thiamethoxam profile

Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	5485188
CHEMBL ID	1896251
SCHEMBL ID	22917
SCHEMBL ID	22918
MeSH ID	M0374322
PubMed CID	107646
CHEMBL ID	3186997
CHEBI ID	39185
MeSH ID	M0374322

Synonym
NCGC00163938-01
(4z)-3-[(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl]-5-methyl-n-nitro-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-imine
NCGC00163938-02
NCGC00163938-03
tox21_301154
cas-153719-23-4
NCGC00255052-01
dtxcid0014962
AKOS015895937
CHEMBL1896251
SCHEMBL22917
SCHEMBL22918
Q-201820
bdbm50486232
AS-15235
Q63398180
c8h10cln5o3s
actara
adage
CHEBI:39185 ,
3-[(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl]-5-methyl-n-nitro-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-imine
thiamethoxam
153719-23-4
n-[3-[(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl]-5-methyl-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-ylidene]nitramide
n-(3-((2-chlorothiazol-5-yl)methyl)-5-methyl-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-ylidene)nitramide
dtxsid2034962 ,
3-(2-chloro-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl(1,3,5)oxadiazinan-4-ylidene-n-nitroamine
5-(2-chlorothiazol-5-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-4-nitroimino-perhydro-1,3,5-oxadiazine
3-(2-chloro-thiazol-5-yl-methyl)-5-methyl-4-nitroimino-perhydro-1,3,5-oxadiazine
NWWZPOKUUAIXIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
5-(2-chlorothiazol-5-ylmethyl)-3-methyl4-nitroimino-perhydro-1,3,5-oxadiazine
3-(2-chlorothiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-4-nitroimino-perhydro-1,3,5-oxadiazine
T3811
CHEMBL3186997
mfcd03792862
(e)-n-(3-((2-chlorothiazol-5-yl)methyl)-5-methyl-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-ylidene)nitramide
AKOS030228375
thiamethoxam 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
thiamethoxam 10 microg/ml in acetonitrile
3-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-ylidene(nitro)amine
thiamethaxam
(4e)-3-[(2-chloro-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl]-5-methyl-n-nitro- 1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-imine
F21370
n-[3-[(2-chlorothiazol-5-yl)methyl]-5-methyl-1,3,5-oxadiazinan-4-ylidene]nitramide
SY067048
thiamethoxam 1000 microg/ml in toluene

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Thiamethoxam (Thmx) is a globally used neonicotinoid pesticide contaminated in freshwater ecosystems with residues detected in fishery products. "	( Acute Toxicity of Insecticide Thiamethoxam to Crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus): Alterations in Oxidative Stress Markers, ATPases and Cholinesterase. Öz, ÖBM; Uçkun, AA; Uçkun, M; Yolo Lu, E, 2021)	2.35
"Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide widely applied in the Canadian Prairies. "	( Fate of thiamethoxam from treated seeds in mesocosms and response of aquatic invertebrate communities. Arentsen, M; Hanson, ML; Lobson, C; Lu, Z; Luong, K; Moore, D; Prosser, RS; Vanderpont, AK; Vera, T; White, MS; Wong, CS, 2022)	2.6
"Thiamethoxam is a commonly used neonicotinoid insecticide that acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist. "	( Embryonic Exposure to Thiamethoxam Reduces Survival and Alters Neurobehavior of Fathead Minnows. Duffy, S; Harrahy, E; King-Heiden, T; Victoria, S, 2022)	2.48
"Thiamethoxam is a commonly used systemic insecticide that translocates throughout plants, leaving residues in nectar and pollen."	( The pest control and pollinator protection dilemma: The case of thiamethoxam prophylactic applications in squash crops. Obregon, D; Pederson, G; Poveda, K; Taylor, A, 2022)	1.68
"Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide in pest control. "	( Impurity identification in thiamethoxam by high resolution mass spectrometry and computer assisted elucidation. Li, H; Li, X; Ma, W; Ma, Z; Tu, M; Yang, B; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Y, 2022)	2.46
"Thiamethoxam is a second-generation neonicotinoid insecticide and commonly used to control various aphids, but it also has adverse effects on natural enemies."	( Sublethal and transgenerational effects of exposures to the thiamethoxam on the seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Cheng, Z; Han, S; He, Y; Qin, Q; Wang, D; Zhang, S, 2022)	1.68
"Thiamethoxam (THM) is a commercial neonicotinoid insecticide with broad-spectrum insecticidal activity. "	( Effect of thiamethoxam on the behavioral profile alteration and toxicity of adult zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations. Fan, J; Guo, C; Luo, Y; Wang, W; Xu, J; Yang, J; Yin, X, 2023)	2.76
"Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a systemic neonicotinoid that acts as a partial agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). "	( What does not kill it makes it stronger! The tolerance of the F1 larvae of Chironomus xanthus to a neonicotinoid insecticide formulation. de Souza Saraiva, A; Dornelas, ASP; Gravato, C; Ribeiro, F; S Barbosa, R; Sarmento, RA; Soares, AMVM, 2023)	2.35
"Thiamethoxam (THIA) is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide. "	( Proteomic analysis reveals oxidative stress-induced activation of Hippo signaling in thiamethoxam-exposed Drosophila. Li, M; Li, X; Wang, X; Xue, X, 2023)	2.58
"Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a neonicotinoid insecticide, the residues of which have been detected on various crops. "	( Thiamethoxam induces meiotic arrest and reduces the quality of oocytes in cattle. Cui, XS; Kim, JY; Nie, ZW; Niu, YJ; Ock, SA; Zhou, W, 2019)	3.4
"Thiamethoxam (THIA) is a widely used pesticide. "	( Exploring the multilevel hazards of thiamethoxam using Drosophila melanogaster. Li, X; Liu, J; Wang, X, 2020)	2.28
"Thiamethoxam is a widely used pesticide applied to different field crops. "	( Dynamics and dietary risk assessment of thiamethoxam in wheat, lettuce and tomato using field experiments and computational simulation. Fan, X; Fantke, P; Hu, J; Pang, N; Zhao, S, 2020)	2.27
"Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide for its effective potential for controlling insects from the agricultural field, which might induce toxicity to the aquatic biota. "	( Modulatory role of dietary Thymus vulgaris essential oil and Bacillus subtilis against thiamethoxam-induced hepatorenal damage, oxidative stress, and immunotoxicity in African catfish (Clarias garipenus). Abdel-Daim, MM; Abdel-Latif, HM; El Euony, OI; El-Sayed, YS; Elblehi, SS, 2020)	2.22
"Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid that has been used to control insect pests. "	( Transmission Electron Microscopy as a Tool to Study the Toxicological Effects of Thiamethoxam in Workers of Bueno, OC; Pereira, MC; Poiani, SB, 2021)	2.29
"Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide used widely in agriculture to control a broad spectrum of chewing and sucking insect pests. "	( Comprehensive characterization of the acute and chronic toxicity of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam to a suite of aquatic primary producers, invertebrates, and fish. Baxter, LR; Finnegan, MC; Hanson, ML; Hoekstra, PF; Maul, JD, 2017)	2.11
"Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide commonly applied directly to the seeds (seed-treatment) of commercial snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. "	( Effects of Thiamethoxam-Treated Seed on Mexican Bean Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Nontarget Arthropods, and Crop Performance in Southwestern Virginia Snap Beans. Arancibia, R; Herbert, DA; Kring, T; Kuhar, TP; Nottingham, L; Schultz, P, 2017)	2.29
"Thiamethoxam is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide that has been detected in surface water monitoring programs in North America and Europe. "	( Response of the mayfly (Cloeon dipterum) to chronic exposure to thiamethoxam in outdoor mesocosms. Baxter, LR; Böhmer, W; Finnegan, MC; Hamer, M; Hanson, ML; Hoekstra, PF; Hommen, U; Pickford, DB; Stegger, P, 2018)	2.16
"Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a common neonicotinoid pesticide that bees can consume in nectar and pollen."	( A common neonicotinoid pesticide, thiamethoxam, alters honey bee activity, motor functions, and movement to light. Nieh, JC; Tosi, S, 2017)	1.46
"Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a non-mutagenic neonicotinoid insecticide that is widely used to combat different types of insects. "	( Thiamethoxam induced hepatotoxicity and pro-carcinogenicity in rabbits via motivation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and anti-apoptotic pathway. El Euony, OI; El Okle, OS; Khafaga, AF; Lebda, MA, 2018)	3.37
"Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum pesticide widely used in agricultural practice throughout the world. "	( Purinergic signaling as potential target of thiamethoxam-induced neurotoxicity using silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) as experimental model. Baldissera, MD; Baldisserotto, B; Golombieski, JI; Marchesan, E; Salbego, J; Seben, D; Sippert, LR; Souza, CF; Zanella, R, 2018)	2.18
"Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide that can reach wetlands in agro-ecosystems through runoff. "	( Fate of thiamethoxam in mesocosms and response of the zooplankton community. Hann, B; Hanson, ML; Lobson, C; Luong, K; Prosser, RS; Seburn, D; White, M; Wong, CS, 2018)	2.36
"Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide used widely in agriculture to control a broad spectrum of insect pests. "	( A freshwater mesocosm study into the effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam at multiple trophic levels. Baxter, LR; Emburey, S; Finnegan, MC; Hamer, M; Hanson, ML; Hoekstra, PF; Hommen, U; Thompson, H, 2018)	2.15
"Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a neonicotinoid insecticide. "	( Thiamethoxam inhibits blastocyst expansion and hatching via reactive-oxygen species-induced G2 checkpoint activation in pigs. Cui, XS; Kim, YH; Nie, ZW; Niu, YJ; Shin, KT; Zhou, W, 2019)	3.4
"Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a neurotoxic insecticide widely used for insect pest control. "	( Exposure to thiamethoxam during the larval phase affects synapsin levels in the brain of the honey bee. Malaspina, O; Nocelli, RCF; Roat, TC; Silva-Zacarin, ECM; Tavares, DA, 2019)	2.34
"Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide that, when applied to seed, has been observed to enhance seedling vigour under environmental stress conditions. "	( Thiamethoxam as a seed treatment alters the physiological response of maize (Zea mays) seedlings to neighbouring weeds. Afifi, M; Lee, E; Lukens, L; Swanton, C, 2015)	3.3
"Thiamethoxam is a systemic and contact pesticidal active substance in the neonicotinoid class of insecticides used worldwide to control a range of insects. "	( The degradation rate of thiamethoxam in European field studies. Hilton, MJ; Jarvis, TD; Ricketts, DC, 2016)	2.18
"Thiamethoxam is a widely used neonicotinoid pesticide that, as agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, has been shown to elicit a variety of sublethal effects in honey bees. "	( Effects of a neonicotinoid pesticide on thermoregulation of African honey bees (Apis mellifera scutellata). Démares, FJ; Human, H; Medrzycki, P; Nicolson, SW; Pirk, CW; Tosi, S, )	1.57
"Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide, a group of pesticides that acts selectively on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), with only a little action on mammalian nAChRs. "	( Behavioral and biochemical effects of neonicotinoid thiamethoxam on the cholinergic system in rats. Alfonso, M; Do Nascimento, JL; Durán, R; Faro, LR; Ferreira, VM; Maués, LA; Picanço-Diniz, DL; Rodrigues, KJ; Santana, MB; Santos, SN, 2010)	2.05
"Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a second-generation neonicotinoid which is known to induce toxic effects on insects and mammalians. "	( Thiamethoxam, a poor agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed on isolated cell bodies, acts as a full agonist at cockroach cercal afferent/giant interneuron synapses. Thany, SH, 2011)	3.25
"Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide that is not a mutagen, but it did cause a significant increase in liver cancer in mice, but not rats, in chronic dietary feeding studies. "	( Thiamethoxam induced mouse liver tumors and their relevance to humans. Part 2: species differences in response. Green, T; Lee, R; Noakes, J; Peffer, R; Robinson, M; Toghill, A; Waechter, F; Weber, E, 2005)	3.21
"Thiamethoxam (CGA 293'343) is a novel broad-spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide. "	( Enhancement of seed vigour following insecticide and phenolic elicitor treatment. Horii, A; McCue, P; Shetty, K, 2007)	1.78

