick development. "( The time- and age-dependent effects of the juvenile hormone analog pesticide, pyriproxyfen on Daphnia magna reproduction.
Baldwin, WS; Ginjupalli, GK, 2013)		2.06
"Pyriproxyfen is a biorational insecticide having many environmentally friendly attributes that make it compatible with integrated pest management programs."( Selection, resistance risk assessment, and reversion toward susceptibility of pyriproxyfen in Musca domestica L.
Abbas, N; Shad, SA; Shah, RM; Sial, AA, 2015)		1.37
"Pyriproxyfen is a growth regulator used for the control of different insect pests, including Musca domestica. "( Inheritance mode, cross-resistance and realized heritability of pyriproxyfen resistance in a field strain of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae).
Abbas, N; Shad, SA; Shah, RM; Varloud, M, 2015)		2.1
"Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone mimic that reduces fecundity and fertility of adult Anopheles mosquitoes when used as a contact insecticide."( Evaluating the sterilizing effect of pyriproxyfen treated mosquito nets against Anopheles gambiae at different blood-feeding intervals.
Jaffer, A; Malone, D; Mosha, FW; Oxborough, RM; Protopopoff, N; Rowland, MW, 2015)		1.41
"Pyriproxyfen is a chiral insecticide, and over 10 metabolites have been identified in the environment. "( Enantiomeric Separations of Pyriproxyfen and its Six Chiral Metabolites by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.
Gao, J; Liu, D; Liu, H; Wang, L; Wang, P; Zhang, C; Zhou, Z, 2016)		2.17
"Pyriproxyfen is an insect growth regulator with juvenile hormone-like activity that has potential uses for dipterans that are difficult to manage with conventional insecticides, such as house flies (Musca domestica L.). "( Pyriproxyfen and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae): effects of direct exposure and autodissemination to larval habitats.
Devine, GJ; Geden, CJ, 2012)		3.26
"Pyriproxyfen is a biorational insecticide that acts as a juvenile hormone (JH) analogue and disrupts insect development with an unknown molecular mode of action. "( Gene expression in pyriproxyfen-resistant Bemisia tabaci Q biotype.
Ghanim, M; Kontsedalov, S, 2007)		2.11
"Pyriproxyfen is a new insect growth regulator with potent activity against developing stages of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. "( A novel approach to flea control on cats, using pyriproxyfen.
Bardt, D; Hutchinson, MJ; Jacobs, DE; Krieger, KJ, 1996)		1.99

Effects

Pyriproxyfen has been an important insecticide used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program for the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (B biotype) Use has ceased in high-resistance localities.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Pyriproxyfen has been an important insecticide used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program for the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (B biotype), in Arizona cotton. "( Effects of operational and environmental factors on evolution of resistance to pyriproxyfen in the sweetpotato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
Carriére, Y; Crowder, DW; Ellsworth, PC; Tabashnik, BE, 2008)		2.02
"Pyriproxyfen use has ceased in high-resistance localities, but in areas with low frequencies of resistance, cotton growers have continued to achieve acceptable control of B tabaci with pyriproxyfen."( Dynamics of insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci: a case study with the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen.
Denholm, I; Horowitz, AR; Ishaaya, I; Kontsedalov, S, 2002)		1.25

Treatment

Pyriproxyfen at comparable treatment rates to s-methoprene caused very high levels of initial and residual emergence inhibitions of the tested species in the laboratory as well as outdoors. The highest dose led to a significant rate of malformed adults (atrophied wings)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"This pyriproxyfen-treated device was evaluated for its impact on Ae."( Development and evaluation of a pyriproxyfen-treated device to control the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera:Culicidae).
Evans, BP; Fansiri, T; Kurusarttra, S; McCardle, PW; Pongsiri, A; Ponlawat, A; Richardson, JH, 2013)		1.13
"Pyriproxyfen-treated bees emerged earlier than control bees and the highest dose led to a significant rate of malformed adults (atrophied wings). "( Larval Exposure to the Juvenile Hormone Analog Pyriproxyfen Disrupts Acceptance of and Social Behavior Performance in Adult Honeybees.
