Compounds > psyllium
Page last updated: 2024-11-08

psyllium

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Description

Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
PlantagogenusA plant genus of the family Plantaginaceae. The small plants usually have a dense tuft of basal leaves and long, leafless stalks bearing a terminal spike of small flowers. The seeds, known as PSYLLIUM, swell in water and are used as laxatives. The leaves have been used medicinally.[MeSH]PlantaginaceaeA plant family of order Lamiales. The Plantago genus is best known. Lesser known members include Hippuris, Littorella and Callitriche.[MeSH]
PsylliumgenusDried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.[MeSH]PlantaginaceaeA plant family of order Lamiales. The Plantago genus is best known. Lesser known members include Hippuris, Littorella and Callitriche.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID181572
CHEBI ID165446
SCHEMBL ID7647614
MeSH IDM0018067

Synonyms (19)

Synonym
psyllium
8063-16-9
c33:0
LMFA01010033
tritriacontanoic acid
ceromelissic acid
psyllic acid
CHEBI:165446
38232-03-0
5lsy5b2356 ,
unii-5lsy5b2356
SCHEMBL7647614
fa(33:0)
pysslostearic acid
Q2823315
fa 33:0
DTXSID90959174
tritriacontanoicacid
YP58645

Research Excerpts

Overview

Psyllium gum is a hydrocolloid found in the husk of seeds from Psyllium. It is a natural fibre with high water absorption capacity and proved nutritional advantages. Psylium seed husk is an insoluble dietary fiber with many health benefits.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Psyllium is a natural, predominantly soluble fiber that forms a viscous gel when hydrated and is not digested or fermented. "( Psyllium is a natural nonfermented gel-forming fiber that is effective for weight loss: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.
Gibb, RD; McRorie, JW; Sloan, KJ, 2023)		3.8
"Psyllium gum is a hydrocolloid found in the husk of seeds from "( Psyllium: a useful functional ingredient in food systems.
Belorio, M; Gómez, M, 2022)		3.61
"Psyllium is a natural fibre with high water absorption capacity and proved nutritional advantages. "( Assessing the influence of psyllium as a fat substitute in wheat and gluten-free cookies.
Belorio, M; Gómez, M; Moralejo, C, 2021)		2.36
"Psyllium is a derivative of Plantago ovata ground seed and husk that is used as bulk-forming laxatives owing to its hydrocolloid properties."( [Plantago psyllium-secondary anaphylaxis. Case report].
Campos-Gutiérrez, RI; Collado-Chagoya, R; Eliosa-Alvarado, GA; García-González, AC; Hernández-Romero, J; Velasco-Medina, A; Velázquez-Sámano, G, )		1.98
"Psyllium is a widely used treatment for constipation. "( The Effect of Psyllium Husk on Intestinal Microbiota in Constipated Patients and Healthy Controls.
de Vos, WM; Jalanka, J; Johnston, JM; Kurtz, C; Major, G; Murray, K; Nowak, A; Silos-Santiago, I; Singh, G; Spiller, R, 2019)		2.32
"Psyllium seed husk is an insoluble dietary fiber with many health benefits. "( Suppression of Psyllium Husk Suspension Viscosity by Addition of Water Soluble Polysaccharides.
Hanah, KA; Kale, MS; Yadav, MP, 2016)		2.23
"Psyllium is an excellent dietary source for both soluble and insoluble fibers and has been used in supplemental and food products for its beneficial health effects. "( Beneficial health properties of psyllium and approaches to improve its functionalities.
Cheng, Z; Lutterodt, H; Yu, LL, 2009)		2.08
"Psyllium is a medicinally important polysaccharide and its modification with methacrylamide through radiation crosslinked polymerization will develop hydrogels meant for drug delivery applications. "( Radiation crosslinked polymerization of methacrylamide and psyllium to develop antibiotic drug delivery device.
Kumar, A; Kumar, S; Sharma, V; Singh, B, 2009)		2.04
"Psyllium is a bulk-forming laxative and is high in both fiber and mucilage. "( Psyllium decreased serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin significantly in diabetic outpatients.
Akhoondzadeh, S; Badi, HN; Bandarian, F; Dastpak, A; Emami, T; Fakhrzadeh, H; Larijani, B; Rezai, A; Ziai, SA, 2005)		3.21
"Psyllium is a soluble gel-forming fiber that has been shown to bind to the bile acids in the gut and prevent their normal reabsorption, similar to the bile acid sequestrant drugs."( Nutriceuticals in cardiovascular disease: psyllium.
Frishman, WH; Petchetti, L; Petrillo, R; Raju, K, )		1.12
"Psyllium is a hydrophilic agent found in many bulk laxative preparations. "( Anaphylaxis following psyllium ingestion.
Engler, RJ; Hierlwimmer, UR; Zaloga, GP, 1984)		2.02
"Psyllium therapy is an effective adjunct to diet therapy and may provide an alternative to drug therapy for some patients."( Long-term cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium as an adjunct to diet therapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Allgood, LD; Anderson, JW; Blonde, L; Brown, WV; Davidson, MH; Ginsberg, H; Howard, WJ; Weingand, KW, 2000)		1.29
"Psyllium is a high molecular weight laxative that can cause occupational asthma among health care workers who prepare this product for chronically ill patients. "( Prevalence of occupational asthma and immunologic sensitization to psyllium among health personnel in chronic care hospitals.
Cartier, A; Dolovich, J; Ghezzo, H; L'Archevêque, J; Lagier, F; Malo, JL; Trudeau, C, 1990)		1.96

Effects

Psyllium has a significant effect in patients with metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes on glycemic control, while lowering serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients. Psyllium is a good candidate to be utilized as an excipient in the preparation of controlled release systems.

Psyllium and oat bran have been shown to lower plasma LDL cholesterol levels in different populations. Psyllium husk has been tested as primary coagulant and as coagula aid with poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) and aluminum sulfate (alum) Psylliam use has increased significantly in the United States in part due to its lipid-lowering property.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Psyllium has a significant effect in patients with metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes on glycemic control, while lowering serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients."( Psyllium is a natural nonfermented gel-forming fiber that is effective for weight loss: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.
Gibb, RD; McRorie, JW; Sloan, KJ, 2023)		3.07
"Psyllium has a mucilaginous property that makes it a good candidate to be utilized as an excipient in the preparation of controlled release systems. "( Psyllium: a promising polymer for sustained release formulations in combination with HPMC polymers.
Asare-Addo, K; Emami, P; Kaialy, W; Nokhodchi, A; Shojaee, S, 2014)		3.29
"Psyllium has been proven to be effective in adults; however, there is no study in children."( Efficacy of Oral Psyllium in Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial.
Kumari, R; Lal, SB; Menon, J; Puttaiah Kadyada, S; Rana, S; Thapa, BR, 2023)		1.97
"Psyllium has a significant effect in patients with metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes on glycemic control, while lowering serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients."( Psyllium is a natural nonfermented gel-forming fiber that is effective for weight loss: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.
Gibb, RD; McRorie, JW; Sloan, KJ, 2023)		3.07
"Psyllium and lactitol have been reported to increase fecal volume, moisture content and bowel movement frequency (BMF). "( Influence of Lactitol and Psyllium on Bowel Function in Constipated Indian Volunteers: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.
Cheng, J; Garg, S; Gupta, KK; Ibarra, A; Kumar, M; Kumar, S; Ouwehand, AC; Penurkar, M; Sen, D; Sharma, SS; Stenman, L; Tennilä, J, 2019)		2.26
"Psyllium has a mucilaginous property that makes it a good candidate to be utilized as an excipient in the preparation of controlled release systems. "( Psyllium: a promising polymer for sustained release formulations in combination with HPMC polymers.
Asare-Addo, K; Emami, P; Kaialy, W; Nokhodchi, A; Shojaee, S, 2014)		3.29
"Psyllium husk has been tested as primary coagulant and as coagulant aid with poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) and aluminum sulfate (alum)."( Application of psyllium husk as coagulant and coagulant aid in semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment.
Adlan, MN; Al-Hamadani, YA; Bashir, MJ; Umar, M; Yusoff, MS, 2011)		1.44
"Psyllium use has increased significantly in the United States in part due to its lipid-lowering property. "( Psyllium-associated anaphylaxis and death: a case report and review of the literature.
Bardana, EJ; Khalili, B; Yunginger, JW, 2003)		3.2
"Psyllium has been reported to inhibit lactulose-induced colonic mass movements and to benefit patients with irritable bowel syndrome, improving both constipation and diarrhea. "( Moderation of lactulose-induced diarrhea by psyllium: effects on motility and fermentation.
Harris, M; Mussellwhite, A; Spiller, RC; Washington, N, 1998)		2
"Psyllium and oat bran have been shown to lower plasma LDL cholesterol levels in different populations. "( Cookies enriched with psyllium or oat bran lower plasma LDL cholesterol in normal and hypercholesterolemic men from Northern Mexico.
Fernandez, ML; Galaviz, S; Romero, AL; Romero, JE, 1998)		2.06

