Compounds > aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
Page last updated: 2024-12-08

aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination

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Description

aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6335494
MeSH IDM0061456

Synonyms (41)

Synonym
simeco
mylanta
diovol ex
coalgel 60
regla ph (liquid)
maaloxan
alucol
aluminum hydroxide (al(oh)3), mixt. with magnesium hydroxide (mg(oh)2)
supralox
gelcocaine
neogelco
winton
magnesium hydroxide (mg(oh)2), mixt. with aluminum hydroxide (al(oh)3)
riopone
delcid
aluminum hydroxide, mixt. with magnesium hydroxide
novalucol
maalox 70
digex
maaloxon
maalox tc
dioval
aluminum hydroxide - magnesium hydroxide
mylanta ii
ditopax
dimalan
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
37317-08-1
maalox-plus
siloxforte
exocid
antasil
siloxogene
aluminum hydroxide (al(oh)3), mixt. with magnesium hydroxide (mg(oh)2) and simethicone
digene
39322-42-4
gelusil mps
antacid mps
merasyn
aluminum hydroxide - magnesium hydroxide mixt.

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A total of 64 courses of ifosfamide (IFM) treatments for sarcoma patients were evaluated for toxic effects."( [Toxic effects of ifosfamide in the treatment of bone and soft tissue sarcomas].
Ishii, T; Kitoh, M; Satoh, T; Tatezaki, S; Umeda, T, 1993)		0.29

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Due to a short elimination half-life and wide therapeutic index, dosage adjustments are not necessary in patients exhibiting moderate renal dysfunction."( Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor AF: effects of age, antacids and H2-receptor antagonists.
Cerimele, BJ; Coleman, DL; DeSante, KA; Hatcher, BL; Kisicki, J; Satterwhite, JH, 1992)		0.28
"1 mg/l) and a long elimination half-life (7."( Pharmacokinetics of roxithromycin and influence of H2-blockers and antacids on gastrointestinal absorption.
Boeckh, M; Daeschlein, S; Höffken, G; Koeppe, P; Lode, H, 1992)		0.28
" The relative pharmacokinetic parameters of total flurbiprofen determined from plasma samples were Cmax, tmax, Kel, t1/2, and AUC infinity."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between flurbiprofen and antacids in healthy volunteers.
Caillé, G; du Souich, P; Pollock, SR; Stalker, DJ; Vézina, M, )		0.13
" The assay data were used to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of tenidap in each group."( Pharmacokinetics of tenidap sodium administered with food or antacid in healthy volunteers.
Coates, PE; Mesure, R, 1995)		0.29
" MPA tmax was slightly delayed and Cmax was lowered about 25%, consistent with delay in gastric emptying in the fed state."( Effects of food and antacid on the pharmacokinetics of single doses of mycophenolate mofetil in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Bullingham, R; Goldblum, R; Schiff, M; Shah, J, 1996)		0.29
"The pharmacokinetic disposition and relative bioavailability of sertindole administered as a tablet dosage form under fasting conditions, in the presence of food, in the presence of antacid, and as solution was studied in a four-way crossover in young healthy male volunteers."( Effects of food, antacid, and dosage form on the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of sertindole in healthy volunteers.
Granneman, GR; Linnen, P; Mack, R; Wong, SL, 1997)		0.3
" Unexpectedly, moderate increases in the Cmax and AUC0-infinity values obtained for capecitabine and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine were observed when Maalox was given together with capecitabine."( Influence of the antacid Maalox on the pharmacokinetics of capecitabine in cancer patients.
Banken, L; Cassidy, J; Clive, S; Goggin, T; Jodrell, D; Mulligan, T; Reigner, B; Roos, B; Schulz, R; Utoh, M; Weidekamm, E, 1999)		0.3
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for oseltamivir and Ro 64-0802."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between the oral anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor prodrug oseltamivir and antacids.
Barrett, J; Dorr, A; Oo, C; Snell, P, 2002)		0.31
"Bioequivalence was achieved for the primary pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax and AUC(0, infinity ) of Ro 64-0802 following administration of oseltamivir with either Maalox suspension or Titralac(R) tablets vs administration of oseltamivir alone."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between the oral anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor prodrug oseltamivir and antacids.
Barrett, J; Dorr, A; Oo, C; Snell, P, 2002)		0.31
" There was no pharmacokinetic interaction between oseltamivir with either antacid, demonstrating that the oral absorption of oseltamivir was not impaired in the presence of antacids containing magnesium, aluminium or calcium."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between the oral anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor prodrug oseltamivir and antacids.
Barrett, J; Dorr, A; Oo, C; Snell, P, 2002)		0.31
" Analysis of variance was performed to determine whether lumiracoxib alone differed from lumiracoxib plus omeprazole or from lumiracoxib plus Al/Mg antacid for overall exposure (area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity [AUC( infinity )]) and peak concentration (C(max)), with treatment sequence, subject, period and treatment as factors."( Lack of effect of omeprazole or of an aluminium hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide antacid on the pharmacokinetics of lumiracoxib.
Langholff, W; Milosavljev, S; Rordorf, C; Scott, G; Shenouda, M; Vinluan Reynolds, C, 2004)		0.32
" In this study, we aimed to develop a novel pharmacokinetic model to describe NQs-metal cation interactions in order to estimate the optimal dosing interval."( Antacid interaction with new quinolones: dose regimen recommendations based on pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical data for ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin and metal cations.
Miyata, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2007)		0.34
"Plasma concentration-time profiles of NQs after administration without or with metal cations at various dosing intervals were collected from the literature and analyzed with a pharmacokinetic model incorporating the formation ofNQs-metal cations complex."( Antacid interaction with new quinolones: dose regimen recommendations based on pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical data for ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin and metal cations.
Miyata, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2007)		0.34