Alaux, C; Aupinel, P; Beslay, D; Decourtye, A; Deschamps, M; Devillers, J; Droin, L; Fortini, D; Fourrier, J; Le Conte, Y, 2015)		2.12
"Pyriproxyfen at comparable treatment rates to s-methoprene caused very high levels (>80-100% in most cases) of initial and residual emergence inhibitions of the tested species in the laboratory as well as outdoors."( Effectiveness and residual activity comparison of granular formulations of insect growth regulators pyriproxyfen and s-methoprene against Florida mosquitoes in laboratory and outdoor conditions.
Ali, A; Nayar, JK; Zaim, M, 2002)		1.25
"Pyriproxyfen treatments reduced the California red scale parasitoid Aphytis melinus DeBach to a greater extent than the parasitoid Comperiella bifasciata Howard collected on sticky cards."( Role of two insect growth regulators in integrated pest management of citrus scales.
Grafton-Cardwell, EE; Lee, JE; Olsen, KD; Stewart, JR, 2006)		1.06
"Pyriproxyfen-treated fire ant workers took significantly longer to chase the Argentine ants from a connecting bridge than did untreated fire ants."( Aggressive interactions between Solenopsis invicta and Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) under laboratory conditions.
Greenberg, L; Kabashima, JN; Paine, TD; Rust, MK, 2007)		1.06
"Pyriproxyfen spray treatments did not significantly reduce relative arthropod abundance."( Effects of pyriproxyfen spray, powder, and oral bait treatments on the relative abundance of nontarget arthropods of black-tailed prairie dog (Rodentia: Sciuridae) towns.
Anderson, SH; Karhu, RR, 2000)		1.42

Toxicity

The World Health Organization has established an acceptable daily intake of pyriproxyfen to be 100 μg per kg of body weight per day. At elevated doses there are adverse effects in mice, rats and dogs. According to the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), the final residues of beta-cypermeth are less toxic than the parent compounds.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In addition to these toxic effects on adults, pyriproxyfen also induced formation of large autophagic vacuoles in maturing oocytes leading to partial reabsorption of yolk, degeneration of the nucleus, and lysis of the follicular epithelium."( Toxicity and histopathology of the growth regulator pyriproxyfen to adults and eggs of the cat flea (Siphonaptera:Pulicidae).
Meola, R; Meola, S; Pullen, S, 1996)		0.8
" Although both compounds proved to be highly toxic even in minute quantities to specific stages, geographical and temporal differences in responses were detected using a leaf spray bioassay technique."( Inter-regional differences in baseline toxicity of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) to the two insect growth regulators, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen.
Castle, SJ; Henneberry, TJ; Prabhaker, N; Toscano, NC, 2001)		0.51
" In addition, extensive metabolization with rat liver submitochondrial fraction gave rise to metabolites less toxic than the parent compounds, implying the relative safety of both diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen in mammals."( Cytotoxic effects of two antimolting insecticides in mammalian CHO-K1 cells.
Balaña-Fouce, R; Bayoumi, AE; Ordóñez, C; Ordóñez, D; Pérez-Pertejo, Y; Zidan, HZ, 2003)		0.51
" Chlorfenapyr was the most toxic adulticide among all the tested insecticides."( Toxicity of 25 synthetic insecticides to the field population of Culex quinquefasciatus Say.
Ahmad, D; Alam, M; Ali, Q; Binyamin, M; Shad, SA; Shah, RM; Waqas, M, 2016)		0.43
" The World Health Organization has established an acceptable daily intake of pyriproxyfen to be 100 μg per kg of body weight per day, but studies have demonstrated that at elevated doses (>5000 mg/kg), there are adverse effects in mice, rats and dogs."( Assessment of the developmental and neurotoxicity of the mosquito control larvicide, pyriproxyfen, using embryonic zebrafish.
Gonnerman, G; Simonich, MT; Tanguay, RL; Truong, L, 2016)		0.89
" According to the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), the final residues of beta-cypermethrin, pyriproxyfen, avermectin, diflubenzuron, and chlorothalonil were safe for human consumption after these pesticides were applied by spraying 2 times at the dosages of 900, 750, 540, 562."( Evaluation of the safe use and dietary risk of beta-cypermethrin, pyriproxyfen, avermectin, diflubenzuron and chlorothalonil in button mushroom.
Dong, F; Du, P; He, H; Liu, X; Wu, X; Xu, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Y, 2017)		0.9
" Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the adverse effect of PPF in zebrafish embryo development (Danio rerio)."( Toxicity assessment of pyriproxyfen in vertebrate model zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio): A multi biomarker study.