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Thiamethoxam (TMX) has been registered for use on a wide range of crops due to its versatile application methods, however, there is limited literature evaluating the residue behaviors of TMX applied through root irrigation. "	( Translocation and dissipation of thiamethoxam applied by root irrigation in tomato plant-soil system. Cao, J; Li, J; Li, L; Liang, H; Pan, W; Yin, S, 2023)	2.63
"Thiamethoxam has emerged as an environmental contaminant detected in aqueous environments, and its endocrine-disrupting effect at chronic exposure in teleosts remains unknown. "	( Chronic thiamethoxam exposure impairs the HPG and HPT axes in adult Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus): Docking study, hormone levels, histology, and transcriptional responses. Li, N; Li, W; Wang, Z; Zha, J; Zhu, L, 2019)	2.39
"Thiamethoxam 75 SG has recently got registered for use against shoot borer and termites of sugarcane. "	( Dissipation Kinetics and Environmental Risk Assessment of Thiamethoxam in the Sandy Clay Loam Soil of Tropical Sugarcane Crop Ecosystem. Paramasivam, M; Ramasubramanian, T, 2020)	2.25
"Thiamethoxam (TMX) has been widely used over the last two decades. "	( An endophytic bacterial strain, Enterobacter cloacae TMX-6, enhances the degradation of thiamethoxam in rice plants. Cheng, J; Ge, J; Wan, Q; Wang, Y; Yu, X; Zhan, H, 2021)	2.29
"Thiamethoxam (TMX) has already been proven to have a physiological effect in plant tissue or cell expect for the insecticidal activity. "	( Thiamethoxam Metabolism and Metabolic Effects in Cell Suspension Culture of Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.). Cui, C; Ge, G; Hou, R; Jiao, W; Liao, G; Sun, J, 2019)	3.4
"Thiamethoxam has been used as a major insecticide to control the B-biotype sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). "	( Gene expression profiling in the thiamethoxam resistant and susceptible B-biotype sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Feng, YT; Jiao, XG; Li, RM; Liu, BM; Pan, HP; Wang, SI; Wu, QJ; Xie, W; Xu, BY; Yang, NN; Yang, X; Zhang, YJ; Zhou, XG, 2012)	2.1

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Thiamethoxam was found to enhance seedling vigour and to overcome the expression of typical shade avoidance characteristics in the presence of neighbouring weeds. "	( Thiamethoxam as a seed treatment alters the physiological response of maize (Zea mays) seedlings to neighbouring weeds. Afifi, M; Lee, E; Lukens, L; Swanton, C, 2015)	3.3

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Thiamethoxam treatments had similar mortality as the controls (p > 0.8)."	( Comparative toxicity of two neonicotinoid insecticides at environmentally relevant concentrations to telecoprid dung beetles. Cavallaro, MC; Hittson, S; Hladik, ML; Hoback, WW; Middleton, G, 2023)	1.63
"Thiamethoxam treated bees were further exposed to either thiamethoxam or Nosema (groups TT and TN), or simultaneously to both (group TTN)."	( Exposure of honey bee larvae to thiamethoxam and its interaction with Nosema ceranae infection in adult honey bees. Glavinić, U; Narat, M; Ristanić, M; Stanimirović, Z; Stevanović, J; Tesovnik, T; Zorc, M, 2020)	1.56
"Thiamethoxam treatment significantly affected soil bacterial abundance, reduced microbial diversity, and changed the bacterial community structure in the short term, and the structure soon returned to a stable state."	( Influence of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam on soil bacterial community composition and metabolic function. Gao, X; Luo, J; Ma, Y; Mei, X; Ning, J; She, D; Wang, Z; Wu, C, 2021)	1.61
"Thiamethoxam treatment doubled the proportion of pharate adults and reduced egg fertility in C."	( Sublethal and transgenerational effects of thiamethoxam applied to cotton seed on Chrysoperla externa and Harmonia axyridis. Carvalho, GA; Gontijo, PC; Oliveira, RL; Sâmia, RR, 2019)	1.5
"Thiamethoxam seed treatment was harmful for both predators, but C. "	( Sublethal and transgenerational effects of thiamethoxam applied to cotton seed on Chrysoperla externa and Harmonia axyridis. Carvalho, GA; Gontijo, PC; Oliveira, RL; Sâmia, RR, 2019)	2.22
"Thiamethoxam treatment activated metabolic pathways (e.g., drug metabolism), in which 118 transcripts were putatively linked to insecticide resistance, including up-regulated glutathione-S-transferase, UDP glucuronosyltransferase, glucosyl/glucuronosyl transferase, and cytochrome P450."	( Transcriptomic and proteomic responses of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, to thiamethoxam. Fang, Y; Li, R; Liu, B; Pan, H; Shi, X; Wang, S; Wu, Q; Xie, W; Xu, B; Yang, N; Yang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, X, 2013)	1.34
"Thiamethoxam treatment on sunflower seeds caused lethal and sublethal effects on O. "	( Non-target effects of two sunflower seed treatments on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Carvalho, GA; Gontijo, PC; Michaud, JP; Moscardini, VF, 2015)	1.86
"Thiamethoxam as a seed treatment has been observed to enhance seed germination."	( Maize (Zea mays) seeds can detect above-ground weeds; thiamethoxam alters the view. Afifi, M; Lee, E; Lukens, L; Swanton, C, 2015)	1.39
"Thiamethoxam treatments allowed the greatest soil penetration, whereas acetamiprid + bifenthrin treatments were the most inhibitory to soil penetration."	( Relative repellency and lethality of the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam and acetamiprid and an acetamiprid/bifenthrin combination to Reticulitermes flavipes termites. Koehler, PG; Pereira, RM; Smith, JA, 2008)	1.31
"Thiamethoxam treatments significantly reduced the germination percentage, root length, and weight gain in all the treatment groups (P < 0.05)."	( Physiological, anatomical, biochemical, and cytogenetic effects of thiamethoxam treatment on Allium cepa (amaryllidaceae) L. Çavuşoğlu, K; Sağir, S; Türkmen, Z; Yalçin, E; Yapar, K, 2012)	1.34
"Seed treatment with thiamethoxam 600 g/l at 0.6 g a.i./kg showed insufficient protection."	( Effects of seed coatings with thiamethoxam on germination and flea beetle control in flax. Ester, A; Huiting, HF, 2007)	0.94