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" These parameters were somewhat higher when ceftibuten was administered with ranitidine, but they were still within the ranges seen in normal healthy volunteers."( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction study: administration of ceftibuten concurrently with the antacid mylanta double- strength liquid or with ranitidine.
Affrime, M; Cutler, D; Lin, CC; Nomeir, A; Radwanski, E, 1998)		0.3

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefaclor advanced formulation (cefaclor AF) were investigated in two studies, one comparing healthy elderly and younger volunteers and the other assessing the effects of an antacid and H2-receptor antagonist on cefaclor AF bioavailability."( Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor AF: effects of age, antacids and H2-receptor antagonists.
Cerimele, BJ; Coleman, DL; DeSante, KA; Hatcher, BL; Kisicki, J; Satterwhite, JH, 1992)		0.28
"The pharmacokinetics of roxithromycin (300 mg orally) and the influence of the antacid aluminum magnesium hydroxide and the H2-blocker ranitidine on bioavailability of roxithromycin in ten healthy volunteers were studied."( Pharmacokinetics of roxithromycin and influence of H2-blockers and antacids on gastrointestinal absorption.
Boeckh, M; Daeschlein, S; Höffken, G; Koeppe, P; Lode, H, 1992)		0.28
" Oral bioavailability parameters (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h, area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity, time to maximum concentration of drug in plasma, and maximum concentration of drug in plasma) were obtained by noncompartmental techniques."( Influence of antacid and ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of oral cefetamet pivoxil.
Ambros, RJ; Blouin, RA; Kneer, J; Stoeckel, K, 1990)		0.28
"This four-way crossover open-label study on eight healthy subjects was designed to investigate the effect on bioavailability of orally administered nizatidine given concurrently with an antacid (magnesium hydroxide-aluminium hydroxide mixture)."( Oral bioavailability of nizatidine and ranitidine concurrently administered with antacid.
Desager, JP; Harvengt, C, )		0.13
" Percentages of relative bioavailability compared with control values were 15."( Effects of aluminum and magnesium antacids and ranitidine on the absorption of ciprofloxacin.
Frost, RW; Goldstein, H; Krol, G; Lener, ME; Lettieri, J; Nix, DE; Schentag, JJ; Watson, WA, 1989)		0.28
" The bioavailability of cimetidine was not significantly affected by metoclopramide and it was marginally reduced by the antacid."( Effects on cimetidine bioavailability of metoclopramide and antacids given two hours apart.
Barzaghi, N; Crema, F; Mescoli, G; Perucca, E, 1989)		0.28
" The antacid, pirenzepine, and ranitidine had no influence on the bioavailability of amoxicillin, cephalexin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid."( Influence of ranitidine, pirenzepine, and aluminum magnesium hydroxide on the bioavailability of various antibiotics, including amoxicillin, cephalexin, doxycycline, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.
Deppermann, KM; Höffken, G; Kalz, C; Koeppe, P; Lode, H; Tschink, G, 1989)		0.28
"Interaction studies in dogs have indicated that antacids significantly decrease the oral bioavailability of cefixime."( Influence of an antacid containing aluminum and magnesium on the pharmacokinetics of cefixime.
Healy, DP; Racht, EM; Sahai, JV; Sterling, LP, 1989)		0.28
"The relative bioavailability of enteric-coated sodium fluoride (NaF) tablets (10 mg F-) has been assessed following administration with a standard calcium-rich breakfast or calcium-poor lunch, and 2 h before or simultaneously with antacid administration (2."( Influence of food and antacid administration on fluoride bioavailability from enteric-coated sodium fluoride tablets.
Arnold, P; Biollaz, J; Chapuy, MC; Grandjean, EM; Meunier, PJ; Schelling, JL; Wermeille, M, 1989)		0.28
"To investigate the effect of antacid on the bioavailability and disposition of ranitidine six healthy volunteers were studied on two occasions one week apart."( High dose of antacid (Mylanta II) reduces bioavailability of ranitidine.
Jones, DB; Louis, WJ; Marino, AT; Mihaly, GW; Smallwood, RA; Webster, LK, 1982)		0.26
" With an intake of 800 mg of calcium/day, calcium balance was only slightly positive, without consideration of dermal losses or other risk factors that may play a role in calcium bioavailability and calcium retention."( Calcium requirements in humans. Report of original data and a review.
De Bartolo, M; Kramer, L; Lesniak, M; Norris, C; Osis, D; Spencer, H, 1984)		0.27
"In view of contradictory reports on the bioavailability of cimetidine in the presence of concomitantly administered antacids we studied the areas under the plasma concentration time curves (AUC) of cimetidine, the maximal concentrations (cmax) and the time, at which cmax was reached (tmax) in eight patients (five patients with duodenal ulcer, three patients with gastric ulcer) with and without the administration of an aluminum hydroxide magnesium hydroxide containing antacid (Maaloxan)."( Absence of in vivo and in vitro interactions of an aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide containing antacid with cimetidine in patients with peptic ulcer.
Allgayer, H; Paumgartner, G; Röllinghoff, W, 1983)		0.27
" Daily renal glycoside excretion, as a further measure of bioavailability of digitoxin, was also unchanged by the antacid."( [Digitoxin blood picture and renal elimination in long-term therapy with aluminum-magnesium hydroxide gel].
Kuhlmann, J, 1984)		0.27