Kadirvelu, K; Maharajan, K; Muthulakshmi, S; Nataraj, B; Ramesh, M, 2018)		0.79
" The case study of pyriproxyfen illustrates its usefulness as an initial or screening step in the assessment of toxicity potentials of chemicals with incompletely known toxic properties."( A systems biology approach to predictive developmental neurotoxicity of a larvicide used in the prevention of Zika virus transmission.
Audouze, K; Grandjean, P; Taboureau, O, 2018)		0.81
" Therefore, assessing the metabolic behavior and toxic effects of PYR in mammals is the best means of evaluating its risks to human health."( Toxicity risk assessment of pyriproxyfen and metabolites in the rat liver: A vitro study.
Li, P; Liu, D; Liu, H; Wang, P; Zhou, Z, 2020)		0.85
" Among all the metabolites, 4'-OH- pyriproxyfen was found 2 folds more toxic to zebrafish than pyriproxyfen."( Toxicity and fate of chiral insecticide pyriproxyfen and its metabolites in zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Cui, J; Liu, D; Liu, X; Wang, P; Wei, Y; Zhai, W; Zhou, Z, 2021)		1.17

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In a second part, pharmacokinetic studies using a (14)C isotope of each IGR showed similar patterns of penetration through the cuticle, but different absorption and distribution rates inside the insect body."( The ecological impact of four IGR insecticides in adults of Hyposoter didymator (Hym., Ichneumonidae): pharmacokinetics approach.
Pineda, S; Schneider, M; Smagghe, G; Viñuela, E, 2008)		0.35

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Therefore, the purpose of this trial is to estimate the impact of guppy fish (guppies), in combination with the use of the larvicide pyriproxyfen (Sumilarv® 2MR), and Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI) activities to reduce entomological indices in Cambodia."( Determining the efficacy of guppies and pyriproxyfen (Sumilarv® 2MR) combined with community engagement on dengue vectors in Cambodia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Alexander, N; Bradley, J; Chan, V; Doum, D; Hii, J; Hustedt, J; Keo, V; Leang, R; Lopes, S; Ly, S; Muhammad, S; Prasetyo, DB; Rachmat, A; Sam, B, 2017)		0.93

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The aim of this study was to offer data about the bioavailability of flufenoxuron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb in common commodities like mandarin, apricot and peach."( Bioavailability of insect growth regulators in citrus and stone fruits.
Barba, A; Camara, MA; Mulero, J; Oliva, J; Paya, P; Zafrilla, P, 2007)		0.56
" The bioavailability of wines obtained from grapes in each assay and in standard solutions is also studied in order to establish matrix-related differences."( Influence of the matrix in bioavailability of flufenoxuron, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb residues in grapes and wine.
Barba, A; Cámara, MA; Mulero, J; Oliva, J; Payá, P, 2013)		0.62

Dosage Studied

Engorged females and 1- to 3-d-old eggs of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, were exposed to 9 treatments of pyriproxyfen (4, 8, and 16 micrograms/cm2) in glass vials at exposure periods of 7 d, 14 d, and continuous at each dosage level. Dose-response (DR) bioassays with pyri proxyfen were performed on populations that did not achieve 98% EI in the DD assays.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Engorged females and 1- to 3-d-old eggs of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L), were exposed to 9 treatments of pyriproxyfen (4, 8, and 16 micrograms/cm2) in glass vials at exposure periods of 7 d, 14 d, and continuous at each dosage level."( Effects of pyriproxyfen on engorged females and newly oviposited eggs of the lone star tick (Acari:Ixodidae).
Donahue, WA; Meola, RW; Strey, OF; Teel, PD, 1996)		0.89
"6-100% control, depending on dosage and exposure."( Pyriproxyfen effects on newly engorged larvae and nymphs of the lone star tick (Acari:Ixodidae).
Donahue, WA; Meola, RW; Strey, OF; Teel, PD, 1997)		1.74
"Bioassays were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to estimate toxicities and dose-response relationships of 24 Bemisica tabaci Gennadius populations to pyriproxifen, acemitaprid, and diafenthiuron."( Field efficacy and baseline toxicities of pyriproxifen, acetamiprid, and diafenthiuron against Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Burkina Faso (West Africa).
Otoidobiga, LC; Stewart, RK; Vincent, LC, 2003)		0.32
" The higher dosage (570 ITU/liter) for both Bti formulations was only partially effective at the end of 1 wk after being diluted."( Integration of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 formulations and pyriproxyfen for the control of larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.