Actions

Psyllium could produce dose- and time-dependent serum cholesterol-lowering effect in mild and moderate hypercholesterolemic patients. Psyllium tended to increase mass of the reticulo-rumen and significantly increased mass of duodenum, jejunum and colon.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Psyllium could produce dose- and time-dependent serum cholesterol-lowering effect in mild and moderate hypercholesterolemic patients and would be useful as an adjunct to dietary therapy for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia."( Time- and dose-dependent effect of psyllium on serum lipids in mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
Chen, HZ; Chen, XY; Rong, ZX; Su, BH; Wang, BS; Wang, H; Wei, ZH, 2009)		2.07
"Psyllium tended to increase mass of the reticulo-rumen and significantly increased mass of duodenum (34.2%), jejunum (14.5%), and colon (14.6%)."( Inclusion of psyllium in milk replacer for neonatal calves. 2. Effects on volatile fatty acid concentrations, microbial populations, and gastrointestinal tract size.
Bauer, LL; Cannon, SJ; Drackley, JK; Fahey, GC; Miller, BL; Pope, LL; Wallace, RL, 2010)		1.45
"Psyllium seems to enhance both SCFA production and stool bulk relative to mixed fiber, whereas beta-glucan most significantly increases SCFA production with a minimal effect on stool bulk."( Potential water-holding capacity and short-chain fatty acid production from purified fiber sources in a fecal incubation system.
McBurney, MI, )		0.85
"Psyllium husk may cause epithelial cell loss and muscle layer hypertrophy in the jejunum and ileum and thinning of the colonic wall after prolonged feeding."( Intestinal structural changes in African green monkeys after long term psyllium or cellulose feeding.
Hargis, A; Mehta, T; Paulini, I, 1987)		1.23

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Psyllium treatment did not affect body weight, blood pressure, or serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, iron, or zinc."( Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid for hypercholesterolemic men.
Anderson, JW; Bishop, CW; Feldman, T; Oeltgen, P; Tietyen-Clark, J; Zettwoch, N, 1988)		1.28

Toxicity

Fifty-four of 62 patients enrolled in the study completed the study protocol with 4 subjects discontinuing due to adverse reactions associated with psyllium husks. Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid is an effective and safe adjunct therapy.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"5 g ispaghula was well tolerated and the majority of adverse events recorded were minor, of short duration and either unrelated or possibly related to the study treatment."( The long-term safety and tolerability of ispaghula husk.
Oliver, SD, 2000)		0.31
"Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid concomitantly prescribed to obese patients receiving 120 mg of orlistat three times a day is an effective and safe adjunct therapy that is helpful in controlling the GI side effects of this pancreatic lipase inhibitor."( Gastrointestinal side effects of orlistat may be prevented by concomitant prescription of natural fibers (psyllium mucilloid).
Cavaliere, H; Floriano, I; Medeiros-Neto, G, 2001)		1.97
" Comparison of adverse events profile in both the groups shows that more number of patients from atorvastatin alone group (n = 14, 28%) had adverse reactions than the number of patients from the combination group (n = 4, 8%; p < 005)."( Randomised study to compare the efficacy and safety of isapgol plus atorvastatin versus atorvastatin alone in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia.
Jayaram, S; Langade, DG; Mane, PR; Prasad, HB; Sovani, VB, 2007)		0.34
" To investigate whether use in hypercholesterolemia is limited due to adverse effects on the gastrointestinal system, a prospective observational study was conducted."( Cholesterol reduction using psyllium husks - do gastrointestinal adverse effects limit compliance? Results of a specific observational study.
Ortiz, M; Stange, R; Uehleke, B, 2008)		0.64
"Fifty-four of 62 patients enrolled in the study completed the study protocol with 4 subjects discontinuing due to adverse reactions associated with psyllium husks."( Cholesterol reduction using psyllium husks - do gastrointestinal adverse effects limit compliance? Results of a specific observational study.
Ortiz, M; Stange, R; Uehleke, B, 2008)		0.84
" Adverse gastrointestinal symptoms associated with the preparation appear to be transient in some of the patients."( Cholesterol reduction using psyllium husks - do gastrointestinal adverse effects limit compliance? Results of a specific observational study.
Ortiz, M; Stange, R; Uehleke, B, 2008)		0.64
" Diarrhea, nausea, bloating, and abdominal pain were common adverse events, but no serious adverse events were reported."( Efficacy and Safety of Over-the-Counter Therapies for Chronic Constipation: An Updated Systematic Review.
Brenner, DM; Rao, SSC, 2021)		0.62

Compound-Compound Interactions

Psyllium powder had the ability in the combination with other hydrophilic polymers to produce controlled release profiles. Higher sodium alginate concentration (3%) for production of hydrogel beads in combination with psyllium or chitosan coating would present the most favourable carrier systems.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Psyllium powder had the ability in the combination with other hydrophilic polymers to produce controlled release profiles."( Release behaviour of propranolol HCl from hydrophilic matrix tablets containing psyllium powder in combination with hydrophilic polymers.
Asare-Addo, K; Azizian, K; Hassanzadeh, D; Nokhodchi, A; Siahi-Shadbad, MR, 2011)		1.51
" Higher sodium alginate concentration (3%) for production of hydrogel beads in combination with psyllium or chitosan coating would present the most favourable carrier systems for immobilization of caffeine."( Improving the controlled delivery formulations of caffeine in alginate hydrogel beads combined with pectin, carrageenan, chitosan and psyllium.
Belščak-Cvitanović, A; Djaković, S; Ježek, D; Karlović, S; Komes, D; Mršić, G; Spoljarić, I, 2015)		0.84

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The binding of iron to different fibers suggest in vitro that dietary fibers might interfere with the bioavailability of iron in the diet."( Effect of dietary fiber on iron absorption in man.
Rossander, L, 1987)		0.27
"Two iron repletion experiments using hemoglobin as a response criterion were conducted to assess effects of hemicelluloses on iron bioavailability to chicks."( Hemicellulose does not affect iron bioavailability in chicks.
Czarnecki-Maulden, GL; Fahey, GC; Fly, AD; Titgemeyer, EC, 1996)		0.29
" When psyllium was administered, the extent of EE absorbed increased slightly and the rate of absorption was slower."( Influence of two dietary fibers in the oral bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of ethinyloestradiol.
Alonso, ML; Calle, AP; Diez, MJ; Fernández, N; García, JJ; González, A; Prieto, C; Sahagún, A; Sierra, M, 2000)		0.79
"Dietary fiber is a group of important food polysaccharides, which may improve gastrointestinal function and alter the bioavailability and nutritional value of other food components."( Polysaccharides-protein interaction of psyllium and whey protein with their texture and bile acid binding activity.
Jung, W; Niu, Y; Xia, Q; Yu, L, 2019)		0.78