"The effect of Mylanta on naproxen bioavailability was studied in 11 healthy volunteers."( Effect of Mylanta on naproxen bioavailability.
Bankhurst, AD; Ding, TL; Mroszczak, E; Weber, SS, 1981)		0.26
"The present study was designed to determine the effects of an antacid suspension containing magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide (30 ml of Maalox) on the oral bioavailability of rufloxacin (400 mg)."( Effects of magnesium-aluminum hydroxide antacid on absorption of rufloxacin.
Bargiggia, S; Bianchi Porro, G; Broccali, G; Dal Bo, L; Imbimbo, BP; Lazzaroni, M; Sangaletti, O, 1993)		0.29
" This open, randomized, crossover study was conducted to examine the effects of aspirin, the antacid Maalox (Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Cologne, Germany), and cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a single oral dose of meloxicam 30 mg in healthy male volunteers."( Interaction of meloxicam with cimetidine, Maalox, or aspirin.
Busch, U; Heinzel, G; Narjes, H; Nehmiz, G, 1996)		0.29
"To determine the effect of the concurrent administration of Maalox and omeprazole in the bioavailability of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219), an open, placebo-controlled, randomized, four-way crossover study was conducted in 12 healthy male volunteers."( Effect of Maalox and omeprazole on the bioavailability of trovafloxacin.
Dogolo, LC; Friedman, HL; Teng, R; Vincent, J; Willavize, SA, 1997)		0.3
"The pharmacokinetic disposition and relative bioavailability of sertindole administered as a tablet dosage form under fasting conditions, in the presence of food, in the presence of antacid, and as solution was studied in a four-way crossover in young healthy male volunteers."( Effects of food, antacid, and dosage form on the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of sertindole in healthy volunteers.
Granneman, GR; Linnen, P; Mack, R; Wong, SL, 1997)		0.3
" Bioavailability parameters, maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve to infinity of ceftibuten were unaffected by treatment with antacid."( Pharmacokinetic drug interaction study: administration of ceftibuten concurrently with the antacid mylanta double- strength liquid or with ranitidine.
Affrime, M; Cutler, D; Lin, CC; Nomeir, A; Radwanski, E, 1998)		0.3
"The pharmacokinetics of gatifloxacin (400 mg orally) and the influence of the antacid aluminum magnesium hydroxide (20 ml of Maalox 70) on the bioavailability of gatifloxacin in 24 healthy volunteers were assessed."( Pharmacokinetics of gatifloxacin and interaction with an antacid containing aluminum and magnesium.
Koeppe, P; Lober, S; Lode, H; Mignot, A; Rau, M; Schreiber, G; Ziege, S, 1999)		0.3
"Two open, randomized, crossover bioavailability studies were carried out to assess the influence of concurrent antacid medication and food on the bioavailability of clopidogrel."( Clopidogrel bioavailability: absence of influence of food or antacids.
Dickinson, JP; McEwen, J; Moreland, TE; Necciari, J; Perles, P; Pritchard, G; Strauch, G, 1999)		0.3
"This open, randomized, 4-way crossover study investigated the effect of the antacid Maalox on the bioavailability of gemifloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone antimicrobial."( Effect of Maalox on the bioavailability of oral gemifloxacin in healthy volunteers.
Allen, A; Lewis, A; Porter, A; Vousden, M, )		0.13
"To determine the effect of concomitant administration of the antacid Maalox 70 or the histamine H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine on the bioavailability of moxifloxacin."( Evaluation of the influence of antacids and H2 antagonists on the absorption of moxifloxacin after oral administration of a 400mg dose to healthy volunteers.
Böttcher, MF; Ochmann, K; Stass, H, 2001)		0.31
"3 mg/L x h with versus without ranitidine; relative bioavailability 103%, 90% confidence interval (CI) 97."( Evaluation of the influence of antacids and H2 antagonists on the absorption of moxifloxacin after oral administration of a 400mg dose to healthy volunteers.
Böttcher, MF; Ochmann, K; Stass, H, 2001)		0.31
"The bioavailability of moxifloxacin is not affected by concurrent administration of ranitidine."( Evaluation of the influence of antacids and H2 antagonists on the absorption of moxifloxacin after oral administration of a 400mg dose to healthy volunteers.
Böttcher, MF; Ochmann, K; Stass, H, 2001)		0.31
" Bioavailability (Cmax and area under the curve) increased approximately in proportion with dose, after single and multiple daily oral doses, over the therapeutic dose range (up to 40-80 mg daily), above which systemic availability of olmesartan increased less than proportionally with increase in dose."( The pharmacokinetic and metabolic profile of olmesartan medoxomil limits the risk of clinically relevant drug interaction.
Kirch, W; Laeis, P; Püchler, K, 2001)		0.31
" The bioavailability (90% confidence intervals) of Ro 64-0802 following administration of oseltamivir together with Maalox suspension vs administration of oseltamivir alone, was 90% (83."( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between the oral anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor prodrug oseltamivir and antacids.
Barrett, J; Dorr, A; Oo, C; Snell, P, 2002)		0.31
" Cell viability through MTT assay suggests drug intercalated LDHs as better drug delivery vehicle for cancer cell line against poor bioavailability of the pure drug."( Layered double hydroxides as effective carrier for anticancer drugs and tailoring of release rate through interlayer anions.
Das, P; Duggal, S; Kumar, M; Maiti, P; Mishra, DP; Rana, D; Senapati, S; Shripathi, T; Thakur, R; Verma, SP, 2016)		0.43