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In worst-case laboratory conditions, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid and acetamiprid were exceptionally toxic to this predacious mirid."	( The intrinsic toxicity of several neonicotinoids to Lygus lineolaris and Hyaliodes vitripennis, a phytophagous and a predacious mirid. Bostanian, NJ; Hardman, JM; Racette, G; Ventard, E, 2005)	0.6
" Thiamethoxam was much less toxic than insecticides previously tested."	( Toxicity of thiamethoxam and mixtures of chlorantraniliprole plus acetamiprid, esfenvalerate, or thiamethoxam to neonates of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Jones, MM; Robertson, JL; Weinzierl, RA, 2012)	1.67
" Tier II evaluation by spray of pesticides at their field recommended doses on potted mustard plants showed monocrotophos as the highly toxic insecticide with 100% mortality even with 1h of exposure followed by thiamethoxam, dichlorvos, profenofos and chlorpyriphos which are not to be recommended for use in pollinator attractive flowering plants."	( Evaluation of pesticide toxicity at their field recommended doses to honeybees, Apis cerana and A. mellifera through laboratory, semi-field and field studies. Bhatt, JC; Jain, SK; Sah, K; Stanley, J; Sushil, SN, 2015)	0.6
" Thiamethoxam and lead acetate when administered together did not lead to any new altered immunotoxic response but additive toxic effects of both were observed."	( Study on the impact of lead acetate pollutant on immunotoxicity produced by thiamethoxam pesticide. Sinha, S; Thaker, AM, )	1.27
"The paper is aimed to establish a method of residue analysis for thiamethoxam and to study its degradation dynamic and final residue and its standard of safe application of thiamethoxam on Lonicera japonica."	( [Study on standard of safe application of thiamethoxam on GAP of Lonicera japonica]. Ding, WL; Dong, J; Li, Y; Liu, YN; Wang, PS; Zhang, JL, 2015)	0.92
" Toxic equivalence relative to imidacloprid was estimated through a 3-point response average of equivalencies calculated at 20%, 50%, and 90% lethal and effect concentrations."	( Comparative chronic toxicity of imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam to Chironomus dilutus and estimation of toxic equivalency factors. Cavallaro, MC; Headley, JV; Liber, K; Morrissey, CA; Peru, KM, 2017)	0.69
"Neonicotinoid residues can be present in soybean vegetative tissue, prey insects, and flower tissues, possibly making them toxic to pollinators and natural enemies."	( Thiamethoxam Toxicity and Effects on Consumption Behavior in Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on Soybean. Camargo, C; Giesler, LJ; Hunt, TE; Siegfried, BD, 2017)	1.9
" Considering all lines of evidence, the quality of the studies included in this analysis was variable, but the results of the studies were consistent and point to the same conclusion - that IMI had no adverse effects on viability of the honeybee colony."	( Quantitative weight of evidence assessment of higher-tier studies on the toxicity and risks of neonicotinoids in honeybees. 2. Imidacloprid. Solomon, KR; Stephenson, GL, 2017)	0.46
" For exposures via dust, there were no adverse effects because of these applications and there were no exposures greater than the NOAED for CTD in nectar and pollen."	( Quantitative weight of evidence assessment of higher tier studies on the toxicity and risks of neonicotinoids in honeybees. 3. Clothianidin. Solomon, KR; Stephenson, GL, 2017)	0.46
" Although some risks were identified for potential exposures via guttation fluid, this route of exposure is incomplete; no apparent adverse effects were observed in field studies."	( Quantitative weight of evidence assessment of higher tier studies on the toxicity and risks of neonicotinoids in honeybees. 4. Thiamethoxam. Solomon, KR; Stephenson, GL, 2017)	0.66
" Based on the LC50s and LC75s, dicrotophos was much less toxic than the other chemicals tested."	( Toxicity of Bifenthrin and Mixtures of Bifenthrin Plus Acephate, Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, or Dicrotophos to Adults of Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae). Duckworth, JL; Jones, MM; Robertson, J, 2018)	0.71
"0 toxic unit tended to shift sex-ratios toward more male-dominated populations."	( Can chronic exposure to imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam mixtures exert greater than additive toxicity in Chironomus dilutus? Headley, JV; Liber, K; Maloney, EM; Morrissey, CA; Peru, KM, 2018)	0.73
" Evaluating the toxic effects of insecticides on such predatory mites is essential for the success and development of IPM."	( Toxicity of six insecticides to predatory mite Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in- and off-field. Cheng, S; Huang, J; Jiang, H; Lin, R; Ren, X; Wang, S; Yu, C; Yuan, S; Zhang, N; Zhou, X, 2018)	0.48
" Using experimental in-situ enclosures (limnocorrals), we exposed wetland insects to single-compounds and binary mixtures at equitoxic concentrations (1 toxic unit under the principle of Concentration Addition)."	( Neonicotinoid insecticide mixtures: Evaluation of laboratory-based toxicity predictions under semi-controlled field conditions. Headley, JV; Liber, K; Maloney, EM; Morrissey, CA; Peru, KM, 2018)	0.48
" Today, new tools are developed to reduce pesticide adverse effects."	( Cardiotoxicity and myocardial infarction-associated DNA damage induced by thiamethoxam in vitro and in vivo: Protective role of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed-derived polysaccharide. Ben Amara, I; Ben Saad, H; Bkhairia, I; Boudawara, O; Droguet, M; Feki, A; Ktari, N; Magné, C; Naifar, M; Nasri, M, 2019)	0.74
" We found no difference in the LD50 of thiamethoxam on bumblebees that had or had not been inoculated with the parasite (Crithidia bombi)."	( A Combined LD50 for Agrochemicals and Pathogens in Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris [Hymenoptera: Apidae]). Brown, MJF; Matthews, AJ; Siviter, H, 2022)	0.99
" This study provides evidence for the first time on the toxic effects of thiamethoxam on the growth, biochemistry, intestinal flora, and transcriptome in crustaceans."	( Combined toxic effects of thiamethoxam on intestinal flora, transcriptome and physiology of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Chen, L; Fu, Z; Han, F; Huang, K; Li, E; Qin, JG; Zhang, J, 2022)	1.25
"The information about toxic effects of thiamethoxam on non-target aquatic organisms is still incomplete."	( Acute toxic effects of thiamethoxam on Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Cui, Q; Sun, Y; Yuan, C, 2022)	1.3
" The work presented herein focuses on developing a feasible quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method with improved extraction and cleanup system for the determination of imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin (a metabolite of thiamethoxam) in canned fruits."	( Ethanol-ammonium sulfate system based modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the determination of four neonicotinoid pesticide and metabolite residues in two canned fruits. Chen, X; Gao, Y; Huang, M; Xu, Z; Yu, G, 2022)	0.91
" The antioxidant and detoxification systems (including phases I and II) were significantly activated after exposure of juvenile crabs to thiamethoxam for 24 h in 300 µg/L group, whereas the toxic activation effect in 150 μg/L group was delayed."	( Acute thiamethoxam exposure induces hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity in juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Chen, L; He, L; Huang, Y; Li, E; Qin, J; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Yu, Q; Zhang, C, 2023)	1.59
" Imidacloprid was significantly more toxic than thiamethoxam under each exposure scenario."	( Comparative toxicity of two neonicotinoid insecticides at environmentally relevant concentrations to telecoprid dung beetles. Cavallaro, MC; Hittson, S; Hladik, ML; Hoback, WW; Middleton, G, 2023)	1.17

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Finally, the validity of the ELISA combined with the proposed extraction method was verified against a reference high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using real-world agricultural samples."	( Rapid and simple immunochemical screening combined with hand-shaking extraction for thiamethoxam residue in agricultural products. Kobara, Y; Miyake, S; Watanabe, E, 2013)	0.61
"The evaluated ELISA combined with hand-shaking extraction provided a rapid and simple screening analysis that was quantitative and reliable for the detection of thiamethoxam in complex agricultural products."	( Rapid and simple immunochemical screening combined with hand-shaking extraction for thiamethoxam residue in agricultural products. Kobara, Y; Miyake, S; Watanabe, E, 2013)	0.81
"The objective of this study was to develop analytical method based on optimized dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) as a pretreatment procedure combined with reversed phase liquid chromatographic separation on C18 column and isocratic elution for simultaneous MS/MS determination of selected neonicotinoid insecticides in honey."	( Multi-residue method for determination of selected neonicotinoid insecticides in honey using optimized dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Banjac, V; Franko, M; Guzsvány, V; Jovanov, P; Lazić, S; Sakač, M; Šarić, B, 2013)	0.39
" Compared to atrazine alone, we detected higher glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities (oxidative stress biomarkers) when atrazine was combined with either endosulfan or indoxacarb."	( Effects of endosulfan, thiamethoxam, and indoxacarb in combination with atrazine on multi-biomarkers in Gammarus kischineffensis. Asma, D; Demirci, Ö; Güven, K; Öğüt, S; Uğurlu, P, 2018)	0.79
" Therefore, it is important to assess the potential effects of chronic exposure to sulfoxaflor, alone and in combination with fungicides, on pollinators."	( Effects of chronic exposure to the new insecticide sulfoxaflor in combination with a SDHI fungicide in a solitary bee. Azpiazu, C; Bosch, J; Martins, C; Sgolastra, F, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The decreased bioavailability and increased persistence of THI resulted mainly from the higher sorption capacity of BC450 to THI and CLO, which, in turn, enhanced the soil sorption capacity."	( Biochar reduced Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum) uptake and dissipation of thiamethoxam in an agricultural soil. Jiang, H; Li, F; Li, Y; Sun, K; Suo, F; You, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, G; Zhao, M; Zheng, H, 2020)	0.79
"Characterization and genetic engineering of plant transporters involved in the pesticide uptake and translocation facilitate pesticide relocation to the tissue where the pests feed, thus improving the bioavailability of the agrichemicals."	( An amino acid transporter-like protein (OsATL15) facilitates the systematic distribution of thiamethoxam in rice for controlling the brown planthopper. Akihiro, T; Huang, T; Li, Z; Lin, F; Xiao, Y; Xu, H; Xu, J; Zhang, H, 2022)	0.94

