Compounds > antillatoxin
Page last updated: 2024-11-12

antillatoxin

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Description

antillatoxin: a neurotoxic lipopeptide from marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID10051827
CHEMBL ID464946
SCHEMBL ID1712142
MeSH IDM0336721

Synonyms (6)

Synonym
antillatoxin
(4r,5r)-antillatoxin
CHEMBL464946
SCHEMBL1712142
CCG-257579
Q21099685

Research Excerpts

Overview

Antillatoxin 1 is a unique natural product that displays potent neurotoxic and neuritogenic activities through activation of voltage-gated sodium channels. It is a lipopeptide derived from the pantropical marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Antillatoxin is a potent ichthyotoxin and cytotoxin previously discovered from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. "( Characterization of the preferred stereochemistry for the neuropharmacologic actions of antillatoxin.
Gerwick, WH; Li, WI; Marquez, BL; Murray, TF; Okino, T; Shioiri, T; Yokokawa, F, 2004)		1.99
"Antillatoxin is a cyclic peptide with potent neurotoxic and neuritogenic activities. "( The bulky side chain of antillatoxin is important for potent toxicity: rational design of photoresponsive cytotoxins based on SAR studies.
Inoue, M; Matsuoka, S; Okura, K, 2013)		2.14
"Antillatoxin 1 is a unique natural product that displays potent neurotoxic and neuritogenic activities through activation of voltage-gated sodium channels. "( Chemical construction and structural permutation of neurotoxic natural product, antillatoxin: importance of the three-dimensional structure of the bulky side chain.
Inoue, M, 2014)		2.07
"Antillatoxin (ATX) is a structurally novel lipopeptide that activates voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) leading to sodium influx in cerebellar granule neurons and cerebrocortical neurons 8 to 9 days in vitro (Li et al., 2001; Cao et al., 2008). "( Antillatoxin, a novel lipopeptide, enhances neurite outgrowth in immature cerebrocortical neurons through activation of voltage-gated sodium channels.
Dravid, SM; Gerwick, WH; Jabba, SV; Murray, TF; Prakash, A, 2010)		3.25
"Antillatoxin (ATX) is a structurally unique lipopeptide produced by the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. "( Antillatoxin is a sodium channel activator that displays unique efficacy in heterologously expressed rNav1.2, rNav1.4 and rNav1.5 α subunits.
Cao, Z; Gerwick, WH; Murray, TF, 2010)		3.25
"Antillatoxin (ATX) is a lipopeptide derived from the pantropical marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. "( Antillatoxin is a marine cyanobacterial toxin that potently activates voltage-gated sodium channels.
Berman, FW; Gerwick, WH; Li, WI; Murray, TF; Okino, T; Shioiri, T; Yokokawa, F, 2001)		3.2
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (37)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID400924Increase in cytoplasmic calcium influx in Sprague-Dawley rat CGN cells by FLIPR2004Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 67, Issue:4
Characterization of the preferred stereochemistry for the neuropharmacologic actions of antillatoxin.
AID1890218Activation of Akt phosphorylation in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron at 30 uM preincubated with NMDAR antagonist MK-801 followed by compound addition and measured after 30 mins by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890203Induction of aspartate release in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in aspartate concentration at 100 nM incubated for 2 hrs by HPLC based fluorescence method2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID400678Toxicity in Artemia salina1996Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 59, Issue:4
Barbamide, a chlorinated metabolite with molluscicidal activity from the Caribbean cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.
AID400676Ichthyotoxicity in Carassius auratus1996Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 59, Issue:4
Barbamide, a chlorinated metabolite with molluscicidal activity from the Caribbean cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.
AID400675Molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata at 25 ug/mL after 24 hrs1996Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 59, Issue:4
Barbamide, a chlorinated metabolite with molluscicidal activity from the Caribbean cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.
AID1890209Induction of glutamate release in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in glutamate release at 30 to 100 nM incubated for 2 hrs by HPLC based fluorescence method2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890211Activation of TrkB receptor in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in neurite outgrowth at 30 nM incubated for 24 hrs in the presence of TrkB inhibitor K252a by DiI dye based microscopic analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890212Activation of full length isoform of TrkB receptor (unknown origin) expressed in mouse cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in neurite length at 30 nM incubated for 24 hrs by DiI dye based microscopic analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890214Activation of PI3K signalling pathway in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as neurite outgrowth at 30 nM incubated for 30 mins in presence of PI3 kinase inhibitor LY-294002 by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890213Activation of TrkB receptor in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as phosphorylation of TrkB at Tyr516 residue at 30 nM incubated for 30 mins by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID357296Ichthyotoxicity in Carassius auratus2001Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 64, Issue:7
Antillatoxin B, a neurotoxic lipopeptide from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.
AID1890206Induction of BDNF release in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in BDNF release incubated for 4 days by sandwich ELISA method2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890204Induction of aspartate release in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in aspartate concentration at 30 nM incubated for 2 hrs by HPLC based fluorescence method2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890225Activation of TrkB receptor in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as phosphorylation of TrkB at Tyr516 residue at 30 nM incubated for 30 mins in presence of NMDAR antagonist MK-801 by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID400919Cytotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat CGN cells assessed as LDH release after 2 hrs in presence of 1 uM tetrodotoxin2004Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 67, Issue:4
Characterization of the preferred stereochemistry for the neuropharmacologic actions of antillatoxin.
AID1890220Activation of mTOR signalling pathway in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in neurite outgrowth at 30 uM incubated for 24 hrs in the presence of mTOR inhibitor rapamycin by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890215Activation of Akt signalling pathway in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in AKT phosphorylation of Ser473 by measuring fold change at 10 to 30 uM incubated for 24 hrs by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890208Induction of BDNF release in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in BDNF synthesis at 30 nM incubated for 30 mins by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID400922Increase in extracellular acidification rate in Sprague-Dawley rat CGN cells by cytosensor microphysiometer2004Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 67, Issue:4