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Due to a short elimination half-life and wide therapeutic index, dosage adjustments are not necessary in patients exhibiting moderate renal dysfunction."( Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor AF: effects of age, antacids and H2-receptor antagonists.
Cerimele, BJ; Coleman, DL; DeSante, KA; Hatcher, BL; Kisicki, J; Satterwhite, JH, 1992)		0.28
" Each subject received, in an open-labeled, randomized, three-way crossover design, a single oral dose of 1,000 mg (two tablets) of cefetamet pivoxil 10 min after a standard breakfast during each of the following treatments: treatment A, control period; treatment B, antacid (80 ml of suspension; Maalox 70) administered on the evening before cefetamet pivoxil dosing (-12."( Influence of antacid and ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of oral cefetamet pivoxil.
Ambros, RJ; Blouin, RA; Kneer, J; Stoeckel, K, 1990)		0.28
" Increasing the ranitidine dosage to 300 mg/day did not provide additional control."( A randomized clinical trial comparing ranitidine and antacids in critically ill patients.
Anderson, BJ; Grace, M; Johnston, RG; Konopad, E; Noseworthy, TW; Shustack, A, 1987)		0.27
"5 micrograms/ml were maintained for the entire dosing interval in seven of 10 subjects."( Effect of antacids on predicted steady-state cimetidine concentrations.
Doering, PL; Guild, RT; Lopez, LM; Normann, SA; Russell, WL, 1984)		0.27
"Over a 15-month period, 75 critically ill patients at risk of acute gastrointestinal bleeding were randomized into two groups: one group (38 patients) received the H2-blocker cimetidine intravenously at an initial dosage of 300 mg every six hours, and the other group (37 patients) received antacid (Mylanta II) through a nasogastric tube at an intial dosage of 30 ml every hour."( Antacid versus cimetidine in preventing acute gastrointestinal bleeding. A randomized trial in 75 critically ill patients.
Bushnell, LS; Long, PC; Priebe, HJ; Silen, W; Skillman, JJ, 1980)		0.26
" Twice a day dosage is likely to improve patient compliance, costs less, and may reduce dose-related side effects."( Twice-a-day dosage of cimetidine in the short-term treatment of peptic ulcer.
Eaves, R; Korman, MG, 1982)		0.26
"Aluminium absorption from four doses of the antacid preparation 'Aludrox' when taken alone, with orange juice or with milk was compared by measuring the change in urinary aluminium following Aludrox dosage in 15 normal adults."( Orange juice enhances aluminium absorption from antacid preparation.
Fairweather-Tait, S; Hickson, K; McGaw, B; Reid, M, 1994)		0.29
" Therefore, there is no need for restriction of valaciclovir dosing in patients receiving antacid medication."( Lack of interaction between valaciclovir, the L-valyl ester of acyclovir, and Maalox antacid.
Bidault, R; de Bony, F; Peck, R; Posner, J, 1996)		0.29
" These profiles are misleading because the uniformity of dosage units was tested before the dissolution studies."( Determination of norfloxacin by fluorescence in the presence of different antacids: quantification of analytical interferences.
Bernabé, I; Córdoba-Borrego, M; Córdoba-Díaz, D; Córdoba-Díaz, M, 1996)		0.29
"The pharmacokinetic disposition and relative bioavailability of sertindole administered as a tablet dosage form under fasting conditions, in the presence of food, in the presence of antacid, and as solution was studied in a four-way crossover in young healthy male volunteers."( Effects of food, antacid, and dosage form on the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of sertindole in healthy volunteers.
Granneman, GR; Linnen, P; Mack, R; Wong, SL, 1997)		0.3
" This study was undertaken to determine an optimal time for dosing antacids in relation to sparfloxacin administration to minimize antacid-induced reduction in sparfloxacin bioavailability."( Effect of Maalox on the oral absorption of sparfloxacin.
Caille, G; Dorr, MB; Johnson, RD; Talbot, GH, )		0.13
" Blood was sampled for 48 h after dosing to determine pharmacokinetic parameters."( Effect of Maalox on the bioavailability of oral gemifloxacin in healthy volunteers.
Allen, A; Lewis, A; Porter, A; Vousden, M, )		0.13
" Lumiracoxib can, therefore, be administered concurrently with either of these agents without need for lumiracoxib dosage alteration."( Lack of effect of omeprazole or of an aluminium hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide antacid on the pharmacokinetics of lumiracoxib.
Langholff, W; Milosavljev, S; Rordorf, C; Scott, G; Shenouda, M; Vinluan Reynolds, C, 2004)		0.32
" Dosing and administration of topical agents in the treatment of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis in preschoolers were problematic."( Management of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis in young children.
Faden, H, 2006)		0.33
" In this study, we aimed to develop a novel pharmacokinetic model to describe NQs-metal cation interactions in order to estimate the optimal dosing interval."( Antacid interaction with new quinolones: dose regimen recommendations based on pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical data for ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin and metal cations.
Miyata, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2007)		0.34
"Plasma concentration-time profiles of NQs after administration without or with metal cations at various dosing intervals were collected from the literature and analyzed with a pharmacokinetic model incorporating the formation ofNQs-metal cations complex."( Antacid interaction with new quinolones: dose regimen recommendations based on pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical data for ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin and metal cations.
