Pidotimod is a synthetic immunomodulatory drug that is used to treat recurrent respiratory infections. It is a small molecule that acts by stimulating the production of cytokines, such as interferon-gamma, which help to activate the immune system. Pidotimod has been shown to be effective in reducing the frequency and severity of respiratory infections in children and adults. It is also being investigated for its potential use in the treatment of other conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cancer. Pidotimod is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects such as headache, nausea, and diarrhea. It is important to note that pidotimod is not a substitute for vaccination and should not be used to prevent or treat serious infections. Pidotimod is a synthetic compound and is not found naturally. It was first synthesized in the 1980s and has been used clinically since the 1990s. Research on pidotimod focuses on its immunomodulatory properties and its potential use in the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases. Pidotimod is studied due to its ability to enhance the immune system's response to infections. The compound works by stimulating the production of cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help to regulate the immune system. It is believed that pidotimod may be effective in treating respiratory infections by boosting the immune system's ability to fight off pathogens.'
pidotimod: RN given refers to compound with unspecified stereochemistry [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 65944 |
| CHEMBL ID | 1488165 |
| CHEBI ID | 94618 |
| SCHEMBL ID | 138407 |
| MeSH ID | M0178639 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| AC-3493 |
| timodolic acid |
| onaka |
| pigitil |
| polimod |
| axil |
| pgt/1a |
| thymodolic acid |
| pidotimod |
| pidotimod (inn) |
| 121808-62-6 |
| pilimod (tn) |
| D07261 |
| MLS001423953 |
| MLS000759528 |
| smr000466390 |
| NCGC00160516-01 |
| pidotimodum [inn-latin] |
| (r)-3-((s)-(5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)-thiazolidin-4-carbonsaeure [german] |
| brn 6636310 |
| pidotomod |
| (r-(r*,s*))-3-((5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid |
| (r)-3-((s)-5-oxoprolyl)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid |
| pidotimod [inn] |
| ccris 7271 |
| 4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid, 3-((5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)-, (r-(r*,s*))- |
| MLS001216453 |
| HMS2051C04 |
| (4r)-3-[(2s)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid |
| MLS001032108 |
| (4r)-3-[[(2s)-5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid |
| (4r)-3-[(2s)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid;pidotimod |
| A804790 |
| pidotimodum |
| (r)-3-((s)-(5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)-thiazolidin-4-carbonsaeure |
| nsc 759841 |
| unii-785363r681 |
| 785363r681 , |
| tox21_111865 |
| dtxsid0046199 , |
| cas-121808-62-6 |
| dtxcid8026199 |
| pharmakon1600-01502322 |
| nsc759841 |
| nsc-759841 |
| (r)-3-((s)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carbonyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid |
| HMS2231M03 |
| pilimod |
| CHEMBL1488165 |
| CCG-100832 |
| AKOS015896354 |
| S3106 |
| pidotimod [who-dd] |
| pidotimod [mart.] |
| pidotimod [mi] |
| AB00639966-08 |
| SCHEMBL138407 |
| NC00082 |
| 4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid, 3-[[(2s)-5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]-, (4r)- |
| AM90280 |
| KS-5229 |
| J-502193 |
| HY-B0944 |
| P2147 |
| (r)-3-[[(s)-5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid |
| AB00639966_11 |
| AB00639966_10 |
| DB11364 |
| CHEBI:94618 |
| (4r)-3-[oxo-[(2s)-5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl]methyl]-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid |
| mfcd00867583 |
| pidotimod, >=98% (hplc) |
| NCGC00160516-03 |
| HMS3715H06 |
| (4r)-3-{[(2s)-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl]carbonyl}-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid |
| SW197462-2 |
| BCP05222 |
| Q3902720 |
| BP164260 |
| pidotimod - bio-x |
| (4r)-3-{[(2s)-5-oxotetrahydro-1h-pyrrol-2-yl]carbonyl}-1,3-thiazolane-4-carboxylic acid |
Pidotimod (PDT) is a synthetic dipeptide molecule which can improve immune responses in mice and humans. It also has the capacity to modulate the function of the respiratory epithelial cells through the activation of a NK-KB pathway.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Pidotimod has been suggested as a new potential treatment in PFAPA syndrome for its immunodulatory effects." | ( Proposal for a new therapeutic high dosage of Pidotimod in children with periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome: a randomized controlled study. Barone, P; Filosco, F; Finocchiaro, GG; Giugno, A; Leonardi, S; Manti, S; Papale, M; Parisi, GF, 2020) | 1.54 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Pidotimod can inhibit activation of latent Toxoplasma gondii infection induced by dexamethasone in mice. " | ( [Pidotimod inhibits activation of latent Toxoplasma gondii infection induced by dexamethasone in mice]. Chen, H; Huo, XX; Kong, LT; Li, M; Shen, JL; Wang, WW; Zhang, Q, 2013) | 2.74 |
Pidotimod treatment was able of significantly reducing the number of children with upper and lower airways symptoms, and medications use. The treatment also increased school attendance, and reducing pediatric visits for RRI.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Pidotimod treatment was able of significantly reducing the number of children with upper and lower airways symptoms, and medications use, increasing school attendance, and reducing pediatric visits for RRI." | ( Pidotimod may prevent recurrent respiratory infections in children. Artusio, L; Caimmi, S; De Amici, M; Licari, A; Marseglia, A; Marseglia, GL; Nigrisoli, S, 2014) | 3.29 |
| "Treatment with pidotimod in vivo as well as in vitro resulted in an increase of tritiated thymidine incorporation in both mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and splenocytes from 24 month-old rats." | ( Modulating effects of the synthetic thymic dipeptide pidotimod on the immune system in the aging rat. Barbera, N; Bernardini, R; Cantarella, G; Chiarenza, A; Iurato, MP; Lempereur, L; Scapagnini, U, ) | 0.72 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " At each follow-up visit, peak expiratory flow (PEF) and asthma symptom score and medicine adverse effects were recorded." | ( Efficacy and Safety of Pidotimod in Persistent Asthma: A Randomized Triple-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial. Deglurkar, R; Mathew, JL; Singh, M, 2022) | 1.03 |
