glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	6453528
SCHEMBL ID	665209
MeSH ID	M0051290

Synonym
n(6),o(2)-dimethyladenosine
(2r,3r,4r,5r)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxy-5-[6-(methylamino)purin-9-yl]oxolan-3-ol
glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate
unii-lev25j2gtv
lev25j2gtv ,
57817-83-1
75hgv0062c ,
sulodexidum [inn-latin]
krx-101
vessel 2f
provenal
vessel
gluparin
treparin
vessel due f
sulodexido
sulodexidum
sulodexide [inn]
sulodexido [inn-spanish]
glucorono-2-amino-2-deoxyglucoglucan sulfate
glucuronylglucosamineglicane sulfate
unii-75hgv0062c
SCHEMBL665209
DTXSID50206530
n6,2'-o-dimethyladenosine
n6-methyl-2'-o-methyladenosine
2'-o-methyl-6-methyladenosine
n6,2 inverted exclamation marka-o-dimethyladenosine
HY-101082
(2r,3r,4r,5r)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxy-5-[6-(methylamino)-9h-purin-9-yl]oxolan-3-ol
n6,o2'-dimethyladenosine
CS-0020794

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Compliance with treatment and occurrence of adverse events were constantly monitored; systemic tolerability was evaluated through the use of routine haematological and haematochemical tests."	( Controlled clinical trial on the efficacy and safety of oral sulodexide in patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease. Shustov, SB, 1997)	0.3
" No differences between the groups were detected concerning demographic or basal characteristics in clinical evolution or adverse reactions."	( A study on the safety, efficacy, and efficiency of sulodexide compared with acenocoumarol in secondary prophylaxis in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Cirujeda, JL; Granado, PC, )	0.13

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The compound showed a pharmacokinetic pattern similar to that of heparin and the plasmatic levels were linearly correlated with anti-factor Xa activity and logarithmically with lipoprotein lipase activation."	( Pharmacokinetics and distribution of a fluoresceinated glycosaminoglycan, sulodexide, in rats. Part I: Pharmacokinetics in rats. Barbanti, M; Cristofori, M; Mastacchi, R; Sarret, M, 1985)	0.27

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The low molecular weight (Mr) of the constituents of Sulodexide would predict that the product has the high bioavailability associated with low-Mr heparin and low-Mr dermatan sulfate."	( Pharmacological actions of sulodexide. Ofosu, FA, 1998)	0.3
" Sulodexide differs from heparin because it is orally bioavailable and has a longer half-life and a smaller effect on systemic clotting and bleeding."	( Sulodexide in the treatment of chronic venous disease. Andreozzi, GM, 2012)	0.38
" Sulodexide differs from heparin in its oral bioavailability and longer half-life."	( Pharmacological profile of sulodexide. Fareed, J; Hoppensteadt, DA, 2014)	0.4