Miyata, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2007)		0.34
"The developed model can adequately describe the extent of interaction between NQs and metal cations, and should be clinically useful to design dosage regimens to circumvent the interaction."( Antacid interaction with new quinolones: dose regimen recommendations based on pharmacokinetic modeling of clinical data for ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin and metal cations.
Miyata, K; Ohtani, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2007)		0.34
"The primary challenge in finding a treatment for tuberculosis (TB) is patient non-compliance to treatment due to long treatment duration, high dosing frequency, and adverse effects of anti-TB drugs."( Development of a biocompatible nanodelivery system for tuberculosis drugs based on isoniazid-Mg/Al layered double hydroxide.
Arulselvan, P; El Zowalaty, ME; Fakurazi, S; Geilich, BM; Hussein, MZ; Saifullah, B; Webster, TJ, 2014)		0.4
" Utilizing a 90-day BUD, lidocaine can be packaged separately from other magic mouthwash ingredients in individual dosage units and applied to the oral cavity using the swish-and-spit method."( Beyond-use dating of lidocaine alone and in two "magic mouthwash" preparations.
Brown, SD; Huffman, J; Kirk, LM; Lewis, PO; Luu, Y; Ogle, A, 2017)		0.46
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (241)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990103 (42.74)18.7374
1990's92 (38.17)18.2507
2000's26 (10.79)29.6817
2010's19 (7.88)24.3611
2020's1 (0.41)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials100 (39.53%)5.53%
Reviews9 (3.56%)6.00%
Case Studies22 (8.70%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other122 (48.22%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
The Effects of Moviprep With Simethicone on Colonic Bubbles [NCT01209806]140 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
An Open-Label, 3-Period, Fixed-Sequence, Study to Examine the Effect of Aluminum Hydroxide/Magnesium Hydroxide/Simethicone and Omeprazole on the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Tebipenem Pivoxil Hydrobromide (TBPM-PI-HBr) in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT04368585]Phase 120 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-07-01Completed
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Topical Morphine Compared With a Routine Mouthwash in Managing Cancer Treatment-induced Mucositis in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer in Isfahan [NCT01837446]Phase 2/Phase 330 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Metal Cation-Containing Antacids on Raltegravir Pharmacokinetics in HIV-Infected Subjects on a Stable Raltegravir-Containing Regimen [NCT01622673]Phase 127 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Staggered Dosing of a Magnesium/Aluminum Antacid on Raltegravir Pharmacokinetics in HIV-Infected Subjects on a Raltegravir-Containing Regimen [NCT01930045]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-01Completed
A Three-Part Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Potential Drug Interaction Between ACH-0144471 and Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Antacids, and Omeprazole in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT05109390]Phase 172 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-27Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT01622673 (8) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Raltegravir After Coadministration of Antacid (Primary Hypothesis)
NCT01622673 (8) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Raltegravir After Staggered Administration of Antacid (Secondary Hypothesis)
NCT01622673 (8) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Steady State Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time (AUC0-12hrs) of Raltegravir After Staggered Administration of Antacid (Secondary Hypothesis)
NCT01622673 (8) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Steady State Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve (AUC0-12hrs) of Raltegravir After Coadministration of Antacid (Primary Hypothesis)
NCT01622673 (8) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Steady State Plasma Concentration (C12hrs) of Raltegravir After Coadministration of Antacid (Primary Hypothesis)
NCT01622673 (8) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Steady State Plasma Concentration (C12hrs) of Raltegravir After Staggered Administration of Antacid (Secondary Hypothesis)
NCT01622673 (8) [back to overview]Mean Time to Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of Raltegravir
NCT01622673 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Any Clinical or Laboratory Adverse Event (AE)
NCT01930045 (6) [back to overview]Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve (AUC 0-12 Hrs) of Raltegravir in Part 1
NCT01930045 (6) [back to overview]Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve (AUC 0-12 Hrs) of Raltegravir in Part 2
NCT01930045 (6) [back to overview]Maximum Plasma Concentration (C Max) of Raltegravir in Part 1
NCT01930045 (6) [back to overview]Maximum Plasma Concentration (C Max) of Raltegravir in Part 2
NCT01930045 (6) [back to overview]Plasma Concentration of Raltegravir at 12 Hours (C 12 Hrs) in Part 1
NCT01930045 (6) [back to overview]Plasma Concentration of Raltegravir at 12 Hours (C 12 Hrs) in Part 2