Adanan, CR; Lee, YW; Yap, HH; Zairi, J, 2005)		0.57
"1 ppm, which is a 10-fold greater concentration than the reported effective dosage for controlling mosquito larvae (0."( Sensitivity of the larvivorous copepod species, Mesocyclops pehpeiensis and Megacyclops viridis, to the insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen.
Kawada, H; Phong, TV; Takagi, M; Tuno, N; Wang, S, 2005)		0.53
" We report on the first extensive evaluation of the efficacy of various pesticides against this species, including laboratory dose-response assays and small plot field trials."( Control of arbovirus vector Verrallina funerea (Diptera: Culicidae) in southeast Queensland, Australia.
Jeffery, JA; Kay, BH; Ryan, PA, 2007)		0.34
" A drastic effect was observed on spermatozoon production, with a dose-response relationship."( Proteomic investigation of male Gammarus fossarum, a freshwater crustacean, in response to endocrine disruptors.
Abbaci, K; Armengaud, J; Chaumot, A; Gaillard, JC; Geffard, O; Habtoul, Y; Pible, O; Trapp, J, 2015)		0.42
" An analysis of fecundity showed that the peak oviposition day, lifespan, and oviposition period were progressively shortened as the pyriproxyfen dosage increased."( Effects of Pyriproxyfen on Female Reproduction in the Common Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
Liu, X; Tang, B; Wang, S; Xu, Q; Zheng, H; Zou, Q, 2015)		1.01
"We performed dose-response tests to estimate the emergence inhibition and resistance ratio of each field population, including the Rockefeller reference population."( Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti populations to pyriproxyfen in the Federal District of Brazil.
Araújo, ERF; Braga, KML; Carvalho, BL; Germano, RNL; Obara, MT; Rocha, DA, 2020)		0.82
" Dose-response (DR) bioassays with pyriproxyfen were performed on populations that did not achieve 98% EI in the DD assays."( Assessment of the susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to pyriproxyfen and malathion in a nation-wide monitoring of insecticide resistance performed in Brazil from 2017 to 2018.
Andrighetti, MTM; Bellinato, DF; Campos, KB; Dias, LDS; Lima, JBP; Macoris, MLDG; Martins, AJ; Obara, MT; Rodovalho, CM, 2020)		1.05
" According to Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), the formulation was sprayed once at the dosage of 112."( Fate and dietary risk assessment of pyriproxyfen, dinotefuran, and its metabolites residues in tomato across different regions in China.
Hu, J; Qin, S, 2023)		1.19
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
juvenile hormone mimicnull
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
aromatic etherAny ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
pyridinesAny organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (20)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
LuciferasePhotinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)Potency35.57420.007215.758889.3584AID1224835
pregnane X receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency42.23950.025127.9203501.1870AID651751
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency10.25220.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159523
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency24.06780.000221.22318,912.5098AID588516; AID743035; AID743042; AID743054; AID743063
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency29.89290.001022.650876.6163AID1224838; AID1224839; AID1224893
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency17.21140.000417.946075.1148AID1346795
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency12.08570.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552; AID1159553; AID1159555
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.03810.000817.505159.3239AID1159527; AID1159531; AID588544
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency12.18470.001530.607315,848.9004AID1259401
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency35.71360.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982; AID720659
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.01210.000229.305416,493.5996AID1259244; AID743069; AID743080; AID743091
aryl hydrocarbon receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency30.45850.000723.06741,258.9301AID651777; AID743122
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency38.53160.001723.839378.1014AID743083
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency24.31180.001628.015177.1139AID1224843; AID1224895
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency24.31180.000323.4451159.6830AID743066
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency27.27830.037617.082361.1927AID1259364
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency34.98760.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741; AID720636; AID743202; AID743219
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency6.85200.001557.789015,848.9004AID1259244
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency6.85200.001551.739315,848.9004AID1259244
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency1.41250.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Ceullar Components (2)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (30)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1111215Ovicidal activity against Diaphorina citri in 2 to 3 months old citrus plant assessed as inhibition of old egg hatch at 64 ug/mL by residual contact bioassay2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111212Insecticidal activity against third- instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri nymph in flush of citrus plants assessed as mortality measured on fourth-instar stage after 48 hr2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111214Insecticidal activity against first-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri nymph in flush of citrus plants assessed as mortality measured on second-instar stage after 48 hr2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111203Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as viability of egg at 32 to 64 ug/ml measured 0 to 3 days after emergence relative to control2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111204Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as fecundity of egg at 32 to 64 ug/ml measured 7 to 12 days after emergence relative to control2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111206Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as fecundity of egg at 32 to 64 ug/ml measured 0 to 3 days after emergence relative to control2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111200Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as viability of egg at 64 ug/ml measured 10 to 12 days after emergence relative to control2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111219Ovicidal activity against Diaphorina citri in 2 to 3 months old citrus plant assessed as inhibition of egg hatch measured 49 to 96 hr after egg laying by leaf dip bioassay2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111198Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as fecundity of egg at 100 ug/ml applied topically2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111213Insecticidal activity against second-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri nymph in flush of citrus plants assessed as mortality measured on third-instar stage after 48 hr2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111220Ovicidal activity against Diaphorina citri in 2 to 3 months old citrus plant assessed as inhibition of egg hatch measured 0 to 48 hr after egg laying by leaf dip bioassay2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111217Ovicidal activity against Diaphorina citri in 2 to 3 months old citrus plant assessed as inhibition of old egg hatch at 4 to 8 ug/mL by leaf dip bioassay2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1091973Inhibition of metamorphosis in freshly molted Pyrrhocoris apterus (red firebug) fifth-instar nymph assessed as compound dose per individual causing reduction in metamorphosis by topical screening test2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23