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Numbers of live whiteflies were well correlated with the dosage of active ingredients."	( Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton. Greenberg, SM; Liu, TX; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.37
" Numbers of live whiteflies were well correlated with the dosage of active ingredients."	( Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton. Greenberg, SM; Liu, TX; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.71
" Results showed that bumble bee workers survived fewer days when presented with syrup dosed at 98 μg thiamethoxamkg(-1), while production of brood (eggs and larvae) and consumption of syrup and pollen in microcolonies were significantly reduced by thiamethoxam only at the two highest concentrations (39, 98 μgkg(-1))."	( Effects of the neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam at field-realistic levels on microcolonies of Bombus terrestris worker bumble bees. Cotterell, KC; Cresswell, JE; Laycock, I; O'Shea-Wheller, TA, 2014)	0.89
" These results contribute to establishing the scientific basis of the dosage of thiamethoxam for use in vegetable-field ecosystems."	( Residue and dissipation kinetics of thiamethoxam in a vegetable-field ecosystem using QuEChERS methodology combined with HPLC-DAD. Abd-Alrahman, SH, 2014)	0.9
" Additionally, a clear dose-response relationship was found for DNA damage."	( Thiamethoxam induces oxidative stress and antioxidant response in zebrafish (Danio Rerio) livers. Chen, AM; Wang, J; Wang, JH; Yan, SH; Zhu, LS, 2016)	1.88
" As previously found in honey bees, the dose-response relationship for imidacloprid exhibited a biphasic hormesis with low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition, for which we propose a mechanism."	( The effect of dietary neonicotinoid pesticides on non-flight thermogenesis in worker bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). Clarke, RM; Cresswell, JE; Hempel de Ibarra, N; Oldfield, SE; Potts, R; Wood, LK, 2018)	0.48
" This paper reports the combined results of two large-scale colony-feeding studies, each with 6 weeks of continuous dosing of 12 colonies per treatment (24 control) to 12."	( Thiamethoxam: Long-term effects following honey bee colony-level exposure and implications for risk assessment. Bocksch, S; Feken, M; Hill, M; Overmyer, J; Ruddle, N; Scorgie, E; Thompson, H; Vaughan, S, 2019)	1.96
" Furthermore, thiamethoxam dosage did not appear to influence the parasite intensity of surviving bumblebees, and there was no effect of either parasite or insecticide on sucrose consumption."	( A Combined LD50 for Agrochemicals and Pathogens in Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris [Hymenoptera: Apidae]). Brown, MJF; Matthews, AJ; Siviter, H, 2022)	1.08
" Bees associated with the mites showed higher larval survivorship rates, even in the dosed ones, and revealed changes in the developmental time and body size."	( Fungivorous mites enhance the survivorship and development of stingless bees even when exposed to pesticides. Dorigo, AS; Malaquias, JB; Malaspina, O; Nocelli, RCF; Pachú, JKS; Rosa-Fontana, AS; Tosi, S, 2022)	0.72
" High degradation efficiencies of CLO were achieved with a high PMS dosage and temperature or a low CLO concentration and initial pH."	( Efficient degradation of clothianidin and thiamethoxam in contaminated soil by peroxymonosulfate process. Jia, C; Wang, F; Wu, J; Xin, J; Zhang, H; Zhuang, M; Zou, Z, 2023)	1.17
" The findings demonstrate that the composite effectively degrades THX, achieving a degradation rate of 95% in 30 mins, while requiring only a fraction (one-sixteenth) of the oxidant dosage compared to pure carbon."	( Co-Mn-Fe spinel-carbon composite catalysts enhanced persulfate activation for degradation of neonicotinoid insecticides: (Non) radical path identification, degradation pathway and toxicity analysis. Bai, M; Chai, Y; Chen, A; Chen, Y; Jin, D; Shao, J; Xiong, J; Yang, Z; Yuan, J; Zhao, K; Zhu, S, 2023)	0.91