Least Squares Mean Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Raltegravir After Coadministration of Antacid (Primary Hypothesis)

Participant blood samples were collected to measure the steady state maximum plasma concentration of raltegravir when administered alone or with a single dose of antacid. The primary hypothesis compared Cmax of raltegravir when administered alone with Cmax of raltegravir when coadministered with TUMS® or MINTOX®. (NCT01622673)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours postdose

InterventionnM (Least Squares Mean)
Raltegravir5427.15
TUMS® + Raltegravir2584.78
MINTOX® + Raltegravir3013.88

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Least Squares Mean Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Raltegravir After Staggered Administration of Antacid (Secondary Hypothesis)

Participant blood samples were collected to measure the maximum steady state plasma concentration of raltegravir after administration alone or before or after a single dose of antiacid. The secondary hypothesis compared Cmax of raltegravir when administered alone with Cmax of raltegravir when administered 2 hours before or after MINTOX®. (NCT01622673)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours postdose

InterventionnM (Least Squares Mean)
Raltegravir5678.90
MINTOX® Before Raltegravir2753.64
MINTOX® After Raltegravir4399.66

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Least Squares Mean Steady State Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time (AUC0-12hrs) of Raltegravir After Staggered Administration of Antacid (Secondary Hypothesis)

Participant blood samples were collected to measure the steady state AUC of raltegravir up to 12 hours after administration alone or before or after a single dose of antacid. The secondary hypothesis compared AUC0-12hrs of raltegravir when administered alone with AUC0-12hrs of raltegravir when administered 2 hours before or after MINTOX®. (NCT01622673)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours postdose

InterventionnM*hr (Least Squares Mean)
Raltegravir17577.15
MINTOX® Before Raltegravir8521.95
MINTOX® After Raltegravir12226.11

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Least Squares Mean Steady State Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve (AUC0-12hrs) of Raltegravir After Coadministration of Antacid (Primary Hypothesis)

Participant blood samples were collected to measure the steady state AUC of raltegravir up to 12 hours after administration alone or with a single dose of antacid. The primary hypothesis compared AUC0-12hrs of raltegravir when administered alone with AUC0-12hrs of raltegravir when coadministered with TUMS® or MINTOX®. (NCT01622673)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours postdose

InterventionnM*hr (Least Squares Mean)
Raltegravir16399.76
TUMS® + Raltegravir7294.30
MINTOX® + Raltegravir8358.67

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Least Squares Mean Steady State Plasma Concentration (C12hrs) of Raltegravir After Coadministration of Antacid (Primary Hypothesis)

Participant blood samples were collected to measure the steady state plasma concentration of raltegravir 12 hours after administration alone or with a single dose of antacid. The primary hypothesis compared C12hrs of raltegravir when administered alone with C12hrs of raltegravir when coadministered with TUMS® or MINTOX®. (NCT01622673)
Timeframe: 12 hours postdose

InterventionnM (Least Squares Mean)
Raltegravir132.30
TUMS® + Raltegravir89.75
MINTOX® + Raltegravir49.38

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Least Squares Mean Steady State Plasma Concentration (C12hrs) of Raltegravir After Staggered Administration of Antacid (Secondary Hypothesis)

Participant blood samples were collected to measure the steady state plasma concentration of raltegravir 12 hours after administration alone or before or after a single dose of antacid. The secondary hypothesis compared C12hrs of raltegravir when administered alone with C12hrs of raltegravir when administered 2 hours before or after MINTOX®. (NCT01622673)
Timeframe: 12 hours postdose

InterventionnM (Least Squares Mean)
Raltegravir125.75
MINTOX® Before Raltegravir54.92
MINTOX® After Raltegravir54.47

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Mean Time to Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of Raltegravir

Participant blood samples were collected to measure the time to achieve the maximum steady state plasma concentration of raltegravir when administered alone or with a single dose of antacid (NCT01622673)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours postdose

Interventionhr (Mean)
Raltegravir2.06
TUMS® + Raltegravir2.08
MINTOX® + Raltegravir1.48
MINTOX® Before Raltegravir1.52
MINTOX® After Raltegravir1.78

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Number of Participants With Any Clinical or Laboratory Adverse Event (AE)

"An AE is defined as any unfavorable and unintended change in the~structure, function, or chemistry of the body temporally associated with the use of the study drug, whether or not considered related to the use of the product. Any worsening of a preexisting condition which is temporally associated with the use of the study drug is also an adverse experience." (NCT01622673)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days after the last dose of study drug

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Raltegravir1
TUMS® + Raltegravir2
MINTOX® + Raltegravir2
MINTOX® Before Raltegravir2
MINTOX® After Raltegravir1

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Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve (AUC 0-12 Hrs) of Raltegravir in Part 1

Blood was drawn at time 0, and at various intervals up to 12 hours after dosing with raltegravir in order to determine the geometric mean area under the curve plasma concentration versus time. (NCT01930045)
Timeframe: Predose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours postdose on Day 1 of each period

Interventionhr.nM (Geometric Mean)
Raltegravir17055.21
Maalox → 4 Hours → Raltegravir13881.87
Raltegravir → 4 Hours → Maalox11602.02

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Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve (AUC 0-12 Hrs) of Raltegravir in Part 2

Blood was drawn at time 0, and at various intervals up to 12 hours after dosing with raltegravir, in order to determine the geometric mean area under the curve plasma concentration versus time. (NCT01930045)
Timeframe: Predose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours postdose on Day 1 of each period

Interventionhr.nM (Geometric Mean)
Raltegravir17055.21
Maalox → 6 Hours → Raltegravir14799.48
Raltegravir → 6 Hours → Maalox15104.15

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Maximum Plasma Concentration (C Max) of Raltegravir in Part 1

Blood was drawn at time 0, and at various intervals up to 12 hours after dosing with raltegravir, in order to determine the geometric mean maximum plasma concentration. (NCT01930045)
Timeframe: Predose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours postdose on Day 1 of each period

InterventionnM (Geometric Mean)
Raltegravir4723.00
Maalox → 4 Hours → Raltegravir3690.96
Raltegravir → 4 Hours → Maalox3324.84

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Maximum Plasma Concentration (C Max) of Raltegravir in Part 2

Blood was drawn at time 0, and at various intervals up to 12 hours after dosing with raltegravir, in order to determine the geometric mean maximum plasma concentration. (NCT01930045)
Timeframe: Predose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours postdose on Day 1 of each period