Dosage Studied

Gel-forming nonfermented psyllium fiber, dosed just before meals, is effective in facilitating weight loss in overweight and obese participants. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule establishing that over-the-counter (OTC) laxative drug products in granular dosage form containing the bulk-forming psyllIUM ingredients are not generally recognized as safe and effective.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" These results suggest that codeine phosphate has a beneficial effect on ileostomy function, reducing the loss of water and electrolytes, while Lomotil has a similar but less effective action in the dosage tested."( Effect of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, and Isogel on iileostomy function.
Newton, CR, 1978)		0.26
" PHM dosage information was available for 158 participants."( Effect of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid on serum cholesterol in the elderly.
Hale, WE; Marks, RG; May, FE; Moore, MT; Stewart, RB, 1991)		0.68
" This experience illustrates the precautions necessary, with the inclusion of a cautious dose-response approach, even with an 'occupation-type' challenge in the laboratory."( Occupational asthma in nurses handling psyllium.
Cartier, A; Dolovich, J; Malo, JL, 1987)		0.54
" In a dose-response study in 6 subjects, doses of 9, 18, and 30 g of psyllium per day caused a near linear increase in fecal viscosity."( Effect of psyllium, calcium polycarbophil, and wheat bran on secretory diarrhea induced by phenolphthalein.
Eherer, AJ; Fordtran, JS; Porter, J; Santa Ana, CA, 1993)		0.92
" The median initial dosage of Metamucil was 2 tablespoons (2 T) per day."( Treatment of chronic idiopathic large-bowel diarrhea in dogs with a highly digestible diet and soluble fiber: a retrospective review of 37 cases.
Leib, MS, )		0.13
" We investigate whether dosing with ispaghula husk affects the faecal bile acid weights and concentrations in healthy adults."( Effect of ispaghula husk on the faecal output of bile acids in healthy volunteers.
Chaplin, MF; Chaudhury, S; Davies, GJ; Dettmar, PW; Shaw, AD; Sykes, J, 2000)		0.31
"The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule establishing that over-the-counter (OTC) laxative drug products in granular dosage form containing the bulk-forming psyllium ingredients (psyllium (hemicellulose), psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid, psyllium seed, psyllium seed (blond), psyllium seed husks, plantago ovata husks, and plantago seed) are not generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE) and are misbranded."( Laxative drug products for over-the-counter human use; psyllium ingredients in granular dosage forms. Final rule.
, 2007)		0.78
" However, there is still uncertainty as to the dose-response relationship and its long-term lipid-lowering efficacy."( Time- and dose-dependent effect of psyllium on serum lipids in mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
Chen, HZ; Chen, XY; Rong, ZX; Su, BH; Wang, BS; Wang, H; Wei, ZH, 2009)		0.63
" With random-effect meta-regression, a significant dose-response relationship were found between doses (3-20."( Time- and dose-dependent effect of psyllium on serum lipids in mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
Chen, HZ; Chen, XY; Rong, ZX; Su, BH; Wang, BS; Wang, H; Wei, ZH, 2009)		0.63
"In the present study, metronidazole was used for preparing floating dosage forms that are designed to retain in the stomach for a long time and have developed as a drug delivery system for better eradication of Helicobacter Pylori in peptic ulcer diseases."( Preparation and evaluation of novel metronidazole sustained release and floating matrix tablets.
Adibkia, K; Asnaashari, S; Javadzadeh, Y; Khoei, NS; Zarrintan, MH, 2011)		0.37
" They reported GI symptoms daily during baseline (14 days), incremental fiber dosing (6 days), and 2 segments of steady full fiber dose (32 days total)."( Symptoms associated with dietary fiber supplementation over time in individuals with fecal incontinence.
Bliss, DZ; Jung, HJ; Lowry, A; Savik, K; Whitebird, R, )		0.13
" In patients with T2DM, multiweek studies (psyllium dosed before meals) showed significant improvement in both the fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentration (-37."( Psyllium fiber improves glycemic control proportional to loss of glycemic control: a meta-analysis of data in euglycemic subjects, patients at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
D'Alessio, DA; Gibb, RD; Hasselblad, V; McRorie, JW; Russell, DA, 2015)		2.12
" This leads to a drastic decrease (up to 87%) in viscosity of suspensions, while maintaining the same dosage level of psyllium and also delivering a significant amount of soluble dietary fiber such as corn bio-fiber gum in a single serving."( Suppression of Psyllium Husk Suspension Viscosity by Addition of Water Soluble Polysaccharides.
Hanah, KA; Kale, MS; Yadav, MP, 2016)		1
" The meta-analysis showed that psyllium, dosed just before meals (mean dose 10."( Psyllium is a natural nonfermented gel-forming fiber that is effective for weight loss: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.
Gibb, RD; McRorie, JW; Sloan, KJ, 2023)		2.64
"Gel-forming nonfermented psyllium fiber, dosed just before meals, is effective in facilitating weight loss in overweight and obese participants."( Psyllium is a natural nonfermented gel-forming fiber that is effective for weight loss: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.
Gibb, RD; McRorie, JW; Sloan, KJ, 2023)		2.66
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Occurs in Manufacturing (342 Items)