Role	Description
antifeedant	A substance that prevents pests from feeding.
carcinogenic agent	A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
environmental contaminant	Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
xenobiotic	A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
neonicotinoid insectide	A class of neuro-active insecticides that act at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
oxadiazane
1,3-thiazoles
organochlorine compound	An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
2-nitroguanidine derivative	Any nitroguanidine derivative resulting from the replacement of one or more hydrogens of 2-nitroguanidine by an organyl group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
farnesoid X nuclear receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0032	0.3758	27.4851	61.6524	AID588527
aryl hydrocarbon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	76.9588	0.0007	23.0674	1,258.9301	AID743085
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.3685	0.0016	28.0151	77.1139	AID1259385
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0708	0.0100	39.5371	1,122.0200	AID588545
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	54.4827	0.0006	27.2152	1,122.0200	AID651741
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Polyphenol oxidase 2	Agaricus bisporus	IC50 (µMol)	1,000.0000	0.0340	3.9871	10.0000	AID1082239
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (167)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1111173	Synergism ratio, Ratio of LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in presence of triphenyl phosphate	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1103867	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as repellency at 0.1600 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 48 hr (Rvb = 13.6%)	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1111177	Insecticidal activity against B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay in presence of piperonyl butoxide	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111172	Synergism ratio, Ratio of LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in presence of diethylmaleate	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111082	Insecticidal activity against Anomala orientalis assessed as mortality after 20 days	2010	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological, biorational and chemical control products.
AID1111947	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as fecundity at LC20 concentration	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1112207	Insecticidal activity against Paralobesia viteana infested grapevine assessed as reduction in clusters infested with moth by early-season irrigation injection method (Rvb = 34.3 +/- 4.4 %)	2012	Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Soil application of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of insect pests in wine grape vineyards.
AID1112903	Displacement of [3H]-methyl-SFX from nAChR in Myzus persicae 4106A (green peach aphid) membrane after 70 min	2013	Pest management science, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Investigating the mode of action of sulfoxaflor: a fourth-generation neonicotinoid.
AID1111076	Insecticidal activity against Popillia japonica assessed as mortality after 20 days	2010	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological, biorational and chemical control products.
AID1104200	Resistance factor, ratio of LC50 for adult female Bemisia tabaci B-biotype NJ-Imi (sweet potato whitefly) (G30) to LC50 for adult female B-type Bemisia tabaci NJ	2009	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci.
AID1112782	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis TF (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1104202	Insecticidal activity against adult female imidacloprid-resistant Bemisia tabaci B-biotype NJ-Imi (sweet potato whitefly) (G30) in cotton leaf discs assessed as mortality treated for 10 secs prior to adult infestation measured after 72 hr by leaf-dip bioa	2009	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci.
AID1112806	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in two to three-leaf stage rice plants assessed as mortality treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1111192	Resistant ratio, ratio of LC50 for T17 generation of B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly)	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104865	Insecticidal activity against nymph stage of Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cotton leaves assessed as increase in mortality at 0.342 mg ai/seed measured 2 weeks post sowing to 9 weeks under field conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 67, Issue:2	Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton.
AID1104885	Insecticidal activity against adult Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cotton leaves assessed as effect on laid eggs at 0.342 mg ai/seed measured 10 to 40 days post germination under laboratory conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 67, Issue:2	Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton.
AID1112818	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in rice plants assessed as mortality at 21 ug treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding (Rvb = 3.8 +/- 1.8%)	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1082238	Inhibition of Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) AOX in liver cytosol	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1112898	Resistance index, ratio of LC50 for neonicotinoid-resistant Myzus persicae FRC-P (green peach aphid) to LC50 for Myzus persicae 4106A	2013	Pest management science, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Investigating the mode of action of sulfoxaflor: a fourth-generation neonicotinoid.
AID1103878	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as average number of eggs laid (fecundity) at 0.1600 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr (Rvb	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1082237	Inhibition of xanthine oxidase	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1112845	Drug level in Urochloa mutica (buffalo grass) measured per gram of fresh weight at 9.6 kg/ha measured 28 days after treatment	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Effect of distribution and concentration of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides, leaf tissues on the differential mortality of Blissus occiduus under field conditions.
AID1104867	Insecticidal activity against adult Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cotton leaves assessed as increase in mortality at 0.342 mg ai/seed measured 2 weeks post sowing to 9 weeks under field conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 67, Issue:2	Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton.
AID1111191	Insecticidal activity against T33 generation of B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1082242	Phytotoxicity against Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) seedlings assessed as lesions at 50 to 100 ppm after 9 days	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1104721	Insecticidal activity against pymetrozine-selected Bemisia tabaci B1B3 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104744	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q Q3 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111078	Insecticidal activity against Maladera castanea assessed as mortality after 20 days	2010	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological, biorational and chemical control products.
AID1111080	Insecticidal activity against Maladera castanea assessed as mortality after 10 days	2010	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological, biorational and chemical control products.
AID1111187	Insecticidal activity against B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111081	Insecticidal activity against Anomala orientalis assessed as mortality after 30 days	2010	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological, biorational and chemical control products.
AID1112866	Insecticidal activity against second generation Blissus occiduus in buffalograss under field condition assessed as reduction in number at 19.1 kg/ha measured 3 days after treatment	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Effect of distribution and concentration of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides, leaf tissues on the differential mortality of Blissus occiduus under field conditions.
AID1082244	Phytotoxicity against Glycine max (soybean) seedlings assessed as lesions in unfoliolate leaves at 100 ppm after 9 days	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1103905	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as corrected mortality at 2x0.1600 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1111188	Insecticidal activity against T17 generation of B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112789	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis R1S (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1104880	Insecticidal activity against adult Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cotton leaves assessed as decrease in egg deposition at 0.342 mg ai/seed measured 10 to 40 days post germination under laboratory conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 67, Issue:2	Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton.
AID1111174	Synergism ratio, Ratio of LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in presence of piperonyl butoxide	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112863	Insecticidal activity against second generation Blissus occiduus in buffalograss under field condition assessed as reduction in number at 19.1 kg/ha measured 7 days after treatment	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Effect of distribution and concentration of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides, leaf tissues on the differential mortality of Blissus occiduus under field conditions.
AID1111085	Insecticidal activity against Amphimallon majalis (European chafer) assessed as mortality after 20 days	2010	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological, biorational and chemical control products.
AID1104884	Insecticidal activity against adult Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cotton leaves assessed as increase in mortality at 0.342 mg ai/seed measured 10 to 40 days post germination under laboratory conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 67, Issue:2	Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton.
AID1112850	Drug level in Urochloa mutica (buffalo grass) measured per gram of fresh weight at 9.6 kg/ha measured 7 days after treatment	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Effect of distribution and concentration of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides, leaf tissues on the differential mortality of Blissus occiduus under field conditions.
AID1112819	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in rice plants assessed as mortality at 14 ug treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding (Rvb = 3.8 +/- 1.8%)	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1112804	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in five to six-leaf stage rice plants assessed as mortality treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1111949	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as inhibition of honeydew excretion at LC20 concentration measured after 72 hr by dipping method	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1112860	Insecticidal activity against second generation Blissus occiduus in buffalograss under field condition assessed as reduction in number at 19.1 kg/ha measured 28 days after treatment	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Effect of distribution and concentration of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides, leaf tissues on the differential mortality of Blissus occiduus under field conditions.
AID1104742	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B3 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111086	Insecticidal activity against Amphimallon majalis (European chafer) assessed as mortality after 10 days	2010	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological, biorational and chemical control products.
AID1112020	Insecticidal activity against Drosophila suzukii assessed as male mortality at 3.31 g/ha by direct application at 22 degC measured after 24 hr	2011	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 67, Issue:11	Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops.
AID1111184	Resistant ratio, ratio of LC50 for T33 generation of B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly)	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112847	Drug level in Urochloa mutica (buffalo grass) measured per gram of fresh weight at 9.6 kg/ha measured 14 days after treatment	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Effect of distribution and concentration of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides, leaf tissues on the differential mortality of Blissus occiduus under field conditions.
AID1103900	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as corrected mortality at 0.1600 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1112858	Insecticidal activity against second generation Blissus occiduus in buffalograss under field condition assessed as reduction in number at 19.1 kg/ha measured 55 days after treatment	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Effect of distribution and concentration of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides, leaf tissues on the differential mortality of Blissus occiduus under field conditions.
AID1104719	Insecticidal activity against thiamethoxam-selected Bemisia tabaci B1B3 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111183	Insecticidal activity against B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112791	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis TFB (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1104746	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q Q2 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112211	Insecticidal activity against Popillia japonica at 240 g/kg SC assessed as reduction in leaf damage measured after 35 days by irrigation injection method (Rvb = 50.97 +/- 7.2 %)	2012	Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Soil application of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of insect pests in wine grape vineyards.
AID1082232	Inhibition of xanthine oxidase at IC50 concentration	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1111956	Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii SS (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as mortality measured after 48 hr by dipping method	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1112839	Insecticidal activity against first generation Blissus occiduus in buffalograss under field condition assessed as reduction in number at 19.1 kg/ha measured 8 days after treatment	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Effect of distribution and concentration of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides, leaf tissues on the differential mortality of Blissus occiduus under field conditions.
AID1082233	Inhibition of Agaricus bisporus (mushroom) tyrosinase at IC50 concentration	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1111171	Synergism ratio, Ratio of LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in presence of piperonyl butoxide	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112788	Resistance factor, LC50 for Frankliniella occidentalis PPP (western flower thrips) to LC50 for Frankliniella occidentalis TFR	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1112809	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in rice plants assessed as leaf consumption rate per day at 21 ug treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding (Rvb = 8.3 +/- 0.5 mm'2 /day)	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1111954	Resistance ratio, LC50 for Aphis gossypii RF45 (cotton aphid) to LC50 for Aphis gossypii SS	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1112022	Insecticidal activity against Drosophila suzukii assessed as male mortality at 112.3 g/ha by direct application at 22 degC measured after 24 hr	2011	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 67, Issue:11	Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops.
AID1111084	Insecticidal activity against Amphimallon majalis (European chafer) assessed as mortality after 30 days	2010	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological, biorational and chemical control products.
AID1082239	Inhibition of Agaricus bisporus (mushroom) tyrosinase	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1104873	Insecticidal activity against adult Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cotton leaves assessed as decrease in egg production at 0.342 mg ai/seed measured 10 to 40 days post germination under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 67, Issue:2	Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton.
AID1112817	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in rice plants assessed as mortality at 28 ug treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding (Rvb = 3.8 +/- 1.8%)	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1112213	Insecticidal activity against Popillia japonica at 240 g/kg SC assessed as moribund behaviour measured after 10 to 19 days by irrigation injection method	2012	Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Soil application of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of insect pests in wine grape vineyards.
AID1112224	Insecticidal activity against Popillia japonica at 240 g/kg SC measured after 1 to 24 days by irrigation injection method	2012	Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Soil application of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of insect pests in wine grape vineyards.
AID1104882	Insecticidal activity against nymph stage of Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cotton leaves assessed as increase in mortality at 0.342 mg ai/seed measured 10 to 40 days post germination under laboratory conditions relative to untreated cont	2011	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 67, Issue:2	Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton.
AID1111179	Insecticidal activity against B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay in presence of triphenyl phosphate	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112023	Insecticidal activity against Drosophila suzukii assessed as male mortality at 2.3 g/ha by direct application at 22 degC measured after 24 hr	2011	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 67, Issue:11	Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops.
AID1091986	Insecticidal activity against Aphis medicaginis assessed as insect mortality at 10 mg/L measured after 72 hr post compound treatment	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1	Chiral 1,5-disubstituted 1,3,5-hexahydrotriazine-2-N-nitroimine analogues as novel potent neonicotinoids: Synthesis, insecticidal evaluation and molecular docking studies.
AID1112900	Insecticidal activity against neonicotinoid-resistant Myzus persicae FRC-P (green peach aphid) fed on compound treated chinese cabbage discs after 72 hr	2013	Pest management science, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Investigating the mode of action of sulfoxaflor: a fourth-generation neonicotinoid.
AID1103873	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as repellency at 0.1600 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 24 hr (Rvb = 3.6%)	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1111189	Insecticidal activity against T28 generation of B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112783	Resistance factor, LC50 for Frankliniella occidentalis R1S (western flower thrips) to LC50 for Frankliniella occidentalis TF	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1082231	Inhibition of Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) AOX in liver cytosol at IC50 concentration	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1104875	Insecticidal activity against nymph stage of Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cotton leaves assessed as increase in mortality at 0.342 mg ai/seed measured 10 to 40 days post germination under green house conditions relative to untreated con	2011	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 67, Issue:2	Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton.
