refludan profile

lepirudin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	118856773
CHEBI ID	142437
MeSH ID	M0222236

Synonym
lepirudin
hirudin variant-1
lepirudin recombinant
hbw 023
1-l-leucine-2-l-threonine-63-desulfohirudin (hirudo medicinalis isoform hv1)
hbw-023
hirudin (hirudo medicinalis isoform hv1), 1-l-leucine-2-l-threonine-63-desulfo-
refludan
1-leu-2-thr-63-desulfohirudin
refludin
aventis brand lepirudin
ltytdctesgqnlclcegsnvcgqgnkcilgsdgeknqcvtgegtpkpqshndgdfeeipeeylq (disulfide bridge: 6->14; 16->28; 22->39)
CHEBI:142437
lepirudin (rdna)
[leu1, thr2]-63-desulfohirudin
ltytdctesgqnlclcegsnvcgqgnkcilgsdgeknqcvtgegtpkpqshndgdfeeipeeylq
nh2-ltytdctesgqnlclcegsnvcgqgnkcilgsdgeknqcvtgegtpkpqshndgdfeeipeeylq-oh
h-leu-thr-tyr-thr-asp-cys(1)-thr-glu-ser-gly-gln-asn-leu-cys(1)-leu-cys(2)-glu-gly-ser-asn-val-cys(3)-gly-gln-gly-asn-lys-cys(2)-ile-leu-gly-ser-asp-gly-glu-lys-asn-gln-cys(3)-val-thr-gly-glu-gly-thr-pro-lys-pro-gln-ser-his-asn-asp-gly-asp-phe-glu-glu-ile
lepirudin [inn:ban]
y43gf64r34 ,
unii-y43gf64r34
1-l-leucine-2-l-threonine-63-desulfohirudin
gtpl6469

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether lepirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, is a safe and effective anticoagulant for patients with heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies (HAAbs)."	( Lepirudin is a safe and effective anticoagulant for patients with heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies. Liem, TK; Mudaliar, JH; Nichols, WK; Silver, D; Spadone, DP, 2001)	0.31
" Lepirudin use was analyzed for indication, duration, and effectiveness of anticoagulation, and for adverse events."	( Lepirudin is a safe and effective anticoagulant for patients with heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies. Liem, TK; Mudaliar, JH; Nichols, WK; Silver, D; Spadone, DP, 2001)	0.31
" Another patient received lepirudin during two hospitalizations without an adverse event."	( Lepirudin is a safe and effective anticoagulant for patients with heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies. Liem, TK; Mudaliar, JH; Nichols, WK; Silver, D; Spadone, DP, 2001)	0.31
"Lepirudin is a safe and effective anticoagulant for patients with HAAbs."	( Lepirudin is a safe and effective anticoagulant for patients with heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies. Liem, TK; Mudaliar, JH; Nichols, WK; Silver, D; Spadone, DP, 2001)	0.31

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In all studies, the half-life of [131I]lepirudin, as determined from the disappearance of radioactivity, was 21 +/- 3 min."	( Sites of elimination and pharmacokinetics of recombinant [131I]lepirudin in baboons. Badenhorst, PN; Bucha, E; Kotzé, HF; Lötter, MG; Meiring, SM; Nowak, G, 1999)	0.3
"This article reviews the potential use of argatroban for the treatment of ACS and presents the pharmacokinetic data currently available."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of argatroban for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome. Cruz-González, I; López-Jiménez, R; Perez-Rivera, A; Yan, BP, 2012)	0.38

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Peripheral vasoconstriction, edema, shock, and administration of catecholamines may reduce the bioavailability and efficacy of subcutaneous administration of low molecular weight heparin."	( Thrombosis prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Fries, D, 2011)	0.37
"The use of direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) for prophylactic or therapeutic anticoagulation is increasing because of the predictable bioavailability and short half-life of these DTIs."	( Measuring direct thrombin inhibitors with routine and dedicated coagulation assays: which assay is helpful? Curvers, J; Scharnhorst, V; Stroobants, AK; van de Kerkhof, D; van den Dool, EJ, 2012)	0.38