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Fluorescein-labelled sulodexide tissue distribution was studied in the rat after intravenous administration at the dosage of 15 mg/kg."	( Pharmacokinetics and distribution of a fluoresceinated glycosaminoglycan, sulodexide, in rats. Part II: Organ distribution in rats. Franchi, M; Guizzardi, S; Mastacchi, R; Morocutti, M; Ruggeri, A, 1985)	0.27
" The pro-fibrinolytic and antithrombotic activity of sulodexide was confirmed to be significant with both dosage schemes and potentiated by repeated administrations."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of single and repeated doses of oral sulodexide in healthy volunteers. A placebo-controlled study with an enteric-coated formulation. Barbanti, M; Calanni Rindina, F; Mauro, M; Milani, MR; Palazzini, E; Palmieri, GC, 1993)	0.29
" Albumin excretion was measured before dosing, at weekly intervals during dosing and also during the subsequent follow-up period of six weeks."	( A pilot study of the effect of the glycosaminoglycan sulodexide on microalbuminuria in type I diabetic patients. Grimaldi, M; Jopdska, J; Kinalska, I; Poplawska, A; Szelachowska, M; Szelanowska, M; Topolska, J, 1997)	0.3
"In this study we have evaluated the effect of a long-term course of oral sulodexide at a moderate dosage in the treatment of patients affected by diabetic nephropathy."	( One year course of oral sulodexide in the management of diabetic nephropathy. Achour, A; Bouraoui, S; Dibej, K; El May, M; Kacem, M; Skhiri, H, )	0.13
"This study was carried out to study the safety and efficacy of a fixed dosage of sulodexide compared to adjusted dosages (INR) of acenocoumarol as secondary prophylaxis in patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in lower limbs."	( A study on the safety, efficacy, and efficiency of sulodexide compared with acenocoumarol in secondary prophylaxis in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Cirujeda, JL; Granado, PC, )	0.13
"This aspect of the retinal arterial or/and venous vessels requires laboratory blood dosing for antiphospholipid antibodies."	( [Methods of prevention of ischemic cerebral damages in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies]. Roşca, T, 2008)	0.35
" Similarly, SUL was able to reverse the hyper-expression of EMT markers induced by high EVE dosage (100 nM) in cells cultured under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions."	( Sulodexide alone or in combination with low doses of everolimus inhibits the hypoxia-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular cells. Bellin, G; Dalla Gassa, A; Gambaro, G; Granata, S; Lupo, A; Masola, V; Onisto, M; Zaza, G, 2015)	0.42
"Our data reveal, for the first time, that sulodexide, alone or combined to low doses of everolimus, may hinder EMT in renal cells following hypoxia or minimize fibrotic complications due to high dosage of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors."	( Sulodexide alone or in combination with low doses of everolimus inhibits the hypoxia-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubular cells. Bellin, G; Dalla Gassa, A; Gambaro, G; Granata, S; Lupo, A; Masola, V; Onisto, M; Zaza, G, 2015)	0.42
" In this article by the Global COVID-19 Thrombosis Collaborative Group, we describe novel dosing approaches for commonly used antithrombotic agents (especially heparin-based regimens) and the potential use of less widely used antithrombotic drugs in the absence of confirmed thrombosis."	( Pharmacological Agents Targeting Thromboinflammation in COVID-19: Review and Implications for Future Research. Ageno, W; Barnes, GD; Batra, J; Beckman, JA; Bertoletti, L; Bikdeli, B; Burton, JR; Carrier, M; Chatterjee, S; Chuich, T; Clerkin, KJ; Cushman, M; Der Nigoghossian, C; Dimakakos, EP; Dreyfus, I; Driggin, E; Eikelboom, JW; Falanga, A; Fareed, J; Favaloro, EJ; Francese, DP; Gibson, CM; Giri, J; Goldhaber, SZ; Guo, Y; Gupta, A; Hu, Y; Hunt, BJ; Jimenez, D; Kirtane, A; Konstantinides, SV; Krumholz, HM; Leon, MB; Lip, GYH; Lippi, G; Madhavan, MV; Madjid, M; McLintock, C; Monreal, M; Nouri, SN; Parikh, SA; Piazza, G; Quéré, I; Rosenkranz, S; Schulman, S; Sehgal, K; Sethi, S; Spyropoulos, AC; Stone, GW; Tafur, AJ; Tang, LV; Uriel, N; Weinberg, I; Weitz, JI, 2020)	0.56