ItemProcessFrequency
Plant-based foods and beveragescore-ingredient31
Aliments et boissons à base de végétauxcore-ingredient31
Plant-based foodscore-ingredient30
Aliments d'origine végétalecore-ingredient30
Snackscore-ingredient26
Cereals and potatoescore-ingredient22
Céréales et pommes de terrecore-ingredient22
Breadscore-ingredient19
Mealscore-ingredient19
Pizzascore-ingredient15
Pizzas pies and quichescore-ingredient15
Frozen foodscore-ingredient13
en:Products for specific dietscore-ingredient12
Frozen pizzas and piescore-ingredient11
Painscore-ingredient11
en:Specific productscore-ingredient11
Céréales et dérivéscore-ingredient10
Kasvipohjaiset ruoatcore-ingredient10
Kasvipohjaiset ruoat ja juomatcore-ingredient10
Frozen pizzascore-ingredient9
Sandwichescore-ingredient8
Produits sans glutencore-ingredient8
Pains sans glutencore-ingredient7
Leivätcore-ingredient7
Burritoscore-ingredient6
Condimentscore-ingredient6
Pâtes à tartecore-ingredient6
Jyvät ja perunatcore-ingredient6
Sweet snackscore-ingredient5
Products without glutencore-ingredient5
Products for specific dietscore-ingredient5
Specific productscore-ingredient5
Biscuits et gâteauxcore-ingredient5
sucréscore-ingredient5
en:Meat alternativescore-ingredient5
Sliced breadscore-ingredient4
Crackerscore-ingredient4
Appetizerscore-ingredient4
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Cakescore-ingredient4
Biscuits and cakescore-ingredient4
Gluten-free breadscore-ingredient4
Pâtes feuilletéescore-ingredient4
en:Cereals and potatoescore-ingredient4
en:Plant-based foodscore-ingredient4
en:Plant-based foods and beveragescore-ingredient4
Pasticore-ingredient4
en:Breadscore-ingredient4
Pastascore-ingredient4
Beveragescore-ingredient3
Flatbreadscore-ingredient3
Special breadscore-ingredient3
Crispbreadscore-ingredient3
Cake mixescore-ingredient3
Dessert mixescore-ingredient3
Baking Mixescore-ingredient3
Pastry helperscore-ingredient3
Cooking helperscore-ingredient3
Dried productscore-ingredient3
en:groceriescore-ingredient3
Plantes condimentairescore-ingredient3
Sans glutencore-ingredient3
Granen en aardappelscore-ingredient3
Plantaardige levensmiddelencore-ingredient3
Plantaardige levensmiddelen en drankencore-ingredient3
Plats préparéscore-ingredient3
Surgeléscore-ingredient3
Cereals and their productscore-ingredient3
Substituts de viandecore-ingredient3
Alternatives à la viandecore-ingredient3
Pâtes alimentairescore-ingredient3
Meat analoguescore-ingredient3
Meat alternativescore-ingredient3
Wholemeal breadscore-ingredient3
Vleesvervangerscore-ingredient3
Milk substitutescore-ingredient2
Dairy substitutescore-ingredient2
Pitascore-ingredient2
Dried products to be rehydratedcore-ingredient2
Vegetarian pizzascore-ingredient2
Viandescore-ingredient2
Viandes et dérivéscore-ingredient2
Zanddegencore-ingredient2
Taartdegencore-ingredient2
Granen en graanproductencore-ingredient2
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Gâteauxcore-ingredient2
Pâtes briséescore-ingredient2
Glutenvrije productencore-ingredient2
Pains de miecore-ingredient2
Farinescore-ingredient2
Biscuits secscore-ingredient2
Biscuitscore-ingredient2
Wholemeal sliced breadscore-ingredient2
Gluteenitoncore-ingredient2
Jauhotcore-ingredient2
en:avenacore-ingredient2
Kauracore-ingredient2
Viljatuotteetcore-ingredient2
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Siemenetcore-ingredient2
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en:meat analogouscore-ingredient2
Sostituti della carnecore-ingredient2
Cibi a base vegetalecore-ingredient2
Cibi e bevande a base vegetalecore-ingredient2
Saucescore-ingredient2
Tortellinicore-ingredient2
Pasta farcitacore-ingredient2
Piatti a base di pastacore-ingredient2
Pâtes fraîchescore-ingredient2
Fresh pastacore-ingredient2
Stuffed pastascore-ingredient2
Pasta dishescore-ingredient2
Vleeskopieëncore-ingredient2
Coconut milks and creamscore-ingredient1
Plant-based creams for cookingcore-ingredient1
Plant-based creamscore-ingredient1
Plant-based milk alternativescore-ingredient1
Plant-based beveragescore-ingredient1
Creamercore-ingredient1
Bagel breadscore-ingredient1
Chocolate candiescore-ingredient1
Confectioneriescore-ingredient1
Cocoa and its productscore-ingredient1
bread gluten freecore-ingredient1
Dietary supplementscore-ingredient1
keto breadcore-ingredient1
Gluten-free breadcore-ingredient1
Gluten Free Breadcore-ingredient1
en:hot-dog-bunscore-ingredient1
White breadscore-ingredient1
Frozen ready-made mealscore-ingredient1
Chocolate cakescore-ingredient1
Dehydrated beveragescore-ingredient1
Margherita Pizzacore-ingredient1
Vegetable pizzacore-ingredient1
Salamuricore-ingredient1
Preparate din carnecore-ingredient1
Mezeluricore-ingredient1
Carnecore-ingredient1
en:Turkeyscore-ingredient1
en:Turkey and its productscore-ingredient1
en:Poultriescore-ingredient1
en:Meatscore-ingredient1
en:Meats and their productscore-ingredient1
Sauce condimentaire à base de raifordcore-ingredient1
Gnocchi de pommes de terrecore-ingredient1
Gnocchicore-ingredient1
Nuggets de pouletcore-ingredient1
Poulets panéscore-ingredient1
Nuggets de volaillecore-ingredient1
Poulets cuisinéscore-ingredient1
Préparations au pouletcore-ingredient1
Volailles cuitescore-ingredient1
Pouletscore-ingredient1
Produits panéscore-ingredient1
Volaillescore-ingredient1
Préparations de viandecore-ingredient1
Poulet et dérivéscore-ingredient1
Bunscore-ingredient1
Kanacore-ingredient1
Siipikarjacore-ingredient1
en:Chicken and its productscore-ingredient1
Lihatcore-ingredient1
Lihapohjaiset tuotteetcore-ingredient1
Brochettescore-ingredient1
Psylliumcore-ingredient1
Aides culinairescore-ingredient1
en:saladscore-ingredient1
Plats préparés surgeléscore-ingredient1
Salades composéescore-ingredient1
Raifort râpécore-ingredient1
Plats préparés aux falafelscore-ingredient1
Plats préparés d'origine végétalecore-ingredient1
en:cooking-helperscore-ingredient1
fr:Farines pâtissièrescore-ingredient1
Flourscore-ingredient1
Sans lactosecore-ingredient1
Puff pastry sheetscore-ingredient1
Pie doughcore-ingredient1
Raifort douxcore-ingredient1
Mousses de raifortcore-ingredient1
Raifortcore-ingredient1
Pâtes à tartiner végétalescore-ingredient1
Produits à tartinercore-ingredient1
Terrine campagnardecore-ingredient1
Terrines de campagnecore-ingredient1
Terrinescore-ingredient1
Charcuteriescore-ingredient1
Specifieke productencore-ingredient1
Galettes végétariennescore-ingredient1
Compléments alimentairescore-ingredient1
Préparations pour painscore-ingredient1
Farines sans glutencore-ingredient1
Galettes des roiscore-ingredient1
Pâtisseriescore-ingredient1
Boudoirscore-ingredient1
Nouilles de blé completcore-ingredient1
Nouillescore-ingredient1
Kruhovicore-ingredient1
Pizza margheritacore-ingredient1
en:Vegetarian pizzascore-ingredient1
Pizzecore-ingredient1
Pizze e torte salatecore-ingredient1
Tryffelimajoneesitcore-ingredient1
Majoneesitcore-ingredient1
Meat free chickencore-ingredient1
Wrapscore-ingredient1
Wheat flatbreadscore-ingredient1
Substituts de repascore-ingredient1
Hafervollkornbrotcore-ingredient1
Haferbrotcore-ingredient1
Vegetarian sausagescore-ingredient1
ready rolled puff pastrycore-ingredient1
Gluten free pizzacore-ingredient1
Meat free chipolatacore-ingredient1
Plant-based mealscore-ingredient1
Sourdough breadcore-ingredient1
en:Refrigerated plant-based foodscore-ingredient1
Refeições à base de plantascore-ingredient1
Alimentos refrigeradoscore-ingredient1
Refeiçõescore-ingredient1
Alimentos à base de plantascore-ingredient1
Alimentos e bebidas à base de plantascore-ingredient1
Dried mealscore-ingredient1
Zastępniki mięsacore-ingredient1
Alternatywy mięsacore-ingredient1
en:Aliments etcore-ingredient1
Pains de mie sans glutencore-ingredient1
Pakasteetcore-ingredient1
Vartaatcore-ingredient1
Keksitcore-ingredient1
Keksit ja kakutcore-ingredient1
Makeat naposteltavatcore-ingredient1
Naposteltavatcore-ingredient1
Leipäcore-ingredient1
Valmiit ateriatcore-ingredient1
Kavisnugetitcore-ingredient1
Leivitetyt tuotteetcore-ingredient1
Lihankorvikkeetcore-ingredient1
Cheesescore-ingredient1
Fermented milk productscore-ingredient1
Fermented foodscore-ingredient1
Dairiescore-ingredient1
knekkebrødcore-ingredient1
en:Crispbreadscore-ingredient1
sv:Fröknäckecore-ingredient1
Wholemeal rolls for hotdogcore-ingredient1
hamburgarbrödcore-ingredient1
Pains aux fruitscore-ingredient1
Pains spéciauxcore-ingredient1
Pains Bretzelscore-ingredient1
Biscuits apéritifs au rizcore-ingredient1
Biscuits apéritifscore-ingredient1
Amuse-gueulescore-ingredient1
saléscore-ingredient1
Pains-précuitsPains-sans-glutencore-ingredient1
Baguettescore-ingredient1
en:meat-analoguescore-ingredient1
Plant based bugerscore-ingredient1
Hamburguesascore-ingredient1
Comidas preparadas congeladascore-ingredient1
Carnes vegetalescore-ingredient1
Alimentos de origen vegetal congeladoscore-ingredient1
Congeladoscore-ingredient1
Alimentos de origen vegetalcore-ingredient1
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetalcore-ingredient1
Meat analogouscore-ingredient1
Polpette vegetalicore-ingredient1
en:bolognese-saucescore-ingredient1
Vegan-bolognasecore-ingredient1
Vegan pasta saucecore-ingredient1
Pasta saucescore-ingredient1
en:Meat analoguescore-ingredient1
Tortellini di carnecore-ingredient1
Tortellini con prosciutto crucore-ingredient1
Tortellini al prosciutto crudocore-ingredient1
Pasta frescacore-ingredient1
Paste all'uovocore-ingredient1
Pastacore-ingredient1
Cereali e i loro prodotticore-ingredient1
Cereali e patatecore-ingredient1
en:Pork skewerscore-ingredient1
en:Meat skewerscore-ingredient1
en:Skewerscore-ingredient1
Pollamicore-ingredient1
Carne di maialecore-ingredient1
Preparazioni a base di carnecore-ingredient1
en:Pork and its productscore-ingredient1
Carni preparatecore-ingredient1
Carnicore-ingredient1
Prodotti a base di carnecore-ingredient1
Farines de fromentcore-ingredient1
Farines de blécore-ingredient1
Farines de céréalescore-ingredient1
Brotecore-ingredient1
Getreide und Kartoffelncore-ingredient1
Pflanzliche Lebensmittelcore-ingredient1
Pflanzliche Lebensmittel und Getränkecore-ingredient1
Tagliatellescore-ingredient1
Légumes surgeléscore-ingredient1
Aliments à base de plantes surgeléscore-ingredient1
Légumes et dérivéscore-ingredient1
Aliments à base de fruits et de légumescore-ingredient1
Involtini primaveracore-ingredient1
en:Cooked turkey breast slicescore-ingredient1
en:cooked-poultry-breast-slicescore-ingredient1
fr:Charcuteries cuitescore-ingredient1
Gall d'indicore-ingredient1
Gall d'indi i derivatscore-ingredient1
Aus de corralcore-ingredient1
Carns preparadescore-ingredient1
Carnscore-ingredient1
Productes amb base de carncore-ingredient1
Chlebacore-ingredient1
en:Protein powderscore-ingredient1
en:Bodybuilding supplementscore-ingredient1
Doplněk stravycore-ingredient1
en:raviolicore-ingredient1
en:cheese-raviolicore-ingredient1
Raviolicore-ingredient1
Graantortillascore-ingredient1
Graanbrodencore-ingredient1
Witte brodencore-ingredient1
Glutenvrije brodencore-ingredient1
Platte brodencore-ingredient1
Brodencore-ingredient1
Green pestoscore-ingredient1
Pestoscore-ingredient1
Plant-based spreadscore-ingredient1
Spreadscore-ingredient1
ccore-ingredient1
Plantaardige steaks voor hamburgerscore-ingredient1
Gepaneerde productencore-ingredient1
Kippencore-ingredient1
Gevogeltencore-ingredient1
Kip en afgeleide productencore-ingredient1
Vlezencore-ingredient1
Vleesproductencore-ingredient1
en:sliced-breadscore-ingredient1

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
very long-chain fatty acidA fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22. Very long-chain fatty acids which have a chain length greater than C27 are also known as ultra-long-chain fatty acids.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (670)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990164 (24.48)18.7374
1990's154 (22.99)18.2507
2000's122 (18.21)29.6817
2010's162 (24.18)24.3611
2020's68 (10.15)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 73.24

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index73.24 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.81 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.66 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index256.62 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.95 (0.95)