InterventionnM (Geometric Mean)
Raltegravir4723.00
Maalox → 6 Hours → Raltegravir4268.72
Raltegravir → 6 Hours → Maalox4256.01

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Plasma Concentration of Raltegravir at 12 Hours (C 12 Hrs) in Part 1

Blood was drawn 12 hours after dosing with raltegravir in order to determine the geometric mean plasma concentration. (NCT01930045)
Timeframe: 12 hours after dosing on Day 1 of each period

InterventionnM (Geometric Mean)
Raltegravir241.35
Maalox → 4 Hours → Raltegravir96.29
Raltegravir → 4 Hours → Maalox92.22

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Plasma Concentration of Raltegravir at 12 Hours (C 12 Hrs) in Part 2

Blood was drawn 12 hours after dosing with raltegravir in order to determine the geometric mean plasma concentration. (NCT01930045)
Timeframe: 12 hours after dosing on Day 1 of each period

InterventionnM (Geometric Mean)
Raltegravir241.35
Maalox → 6 Hours → Raltegravir121.52
Raltegravir → 6 Hours → Maalox122.39

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.3820monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
allantoin
[no description available]		1.9710imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		2.0510arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		3.4111amino-acid anion
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		4.2741tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		1.9710chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
hippuric acid
hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.		2.0710N-acylglycinehuman blood serum metabolite;
uremic toxin
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.0310sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		5.0152carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		1.9710aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.1510alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		2.0710sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		5.1762benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		3.3711aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		3.7921benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
berberine
[no description available]		2.1310alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.3511carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		1.9710aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carmofur
[no description available]		210organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
cefixime
Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.		3.3611
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		9.34124aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		5.1631aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		4.3322benzamides
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.3611clonidine;
imidazoline
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		4.31221,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.31221,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		3.411amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		1.9610carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		7.0752ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		3.5120benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		4.33221,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
epirizole
Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.		1.9610aromatic ether
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		6.54961,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.1131nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		1.9610monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.3511monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		8.3164benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ifosfamide
[no description available]		1.9810ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		3.0950aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.110carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		3.9910amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		3.3611benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		2.3720benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		3.3711C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		1.9810nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.6830fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		6.6997aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
oxethazaine
[no description available]		1.9310amino acid amide
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		3.4111aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		3.411barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		4.3322pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		1.9610xanthenes
roxatidine acetate
roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source		3.3811piperidines
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		1.9710fluoride saltmutagen
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		3.821N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		3.3811monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.9910aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		1.97104-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		3.371111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.3711monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		1.9710amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		3.3711L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.3820arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0710monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.9910primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		3.4111mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		4.3222catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		3.5911adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.76211,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		3.0610calcium saltnutraceutical
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		5.372calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.7621bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		3.3611cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		3.3811pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		3.7821carbon oxoanion
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.3820manganese group element atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		2.0510chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		1.9610iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
tungstate
[no description available]		2.0310divalent inorganic anion;
tungsten oxoanion
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		3.3611beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
fluorides
[no description available]		1.9710halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		2.0510chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		1.9610indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.3820benzenes;
phenyl acetates
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		3.8121penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		3.3811amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
impromidine
Impromidine: A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.		1.9610
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.3611cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.1310hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		3.4111aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
rufloxacin
rufloxacin: structure in first source		3.3711fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		3.3811heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.3811methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		3.3711
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.3811carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		3.3811
aluminum phosphate
aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt		1.9710
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.4111carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.3911acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		3.3811cephalosporinfungal metabolite
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		3.9910organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
hippuryl-histidyl-leucine
hippuryl-histidyl-leucine: synthetic substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme; used in affinity chromatography		2.0710
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.0210D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		2.0710alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
garenoxacin
garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.		3.4211aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
isoindoles;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		210biphenyls
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.4111sulfonamideprodrug
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.411amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.8521aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		3.7621methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		210biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
apovincaminic acid
apovincaminic acid: structure in first source		1.9710
clorazepate dipotassium
Clorazepate Dipotassium: A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions.		4.3122potassium saltanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		4.6232
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		3.361112alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		3.7521bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.3820guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		1.9610cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		1.9710alkaloidgeroprotector
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		3.3811dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		1.9810benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		1.99102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		3.3611macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
benzoylecgonine
benzoylecgonine: cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure. ecgonine benzoate : A benzoate ester metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester group, catalysed by carboxylesterases.		1.9810benzoate ester;
tropane alkaloid		epitope;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
gs 4071
GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.		3.3911acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		7.1484one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		1.9810triterpenoid
glycosides
[no description available]		1.9610
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		1.9810chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		2.3820diphosphate ion
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		210cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		1.9510bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		9.612716C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
riopan
[no description available]		2.6730
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.8940prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		1.9710D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
alprostadil
[no description available]		4.9733prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		1.9710prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.3811antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
gefarnate
Gefarnate: A water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue.		3.3511organic molecular entity
sofalcone
sofalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is benzene in which the hydrogens at positions 1,2 and 5 are replaced by carboxymethoxy, (1E)-1-{4-[(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxy]phenyl}-3-oxoprop-1-en-3-yl, and (3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxy groups, respectively. It is a gastrointestinal drug currently used for treatment of gastritis and gastric ulcers in Japan and South Korea.		1.9810aromatic ether;
chalcones;
monocarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
antibacterial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
plant metabolite
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.3811cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		6.1475
arbaprostil
Arbaprostil: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and can inhibit the growth of experimental tumors.		3.3511prostanoid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		1.9810cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		1.9710thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
enprostil
Enprostil: A synthetic PGE2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. It has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.		3.3611
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		6.61154boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		4.6432metal atom;
pnictogen
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		1.9810cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		1.9910carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		3.4720monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
cefetamet pivoxyl