Steroid conjugates: Synthesis and preliminary biological testing of pro-juvenoids.
AID1111216Ovicidal activity against Diaphorina citri in 2 to 3 months old citrus plant assessed as inhibition of old egg hatch at 128 ug/mL by leaf dip bioassay2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111202Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as viability of egg at 64 ug/ml measured 4 to 6 days after emergence relative to control2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111218Ovicidal activity against Diaphorina citri in 2 to 3 months old citrus plant assessed as inhibition of egg hatch measured 0 to 48 hr prior egg laying by residual contact bioassay2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111196Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as fecundity of egg at 100 ug/ml measured 0 to 3 days after emergence2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111209Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as viability of egg at 100 ug/ml measured 4 to 6 days after emergence2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111193Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as viability of egg at 100 ug/ml measured 7 to 12 days after emergence2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111210Insecticidal activity against fourth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri nymph in flush of citrus plants assessed as mortality measured on fifth-instar stage after 48 hr2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111197Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as viability of egg at 100 ug/ml applied topically2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111199Insecticidal activity against Diaphorina citri assessed as mortality at 100 ug/ml applied topically2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111195Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as viability of egg at 100 ug/ml measured 0 to 3 days after emergence2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1091972Inhibition of metamorphosis in freshly molted Pyrrhocoris apterus (red firebug) fourth-instar nymph assessed as compound dose per individual causing reduction in metamorphosis by oral drinking assay2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23
Steroid conjugates: Synthesis and preliminary biological testing of pro-juvenoids.
AID1111207Induction of morphological abnormalities of fourth and fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants at 32 to 64 ug/ml after 48 hr2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111201Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as viability of egg at 64 ug/ml measured 7 to 9 days after emergence relative to control2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111208Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as fecundity of egg at 100 ug/ml measured 4 to 6 days after emergence2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111211Insecticidal activity against fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri nymph in flush of citrus plants assessed as mortality measured on fifth-instar stage after 48 hr2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111205Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as fecundity of egg at 32 to 64 ug/ml measured 4 to 6 days after emergence relative to control2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
AID1111194Inhibition of reproduction in fifth-instar nymphs of Diaphorina citri in flush of citrus plants assessed as fecundity of egg at 100 ug/ml measured 7 to 12 days after emergence2010Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 66, Issue:4
Effect of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development, adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (417)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19905 (1.20)18.7374
1990's34 (8.15)18.2507
2000's107 (25.66)29.6817
2010's188 (45.08)24.3611
2020's83 (19.90)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 38.38

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index38.38 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.11 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.51 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index109.23 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.85 (0.95)

This Compound (38.38)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials20 (4.67%)5.53%
Reviews6 (1.40%)6.00%
Case Studies2 (0.47%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other400 (93.46%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.1310ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		3.580amino-acid anion
chlordecone
[no description available]		7.5420cyclic ketone;
organochlorine compound		insecticide;
persistent organic pollutant
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.4820pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.1710monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.1710monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.2110isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
atrazine
[no description available]		2.0310chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
bendiocarb
bendiocarb: FICAM 80W contains 80% of the above chemical cpd as the active ingredient		2.3110benzodioxoles;
carbamate ester		agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		3.5880chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		4.9671aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.9940organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.3110benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
fenvalerate
fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		2.2110aromatic ether;
carboxylic ester;
monochlorobenzenes		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
fipronil
fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.		2.8130(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfoxide
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.1310secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		7.9430diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