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	29 (11.60)	18.7374
1990's	43 (17.20)	18.2507
2000's	39 (15.60)	29.6817
2010's	110 (44.00)	24.3611
2020's	29 (11.60)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	81 (28.52%)	5.53%
Reviews	41 (14.44%)	6.00%
Case Studies	9 (3.17%)	4.05%
Observational	5 (1.76%)	0.25%
Other	148 (52.11%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (16)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effect of Intravenous and Oral Therapy With Sulodexide on Albuminuria in Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT01316068]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Enrolling by invitation
A Multicentre, Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo Controlled Study of the Activity of Sulodexide in Diabetic Patients With Mild to Moderate Non-Proliferative Retinopathy [NCT01295775]	Phase 2	127 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
The Collaborative Study Group Trial: The Effect of Sulodexide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria [NCT00130208]	Phase 3	1,056 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-08-31	Completed
Rotation for Optimal Targeting of Albuminuria and Treatment Evaluation: A Rotation Study of Different Albuminuria Lowering Drug Classes to Study Individual Drug Response in Diabetes [NCT03504566]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-15	Withdrawn(stopped due to Registered and published incorrectly)
An Open Label Tolerability and Safety Study of KRX-101 (Sulodexide Gelcaps) for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathic Patients With Persistent Microalbuminuria in Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong [NCT00462202]	Phase 3	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Terminated(stopped due to Interim analysis of efficacy trial showed no drug efficacy.)
The Study of Reducing Adverse Effects After Radiofrequency Ablation Combined With Sclerotherapy [NCT05654233]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-01	Not yet recruiting
Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trial on Sulodexide Efficacy in Chronic Idiopathic Subjective Tinnitus [NCT02737670]	Phase 2	126 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Completed
Endothelial Protection in Post COVID-19 Patients. The Effect of Sulodexide on Serum Levels of Biomarkers for Endothelial Dysfunction. A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Investigator-initiated Trial [NCT05371925]	Phase 3	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-07-26	Recruiting
Sulodexide (VESSEL®) for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Elderly Patients After a First Episode of Venous Thrombembolism [NCT04257487]	Phase 3	1,455 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-12-21	Recruiting
Sulodexide Treatment in Patients With Dense Deposit Disease [NCT00583427]	Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-12-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to This study put on inactive status due to no identifiable subjects to enter the protocol.)
Endothelial Protection in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients. The Effect of Sulodexide on Serum Levels of Biomarkers for Endothelial Dysfunction. A Pilot Prospective, Randomized, Open-label, Investigator-initiated Trial. [NCT05252923]	Phase 4	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-01	Recruiting
The Efficacy and Safety of Sulodexide in Filipino Diabetic Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01000545]	Phase 3	1,508 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Not yet recruiting
The Collaborative Study Group Trial: The Effect of Sulodexide in Overt Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy [NCT00130312]	Phase 4	968 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-08-31	Terminated(stopped due to No difference in protein excretion at 6&12 months. No safety issues.)
Sulodexide in the Treatment of Early Stages of COVID-19 [NCT04483830]	Phase 2/Phase 3	243 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-06-05	Completed
A Multicentric Open-label Randomized Controlled Study for Evaluating the Improvement of Endothelial Function in Stage II Peripheral Arterial Obstructive Disease Patients Treated With Sulodexide + Conventional Treatment {CT] Vs CT Alone [NCT03370705]	Phase 3	156 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-01-31	Active, not recruiting
Prospective Evaluation of the Quality of Life of Patients With Post-thrombotic Syndrome Who Receive Compression Therapy and Sulodexide - SQUARES Study [NCT02512601]	Phase 4	13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to Poor inclusion)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00130208 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Serum Albumin From Baseline to End of 26 Weeks
NCT00130208 (3) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Conversion From Microalbuminuria to Normoalbuminuria
NCT00130208 (3) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects With Greater Than 50% Reduction in Microalbuminuria

Change in Serum Albumin From Baseline to End of 26 Weeks

(NCT00130208)
Timeframe: 26 Weeks

Intervention	percent change (Least Squares Mean)
Sulodexide	-0.02
Placebo	-0.02

[back to top]

Number of Subjects With Conversion From Microalbuminuria to Normoalbuminuria

"The primary efficacy variable was the fraction of those patients in the ITT population with valid baseline and Week 26 ACRs in whom therapeutic success was achieved at Week 26 measured as a conversion of microalbuminuria to normoalbuminuria and at least a 25% reduction in ACR relative to baseline" (NCT00130208)
Timeframe: 26 Weeks

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Sulodexide	39
Placebo	30

[back to top]

Number of Subjects With Greater Than 50% Reduction in Microalbuminuria

During the treatment period, KRX-101 is being compared to placebo to assess whether a 50% reduction in microalbuminuria has been achieved. (NCT00130208)
Timeframe: 26 Weeks