Characterization of the preferred stereochemistry for the neuropharmacologic actions of antillatoxin.
AID400925Ichthyotoxicity against Carassius auratus2004Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 67, Issue:4
Characterization of the preferred stereochemistry for the neuropharmacologic actions of antillatoxin.
AID1890222Induction of BDNF release in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in BDNF synthesis at 30 nM incubated for 30 mins in presence of VGSC blocker TTX by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID357295Activation of voltage-sensitive sodium channel in mouse neuro2a cells2001Journal of natural products, Jul, Volume: 64, Issue:7
Antillatoxin B, a neurotoxic lipopeptide from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.
AID1890224Activation of TrkB receptor in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as phosphorylation of TrkB at Tyr516 residue at 30 nM incubated for 30 mins in presence of VGSC blocker TTX by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890205Induction of glutamate release in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in glutamate release at 30 nM incubated for 2 hrs by HPLC based fluorescence method2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890223Induction of BDNF release in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in BDNF synthesis at 30 nM incubated for 30 mins in presence of NMDAR antagonist MK-801 by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID400923Increase in extracellular acidification rate in Sprague-Dawley rat CGN cells at 100 nM by cytosensor microphysiometer2004Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 67, Issue:4
Characterization of the preferred stereochemistry for the neuropharmacologic actions of antillatoxin.
AID400918Cytotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat CGN cells assessed as LDH release after 2 hrs2004Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 67, Issue:4
Characterization of the preferred stereochemistry for the neuropharmacologic actions of antillatoxin.
AID400921Cytotoxicity against mouse Neuro2a cells2004Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 67, Issue:4
Characterization of the preferred stereochemistry for the neuropharmacologic actions of antillatoxin.
AID1890217Activation of Akt phosphorylation in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron at 30 uM preincubated with VGSC blocker TTX followed by compound addition and measured after 30 mins by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890216Activation of Akt phosphorylation in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron at 30 uM preincubated with PI3 kinase inhibitor LY-294002 followed by compound addition and measured after 30 min by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID400920Cytotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat CGN cells assessed as LDH release at 100 nM after 2 hrs in presence of 1 uM tetrodotoxin2004Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 67, Issue:4
Characterization of the preferred stereochemistry for the neuropharmacologic actions of antillatoxin.
AID1890210Induction of glutamate release in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in glutamate release at 100 nM incubated for 2 hrs by HPLC based fluorescence method2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890219Activation of Akt phosphorylation in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron at 30 uM preincubated with TrkB receptor inhibitor K252a followed by compound addition and measured after 30 mins by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1890221Activation of mTOR signalling pathway in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448 at 30 uM incubated for 3 hrs by western blot analysis2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
AID1246047Toxicity in goldfish2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 58, Issue:18
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: Structure, Function, Pharmacology, and Clinical Indications.
AID1890207Induction of BDNF release in Swiss Webster mouse immature cerebrocortical neuron assessed as increase in BDNF release at 100 to 3000 nM incubated for 4 days by sandwich ELISA method2022Journal of natural products, 03-25, Volume: 85, Issue:3
Antillatoxin-Stimulated Neurite Outgrowth Involves the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - Tropomyosin Related Kinase B (TrkB) Signaling Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (15)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's2 (13.33)18.2507
2000's4 (26.67)29.6817
2010's8 (53.33)24.3611
2020's1 (6.67)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 12.09

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index12.09 (24.57)
Research Supply Index2.77 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.86 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (12.09)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews2 (13.33%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other13 (86.67%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
veratridine
[no description available]		3.2110steroidsodium channel modulator
allyl bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
thiazoles
[no description available]		2101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		210aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.0510
ica-121431
ICA-121431: structure in first source		3.2110
curacin a
curacin A: RN refers to curacin A (the Z,E,E-isomer), the major lipid component of a strain of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula; structure given in first source		2.420thiazoles
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		2.0310boron group element atom
dextrorphan
Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.		210morphinane alkaloid
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		210azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		210maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
kalkitoxin
kalkitoxin: from marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula		710fatty amide
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		2.0510
zetekitoxin ab
zetekitoxin AB: a sodium channel blocker; isolated from the frog Atelopus zeteki; structure in first source		3.2110
pyrethrins
[no description available]		210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		0210
Channelopathies
A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.		03.0310
Aura
[description not available]		03.0310
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.0310
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		03.0310
Ache
[description not available]		03.0310
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		03.0310
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		03.0310
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.0310
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		03.0310
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		03.0310
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		03.0310