phenothrin
phenothrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.2110cyclopropanecarboxylate esterpyrethroid ester insecticide
temefos
Temefos: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. temephos : An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.		3.3160organic sulfide;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
ectoparasiticide
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.5120benzodioxolespesticide synergist
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.4420antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0210aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.7930bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
boric acid
[no description available]		2.110boric acidsastringent
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.1310alkane
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.5820pyrrole;
secondary amine
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.1310alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
dicofol
Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.. dicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine acaricide;
tertiary alcohol
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.13501,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		4.04130azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
Dillapiole
5-allyl 6,7-dimethoxy 1,3-benzodioxole: a plant based insecticide; structure in first source		2.0210benzodioxolesmetabolite
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.		2.5220aromatic fungicide;
dinitrile;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
ecdysone
[no description available]		7.843014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
6-oxo steroid;
ecdysteroid		prohormone
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.8930cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
potassium dichromate
Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.		2.0410potassium saltallergen;
oxidising agent;
sensitiser
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.110elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
d,d-t80-prallethrin
d,d-T80-prallethrin: structure given in first source		2.2110
pirimiphos methyl
pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.		2.4220aminopyrimidine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide
amitraz
amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.		7.0210formamidines;
tertiary amino compound		acaricide;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
diflubenzuron
Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.		5.4180benzoylurea insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes		insect sterilant
cyphenothrin
cyphenothrin: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		8.4411cyclopropanecarboxylate esteragrochemical;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		9.94368cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.7490aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
epofenonane
epofenonane: similar to ethylphenylepoxygeranyl ether; structure		2.0310
fenarimol
fenarimol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenarimol. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the treatment of blackspot, mildew and rust in tomatoes, peppers and melons, but is not approved for use within the European Union.. (2-chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-chlorophenyl group while the other is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol
triflumuron
triflumuron: insect growth inhibitor		7.3110aromatic ether;
benzoylurea insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound
cyromazine
cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.1950triamino-1,3,5-triazinemouse metabolite;
triazine insecticide
buprofezin
buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.		3.6990thiadiazinane;
ureas
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		10.42190aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		2.2110inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
heptenophos
heptenophos: structure		2.0310organochlorine compound;
organophosphate insecticide;
trialkyl phosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
cedrol
cedrol: a cyclic terpenoid from cedarwood oil; 8-epicedrol is an epimer		2.2110cedrane sesquiterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		2.4920anthocyanidin chloride
azamethiphos
[no description available]		2.2110organic thiophosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fluphenacur
fluphenacur: RN given refers to parent cpd		5.0491aromatic ether;
benzoylurea insecticide;
dichlorobenzene;
N-acylurea;
organofluorine compound
cyprodinil
cyprodinil: structure in first source. cyprodinil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidine that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional cyclopropyl and methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A broad spectrum fungicide used to control a range of pathogens including Tapesia yallundae, Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Rhynchospium secalis. Whilst it is a recognised irritant no serious human health concerns have been identified. It is moderately toxic to birds as well as most aquatic organisms and earthworms, but it is not considered toxic to honeybees.		2.110aminopyrimidine;
anilinopyrimidine fungicide;
cyclopropanes;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
fludioxonil
fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.		2.110benzodioxoles;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
pyrroles		androgen antagonist;
antifungal agrochemical;
estrogen receptor agonist
teflubenzuron
teflubenzuron: effective against development of house fly larvae (Musca domestica). teflubenzuron : A N-acylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide substituted by a 3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl group at the terminal nitrogen atom.		7.0210dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
N-acylurea		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
hexafluoron
hexafluoron: insect growth regulator against mosquito larva; the active agent in Sonet, a Russian product, is hexaflumuron. hexaflumuron : An N-acylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, while a hycrogen attached to the other nitorgen is replaced by a 3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl group.		2.0210aromatic ether;
benzoylurea insecticide;
dichlorobenzene;
N-acylurea;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine insecticide
flufenoxuron
[no description available]		8.1450(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzoylurea insecticide;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes		mite growth regulator
tebufenozide
tebufenozide: structure given in first source. tebufenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.		8.3360carbohydrazideecdysone agonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
chlorfenapyr
chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.		6.252hemiaminal ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine acaricide;
organofluorine insecticide;