cefetamet pivoxyl: pivaloyloxymethyl ester of Ro 15-8074; structure given in first source; metabolite of cefetamet		3.36111,3-thiazoles;
cephams;
oxime O-ether;
pivaloyloxymethyl ester
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		3.36111,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
alginate, aluminium hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate, sodium bicarbonate drug combination
alginate, aluminium hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate, sodium bicarbonate drug combination: foaming antacid containing aluminum hydroxide gel, magnesium trisilicate, sodium bicarbonate & alginic acid		5.1631
ferrous fumarate
ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt		1.9610dicarboxylic acid
simethicone
Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.		11.95022
aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide drug combination: combination antacid containing aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate & magnesium hydroxide		1.9610
technetium tc 99m pyrophosphate
Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate: A radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. It has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities.		4.0631
nocloprost
nocloprost: phalloidin transport inhibitor		2.3820
rosaprostol
rosaprostol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710prostanoid
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		3.3911biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.3611organic molecular entity
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		3.4111aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate		1.9810
calcium bicarbonate
calcium hydrogen carbonate: disinfectant for influenza A viruses		1.9710
vitamin u
Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		1.9810methyl-L-methionine;
sulfonium betaine
meciadanol
meciadanol: catechin metabolite; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		4.3222
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.411
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		4.0531
bismuth subsalicylate
bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.		2.3110
uk 453,061
UK 453,061: a reverse transcriptase inhibitor/anti-HIV agent; structure in first source		3.4411aromatic ether
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		4.9833
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		210
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		3.3811
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.3711ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		3.7721
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.3110monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		1.9710benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.37111,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		210benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		1.9710
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		3.3711
rennie
Rennie: a calcium carbonate/magnesium carbonate preparation; identical to Maalox in neutralizing capacity		3.3711
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.89212-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.1310folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.3711L-valyl esterantiviral drug
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		3.7621
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		1.9610
aluminum magnesium silicate
aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition		3.3511
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.2241
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		05.5832
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		05.2241
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		05.5832
Indigestion
[description not available]		06.1143
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		06.1143
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		08.1116
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		08.1116
Recrudescence
[description not available]		06.4286
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		09.952916
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		09.952916
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		06.33114
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		06.89108
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		06.33114
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		06.89108
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		01.9610
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		01.9610
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		06.8474
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		01.9610
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		03.7521
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		06.8474
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		05.0252
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		01.9610
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		01.9610
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		01.9610
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0431
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		04.0431
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.3511
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		06.2953
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		07.741811
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		07.741811
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.3620
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		08.85217
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		04.3422
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		08.85217
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		04.3422
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		01.9810
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		03.5830
Rachitis
[description not available]		02.6830
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		03.5830
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		03.3711
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		05.7964
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		03.3811
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		05.7964
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		03.3811
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		01.9710
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		01.9710
Atelectasis
[description not available]		01.9710
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.8940
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9710
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9710
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.8940
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		01.9710
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		01.9710
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		01.9610
Pyrosis
[description not available]		05.1943
Heartburn
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.		05.1943
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		01.9710
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		01.9610
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		02.2110
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.2110
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		03.511
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.4220
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		03.4411
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		03.4411
Grippe
[description not available]		03.3911
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		03.3911
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		02.3320
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		02.3320
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		02.3320
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		01.9310
Dysphagia
[description not available]		01.9310
Sore Throat
[description not available]		01.9310
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		01.9310
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9310
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		04.0331
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		01.9310
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		01.9310
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		01.9210
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		01.9210
Hives
[description not available]		01.9210
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9210
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		01.9210
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.0210
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.4880
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.0210
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.0210
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.0210
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.4880
Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		02.0210
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.0210
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		02.0210
Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic
[description not available]		02.9410
Stomatitis, Herpetic
Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.		02.9410
Back Ache
[description not available]		01.9610
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		01.9610
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		04.6132
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.8810
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.8810
Barrett Epithelium
[description not available]		01.9610
Barrett Esophagus
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.		01.9610
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9610
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		03.7621
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		01.9610
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		01.9610
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		01.9610
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		01.9610
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		01.9610
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		01.9610
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		02.3820
Bezoars
Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.		02.3820
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		01.9810
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		01.9810
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		01.9810
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.6730
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		01.9810
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		01.9810
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		01.9810
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		01.9910
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		01.9910
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		01.9910
Amentia
[description not available]		01.9910
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		01.9910
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		01.9910
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		01.9910
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		0210
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		0210
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		0210
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		0210
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		0210
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		0210
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		0210
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.3820
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		01.9810
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		01.9710
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		01.9710
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		01.9710
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		01.9710
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		03.3611
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		03.3611
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		03.3611
Ageusia
Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by OLFACTION DISORDERS.		01.9710
Aphthae
[description not available]		01.9710
Stomatitis, Aphthous
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)		01.9710
Fecal Impaction
Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.		01.9710
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		01.9710
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		01.9710
Ache
[description not available]		04.3222
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		04.3222
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		01.9710
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		01.9710
Proctitis
INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9710
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		01.9610
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		01.9610
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		01.9610
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		01.9610
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		01.9610
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		01.9610