| " Secondary outcomes were PEF at each follow-up visit, asthma symptom score at each visit, change in asthma symptom score at 12 weeks, and adverse event profile." | ( Efficacy and Safety of Pidotimod in Persistent Asthma: A Randomized Triple-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial. Deglurkar, R; Mathew, JL; Singh, M, 2022) | 1.03 |
| " There were no significant adverse effects observed." | ( Efficacy and Safety of Pidotimod in Persistent Asthma: A Randomized Triple-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial. Deglurkar, R; Mathew, JL; Singh, M, 2022) | 1.03 |
Pidotimod (R)-3-[(S)-(5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl) carbonyl]-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, PGT/1A, CAS 121808-62-6), a new biological response modifier.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "The pharmacokinetic studies on pidotimod ((R)-3-[(S)-(5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl) carbonyl]-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, PGT/1A, CAS 121808-62-6) a new biological response modifier, following intravenous, intramuscular or oral administrations in rats and dogs are reported in this paper." | ( Pharmacokinetics of pidotimod in rats and dogs. Coppi, G; Silingardi, S, 1994) | 0.9 |
| "Pidotimod ((R)-3-[(S)-(5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl) carbonyl]-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, PGT/1A, CAS 121808-62-6), a new biological response modifier, was investigated in 3 different pharmacokinetic experiments in healthy volunteers." | ( Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of pidotimod in humans. Coppi, G; Mailland, F; Silingardi, S, 1994) | 1.99 |
| " No differences in absorption, excretion and pharmacokinetic parameters was evident between old volunteers and the youngs of a previous work." | ( Pharmacokinetics of pidotimod in elderly volunteers and in renal failure patients. Biffi, M; Coppi, G; Mailland, F; Silingardi, S; Spotti, D, 1994) | 0.61 |
| "A selective, rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the first time to determine pidotimod in human plasma and applied to a pharmacokinetic study." | ( High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of pidotimod in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Li, F; Liu, W; Lu, S; Qin, F; Xiong, Z; Zhang, Y, 2009) | 0.77 |
| "A selective, rapid and sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method was developed for the first time to determine adefovir in human plasma and applied to a pharmacokinetic study." | ( Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of adefovir in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Li, F; Qin, F; Qin, T; Xiong, Z; Yang, S; Zhang, Y, 2010) | 0.36 |
| "This study was aimed at exploring the accuracy of population pharmacokinetic method in evaluating the bioequivalence of pidotimod with sparse data profiles and whether this method is suitable for bioequivalence evaluation in special populations such as children with fewer samplings." | ( Advantage of population pharmacokinetic method for evaluating the bioequivalence and accuracy of parameter estimation of pidotimod. Chen, J; He, Y; Huang, J; Li, M; Lv, Y; Wang, J; Wang, K; Xu, L; Yang, J; Zheng, Q, 2016) | 0.85 |
| "The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for AUC0-12h, AUC0-∞, and Cmax were 97." | ( Advantage of population pharmacokinetic method for evaluating the bioequivalence and accuracy of parameter estimation of pidotimod. Chen, J; He, Y; Huang, J; Li, M; Lv, Y; Wang, J; Wang, K; Xu, L; Yang, J; Zheng, Q, 2016) | 0.64 |
| "The population pharmacokinetic modeling method was used to assess the bioequivalence of two pidotimod formulations with relatively few sampling points and further validated the bioequivalence of the two formulations." | ( Advantage of population pharmacokinetic method for evaluating the bioequivalence and accuracy of parameter estimation of pidotimod. Chen, J; He, Y; Huang, J; Li, M; Lv, Y; Wang, J; Wang, K; Xu, L; Yang, J; Zheng, Q, 2016) | 0.86 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " The drug did not show antimicrobial or antifungal activities nor interact with some of the most common therapeutics (antibiotics, tolbutamide, pentobarbital, antihypertensives, chlorothiazide, warfarin, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents)." | ( General pharmacology of pidotimod and testing for drug interactions. Coppi, G; Falcone, A; Ieva, G; Manzardo, S; Pinzetta, A, 1994) | 0.6 |
| "To gain new insight into the functional interaction between dendritic cells and methionine encephalin (MENK) combined with pidotimod (PTD), we have analyzed the effect of MENK plus PTD on the morphology, phenotype and functions of murine bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro." | ( Synergistic effect of methionine encephalin (MENK) combined with pidotimod(PTD) on the maturation of murine dendritic cells (DCs). Meng, Y; Plotnikoff, NP; Shan, F; Wang, E; Wang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2013) | 0.83 |
The intake of a standard meal before pidotimod administration, either as sachet or as ampoule, reduced the bioavailability of the drug. This was probably due to an interference at the absorption level.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " Bioavailability was 100% in the intramuscular route and 27% in the oral route." | ( Pharmacokinetics of pidotimod in rats and dogs. Coppi, G; Silingardi, S, 1994) | 0.61 |
| " The intake of a standard meal before pidotimod administration, either as sachet or as ampoule, reduced the bioavailability of the drug, probably due to an interference at the absorption level." | ( Effect of food on the bioavailability of pidotimod in healthy volunteers. Caravaggi, M; Crema, A; Crema, F; D'Angelo, L; De Ponti, F, 1994) | 0.83 |