pyrroles		proacaricide;
proinsecticide
novaluron
novaluron: insecticide		3.6180aromatic ether;
benzoylurea insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound
methoxyfenozide
methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.		8.82100carbohydrazide;
monomethoxybenzene		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		3.3601,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
indoxacarb
indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.		2.0110methyl ester;
organochlorine insecticide		voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
rh-0345
N-4-chlorobenzoyl-N'-benzoyl-N'-tert-butylhydrazine: structure in first source		710bisacylhydrazine insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes
thiacloprid
thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.		7.4620monochloropyridine;
nitrile;
thiazolidines		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)-
Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.		3.811amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin		vasodilator agent
phytol
[no description available]		2.0210
3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone
3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone: a pesticide synergist; inhibits juvenile hormone esterase		2.1310
bifenazate
bifenazate: an acaricide. bifenazate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 2-(4-methoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)hydrazinecarboxylic acid with 2-propanol.		7.1710carboxylic esteracaricide
anabasine
Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.		2.0110anabasine
prizes
acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.		3.4670carboxamidine;
monochloropyridine;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.7220
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.4220retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		7.1110icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.2110pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.7130
phenylthiourea
Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.		2.0110thioureasEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methoprene
[no description available]		2.0510methoprene
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		3.811cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
azoxystrobin
azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.		2.110aryloxypyrimidine;
enoate ester;
enol ether;
methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent;
methyl ester;
nitrile		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor;
quinone outside inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nitenpyram
nitenpyram: a nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source. (E)-nitenpyram : A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.. nitenpyram : A C-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine where one of the nitrogens bears ethyl and (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl while the other nitrogen carries a methyl group.		2.1310chloropyridyl insecticide;
nitenpyram
diafenthiuron
diafenthiuron: a pro-pesticide; inhibits mitochondrial ATPase in vitro and in vivo by its carbodiimide product. diafenthiuron : An aromatic ether that is 1,3-diisopropyl-5-phenoxybenzene in which the hydrogen atom at position 2 is substituted by a (tert-butylcarbamothioyl)nitrilo group. An agricultural proinsecticide which is used to control mites, aphids and whitefly in cotton.		2.0110aromatic ether;
thiourea acaricide;
thiourea insecticide		oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor;
proinsecticide
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.0810
methyl farnesoate
methyl farnesoate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. methyl farnesoate : A member of the juvenile hormone family of compounds that is the methyl ester of farnesoic acid. Found in several species of crustaceans.		3.75100enoate ester;
fatty acid methyl ester;
juvenile hormone		crustacean metabolite
pyrethrin i
pyrethrin I: a naturally occurring pyrethrins; active constituent of pyrethrum flowers; 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(2,4-pentadienyl)- 2-cyclopenten-1-one ester of 2,2-dimethyl-3- (2-methylpropenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid; structure		2.1510pyrethrins
azadirachtin
azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).		3.6480acetate ester;
azadirachtin;
cyclic hemiketal;
enoate ester;
epoxide;
methyl ester;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		hepatoprotective agent
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		3.8117-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
cyhalothrin
cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		4.8571aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
methoprene
Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.		5.84290isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate;
isopropyl ester		juvenile hormone mimic
zr-512
ethyl-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer. hydroprene : The ethyl ester of (2E,4E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoic acid		2.9740ethyl ester;
farnesane sesquiterpenoid		juvenile hormone mimic
ecdysterone
Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		3.155014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ecdysteroid;
phytoecdysteroid		animal metabolite;
plant metabolite
zr 777
ZR 777: juvenile hormone analog; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.4320farnesane sesquiterpenoid;
terminal acetylenic compound		juvenile hormone mimic
bifenthrin
bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.		7.4110carboxylic ester;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
pymetrozine
pymetrozine: an anti-feedant against aphids, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers. pymetrozine : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.		2.05101,2,4-triazines;
pyridines		antifeedant;
environmental contaminant;
TRPV channel modulator;
xenobiotic
flonicamid
flonicamid: an insecticide; structure in first source. flonicamid : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide substituted by a trifluoromethyl group at position 4 and a cyanomethyl group at the carbamoyl nitrogen atom.		2.4820nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
pyridinecarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
spiromesifen
spiromesifen: insecticide; structure in first source. spiromesifen : A butenolide that is but-2-en-4-olide bearing a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group at position 3, a 3,3-dimethylbutyryloxy group at position 4 and a spiro-fused cyclopentyl ring at position 5.		2.1710butenolideinsecticide
medigoxin
spirotetramat: for the control of a broad spectrum of sucking insects; structure in first source. spirotetramat : An azaspiro compound that is methoxycyclohexane which is fused at position 4 to the 5-position of a 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one that is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by 2,5-dimethylphenyl and (ethoxycarbonyl)oxy groups, respectively (the cis isomer). It is a proinsecticide (via hydrolysis of the ethyl carbonate group to give the corresponding 4-hydroxypyrrol-2-one, "spirotetramat-enol") and is used for the control of a wide range of sucking insects on fruit and potato crops.		2.610