AID1104716	Insecticidal activity against pymetrozine-selected Bemisia tabaci B2 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111186	Resistant ratio, ratio of LC50 for T28 generation of B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly)	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111955	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii RF45 (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as mortality measured after 48 hr by dipping method	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1112784	Resistance factor, LC50 for Frankliniella occidentalis MOJO (western flower thrips) to LC50 for Frankliniella occidentalis TF	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1111182	Insecticidal activity against B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1103908	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as corrected mortality at 4x0.1600 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1103861	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as repellency at 0.1600 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr (Rvb = 16.1%)	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1112810	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in rice plants assessed as leaf consumption rate per day at 14 ug treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding (Rvb = 8.3 +/- 0.5 mm'2 /day)	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1111169	Synergism ratio, Ratio of LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in presence of diethylmaleate	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112807	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in rice plants assessed as leaf consumption rate per day at 35 ug treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding (Rvb = 8.3 +/- 0.5 mm'2 /day)	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1104715	Selectivity ratio of LC50 for pymetrozine-selected Bemisia tabaci B2 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci B2	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104730	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q Q3 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112208	Insecticidal activity against Paralobesia viteana infested grapevine assessed as reduction in clusters infested with moth by mid-season irrigation injection method (Rvb = 11 +/- 1.9 %)	2012	Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Soil application of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of insect pests in wine grape vineyards.
AID1104724	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci B1B3 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111077	Insecticidal activity against Popillia japonica assessed as mortality after 10 days	2010	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological, biorational and chemical control products.
AID1112787	Resistance factor, LC50 for Frankliniella occidentalis R1S (western flower thrips) to LC50 for Frankliniella occidentalis TFR	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1104871	Drug uptake in Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) leaf at 0.342 mg ai/seed measured 10 days post germination under green house conditions	2011	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 67, Issue:2	Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton.
AID1111079	Insecticidal activity against Maladera castanea assessed as mortality after 30 days	2010	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological, biorational and chemical control products.
AID1112781	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis MOJO (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1112795	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis TFB (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 50 mg/l at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1112808	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in rice plants assessed as leaf consumption rate per day at 28 ug treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding (Rvb = 8.3 +/- 0.5 mm'2 /day)	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1104747	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci LABS (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104729	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B1 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112842	Insecticidal activity against first generation Blissus occiduus in buffalograss under field condition assessed as reduction in number at 19.1 kg/ha measured 3 days after treatment	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Effect of distribution and concentration of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides, leaf tissues on the differential mortality of Blissus occiduus under field conditions.
AID1082320	Adulticidal activity against female Bemisia tabaci biotype B (sweet potato whitefly) in cucumber leaves assessed as residual contact toxicity treated for 30 secs before adult insect infestation measured after 24 hr by leaf dip bioassay	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Aug-10, Volume: 59, Issue:15	Adulticidal activity of phthalides identified in Cnidium officinale rhizome to B- and Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci.
AID1111083	Insecticidal activity against Anomala orientalis assessed as mortality after 10 days	2010	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological, biorational and chemical control products.
AID1111075	Insecticidal activity against Popillia japonica assessed as mortality after 30 days	2010	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 66, Issue:1	Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf-infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological, biorational and chemical control products.
AID1111190	Insecticidal activity against T30 generation of B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1082241	Phytotoxicity against Zea mays (maize) seedlings assessed as lesions at 50 to 100 ppm after 9 days	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1091987	Insecticidal activity against Aphis medicaginis assessed as insect mortality at 100 mg/L measured after 72 hr post compound treatment	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1	Chiral 1,5-disubstituted 1,3,5-hexahydrotriazine-2-N-nitroimine analogues as novel potent neonicotinoids: Synthesis, insecticidal evaluation and molecular docking studies.
AID1112852	Drug level in Urochloa mutica (buffalo grass) measured per gram of fresh weight at 9.6 kg/ha measured 3 days after treatment	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Effect of distribution and concentration of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides, leaf tissues on the differential mortality of Blissus occiduus under field conditions.
AID1082321	Biotype susceptibility ratio, ratio of LC50 for female adult Bemisia tabaci biotype Q (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for female adult Bemisia tabaci biotype B	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Aug-10, Volume: 59, Issue:15	Adulticidal activity of phthalides identified in Cnidium officinale rhizome to B- and Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci.
AID1111170	Synergism ratio, Ratio of LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in presence of triphenyl phosphate	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104726	Selectivity ratio of LC50 for pymetrozine-selected Bemisia tabaci B1B3 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci B1B3	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1103890	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as average number of eggs laid (fecundity) at 0.1600 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 24 hr (Rvb	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1111953	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as reduction in body weight at LC20 concentration measured after 24 hr by dipping method (Rvb = 0.33 +/- 0.0004 mg/aphid)	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1111176	Insecticidal activity against B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay in presence of triphenyl phosphate	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112820	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in rice plants assessed as mortality at 7 ug treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding (Rvb = 3.8 +/- 1.8%)	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1082240	Phytotoxicity against Vitis vinifera seedlings assessed as lesions at 50 to 100 ppm after 9 days	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1103914	Ovicidal activity against Metaseiulus occidentalis eggs in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as corrected cumulative mortality at 250 g/kg WG formulation treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 14	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1112028	Insecticidal activity against Drosophila suzukii assessed as mortality at 70.2 g/ha by direct application at 22 degC measured after 24 hr	2011	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 67, Issue:11	Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops.
AID1104869	Drug uptake in Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) cotyledon at 0.342 mg ai/seed measured 10 days post germination under green house conditions	2011	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 67, Issue:2	Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton.
AID1112902	Displacement of [3H]IMD from nAChR in Myzus persicae 4106A (green peach aphid) membrane after 70 min	2013	Pest management science, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Investigating the mode of action of sulfoxaflor: a fourth-generation neonicotinoid.
AID1103884	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as average number of eggs laid (fecundity) at 0.1600 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 48 hr (Rvb	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1104718	Selectivity ratio of LC50 for thiamethoxam-selected Bemisia tabaci B1B3 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci B1B3	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112021	Insecticidal activity against Drosophila suzukii assessed as male mortality at 41 g/ha by direct application at 22 degC measured after 24 hr	2011	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 67, Issue:11	Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops.
AID1111950	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as reduction in body weight at LC20 concentration measured after 72 hr by dipping method (Rvb = 0.40 +/- 0.0002 mg/aphid)	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1112793	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis TFA (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 50 mg/l at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1112785	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis R1S (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 50 mg/l at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1111951	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as reduction in body weight at LC20 concentration measured after 48 hr by dipping method (Rvb = 0.36 +/- 0.0006 mg/aphid)	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1111178	Insecticidal activity against B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay in presence of diethylmaleate	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104727	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B3 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID754213	Insecticidal activity against second-instar larva of Sitobion avenae infected in cabbage leaves assessed as mortality after 5 days by leaf-disc method	2013	Journal of natural products, Jun-28, Volume: 76, Issue:6	Bioactive terpenoids from the fruits of Aphanamixis grandifolia.
AID1104743	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B2 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104740	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B4 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112899	Insecticidal activity against Myzus persicae 4106A (green peach aphid) fed on compound treated chinese cabbage discs after 72 hr	2013	Pest management science, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Investigating the mode of action of sulfoxaflor: a fourth-generation neonicotinoid.
AID1111185	Resistant ratio, ratio of LC50 for T30 generation of B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly)	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112214	Insecticidal activity against Popillia japonica at 240 g/kg SC assessed as moribund behaviour measured after 3 days by irrigation injection method	2012	Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Soil application of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of insect pests in wine grape vineyards.
AID1111175	Insecticidal activity against B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay in presence of diethylmaleate	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112805	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in three to four-leaf stage rice plants assessed as mortality treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1111948	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as longevity at LC20 concentration	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1104877	Insecticidal activity against adult Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cotton leaves assessed as increase in mortality at 0.342 mg ai/seed measured 10 to 40 days post germination under green house conditions relative to untreated control	2011	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 67, Issue:2	Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton.
AID1112816	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in rice plants assessed as mortality at 35 ug treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding (Rvb = 3.8 +/- 1.8%)	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1104731	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q Q2 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112811	Insecticidal activity against Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus in rice plants assessed as leaf consumption rate per day at 7 ug treated as seed measured after 72 hr of feeding (Rvb = 8.3 +/- 0.5 mm'2 /day)	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Systemic effects of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole seed treatments on adult Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rice.
AID1104725	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B4 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112869	Insecticidal activity against first generation Blissus occiduus in buffalograss under field condition assessed as reduction in number at 19.1 kg/ha measured 106 days after treatment	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Effect of distribution and concentration of topically applied neonicotinoid insecticides in buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides, leaf tissues on the differential mortality of Blissus occiduus under field conditions.
AID1104748	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q Q1 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111181	Cross resistant, ratio of LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly)	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104204	Insecticidal activity against adult female imidacloprid-susceptible Bemisia tabaci B-biotype NJ (sweet potato whitefly) in cotton leaf discs assessed as mortality treated for 10 secs prior to adult infestation measured after 72 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2009	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci.
AID1112794	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis R1 (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 50 mg/l at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1111952	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as mortality measured after 72 hr by dipping method	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1112215	Insecticidal activity against Popillia japonica at 240 g/kg SC assessed as moribund behaviour measured after 24 to 56 days by irrigation injection method	2012	Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Soil application of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of insect pests in wine grape vineyards.
AID1111180	Insecticidal activity against B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay in presence of piperonyl butoxide	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104201	Resistance factor, ratio of LC50 for adult female Bemisia tabaci B-biotype NJ-Imi (sweet potato whitefly) (G15) to LC50 for adult female B-type Bemisia tabaci NJ	2009	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci.
AID1104203	Insecticidal activity against adult female imidacloprid-resistant Bemisia tabaci B-biotype NJ-Imi (sweet potato whitefly) (G15) in cotton leaf discs assessed as mortality treated for 10 secs prior to adult infestation measured after 72 hr by leaf-dip bioa	2009	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci.
AID1091988	Insecticidal activity against Aphis medicaginis assessed as insect mortality at 500 mg/L measured after 72 hr post compound treatment	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1	Chiral 1,5-disubstituted 1,3,5-hexahydrotriazine-2-N-nitroimine analogues as novel potent neonicotinoids: Synthesis, insecticidal evaluation and molecular docking studies.
AID1112790	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis PPP (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1104728	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B2 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112792	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis SPI5 (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 50 mg/l at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1082322	Adulticidal activity against female Bemisia tabaci biotype Q (sweet potato whitefly) in cucumber leaves assessed as residual contact toxicity treated for 30 secs before adult insect infestation measured after 24 hr by leaf dip bioassay	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Aug-10, Volume: 59, Issue:15	Adulticidal activity of phthalides identified in Cnidium officinale rhizome to B- and Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci.
AID1104745	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B1 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112209	Insecticidal activity against Popillia japonica assessed as reduction in leaf damage measured up to 63 days post treatment by laboratory bioassay	2012	Pest management science, Apr, Volume: 68, Issue:4	Soil application of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of insect pests in wine grape vineyards.
AID1104732	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q Q1 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	77 (10.52)	29.6817
2010's	382 (52.19)	24.3611
2020's	273 (37.30)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Trials	1 (0.14%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Reviews	8 (1.09%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Case Studies	4 (0.55%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	1 (0.14%)	0.25%
Other	17 (100.00%)	84.16%
Other	718 (98.09%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.06	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.06	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.06	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.06	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.06	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.46	2	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.06	1	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.06	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	2.06	1	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	2.47	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
kojic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.06	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	2.06	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.06	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.05	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.06	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
dinoseb dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	dinitrophenol
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.06	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
3-pyridinaldehyde pyridine-3-carbaldehyde : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine substituted by a formyl group at position 3.	2.06	1	0	pyridinecarbaldehyde
allethrins Allethrins: Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.06	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	pyrethroid ester insecticide
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl	2.05	1	0	nereistoxin analogue insecticide
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.06	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
pirimiphos methyl pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.	2.48	2	0	aminopyrimidine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.06	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties	2.05	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
acetamidine acetamidine: bovine trypsin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0	carboxamidine
4-chlorosalicylic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0
6-chloronicotinic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.08	1	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
pyridaben [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; pyridazinone	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
novaluron novaluron: insecticide	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
cyfluthrin cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
methoxyfenozide methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.	2.05	1	0	carbohydrazide; monomethoxybenzene	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