| "Water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsions are potential for enhancing oral bioavailability of drugs with high solubility and low permeability, but their industrial application is limited due to the instability." | ( Self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system (SDEDDS): a new way for oral delivery of drugs with high solubility and low permeability. Hu, Z; Qi, X; Wang, L; Zhang, J; Zhu, J, 2011) | 0.37 |
| "The aims of this study were to prepare fine pidotimod-containing water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions and to investigate the possibility of those emulsions as a delivery system for promoting the oral bioavailability of pidotimod." | ( Water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions: an excellent delivery system for improving the oral bioavailability of pidotimod in rats. Qi, X; Wang, L; Zhu, J, 2011) | 0.84 |
| "The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs." | ( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019) | 0.51 |
Pidotimod could be an effective and safe to reduce the PFAPA attacks in children. 68 patients received 800 mg pidotimmod orally (one sachet) twice daily and an antibiotic treatment (amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid: 1 g twice daily), while 69 patients received placebo.
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| peptide | Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. |
| [compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (µ) | Min (ref.) | Avg (ref.) | Max (ref.) | Bioassay(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 35.4813 | 0.0032 | 45.4673 | 12,589.2998 | AID2517 |
| AR protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 8.4127 | 0.0002 | 21.2231 | 8,912.5098 | AID743042 |
| IDH1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 29.0929 | 0.0052 | 10.8652 | 35.4813 | AID686970 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 15.8489 | 0.0398 | 16.7842 | 39.8107 | AID1454 |
| [prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | |||||||
| Assay ID | Title | Year | Journal | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AID504749 | qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation | 2011 | Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043 | Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets. |
| AID504810 | Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign | 2010 | Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7 | A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. |
| AID504812 | Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign | 2010 | Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7 | A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. |
| AID588497 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13 | Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. |
| AID588497 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set | 2006 | Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5 | Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. |
| AID588497 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1 | High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. |
| AID651635 | Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression | |||
| AID588501 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13 | Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. |
| AID588501 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set | 2006 | Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5 | Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. |
| AID588501 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1 | High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. |
| AID1745845 | Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression | |||
| AID588499 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13 | Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. |
| AID588499 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set | 2006 | Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5 | Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. |
| AID588499 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1 | High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. |
| AID1346987 | P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen | 2019 | Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5 | A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. |
| AID1296008 | Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening | 2020 | SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1 | Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening. |
| AID1346986 | P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen | 2019 | Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5 | A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. |
| AID1347160 | Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors | 2020 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49 | Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors. |
| AID1347159 | Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay | 2020 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49 | Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors. |
| AID1159607 | Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction | 2016 | Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6 | A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway. |
| [information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||||
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 50 (45.45) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 8 (7.27) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 36 (32.73) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 16 (14.55) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (69.39) All Compounds (24.57) |
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 36 (29.51%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 8 (6.56%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 3 (2.46%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 0 (0.00%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 75 (61.48%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pidotimod in Children With Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections (RRI), A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial (P-CRESCENT) [NCT04322669] | Phase 4 | 338 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-08-04 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||