tolfenpyrad
tolfenpyrad: insecticide; structure in first source. tolfenpyrad : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-chloro-3-ethyl-1-methylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-methylphenoxy)phenyl]methylamine.		7.1710aromatic amide;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazole insecticide		agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
chlorantranilipole
chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.		2.1710monochlorobenzenes;
organobromine compound;
pyrazole insecticide;
pyrazoles;
pyridines;
secondary carboxamide		ryanodine receptor agonist
s 1812
S 1812: represents dihalopropenyloxybenzene class of insecticides; effective on Lepidoptera & Thysanoptera pests		2.2110dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine insecticide
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.7930
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.1310glycoside
alpha-amanitin
Alpha-Amanitin: A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.. alpha-amanitin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.		2.0410
spinetoram
spinetoram: a second-generation spinosyn; insecticide		2.1710organic molecular entity
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		2.610
pyrethrins
[no description available]		10.07354
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		3.811angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		10.4131imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
clothianidin
clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.		7.51201,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
clothianidin;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
avermectin
avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.		7.1510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		09.31268
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		09.31268
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		07.28186
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.520
Black Fever
[description not available]		03.8721
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.520
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		03.8721
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.4110
Acariasis
[description not available]		02.4110
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		06.83122
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		06.83122
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		03.811
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		03.811
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.610
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8190
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		03.8190
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.4750
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		02.2510
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		04.2731
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.2510
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.2510
Flavivirus Infections
Infections with viruses of the genus FLAVIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.		02.2510
Microcephaly
A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)		03.0940
Arbovirus Infections
Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.		02.5920
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		02.3110
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		02.3110
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.1510
Itching
[description not available]		02.1510
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		05.3772
Flea Infestations
Parasitic attack by members of the order SIPHONAPTERA.		04.9981
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.1510
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.1510
Dirofilariasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.		02.1510
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.1710
Chickungunya Fever
[description not available]		02.5220
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.1710
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.1710
Insect Bites
[description not available]		04.732
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		08.8521
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.1710
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		04.732
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		07.955
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		07.955
Alpha Virus Infections
[description not available]		02.0810
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.0810
Pappataci Fever
[description not available]		02.0810
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.520
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		02.520
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.1110
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		07.1110
Tick Infestations
Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.		02.4620
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.5520
Ectoparasitic Infestations
Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.		05.9493
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.0410
Leishmaniasis, American
[description not available]		02.0610
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.		02.0610
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
[description not available]		02.0610
Severe Dengue
A virulent form of dengue characterized by THROMBOCYTOPENIA and an increase in vascular permeability (grades I and II) and distinguished by a positive pain test (e.g., TOURNIQUET PAIN TEST). When accompanied by SHOCK (grades III and IV), it is called dengue shock syndrome.		02.0610
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.0810
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.0810
Trombiculiasis
Infestation with mites of the genus Trombicula, whose larvae carry the rickettsial agent of scrub typhus.		03.411
Bites
[description not available]		02.0310
Ambiguous Genitalia
[description not available]		02.0310
Disorders of Sex Development
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.		02.0310
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.0310
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.0310
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.0310
Elaeophoriasis
[description not available]		02.0410
Filariasis
Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.		07.0410
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		0210
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.		0210
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3911
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		01.9710
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		01.9710
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		01.9710
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		01.9710
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		01.9710