This Compound (73.24)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials177 (24.21%)5.53%
Reviews78 (10.67%)6.00%
Case Studies54 (7.39%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other422 (57.73%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (56)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Investigation of Supra Fiber in the Treatment of Adults With Constipation-A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01288508]89 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
Comparison of Vaginal Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to Control for Treatment of Vaginal Symptoms in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors on Aromatase Inhibitors: A Phase II Randomized Trial [NCT04493333]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-07Recruiting
Effect of Calcium Polycarbophil on Type II Diabetes Mellitus Control: a Randomized Double-blind Study [NCT01252524]48 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
[NCT01180725]Phase 40 participants InterventionalCompleted
Randomized Trial Comparing Two Fiber Regimens for the Reduction of Symptoms of Constipation [NCT03845673]53 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Open Label, Two-part, Three-period, Cross Over Study to Investigate the Effects of Carbohydrate in Diet and to Evaluate Supplements on the Gastrointestinal Tolerability of LIK066 in Overweight or Obese Subjects [NCT03198767]Phase 254 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-21Completed
Evaluation of the Effects of Eggshell Membrane in Protecting Skin From Damage Caused by Environmental Challenges and Aging [NCT06148337]90 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-20Not yet recruiting
Nurse Practitioner [NCT05528146]44 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-01Not yet recruiting
Effect of Fenugreek on Milk Production [NCT00851591]3 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Low enrollment; investigator chose not to continue study)
Tolerance & Responsiveness Improvement for Metformin (TRIM): Open-label, Parallel-group Randomized Trial, Phase 4 [NCT03670043]Phase 429 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-19Completed
Validation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Characterise Gastrointestinal Physiology, Gut Luminal Content and Its Interaction With Colonic Microbiota in Patients With Chronic Constipation [NCT02144376]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
Efficacia Della Fibra di Psyllium Versus Placebo Nella Gestione Dell'Alvo in Pazienti Sottoposti ad Intervento Chirurgico Per Ostruita Defecazione [NCT02136693]Phase 465 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Exploring Mechanism of Action of Dietary Fibre on the Gut Microbiota and Metabolites: Can we Identify Responders and Non-responders to Psyllium and Inulin Dietary Fibres? [NCT05906589]42 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-25Recruiting
Additive Cholesterol Lowering Effect by Concomitant Treatment With Psyllium Husks and Isolated Soy Protein in Addition to Heart-healthy Diet in Hypercholesterolemia [NCT01251991]Phase 441 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Investigation of Supplemental L-alanine in the Management of Dietary Fructose Intolerance: a Double-blind, Randomized Crossover Study [NCT01288495]15 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Terminated(stopped due to PI moved institutions and changed study protocol)
Comparison of Taste and Texture of Metamucil, Volcolon and Psyllium Orange Generic [NCT02867917]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-30Completed
A Phase Ia/Ib Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single and Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacodynamics of BBI-001 in Iron Deficient Volunteers and HH Patients [NCT05238207]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-03-28Terminated(stopped due to Only Part A (single dosing) was conducted due to business considerations)
The Safety and Efficacy of 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist (Ramosetron) Versus Psyllium (Agio®) for the Treatment of Fecal Incontinence: Multicenter Randomized Trial (SERAFI) [NCT06166615]Phase 2/Phase 3148 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-15Not yet recruiting
Use of Novel Prebiotic Fiber for Targeted Dietary Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Nutrabiotix Phase II) [NCT02144753]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Per DSMB, study fiber had given subjects more adverse events and made their IBS symptoms worse than the psyllium group.)
The Impact of Fiber Fermentation on Fecal Incontinence [NCT01738607]206 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial Examining the Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) and Subsequent Dietary Fiber in Patients With Moderate Ulcerative Colitis [NCT03998488]Phase 227 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-31Active, not recruiting
Effect of Psyllium (Plantago Ovata) on Digestive Disorders in Familial Amyloidosis [NCT04695340]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-11-30Withdrawn(stopped due to No inclusion during the authorised period, no extension is possible again)
Multicenter, Double Blind, Randomized, Controlled With Placebo, to Evaluate the Effect of the Treatment With Plantago Ovata Husk in the Incidence of the Remission of Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents Between 10 to 16 Years Old. [NCT00748787]Phase 219 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Terminated(stopped due to It was very difficult to fulfill the inclusion criteria, therefore the expected time of inclusion was delayed so much time.)
Comparing the Effectiveness of Two Dietary Interventions for Fecal Incontinence: a Randomized, Controlled Trial. [NCT02828384]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-10-02Completed
Combination of Medium Cut-off Dialyzer Membrane and Diet Modification to Alleviate Residual Uremic Syndrome of Dialysis Patients [NCT04247867]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-31Recruiting
The Effect of Combining Medium Cut Off Polyarylethersulfone-polyvinylpyrrolidone Dialysis Membrane and Diet Modification on Reducing of Inflammation Response [NCT04260412]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-31Recruiting
The Role of Fiber in the Prevention and Treatment of Fecal Incontinence [NCT04806386]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-07-21Recruiting
An Open Label, Randomized, 4-Period Cross-over Study to Evaluate the Effects of Psyllium Taken Before a Meal on Postprandial Blood Glucose in Healthy Males [NCT00888602]49 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
Dietary Interventions in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Soluble, Insoluble or no Fibre? A Randomized Controlled Trial in Primary Care. [NCT00189033]285 participants Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Efficacy and Mechanisms of Pharmacologic Treatment of Fecal Incontinence [NCT00727649]Phase 2/Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Viscosity Rather Than Quality of Dietary Fibre Predicts Cholesterol-lowering Effect in Healthy Individuals [NCT03741621]Phase 223 participants (Actual)Interventional1992-01-31Completed
The Effect of Psyllium and Wheat Bran on Body Weight in People With Parkinson's Disease and Constipation Symptoms [NCT04829760]79 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-13Recruiting
Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 2-treatment, 3-period Crossover Design Study of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Psyllium 6.8 g Provided as Sugarfree Metamucil® Fiber Supplement Powder Versus Placebo on Satiety in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01809925]45 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
A Randomized, Controlled Study To Compare the Effects of 2 Types of Dietary Fiber, Psyllium and Microcrystalline Cellulose, on Glycemic Measures in Subjects With Pre-type 2 Diabetes [NCT01549600]18 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
The Effect of Zespri Green Kiwifruit on Digestive and Gut Health Functions: a Multi-country, Randomized, Cross-over Clinical Intervention [NCT02888392]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-18Completed
Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Combination With Biofeedback in Patients With Fecal Incontinence - A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02888899]0 participants Interventional2016-03-31Recruiting
Fiber and Diabetes (FAD) Study: Effect of Psyllium vs. Wheat Dextrin on Glycemic Control and Inflammatory Markers in DM2 [NCT04547790]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-23Active, not recruiting
Evaluation of the Metabolome in Diverticular Disease and Effects of Probiotic Mixture VSL#3 vs Fibers, Rifaximin and Mesalazine on the Metabolome in Diverticular Disease of the Colon [NCT01831323]40 participants (Anticipated)Observational2012-12-31Recruiting
Bowel Function After Minimally Invasive Urogynecologic Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01044212]72 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Prospective, Randomized and Controlled Study for the Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Supplement of Agave Tequilana Weber Var. Azul Fiber Derivatives vs Psyllium Plantago in Patients With Functional Constipation [NCT04716868]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-07-18Recruiting
Randomised, Blinded, Parallel, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate Whether Supplementation of the Dietary Fiber Psyllium Can Reduce Abdominal Pain and Improve Quality of Life and Anxiety in Children With Abdominal Pain. [NCT04619095]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-06-01Withdrawn(stopped due to We were unable to recruit any participants)
The Latex Diaphragm to Prevent HIV Acquisition Among Women: A Female-Controlled, Physical Barrier of the Cervix [NCT00121459]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to PI left and no data or information is available.)
Effect of Ispaghula on Colonic Water Content [NCT01805999]15 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
Validation Study of the Effects of FIBRACEP Supplementation on the Lipid Profile [NCT04545463]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-01Completed
Enrichment of Hamburger Meatballs With Psyllium and Determination of the Effects on Postprandial Lipidemia, Glycemia, Appetite, and Food Intake [NCT05825963]28 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-04-12Completed
Effects of High Dietary Fiber Supplementation on Uremic Retention Molecules and Inflammation in Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [NCT01838330]44 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
To Compare the Efficacy of (Rifaximin + Mebeverine), (Rifaximin + Amitriptyline), and (Rifaximin + Psyllium Husk) in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Associated With Diarrhea [NCT05867550]Phase 4162 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-01-03Completed
A Clinical Study to Determine the Ability of Metamucil to Reduce Fasting Blood Glucose and HbA1c Levels in Type II NIDDM [NCT01582282]Phase 437 participants (Actual)Interventional1988-05-31Terminated(stopped due to due to slow enrollment)
Effect of Modified Cellulose on Colonic Fermentation of Inulin (COCOA2) [NCT05911347]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-09Recruiting
Phase IV Non Comparative Study of the Impact of Dietary Fiber Deficiency Correction Using Mucofalk® on Clinical Features and Motor Function of the Esophagus in Patients With Non-erosive Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease [NCT01882088]Phase 436 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
Effect of Rate Of Delivery on Colonic Fermentation of inuliN (EON) [NCT05619341]18 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-28Recruiting
A Randomized, Double Blind, Controlled, Dose Ranging Trial to Compare Nutrabiotix Fiber to Psyllium Fiber in Patients Experiencing Constipation. [NCT01210625]0 participants Expanded AccessNo longer available
A Prospective Randomized, Open-Label, Crossover Study on the Effects of Psyllium on Niacin Tolerability [NCT03370848]Phase 426 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
Effects of Fibre on Intestinal Volume and Gas in Irritable Bowel Syndrome [NCT03265002]19 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-08Completed
A Pilot Participant-blind Study of the Effect of Bran, Psyllium and Nopal on Intestinal Water Content Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging [NCT03263065]12 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-18Completed
The Effect of Psyllium Fibre (Plantago Ovata) on LDL-cholesterol and Emerging Lipid Targets, Non-HDL-cholesterol and Apolioprotein-B: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials [NCT03346733]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2013-10-08Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00727649 (3) [back to overview]7-day Bowel Diary, Number of Fecal Incontinence Episodes
NCT00727649 (3) [back to overview]Fecal Incontinence Severity Index Score, FISI
NCT00727649 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Bowel Movements With Incontinence
NCT01044212 (3) [back to overview]Consistency of First Postoperative Bowel Movement
NCT01044212 (3) [back to overview]Pain Level Associated With First Postoperative Bowel Movement
NCT01044212 (3) [back to overview]Time to First Post-op Bowel Movement
NCT01582282 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Glucose
NCT01582282 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting HbA1c
NCT01582282 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting HDL Cholesterol
NCT01582282 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting LDL Cholesterol
NCT01582282 (6) [back to overview]Total Cholesterol Change From Baseline
NCT01582282 (6) [back to overview]Triglyceride Change From Baseline
NCT01882088 (10) [back to overview]Acid Exposure Time
NCT01882088 (10) [back to overview]Mean Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure (at Rest)
NCT01882088 (10) [back to overview]Mean Resting Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) Pressure After 10 Water Swallows at the End of Treatment (the Day 10 of Psyllium Intake)
NCT01882088 (10) [back to overview]Minimal Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure at Rest
NCT01882088 (10) [back to overview]Minimal Resting Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) Pressure After 10 Water Swallows
NCT01882088 (10) [back to overview]Number of Acid Gastroesophageal Refluxes
NCT01882088 (10) [back to overview]Number of Gastroesophageal Refluxes
NCT01882088 (10) [back to overview]Number of Patients Experiencing Heartburn During 7 Days Prior the Day 10 of Psyllium Intake
NCT01882088 (10) [back to overview]Residual Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure
NCT01882088 (10) [back to overview]Stools Per Week
NCT03198767 (5) [back to overview]Average Consistency With Bristol Stool Chart (Part A and Part B)
NCT03198767 (5) [back to overview]Average Stool pH (Part A and Part B)
NCT03198767 (5) [back to overview]Average Stool Weight (Part A and Part B)
NCT03198767 (5) [back to overview]Number of Episodes of Diarrhea (Part A and Part B)
NCT03198767 (5) [back to overview]Three-day Total Number of Episodes of Diarrhea (Part A and Part B)