indoxacarb indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.	2.08	1	0	methyl ester; organochlorine insecticide	voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	3.32	6	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
spirodiclofen spirodiclofen: an acaricide	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; gamma-lactone; organochlorine acaricide; oxaspiro compound
scorpions [no description available]	2.98	4	0	dinotefuran; oxolanes	neonicotinoid insectide
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	3.77	10	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
butylidenephthalide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
2-mercaptonicotinic acid 2-mercaptonicotinic acid: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
6-mercapto-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 6-mercapto-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
nitenpyram nitenpyram: a nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source. (E)-nitenpyram : A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.. nitenpyram : A C-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine where one of the nitrogens bears ethyl and (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl while the other nitrogen carries a methyl group.	3.16	5	0	chloropyridyl insecticide; nitenpyram
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	butenolide	metabolite
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	2.46	2	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
aldicarb Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.	2.08	1	0
pymetrozine pymetrozine: an anti-feedant against aphids, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers. pymetrozine : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; pyridines	antifeedant; environmental contaminant; TRPV channel modulator; xenobiotic
mk 936 [no description available]	2.98	4	0
pydrin, (s-(r,r))-isomer [no description available]	2.06	1	0	fenvalerate	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
chlorantranilipole chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.	2.77	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; organobromine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyrazoles; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
sulfoxaflor sulfoxaflor: insecticide targeting sap-feeding pests; structure in first source. sulfoxaflor : A mixture of the four diastereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres of [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide (the sulfur atom and the carbon attached to position 3 of the pyridine ring). [Both E- and Z-isomers involving the S=N double bond and the cyano group exist, but they interconvert rapidly at r.t.]. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist in insects, sulfoxaflor is used as an insecticide, particularly for the control of aphids.. [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.	2.08	1	0	nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoximide
imidacloprid (E)-imidacloprid : The E-isomer of imidacloprid.	9.08	14	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
clothianidin (E)-clothianidin : A clothiadin that has E configuration at the C=N bond of the nitroguanidine moiety.	3.32	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.06	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.15	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	4.61	1	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	4.61	1	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.13	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
carbamates [no description available]	3.36	6	0	amino-acid anion
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	5.5	4	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	7.05	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	4.61	1	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.9	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.25	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.31	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
diethyl phosphate diethyl phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethyl hydrogen phosphate : A dialkyl phosphate having ethyl as the alkyl group.	2.11	1	0	dialkyl phosphate	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	7.08	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.85	3	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	4.61	1	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.6	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	4.61	1	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	4.61	1	1	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.1	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.87	3	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	3.23	5	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	5.45	3	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.61	1	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	4.61	1	1	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	4.61	1	1	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	3.24	5	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.41	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
acephate acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.85	3	0	mixed diacylamine; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.03	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
atrazine [no description available]	8.1	4	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	4.61	1	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
caffeine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	4	11	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chrysanthemic acid chrysanthemic acid: occurs as esters in pyrethrum flowers; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. chrysanthemic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is cyclopropanecarboxylic acid substituted by two methyl groups at position 2 and a 2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl group at position 3.	2.31	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	3.36	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
disulfoton Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.	2.03	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	7.54	2	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
fenvalerate fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	3.1	4	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; monochlorobenzenes	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	3.68	9	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.06	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	7.85	3	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.62	2	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	4.61	1	1	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	4.61	1	1	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	3.08	4	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
memantine [no description available]	4.61	1	1	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	4.61	1	1	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	7.9	2	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	4.61	1	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
temefos Temefos: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. temephos : An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.	2.17	1	0	organic sulfide; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; ectoparasiticide
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	2.25	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
corticosterone [no description available]	2.66	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.15	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	3.53	7	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	4.07	13	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.31	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.13	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	7.31	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	4.61	1	1	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	4.61	1	1	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
systhane systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.	2.76	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.52	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.05	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.91	3	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	4.61	1	1	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.11	4	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
boric acid [no description available]	2.43	2	0	boric acids	astringent
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.61	1	1	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
acrolein [no description available]	2.13	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.15	1	0	alkane
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	3.22	5	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	4.61	1	1	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	4.61	1	1	fatty acid ester
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	2.63	2	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	4.61	1	1	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.13	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	11.41	424	1	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.43	2	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.17	1	0	butenolide
muscone muscone: structure in first source	4.61	1	1
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.05	4	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
phosmet Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.	2.5	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phthalimides	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
dimethyl phosphate dimethyl phosphate: excreted in urine after exposure to mevinphos; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.11	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
deoxycytidine [no description available]	4.61	1	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.17	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
1,2-epoxyhexane [no description available]	4.61	1	1
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
nitroxinil Nitroxinil: Proposed anthelmintic for fasciola and liver fluke infestations.	2.1	1	0
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	2.11	1	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
isoprocarb [no description available]	2.13	1	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	4.42	18	0	thujene	plant metabolite
chlorphenamidine Chlorphenamidine: An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.	2.11	1	0
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	5.35	3	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	7.21	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	4.61	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	5.27	3	1	titanium group element atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	8.3	4	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	4.61	1	1	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	4.61	1	1
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	5.02	2	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	3.02	4	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
kitazine kitazine: see also record for kitazin P; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.48	2	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
metribuzin metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.	2.47	2	0	1,2,4-triazines; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	2.52	2	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.13	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
pirimicarb pirimicarb: structure. pirimicarb : An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.6	1	0	aminopyrimidine; carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
triazophos triazophos: structure	2.25	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
alkenes [no description available]	2.6	1	0
pirimiphos methyl pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	aminopyrimidine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
procymidone procymidone : An azabicycloalkane that is 1,5-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A fungicide widely used in horticulture as a seed dressing, pre-harvest spray or post-harvest dip for the control of various diseases.	7.21	1	0
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	4.61	1	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.	2.11	1	0	formamidines; tertiary amino compound	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diflubenzuron Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.	2.05	1	0	benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes	insect sterilant
pendimethalin pendimethalin : A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.	2.07	1	0	C-nitro compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide
profenofos [no description available]	2.11	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	3.21	5	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.59	7	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
metalaxyl metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.	8.23	5	0	alanine derivative; aromatic amide; carboxamide; ether; methyl ester
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
triflumuron triflumuron: insect growth inhibitor	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
cyromazine cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	mouse metabolite; triazine insecticide
buprofezin buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.	2.53	2	0	thiadiazinane; ureas
fluvalinate fluvalinate: RN given refers to 2-cyano isomer (DL)-isomer	2.11	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	4.61	1	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.17	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	3.51	7	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
baicalin [no description available]	4.61	1	1	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
hexaconazole 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.47	2	0	dichlorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	chelator
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.87	10	0	1,2,3-triazole
ethofenprox ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.	2.83	3	0	aromatic ether	pyrethroid ether insecticide
dapoxetine [no description available]	4.61	1	1	naphthalenes
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	4.61	1	1	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
prochloraz Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.	2.15	1	0	amide fungicide; aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazoles; trichlorobenzene; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
flusilazole flusilazole: structure given in first source. flusilazole : An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.	7.6	1	0	conazole fungicide; monofluorobenzenes; organosilicon compound; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
6-chloronicotinic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
tetramethrin tetramethrin: structure	2.11	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; maleimides; phthalimide insecticide	pyrethroid ester insecticide
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	7.17	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile fenbuconazole: fenbuconazole is a formulant in the fungicide Enable; structure in first source. fenbuconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenbuconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, black rot and scab.. 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-chloro-4-(3-phenylpropyl)benzene substituted at position 3 of the propyl moiety by cyano and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	2.21	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
difenoconazole difenoconazole : A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A broad spectrum fungicide with novel broad-range activity used as a spray or seed treatment. It is moderately toxic to humans, mammals, birds and most aquatic organisms.	7.15	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dioxolane; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
fludioxonil fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.	8.06	4	0	benzodioxoles; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrroles	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical; estrogen receptor agonist
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	10.77	5	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.07	1	0
pyriproxyfen pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.	3.3	6	0	aromatic ether; pyridines	juvenile hormone mimic
chlorfenapyr chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.	2.73	3	0	hemiaminal ether; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide; pyrroles	proacaricide; proinsecticide
lopinavir [no description available]	4.61	1	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
acequinocyl acequinocyl: structure in first source. acequinocyl : An acetate ester consisting of 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing acetoxy and dodecyl substituents at positions 2 and 3 respectively.	2.13	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; acetate ester	acaricide; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
novaluron novaluron: insecticide	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	7.41	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.15	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
cyfluthrin cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.	7.52	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure	4.61	1	1	imidazo[2,1-i]purine	mutagen
methoxyfenozide methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.	2.05	1	0	carbohydrazide; monomethoxybenzene	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
indoxacarb indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.	3.33	6	0	methyl ester; organochlorine insecticide	voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
rh-0345 N-4-chlorobenzoyl-N'-benzoyl-N'-tert-butylhydrazine: structure in first source	2	1	0	bisacylhydrazine insecticide; monochlorobenzenes
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	6.58	57	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	4.61	1	1	nitrogen oxoacid
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	4.61	1	1	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	4.61	1	1	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
c & b metabond Super-bond: an adhesive resin composed of 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride (4-META), methylmethacrylates (MMA) and tri-n-butylborane (TBB)	2.06	1	0
calcium borate calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7	4.61	1	1
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.72	2	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.61	1	1	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
borneo Borneo: An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)	2.13	1	0	organofluorine acaricide
dialuminum magnesium tetraoxide spinell: mineral that can be colored to match dentin	2.6	1	0
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	7.6	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
imidaclothiz imidaclothiz: an insecticide; structure in first source	2.82	3	0
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	3.55	8	0	anabasine
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	7.55	66	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	4.61	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
permanganate [no description available]	4.61	1	1	manganese oxoacid
carboplatin [no description available]	4.61	1	1
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.41	1	0
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.63	2	0	cyclodextrin
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	5.1	2	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source	4.61	1	1
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.13	1	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.31	1	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
tamoxifen [no description available]	2.41	1	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	2.52	2	0	dithiocarbamic acids
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.52	2	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	5.1	2	1	nitrogen oxide
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	2.52	2	0
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	2.05	1	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
nitenpyram nitenpyram: a nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source. (E)-nitenpyram : A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.. nitenpyram : A C-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine where one of the nitrogens bears ethyl and (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl while the other nitrogen carries a methyl group.	4.26	16	0	chloropyridyl insecticide; nitenpyram
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.41	1	0
epoxiconazole epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	2.13	1	0	epoxide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; triazoles
