dinophysistoxin 2 profile

dinophysistoxin 2: structure given in first source; a principal toxin responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

dinophysistoxin 2 : A ketal that is a rare marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid. Found yearly along with okadaic acid in Portuguese shellfish, its presence has been correlated with the occurrence of Dinophysis acta. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	91800179
CHEBI ID	145981
MeSH ID	M0205073

Synonym
dinophysistoxin 2
dtx2
(2r)-2-hydroxy-3-[(2s,5r,6r,8s)-5-hydroxy-8-{(2r,3e)-4-[(2r,4a'r,5r,6's,8'r,8a's)-8'-hydroxy-6'-{(1s,3s)-1-hydroxy-3-[(2s,6r,11r)-11-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecan-2-yl]butyl}-7'-methyleneoctahydro-3h,3'h-spiro[furan-2,2'-pyrano[3,2-b]pyran]-5-yl]but-3
139933-46-3
dinophysistoxin-2
dtx 2
(2r)-3-[(2s,5r,6r,8s)-8-{(2r,3e)-4-[(2r,4'ar,5r,6's,8'r,8'as)-8'-hydroxy-6'-{(1s,3s)-1-hydroxy-3-[(2s,6r,11r)-11-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecan-2-yl]butyl}-7'-methylidenehexahydro-3'h-spiro[oxolane-2,2'-pyrano[3,2-b]pyran]-5-yl]but-3-en-2-yl}-5-hydroxy
CHEBI:145981
dtx-2
unii-rh78dhy1jz
rh78dhy1jz ,
1,7-dioxaspiro(5.5)undec-10-ene-2-propanoic acid, alpha,5-dihydroxy-alpha,10-dimethyl-8-((1r,2e)-1-methyl-3-((2r,4'ar,5r,6's,8'r,8'as)-octahydro-8'-hydroxy-6'-((1s,3s)-1-hydroxy-3-((2s,6s,11r)-11-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro(5.5)undec-2-yl)butyl)-7'-methylenespi
acanthifolicin, 9,10-deepithio-9,10-didehydro-31-demethyl-35-methyl-, (35r)-
(35r)-9,45-seco-10-demercapto-9,10-didehydro-35-methyl-39-noracanthifolicin
j531.104g ,
(2r)-3-[(2s,6r,8s,11r)-2-[(e,2r)-4-[(2s,2'r,4r,4as,6r,8ar)-4-hydroxy-2-[(1s,3s)-1-hydroxy-3-[(2s,6r,11r)-11-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecan-2-yl]butyl]-3-methylidenespiro[4a,7,8,8a-tetrahydro-4h-pyrano[3,2-b]pyran-6,5'-oxolane]-2'-yl]but-3-en-2-yl]-11-h
DTXSID50893702
Q27288119

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In accordance with the response surface design model, the LD50 for DTX-2 and OA was 338 and 206 microg/kg, respectively."	( Relative toxicity of dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2) compared with okadaic acid, based on acute intraperitoneal toxicity in mice. Aasen, JA; Aune, T; Hess, P; Larsen, S; Rehmann, N; Satake, M, 2007)	0.34
" Recent studies indicate that DTX-2 is about half as toxic and has about half the affinity for protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as OA."	( A structural basis for the reduced toxicity of dinophysistoxin-2. Arcus, V; Cox, NR; Huhn, J; Jeffrey, PD; Larsen, K; Miles, CO; Rise, F; Rundberget, T; Shi, Y, 2009)	0.35
" Studies carried out in mice indicated that DSP poisonous are toxic towards experimental animals with a lethal oral dose 2-10 times higher than the intraperitoneal (i."	( Experimental basis for the high oral toxicity of dinophysistoxin 1: a comparative study of DSP. Botana, LM; Fernández, DA; Fraga, M; Louzao, MC; Vieytes, MR; Vilariño, N, 2014)	0.4
" DTX-1 displayed the most toxic effect in the three tested cell lines."	( Evaluation of okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 and dinophysistoxin-2 toxicity on Neuro-2a, NG108-15 and MCF-7 cell lines. Diogène, J; Soliño, L; Sureda, FX, 2015)	0.42
" They had different toxicokinetics and toxic potency."	( Toxic Action Reevaluation of Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-1 and Dinophysistoxin-2: Toxicity Equivalency Factors Based on the Oral Toxicity Study. Abal, P; Botana, AM; Botana, LM; Carrera, C; Louzao, MC; Suzuki, T; Vieytes, MR; Vilariño, N; Watanabe, R, 2018)	0.48
" Results confirmed that DTX1 is more toxic than OA by oral route while DTX2 is less toxic."	( Toxic Action Reevaluation of Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-1 and Dinophysistoxin-2: Toxicity Equivalency Factors Based on the Oral Toxicity Study. Abal, P; Botana, AM; Botana, LM; Carrera, C; Louzao, MC; Suzuki, T; Vieytes, MR; Vilariño, N; Watanabe, R, 2018)	0.48
" However, recent in vitro studies indicated that DTX-1 seems to be more toxic than OA."	( Benchmark dose analyses of γH2AX and pH3 endpoints for quantitative comparison of in vitro genotoxicity potential of lipophilic phycotoxins. Fessard, V; Le Hegarat, L; Roudot, AC, 2020)	0.56

Role	Description
toxin	Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant.
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor	Any EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of phosphoprotein phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.16).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
ketal	An acetal of formula R2C(OR)2 (R =/= H) derived from a ketone by replacement of the oxo group by two hydrocarbyloxy groups. The class name 'ketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of acetals.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	11 (15.07)	18.2507
2000's	24 (32.88)	29.6817
2010's	30 (41.10)	24.3611
2020's	8 (10.96)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	1 (1.30%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	76 (98.70%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.04	1	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.13	1	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
thiazoles [no description available]	2.07	1	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2	1	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.48	2	alkali metal hydroxide
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.6	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.04	1	sodium phosphate
9-chloromethylanthracene [no description available]	2.02	1
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.07	1	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
9-diazomethylanthracene 9-diazomethylanthracene: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index	1.99	1
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.05	1
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.04	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
pectenotoxin 2 pectenotoxin 2: isolated from the marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in first source	2.77	3	polycyclic ether; spiroketal	marine metabolite
pectenotoxin 1 pectenotoxin 1: RN from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 4/87; structure given in first source	3.58	2	polycyclic ether; spiroketal	marine metabolite
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.05	1
yessotoxin yessotoxin: produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in invertebrates (e.g., Patinopecten gessoensis also known as YESSO SCALLOP) that feed on them. RN given refers to parent compound	4.31	5	ciguatoxin
dinophysistoxin 1 dinophysistoxin 1: from toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii; RN given for (35R)-isomer; structure given in first source. dinophysistoxin 1 : A ketal that is a marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid. Produced by dinoflagellates it is known to accumulate in shellfish and cause diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. It is an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and PP2A and has been shown to promote cancer cell growth in tumour cell lines and animal models.	6.13	38	ketal	animal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; marine metabolite; toxin
azaspiracid azaspiracid: a toxin from mussels produced in Ireland that caused multiple organ damage; structure in first source	2.11	1
atorvastatin calcium pinnatoxin G: isolated from Pinna muricata; structure in first source	2.6	1
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	6.75	72	ketal

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.	5.44	22
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.6	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.6	1
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.25	1
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.25	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.57	2
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.1	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.1	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.72	3
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	4.15	16
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.97	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.02	1
Palsy [description not available]	1.99	1
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	1.99	1
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.69	3

dinophysistoxin 2

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (18)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Roles (2)

Drug Classes (1)

Research

Studies (73)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.39

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