7-day Bowel Diary, Number of Fecal Incontinence Episodes

After consent, 7-day bowel diary was assessed at baseline (2-week visit), during the last week of the 4-week intervention (6-week visit), during the second week of the 2-week wash-out period at 8-weeks, and during the last week of the second 4-week intervention (12 weeks). The mean number of total fecal incontinence episodes from a 7-day bowel diary from each time point was compared between the groups. (NCT00727649)
Timeframe: 6 weeks and 12 weeks

,
InterventionFecal incontinence episodes (Mean)
BaselineEnd of First InterventionEnd of Wash-out PeriodEnd of Second Intervention
L1P2 (Loperamide First, Then Pysllium)7.94.15.04.7
P1L2 (Psyllium First, Then Loperamide)7.34.84.33.5

[back to top]

Fecal Incontinence Severity Index Score, FISI

The patient-reported symptoms severity score, the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI), has 4 questions about the frequency of gas, mucus, liquid stool, and solid stool incontinence. Responses are weighted based on the patient rating of severity and a total score is calculated (range 0-61) with higher scores indicating a greater severity of symptoms. (NCT00727649)
Timeframe: baseline, 4 week and 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineEnd of First InterventionEnd of Second Intervention
L1P2 (Loperamide First, Then Pysllium)31.924.923.2
P1L2 (Psyllium First, Then Loperamide)29.124.922.0

[back to top]

Percentage of Bowel Movements With Incontinence

After consent, 7-day bowel diary was assessed at baseline (2-week visit), during the last week of the 4-week intervention (6-week visit), during the second week of the 2-week wash-out period at 8-weeks, and during the last week of the second 4-week intervention (12 weeks). We compared the percentage of the total number of fecal incontinence episodes over the total number of bowel movements from a 7-day bowel diary from each time point between the groups. (NCT00727649)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of incontinent bowel movement (Mean)
BaselineEnd of First InterventionEnd of Wash-out PeriodEnd of Second Intervention
L1P2 (Loperamide First, Then Pysllium)32.321.318.818.8
P1L2 (Psyllium First, Then Loperamide)30.523.423.015.9

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Consistency of First Postoperative Bowel Movement

"The consistency of the first post-operative bowel movement was rated using the Bristol Stool Scale. This is a validated scale that is widely used. It is given to patients as a chart. The chart can be seen here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_stool_scale.~The seven types of stool are:~Type 1: Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass) Type 2: Sausage-shaped, but lumpy Type 3: Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface Type 4: Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft Type 5: Soft blobs with clear cut edges (passed easily) Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool Type 7: Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely liquid" (NCT01044212)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of surgery

InterventionBristol Stool Scale (Mean)
Bowel Medications3.13
Docusate Controls3.40

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Pain Level Associated With First Postoperative Bowel Movement

The pain level experienced with the first post-operative bowel movement was recorded and measured on visual analog score with range 0 to 10 in units on scale. 0 being no pain at all. 10 being worst pain. (NCT01044212)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of surgery

InterventionVAS pain score (Mean)
Bowel Medications3.6
Docusate Controls3.7

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Time to First Post-op Bowel Movement

The time to first post-operative bowel movement was measured in hours after surgery. (NCT01044212)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of surgery

Interventionhours (Mean)
Bowel Medications64
Docusate Controls77

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Glucose

Change from Baseline is defined as the Post-Baseline value subtracted from the Baseline value (NCT01582282)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Psyllium 3.4g BID-7.73
6.8g Psyllium BID-17.81
Placebo22.91

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Change From Baseline in Fasting HbA1c

Change is defined as Post-Baseline minus Baseline (NCT01582282)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of total hemoglobin (Mean)
Psyllium 3.4g BID-0.27
6.8g Psyllium BID-0.39
Placebo0.26

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Change From Baseline in Fasting HDL Cholesterol

Change is defined as Post-Baseline minus Baseline (NCT01582282)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Psyllium 3.4g BID-0.90
6.8g Psyllium BID1.58
Placebo-0.42

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Change From Baseline in Fasting LDL Cholesterol

Change is defined as Post-Baseline minus Baseline (NCT01582282)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Psyllium 3.4g BID-11.51
6.8g Psyllium BID-5.84
Placebo-5.41

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Total Cholesterol Change From Baseline

Change is defined as Post-Baseline minus Baseline (NCT01582282)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Psyllium 3.4g BID-12.96
6.8g Psyllium BID-4.88
Placebo-5.12

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Triglyceride Change From Baseline

Change is defined as Post-Baseline minus Baseline (NCT01582282)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Psyllium 3.4g BID-8.95
6.8g Psyllium BID-8.26
Placebo-1.81

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Acid Exposure Time

Percent of time with pH less than 4 at 5 cm above upper border of lower oesophageal sphincter per 24-hours oesophageal pH-impedance recording on the day 10 of psyllium intake. This outcome measure was compared to the baseline characteristics provided in the specific section of the study description (NCT01882088)
Timeframe: End of Treatment, on day 10 of psyllium intake

InterventionPercent of time pH<4 per 24-hours period (Mean)
Mucofalk5.5

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Mean Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure (at Rest)

This parameter is obtained with the use of high-resolution esophageal manometry performed on the Day 10 of psyllium intake. (NCT01882088)
Timeframe: End of Treatment, on day 10 of psyllium intake

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Mucofalk26.5

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Mean Resting Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) Pressure After 10 Water Swallows at the End of Treatment (the Day 10 of Psyllium Intake)

The data are obtained during high resolution esophageal manometry study on the day 10 of psyllium intake. This outcome is measured after 10 water swallows by 5 ml each. The study usually lasts for about 15 to 20 minutes. Data of high-resolution esophageal manometry examination at baseline and on the day 10 of psyllium intake were compared. (NCT01882088)
Timeframe: End of Treatment, on day 10 of psyllium intake

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Mucofalk22.0

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Minimal Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure at Rest

Obtained during esophageal high resolution manometry study. End of treatment data were compared to the baseline. Per standard, resting pressure is measured during 30 seconds. High resolution manometry data on day 10 was compared to baseline. (NCT01882088)
Timeframe: End of Treatment, on day 10 of psyllium intake

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Mucofalk11.3

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Minimal Resting Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) Pressure After 10 Water Swallows

The results obtained during high resolution esophageal manometry studies. This parameter is obtained after 10 water swallows by 5 ml each. Data of high resolution esophageal manometry (examination usually lasts for 10-20 min) on the day 10 of psyllium intake were compared to the baseline characteristics. The data were compared to baseline characteristics (NCT01882088)
Timeframe: End of Treatment, on day 10 of psyllium intake

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Mucofalk14.9

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Number of Acid Gastroesophageal Refluxes