alpha-carotene alpha-carotene: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer; see also related record beta-carotene. alpha-carotene : A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively.	2.17	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	plant metabolite; provitamin A
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.13	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	4.61	1	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.31	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
cryptoxanthins Cryptoxanthins: Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors.. beta-cryptoxanthin : A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.	2.17	1	0	carotenol	antioxidant; biomarker; plant metabolite; provitamin A
azadirachtin azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).	3.38	6	0	acetate ester; azadirachtin; cyclic hemiketal; enoate ester; epoxide; methyl ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent
baicalein [no description available]	4.61	1	1	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	4.26	16	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	4.61	1	1
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	4.61	1	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	4.61	1	1	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	4.61	1	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.61	1	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	3.7	8	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
dicrotophos dicrotophos: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	7.17	1	0	dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	4.61	1	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.11	1	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.41	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
kresoxim-methyl kresoxim-methyl: strobilurin analogue; an industrial fungicide. kresoxim-methyl : A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; oxime O-ether	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	7.6	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.07	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
pyrachlostrobin pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; carbanilate fungicide; methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	4.01	12	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
axitinib [no description available]	4.61	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
prothioconazole prothioconazole: a fungicide. prothioconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prothioconazole. A fungicide for use both as a seed treatment and foliar spray to treat a variety of diseases in cereals.. 2-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione substituted at position 2 by a 2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl group.	7.25	1	0	cyclopropanes; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; thiocarbonyl compound; triazoles
phoxim phoxim: structure	2.31	1	0
pymetrozine pymetrozine: an anti-feedant against aphids, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers. pymetrozine : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.	2.49	2	0	1,2,4-triazines; pyridines	antifeedant; environmental contaminant; TRPV channel modulator; xenobiotic
oxamyl oxamyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.6	1	0
noviflumuron noviflumuron: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; organofluorine compound
flonicamid flonicamid: an insecticide; structure in first source. flonicamid : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide substituted by a trifluoromethyl group at position 4 and a cyanomethyl group at the carbamoyl nitrogen atom.	8.08	4	0	nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyridinecarboxamide	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
spiromesifen spiromesifen: insecticide; structure in first source. spiromesifen : A butenolide that is but-2-en-4-olide bearing a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group at position 3, a 3,3-dimethylbutyryloxy group at position 4 and a spiro-fused cyclopentyl ring at position 5.	2.17	1	0	butenolide	insecticide
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	4.61	1	1	fatty acid ester
ethiprole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	4.61	1	1	organochlorine compound
medigoxin spirotetramat: for the control of a broad spectrum of sucking insects; structure in first source. spirotetramat : An azaspiro compound that is methoxycyclohexane which is fused at position 4 to the 5-position of a 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one that is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by 2,5-dimethylphenyl and (ethoxycarbonyl)oxy groups, respectively (the cis isomer). It is a proinsecticide (via hydrolysis of the ethyl carbonate group to give the corresponding 4-hydroxypyrrol-2-one, "spirotetramat-enol") and is used for the control of a wide range of sucking insects on fruit and potato crops.	3.38	5	0
tolfenpyrad tolfenpyrad: insecticide; structure in first source. tolfenpyrad : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-chloro-3-ethyl-1-methylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-methylphenoxy)phenyl]methylamine.	7.25	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; pyrazole insecticide	agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
mefenoxam metalaxyl-M : A methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate that is the more active R-enantiomer of metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.	2.59	2	0	acylamino acid fungicide; anilide fungicide; D-alanine derivative; methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate	agrochemical
flubendiamide flubendiamide: activates ryanodine-sensitive calcium release channels in insects; structure in first source	7.6	1	0	organofluorine insecticide	ryanodine receptor modulator
chlorantranilipole chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.	4.38	18	0	monochlorobenzenes; organobromine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyrazoles; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
picoxystrobin picoxystrobin: a fungicide. picoxystrobin : An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-3-methoxy-2-[2-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid. A cereal fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including brown rust, tan spot, powdery mildew and net blotch.	7.15	1	0	aromatic ether; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; organofluorine compound; pyridines	antifungal agrochemical; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	2.47	2	0	emamectins
cyantraniliprole cyantraniliprole: an insecticide; structure in first source. cyantraniliprole : A carboxamide that is chlorantraniliprole in which the chlorine atom attached to the phenyl ring has been replaced by a cyano group. A ryanodine receptor agonist, it is used as insecticide for the control of whitefly, thrips, aphids, fruitflies, and fruit worms in crops such as onions, potatoes and tomatoes. It is highly toxic to honeybees.	7.91	3	0	nitrile; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
n-(2-(1,1'-bicyclopropyl)-2-ylphenyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1h-pyrazole-4-carboxamide N-(2-(1,1'-bicyclopropyl)-2-ylphenyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide: sedaxane is the (trans)-isomer; structure in first source. sedaxane : A diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of the two possible cis-isomers as well as the two possible trans-isomers of sedaxane. Used in seed treatment for the control of pathogens such as Ascomycetes and Oomycetes species in crops such as fruit and wheat.. N-{2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]phenyl}-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]aniline.	2.15	1	0	aromatic amide; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; ring assembly
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	3.35	6	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	8.82	10	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	4.61	1	1	peptide hormone
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	4.61	1	1	glycoside
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.11	1	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
sulfoxaflor sulfoxaflor: insecticide targeting sap-feeding pests; structure in first source. sulfoxaflor : A mixture of the four diastereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres of [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide (the sulfur atom and the carbon attached to position 3 of the pyridine ring). [Both E- and Z-isomers involving the S=N double bond and the cyano group exist, but they interconvert rapidly at r.t.]. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist in insects, sulfoxaflor is used as an insecticide, particularly for the control of aphids.. [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.	8.93	10	0	nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoximide
flupyradifurone flupyradifurone: has insecticidal activity; structure in first source. flupyradifurone : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which the nitrogens have been replaced by (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, and 5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl groups, respectively. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist, it is used as an insecticide to control sucking pests in a variety of crops.	8.33	5	0	butenolide; enamine; monochloropyridine; organofluorine insecticide; tertiary amino compound	insecticide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
chitosan [no description available]	4.61	1	1
merocyanine dye merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure	2.31	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	4.61	1	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	5.06	2	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	4.61	1	1
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor	4.61	1	1	benzoxazole
spinetoram spinetoram: a second-generation spinosyn; insecticide	2.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	4.61	1	1
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.48	2	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
tetramic acid tetramic acid : A gamma-lactam that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. Despite its simple structure, it was not synthesised until 1972; earlier attempts were later shown to have resulted only in the formation of the isomer 5-imino-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-ol.	2.13	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.25	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	7.5	2	0
cycloxaprid cycloxaprid: a neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	5.17	41	0
nitroguanidine nitroguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroguanidine : An N-nitro compound that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a nitro group. It can exist in distinct tautomeric forms, as 1-nitroguanidine (a nitroimine) or 2-nitroguanidine (a nitroamine); in both solid and in solution, the nitroimine form predominates.	2.44	2	0	nitroguanidine; one-carbon compound
gibberellins [no description available]	2.11	1	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	4.61	1	1
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.11	1	0
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	8.82	232	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	8.38	144	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	2.21	1	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	4.61	1	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	5.28	4	1
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	7.76	5	4
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	2.31	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	7.76	5	4
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	2.41	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.41	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	7.41	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.61	6	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.61	6	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	3.01	2	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	3.01	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	11.55	19	16
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	2.6	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	2.21	1	0
Infection [description not available]	7.25	1	0
Infections, Microspora [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	2.25	1	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.25	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.25	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	14.65	49	49
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.43	1	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	9.74	9	9
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	4.43	1	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Bone Fractures [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	4.43	1	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	4.43	1	1
Atheroma [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	9.74	9	9
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.43	1	1
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	9.74	9	9
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Anoxemia [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Amaurosis [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	9.74	9	9
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	4.43	1	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	4.43	1	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	16.2	84	81
Anasarca [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	4.43	1	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Exanthem [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	11.38	16	16
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Bleeding [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	4.43	1	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	11.44	17	16
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	4.43	1	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Metastase [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	9.74	9	9
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	4.43	1	1
Prediabetes [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Blood Clot [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	4.43	1	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	4.43	1	1
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	4.43	1	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	9.74	9	9
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	4.43	1	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	4.43	1	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	4.43	1	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	4.88	2	1
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	4.43	1	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	7.55	4	4
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	4.43	1	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	4.43	1	1
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	4.43	1	1
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	4.43	1	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	4.43	1	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	9.74	9	9
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	4.43	1	1
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	7.55	4	4
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	7.55	4	4
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	4.43	1	1
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	4.43	1	1
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	4.43	1	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	4.43	1	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	4.43	1	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	4.43	1	1
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	4.43	1	1
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	4.43	1	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	4.43	1	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	4.43	1	1
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	4.43	1	1
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	4.43	1	1
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	11.38	16	16
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	4.43	1	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	4.43	1	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	7.55	4	4
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	7.55	4	4
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	4.43	1	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	16.44	17	16
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	4.43	1	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	4.43	1	1
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	7.55	4	4
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	4.43	1	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	7.55	4	4
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	4.43	1	1
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	4.43	1	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	4.43	1	1
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	7.55	4	4
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	7.55	4	4
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	4.43	1	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	9.74	9	9
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	4.43	1	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	7.55	4	4
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	4.43	1	1
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	9.74	9	9
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	4.43	1	1
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	9.74	9	9
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	4.43	1	1
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	4.43	1	1
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.43	1	1
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	4.43	1	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	4.43	1	1
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	4.43	1	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	4.43	1	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	4.43	1	1
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.43	1	1
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	4.43	1	1
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	4.43	1	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	4.43	1	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	4.43	1	1
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	4.43	1	1
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	4.43	1	1
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	7.55	4	4
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	4.43	1	1
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	4.43	1	1
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	9.74	9	9
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	4.43	1	1
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	4.43	1	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	4.43	1	1
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	4.43	1	1
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	4.43	1	1
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	4.43	1	1
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	4.43	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	4.43	1	1
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	7.55	4	4
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	4.43	1	1
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	4.43	1	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	4.43	1	1
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	4.43	1	1
Pericementitis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	2.31	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.31	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	7.31	1	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	2.54	2	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	2.15	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	2.15	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.15	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.17	1	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.17	1	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.21	1	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	7.21	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.32	6	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.21	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	2.13	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.71	3	0

thiamethoxam

Description

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Synonyms (46)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (5)

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Bioassays (167)

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Studies (732)

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Research Demand Index: 53.80

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thiamethoxam

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (46)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (5)

Drug Classes (4)

Protein Targets (6)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Bioassays (167)

Research

Studies (732)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 53.80

Study Types

Related Drugs (322)

Related Conditions (234)