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Sulodexide	76
Placebo	87

[back to top]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.5	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	3.15	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.47	2	0
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.21	1	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	5.26	3	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.21	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
pyridoxamine [no description available]	5.17	4	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	1.96	1	0	benzodioxoles
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	6.56	8	1	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
cilostazol [no description available]	3.12	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	3.37	1	1	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.37	2	0
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	3.39	1	1	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ioversol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	3.89	2	1	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.15	1	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
pentoxifylline [no description available]	6.66	5	2	oxopurine
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	3.21	1	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.59	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	3.4	1	1	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.13	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	3.31	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.03	1	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	1.97	1	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
thiazoles [no description available]	3.12	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.1	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.23	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.53	1	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
pyridoxamine dihydrochloride pyridoxamine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining pyridoxamine with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diabetic nephropathy.	4.13	2	0	hydrochloride; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.42	2	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.21	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid 4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid: phenyl deriv of GABA; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.5	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pseudouridine [no description available]	3.31	1	0	pseudouridines	fundamental metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.37	2	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.1	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.13	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
1-methyladenosine [no description available]	3.31	1	0	methyladenosine	human metabolite
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	3.36	1	1	organic calcium salt
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	3.15	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	3.1	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	4.59	6	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.23	1	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.41	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	2.13	1	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
coenzyme a [no description available]	3.35	1	1	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	6.99	11	8	iditol	fungal metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	2.1	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-methylcytidine [no description available]	3.31	1	0	methylcytidine
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	3.98	3	0	methyladenosine
emoxypine succinate emoxypine succinate: has antihypoxic effects	2.07	1	0
ruboxistaurin ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source	4.67	3	0
atrasentan Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.	4.13	2	0	pyrrolidines
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	3.69	2	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
alagebrium alagebrium: an advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) cross-link breaker	3.12	1	0
bardoxolone methyl methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source	3.23	1	0	cyclohexenones
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	1.98	1	0	tripeptide
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.02	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	3.7	1	1	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	2.49	2	0	nitrogen oxide
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	4.88	6	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.08	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	1.98	1	0
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	3.43	1	1	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	3.35	1	0
alprostadil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
diosmin [no description available]	3.53	1	1	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	3.43	1	1	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	3.15	1	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
everolimus [no description available]	2.11	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
acth (4-7), pro-gly-pro- [no description available]	2.25	1	0
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	4.54	3	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
avosentan Avosentan: structure in first source	3.19	1	0
apixaban [no description available]	3.69	2	0	aromatic ether; lactam; piperidones; pyrazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
empagliflozin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
5-Hydroxymethylcytidine 5-hydroxymethylcytidine: an epigenetic modification marker of DNA and RNA	3.31	1	0	pyrimidine nucleoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.07	1	0
canagliflozin canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.	3.23	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	4.96	4	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	7.85	5	1
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.41	2	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	3.4	1	1
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.21	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	3.51	2	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	3.51	1	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	3.51	1	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2.15	1	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
inosine diphosphate Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.21	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite
7-methylguanosine 7-methylguanosine : A positively charged methylguanosine in which a single methyl substituent is located at position 7.	2.15	1	0	methylguanosine; organic cation	metabolite
defibrotide defibrotide: Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION	1.97	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.57	2	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.57	2	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.6	1	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	2.6	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	4.7	4	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.31	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.44	2	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.12	16	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	5.73	4	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	5.73	4	1
Postthrombotic Syndrome A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. Clinical features include EDEMA; PAIN; aching; heaviness; and MUSCLE CRAMP in the leg. When severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous STASIS ULCER.	5.17	3	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.6	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.58	5	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	7.29	6	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	2.6	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	7.29	6	0
Erythermalgia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Erythromelalgia A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.	2.25	1	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	2.25	1	0
Varices [description not available]	5.84	7	1
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	5.84	7	1
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	7.96	12	3
Chronic Illness [description not available]	8.83	18	4
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	8.83	18	4
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	2.21	1	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	2.21	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	8.63	16	5
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.59	8	0
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	2.25	1	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	7.68	6	2
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	7.68	6	2
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	3.17	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	3.88	3	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	6.2	11	1
Blood Clot [description not available]	7.93	14	2
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	6.2	11	1
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	3.17	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	7.93	14	2