Number of acid refluxes was measured by 24-hours oesophageal pH-impedance recordings. Reflux was considered as acid when oesophageal pH was less than 4 and the impedance revealed backward flow of the stomach content into the oesophagus. Outcome measure reflects the data of day 10 of psyllium intake. Statistics reflects comparison between EOT and baseline data. (NCT01882088)
Timeframe: End of Treatment, on day 10 of psyllium intake

Interventionacid refluxes (Mean)
Mucofalk30.3

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Number of Gastroesophageal Refluxes

Number of gastroesophageal refluxes registered with 24-hours esophageal pH-impedance on the 10th day of psyllium intake. Statistical data represent the results of the comparison of the data obtained on the day 10 of study (EOT) with the baseline characteristics provided in the specific section (NCT01882088)
Timeframe: End of Treatment, on day 10 of psyllium intake

Interventionrefluxes (Mean)
Mucofalk42.4

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Number of Patients Experiencing Heartburn During 7 Days Prior the Day 10 of Psyllium Intake

Presence of heartburn during 7 days prior to the day 10 of psyllium intake was evaluated with a standardized questionnaire. This result was assessed at EOT (NCT01882088)
Timeframe: 7 days prior to EOT

InterventionNumber of participants (Number)
Mucofalk12

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Residual Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure

These data are obtained during high resolution esophageal manometry studies. The end of treatment characteristics were compared to the baseline ones. (NCT01882088)
Timeframe: End of Treatment, on day 10 of psyllium intake

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Mucofalk7.0

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Stools Per Week

Episodes of stools were calculated during 7-day period. Mean number at the end point was compared to the baseline one (NCT01882088)
Timeframe: 7 days

Interventionstools per week (Mean)
Mucofalk8.0

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Average Consistency With Bristol Stool Chart (Part A and Part B)

BSC is frequently used as a measure of consistency, ranging from score 1 (hard lumps) to 7 (watery stool). (NCT03198767)
Timeframe: 24 hours on Day 3 of each treatment period

Interventionscore (Mean)
Part A: LIK066 + 50% CHO5.45
Part A: LIK066 + 25% CHO5.42
Part A: LIK066 + 0% CHO4.71
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO + NS5.81
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO + PS5.52
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO CC5.62

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Average Stool pH (Part A and Part B)

Average PH of Stool at day 3 (NCT03198767)
Timeframe: 24 hours on Day 3 of each treatment period

InterventionpH (Mean)
Part A: LIK066 + 50% CHO6.35
Part A: LIK066 + 25% CHO6.50
Part A: LIK066 + 0% CHO6.29
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO + NS6.52
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO + PS6.79
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO CC6.66

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Average Stool Weight (Part A and Part B)

24 hour average stool weight on day 3 (NCT03198767)
Timeframe: 24 hours on Day 3 of each treatment period

Interventiongram (Mean)
Part A: LIK066 + 50% CHO136.5
Part A: LIK066 + 25% CHO154.5
Part A: LIK066 + 0% CHO116.7
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO + NS145.5
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO + PS177.1
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO CC164.3

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Number of Episodes of Diarrhea (Part A and Part B)

Episodes of diarrhea is defined as the total number of stools with a Bristol Stool Chart (BSC) Score of 6 or 7 on day 3 of each treatment period. BSC is frequently used as a measure of consistency, and a score of 6 or 7 (pourable or watery stool) is considered abnormal. (NCT03198767)
Timeframe: 24 hours on Day 3 of each treatment period

InterventionNumber of stools (Mean)
Part A: LIK066 + 50% CHO1.67
Part A: LIK066 + 25% CHO1.25
Part A: LIK066 + 0% CHO0.38
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO + NS1.88
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO + PS1.46
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO CC1.46

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Three-day Total Number of Episodes of Diarrhea (Part A and Part B)

Episodes of diarrhea is defined as the total number of stools with a Bristol Stool Chart (BSC) Score of 6 or 7 on days 1 to 3 of each treatment period. BSC is frequently used as a measure of consistency, and a score of 6 or 7 (pourable or watery stool) is considered abnormal. (NCT03198767)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 of each treatment period

InterventionNumber of stools (Mean)
Part A: LIK066 + 50% CHO3.96
Part A: LIK066 + 25% CHO2.83
Part A: LIK066 + 0% CHO1.50
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO + NS4.42
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO + PS3.46
Part B: LIK066 + 50% CHO CC4.00

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		1.9810azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		4.5151alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		3.7721tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.0610halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.0310monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.6630alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		1.9610carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		8.36106elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
itaconic acid
itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		7.610dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
olefinic compound		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.0310alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		1.9910inositol phosphate
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		9.0140pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		1.9610monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		1.9610monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		3.1910pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0210propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
taurine
[no description available]		3.3611amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		1.9710pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.3110uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		8.3811isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		3.5611p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		2.3720hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.4520acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
theophylline
[no description available]		7.5520dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		4.9731benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
berberine
[no description available]		4.1320alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		6.3241diarylmethane
caffeine
[no description available]		7.1110purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.0610aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		1.9410organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		6.5440benzamides
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		1.9510aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		1.9410primary amine
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		1.9610ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.110N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.1110dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		2.5820methoxybenzenes
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.1110monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
iproniazid
[no description available]		1.9410carbohydrazide;
pyridines
isoetharine
Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.		1.9610catecholamine
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.0610carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		2.1710medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		6.6443monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
mebeverine
mebeverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.3611methoxybenzoic acid
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		1.9310ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		3.3811amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		2.110guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		4.1431C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		2.31101,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		1.9810oxopurine
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		1.9410barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		8.3711phenols
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.3611xanthenes
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		7.4820naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		7.0710benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		3.3611
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		3.3511N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		2.061011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		7.110glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		1.99102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		7.2510chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.0710glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		21017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.0510pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.0810D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.0710ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		3.7821lactose
mannitol
[no description available]		3.9121mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
propylene oxide
propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0510epoxide
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		3.3570benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
acrylamide
[no description available]		7.610acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		3.250alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
methacrylamide
[no description available]		7.0510acrylamides;
primary carboxamide
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.3920pyrrolidin-2-ones
cyclamic acid
Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.		1.9510sulfamic acidsenvironmental contaminant;
human xenobiotic metabolite
acrolein
[no description available]		3.2310enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
acrylonitrile
[no description available]		2.1710aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
carcinogenic agent;
fungal metabolite;
mutagen;
polar aprotic solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		3.4211pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		1.9410mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide
[no description available]		2.7530
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		3.3511aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		3.6220catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.21101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
benactyzine
Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.		1.9410diarylmethane
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9310mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		1.9410benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		1.9410ergoline alkaloid
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		1.9810bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.3322bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
azomethane
azomethane: structure		1.9810
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		3.39113'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.1510dialdehydebiomarker
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.3110organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		11.151diester;
organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		3.2310flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
6-methyluracil
6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.		1.9710pyrimidonemetabolite
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		6.9910N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.		2.0410enoate esterallergen;
polymerisation monomer
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		2.3520ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
amaranth dye
Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9510
lithium citrate
lithium citrate: RN given refers to the trilithium salt. lithium citrate (anhydrous) : A lithium salt that is the anhydrous form of the trilithium salt of citric acid. The tetrahydrate form is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression.		1.9710lithium salt
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.7721alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
benzophenoneidum
Benzophenoneidum: An aniline dye used as a disinfectant and an antiseptic agent. It is weakly fluorescing and binds specifically to certain proteins.. auramine O : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 4,4'-carbonimidoylbis(N,N-dimethylaniline) with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride. A fluorescent stain for demonstrating acid fast organisms in a method similar to the Ziehl Neelsen. It also can be used to make a fluorescent Schiff reagent.		2.1710hydrochloridefluorochrome;
histological dye
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		2.0110
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		7.2110elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.5720copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.3110titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		2.0610aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		9.1431magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		4.0631barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		2.0410calcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.0410calcium phosphate
sulfur trioxide
sulfur trioxide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510sulfur oxide
poloxalene
Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).		5.1843epoxide
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		2.0610aluminium sulfate
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.3110titanium oxidesfood colouring
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		210aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		4.3322benzenes;
phenyl acetates
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		2.061011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.7821bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		1.9910
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.2510taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.41205-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine
flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		210organoammonium saltantipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		8.7921delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		9.1231delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.4211aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		7.610carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		2.3720
sudan iii
sudan III: structure in first source. Sudan III : A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a 4-{[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.		1.9710azobenzenes;
bis(azo) compound;
naphthols		carcinogenic agent;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
ammonium peroxydisulfate
ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.		2.4420
caloreen
caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.		3.8630
colestipol
Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.		8.7921
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		8.39206hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		1.9510D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.2110organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		2.1110flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		3.1910anthocyanidin chloride
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		4.830aryl sulfate;
pyridines
tyloxapol
tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.		1.9310
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		1.9610iditolfungal metabolite
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		3.4770D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		3.7921D-xylose
lactitol
lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.		9.9621glycosyl alditolcathartic;
excipient;
laxative
tartrazine
Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.		1.9510
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		1.9510
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		7.8740
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		4.864212alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.3820bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
arabinose
[no description available]		4.3141L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		7.8680
diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.		1.98102,6-diaminopimelic acid;
amino acid zwitterion		Escherichia coli metabolite
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		3.8121tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510cellotriose
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		3.7421cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		3.2310cinnamic acidplant metabolite
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.		2.04103-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA;
3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		8.87302D-galactopyranuronic acid
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.02103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		1.9710flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		4.8642one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		3.23103-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
glycosides
[no description available]		2.6430
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.0110isomethyleugenol
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		2.0610vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		8.6420aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		3.4611cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
potassium oxonate
potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice		2.3110organic molecular entity
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		4.3122cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		1.9710bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.2110
pica
Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.		1.9610
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		1.9710alkali metal atom
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.8621beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
argipressin, beta-mercapto(beta,beta)-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-ile(2,4)-
argipressin, beta-mercapto(beta,beta)-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-Ile(2,4)-: RN refers to (L-Ile-D-Ile-L-Arg)-isomer; vasopressin and vasopressin (2) receptor antagonist		2.0610
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.0210
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		1.9810organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.1710
quercetin
[no description available]		1.95107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		3.3511biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		1.9910carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
alprostadil
[no description available]		1.9710prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
carboprost
Carboprost: A nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of PREGNANCY.. carboprost : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydrogen at position 15 is substituted by methyl (S configuration). It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		1.9610hydroxy monocarboxylic acidabortifacient;
oxytocic
canthaxanthin
Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.		7.0810carotenonebiological pigment;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fungal metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		3.3911dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		6.9710
codeine
[no description available]		4.0431morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		3.110metal atom;
pnictogen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.110dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.2110
cinidon-ethyl
Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.		2.2110ethyl ester;
isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.4420ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
beta-escin
Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.		2.0310triterpenoid saponin
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		7.1110biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		12.95103
td-5108
TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source		3.2510
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.3820
phytosterols
Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.		7.3642
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.6530
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		3.3511peptide hormone
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		5.7922
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		3.8421
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		7.8312glycoside
bismuth subsalicylate
bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.		3.110
chitosan
[no description available]		4.7361
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		1.9610inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
mannans
[no description available]		11.79356
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.4720
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		3.7421
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.1310
tylosin
[no description available]		210
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		12.84135
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		7.420ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.7330
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		3.110monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.21101,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		2.6830aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		2.1710
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.3820
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		3.0910
peptide yy
Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		5.7922
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		5.6332
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.0510cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		7.3110benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
eriochrome black t
[no description available]		2.1710
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		7.52163
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		05.6740
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		05.6740
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		010.472711
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.2510
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.2510
Gastric Stasis
[description not available]		04.0721
Gastroparesis
Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.		04.0721
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		011.74138
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		011.74138
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		03.811
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		017.639442
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		017.639442
Urogenital Prolapse
[description not available]		04.7211
Ache
[description not available]		05.2722
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		05.2722
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.		04.7211
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		09.5111
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		012.3751
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		011.48189
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.4110
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		014.685633
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		08.5493
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		07.69104
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		014.685633
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		08.5493
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		012.69104
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.4110
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		012.952312
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		012.952312
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		04.0421
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		03.811
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		04.4931
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		06.1651
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		03.811
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		07.2753
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		012.2753
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.1540
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.1540
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		011.233112
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.610
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.610
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		07.551610
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		010.49109
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		011.84228
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		04.7832
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		011.84228
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		04.7832
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		06.0152
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		011.0152
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.4420
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.4420
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		05.5792
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		07.3110
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		06.84251
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		02.3110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		011.4238
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		011.4238
Narcotic Bowel Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3110
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		02.3110
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.3110
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		02.3110
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.3110
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		02.3110
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		06.5973
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.9240
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.0250
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.9640
Bezoars
Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.		09.6460
Duodenal Obstruction
Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.		02.1710
Gastric Rupture
[description not available]		07.1710
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.4420
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.1710
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.1710
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.4420
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.1710
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.5611
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		03.5611
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		09.0593
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		09.0593
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.2110
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		02.2110
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.2110
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		02.2110
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		06.4452
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		06.4452
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		03.4811
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		03.4811
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.0433
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		06.2940
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		06.6341
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		06.2940
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		06.2940
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		06.6341
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		06.2940
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		05.2341
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		08.6454
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		06.1262
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		04.820
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		03.9410
Prediabetes
[description not available]		03.9410
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		04.820
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		03.9410
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.9410
Flatus
[description not available]		06.8674
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		06.8674
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		03.821
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.1510
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		04.6161
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.1510
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.1510
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		03.821
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.1510
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		04.6161
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.1510
Lentiginosis, Perioral
[description not available]		02.1310
Anus Prolapse
[description not available]		02.1310
Intestinal Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.4220
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
A hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving CHROMOSOME 19. It is characterized by the presence of INTESTINAL POLYPS, consistently in the JEJUNUM, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with MELANIN spots of the lips, buccal MUCOSA, and digits.		02.1310
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		03.0610
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.2260
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		08.185
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		08.185
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		04.4851
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		04.4851
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		03.4311
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.3820
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.3820
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		03.4311
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		07.3452
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		02.6530
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		02.0510
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.6530
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		02.0510
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		05.44151
Allergic Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		01.9510
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		05.44151
Conjunctivitis, Allergic
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.		01.9510
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		02.3820
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		02.0510
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		02.3820
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		02.0510
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		03.8910
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		03.8910
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.		02.0510
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		02.0610
Azotaemia
[description not available]		03.4511
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.933
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		04.4122
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		05.933
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		02.0610
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		02.0610
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		010.2143
Colonic Diverticulosis
[description not available]		03.7621
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		03.7100
Hyperlipoproteinemia
[description not available]		03.3120
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.		03.3120
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		02.0110
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		05.7881
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		05.7881
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		0210
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		03.3220
Dysphagia
[description not available]		02.9310
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		02.9310
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.9310
Esophageal Hernia
[description not available]		02.9310
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.9310
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		02.9310
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.9310
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.9310
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		0210
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		0210
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9310
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		01.9310
Aura
[description not available]		01.9310
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		01.9310
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		01.9310
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		01.9310
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		09.76120
Varices
[description not available]		01.9310
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		04.76120
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		01.9310
Diverticula
[description not available]		01.9410
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.3420
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		04.0331
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.3420
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		04.0331
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.6530
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.0210
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		03.3320
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		05.3130
Edema, Laryngeal
[description not available]		02.9310
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		05.3130
Laryngeal Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.		02.9310
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.0210
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		03.4111
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		03.4111
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		07.6730
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		02.6730
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		03.7921
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		03.7921
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.0410
Intussusception
A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.		01.9610
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9610
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		01.9610
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		01.9610
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		06.9610
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		01.9610
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		01.9610
Alactasia
[description not available]		04.3222
Lactose Intolerance
The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.		04.3222
Esophageal Stricture
[description not available]		02.3820
Esophageal Stenosis
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.		02.3820
Allotriophagy
An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.		01.9610
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.8840
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		03.2720
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		03.2720
Colon Diverticula
[description not available]		03.7521
Diverticulum, Colon
A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.		03.7521
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		01.9610
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		01.9610
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		01.9610
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		01.9610
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		02.6630
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		01.9610
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		01.9610
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		01.9610
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		01.9610
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		01.9510
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		06.9510
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.6630
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.6630
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3711
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		03.3711
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		03.3711
Cyst
[description not available]		01.9810
Pyrosis
[description not available]		03.3711
Heartburn
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.		03.3711
Esophageal Perforation
An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.		01.9810
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.3720
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		04.4551
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		04.4551
Ascariasis
Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.		01.9810
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		01.9810
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		01.9810
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		01.9810
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		01.9810
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		01.9810
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		01.9910
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3920
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		01.9910
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		01.9910
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		04.2941
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		04.2941
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		01.9910
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		06.9910
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		02.9110
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		03.7921
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		01.9910
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		01.9910
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		0210
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		0210
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		0210
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.		0710
Recrudescence
[description not available]		03.7621
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		03.3911
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		03.3911
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		07.4344
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		07.4344
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.3820
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.3820
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.0110
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.0110
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		02.0110
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		01.9510
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		01.9510
Metastase
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		01.9510
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		01.9510
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		01.9510
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		01.9510
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		01.9510
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.3611
Colonic Polyps
Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		01.9810
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		02.6730
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		02.6730
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		01.9710
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9710
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		01.9710
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		01.9710
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		01.9710
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		04.2711
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		01.9710
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.3720
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.3720
Esophageal Spasm
[description not available]		01.9710
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		01.9710
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9710
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		03.3511
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		08.3511
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		01.9610
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		01.9610
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9610
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		01.9610
Pink Eye
[description not available]		01.9610
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9610
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		01.9410
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.8640
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.8640
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		01.9410
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		01.9410
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		01.9510
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		01.9510
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		01.9510
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		01.9510
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		01.9510
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		02.3520
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		01.9510
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		01.9510
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		01.9510
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		01.9410
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		01.9410
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		01.9410
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		01.9410
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		01.9410