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	3.17	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	3.7	1	1
Spider Veins [description not available]	3.7	1	1
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	3.7	1	1
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	3.7	1	1
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	5.05	5	2
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	5.05	5	2
Bleeding [description not available]	5.3	6	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	5.3	6	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	6.26	7	2
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	8.48	10	4
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	8.48	10	4
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.15	1	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	12.98	29	11
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	12.98	29	11
Recrudescence [description not available]	7.28	8	3
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	2.17	1	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	2.15	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	4.42	4	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	4.42	4	0
Basilar Artery Insufficiency [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Bilateral Vestibular Deficiency [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	2.4	2	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	6	5	2
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	6	5	2
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	5.34	4	1
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	5.34	4	1
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	2.17	1	0
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	2.17	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	5.58	6	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	5.58	6	1
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	2.21	1	0
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	2.21	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.21	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	10.42	16	12
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	10.42	16	12
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.08	1	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	2.08	1	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	2.44	2	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	3.31	2	0
Angiitis [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	6.14	4	3
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	3.47	1	1
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	6.14	4	3
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	8.79	10	2
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.1	1	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.1	1	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	2.1	1	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	3.38	2	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.1	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	6.26	4	2
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	6.26	4	2
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	3.9	2	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	3.9	2	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	2.8	3	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.8	3	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	6.05	4	1
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	5.41	5	1
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	3.86	2	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	5.41	5	1
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	9.42	10	7
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	9.42	10	7
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	4.41	1	1
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.1	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.49	2	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	6.92	4	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	7.11	5	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	7.11	5	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	6.92	4	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	10.09	19	15
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.49	2	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.13	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.13	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	3.51	1	1
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	3.51	1	1
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	3.53	1	1
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	3.53	1	1
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	2.13	1	0
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	4.64	6	1
Amaurosis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	2.04	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.04	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.04	1	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	2.04	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.05	1	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	3.45	1	1
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	4.37	4	1
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.07	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2.06	1	0
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	2.39	2	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.07	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.08	1	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.08	1	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	3.4	1	1
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	4.37	2	2
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	3.4	1	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Alogia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Acquired Language Disorders [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.01	1	0
Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.	2.01	1	0
Language Disorders Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.	2.01	1	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Aphthae [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	3.4	1	1
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.02	1	0
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	5.77	4	2
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	2.94	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	3.79	2	1
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	2.03	1	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	5.01	5	2
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available]	5	5	2
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	5.01	5	2
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	2.65	3	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.	5	5	2
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	6.84	7	4
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	1.95	1	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	6.84	7	4
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	1.95	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	6.44	10	5
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	3.37	1	1
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	1.98	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	3.37	1	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	3.37	1	1
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	3.38	1	1
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	2.91	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.4	2	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	3.31	2	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	3.39	1	1
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	3.39	1	1
Pus [description not available]	2	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	1.95	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	1.95	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	3.36	1	1
Hyperchylomicronemia Late Onset [description not available]	4.32	2	2
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	3.36	1	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	1.97	1	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	3.36	1	1
Ache [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	3.36	1	1
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	3.76	2	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	3.76	2	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	3.35	1	1

glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate

Cross-References

Synonyms (32)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (250)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 9.05

Study Types

Clinical Trials (16)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in Serum Albumin From Baseline to End of 26 Weeks

Number of Subjects With Conversion From Microalbuminuria to Normoalbuminuria

Number of Subjects With Greater Than 50% Reduction in Microalbuminuria

glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate

Cross-References

Synonyms (32)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (250)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 9.05

Study Types

Clinical Trials (16)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in Serum Albumin From Baseline to End of 26 Weeks

Number of Subjects With Conversion From Microalbuminuria to Normoalbuminuria

Number of Subjects With Greater Than 50% Reduction in Microalbuminuria

Related Drugs (90)

Related Conditions (245)