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The sequential model was assigned two 'decision boundaries': it triggered an increase in dosage if the 60-min TIMI 3 flow rate in a dosage group was statistically not consistent with a target patency rate of 75%, or if the deterioration in coronary blood flow (of at least one TIMI grade, from TIMI 2 or 3, from one angiography to the next) exceeded 5%."	( HBW 023 (recombinant hirudin) for the acceleration of thrombolysis and prevention of coronary reocclusion in acute myocardial infarction: results of a dose-finding study (HIT-II) by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitender Kardiologischer Krankenhausärzte. Haerten, K; Jessel, A; Kwasny, H; Mateblowski, M; Mäurer, W; Neuhaus, KL; Niederer, W; Roth, M; Tebbe, U; von Essen, R; von Leitner, ER; Wagner, J; Zeymer, U, 1998)	0.3
"Hirudin dosage had to be individualized according to the risk of bleeding or clotting."	( Recombinant hirudin (lepirudin) as anticoagulant in intensive care patients treated with continuous hemodialysis. Böhler, J; Fischer, KG; van de Loo, A, 1999)	0.3
"1 mg/kg every other day if the aPTT falls below the lower limit of the therapeutic range; however, this dosing may result in significant and prolonged overanticoagulation."	( Lepirudin dosing in dialysis-dependent renal failure. Kondo, LM; Wittkowsky, AK, 2000)	0.31
" The investigation used data from 2 prospective multicenter studies with the same study protocol, in which HIT patients received 1 of 4 intravenous lepirudin dosage regimens."	( Antihirudin antibodies in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia treated with lepirudin: incidence, effects on aPTT, and clinical relevance. Eichler, P; Friesen, HJ; Greinacher, A; Jaeger, B; Lubenow, N, 2000)	0.31
" A combination of tirofiban and lepirudin was used with dosing adjusted for renal insufficiency."	( Adjunctive therapies in the cath lab. Use of combination glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor and direct thrombin inhibitor drugs to support percutaneous coronary stent placement in a patient with renal insufficiency and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Caputo, RP; Esente, P; Giambartolomei, A; Reger, M; Simons, A; Wagner, S, 2001)	0.31
" Lepirudin, dosed in the recommended adult weight--based fashion, was an effective antithrombotic agent in pediatric patients with HIT."	( Lepirudin anticoagulation for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Bartholomew, JR; Deitcher, SR; Kichuk-Chrisant, MR; Topoulos, AP, 2002)	0.31
" However, optimal dosing regimens have not been established in all cases."	( Antithrombotic drugs for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Jeske, WP; Walenga, JM, 2002)	0.31
" Recent studies showed that r-hirudin anticoagulation is feasible in acute or chronic renal failure treated with continuous or intermittent renal replacement therapy, if appropriate r-hirudin dosing and adequate monitoring are warranted."	( Hirudin in renal insufficiency. Fischer, KG, 2002)	0.31
" The authors report a case of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with associated thrombosis in a patient with multisystem organ failure and discuss dosing regimens using lepirudin for the treatment of this disorder."	( Tackling the devastating effects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Abraham, P; Crumbley, AJ; Lazarchick, J; Uber, WE, )	0.13
" Argatroban and melagatran delivered biphasic dose-response curves."	( Effects of lepirudin, argatroban and melagatran and additional influence of phenprocoumon on ecarin clotting time. Fenyvesi, T; Harenberg, J; Jörg, I; Weiss, C, 2003)	0.32
" After INR values declined to 2-3, warfarin was reinitiated with dosing adjusted using factor X and II activity levels."	( Warfarin initiation and monitoring with clotting factors II, VII, and X. Dager, WE; Diaz, JA; Gosselin, RC; Trask, AS, 2004)	0.32
" Optimal dosing regimens for argatroban, lepirudin, and bivalirudin should be further established in PCI patients."	( Percutaneous interventions in patients with immune-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Dangas, GD; Nikolsky, E, 2004)	0.32
" Dosing and monitoring of anticoagulation were difficult, and we suggest caution in the use of lepirudin for cardiac surgery unless reliable monitoring of the degree of anticoagulation becomes available."	( Bidirectional glenn shunt surgery using lepirudin anticoagulation in an infant with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis. Eaton, MP; Iannoli, ED; Shapiro, JR, 2005)	0.33
" Despite the low number of patients argatroban seems to lead to a more stable anticoagulant response than lepirudin resulting in a lower variability of the dosage for prophylaxis or treatment of thromboembolism of patients with a history of HIT and lepirudin antibodies."	( Treatment of patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and anti-lepirudin antibodies with argatroban. Fenyvesi, T; Harenberg, J; Ingrid, J; Job, H; Jörg, I; Lukas, P; Piazolo, L; Tivadar, F, 2005)	0.33
" Low-molecular-weight heparins, available in the last 20 years, are manufactured from unfractionated heparin and have superior dose-response relationships because of fewer nonspecific reactions with plasma proteins and cells."	( Heparin and other rapidly acting anticoagulants. Hyers, TM, 2005)	0.33
" Argatroban and lepirudin dosing and pharmacokinetics have not yet been established for young children."	( Argatroban and lepirudin requirements in a 6-year-old patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Hallisey, RK; John, TE, 2005)	0.33
"Patients were assessed for dosage and duration of argatroban or lepirudin therapy, HIT diagnostic tests, and clinically significant adverse events."	( Evaluation of diagnostic tests and argatroban or lepirudin therapy in patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Fish, DN; Jung, R; Kiser, TH; MacLaren, R, 2005)	0.33
" If the pretest probability of HIT is high, heparin should be stopped and an alternative anticoagulant started at full dosage unless there are significant contraindications while laboratory tests are performed."	( The management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Davidson, S; Keeling, D; Watson, H, 2006)	0.33
" Although guidelines exist that suggest the potential administration of lepirudin as treatment for children with HIT, further studies are needed to determine the safest yet most effective dosage for this population."	( Lepirudin anticoagulation for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after cardiac surgery in a pediatric patient. Knoderer, CA; Knoderer, HM; Kumar, M; Turrentine, MW, 2006)	0.33
" Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges include frequency of thrombocytopenia after cardiopulmonary bypass, imperfect laboratory testing, lack of established dosing of alternative anticoagulants (such as argatroban and lepirudin), and increased anticoagulant-related bleeding in young children."	( Recognition and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass patients. Boshkov, LK; Kirby, A; Shen, I; Ungerleider, RM, 2006)	0.33
" Recent data indicate that the approved dosing regimens of the direct thrombin inhibitors are too high, especially in ICU patients."	( Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients. Greinacher, A; Selleng, K; Warkentin, TE, 2007)	0.34
" DTIs have antiplatelet effects, anticoagulant action, and most do not bind to plasma proteins, thereby providing a more consistent dose-response effect than UFH."	( Anticoagulation for acute coronary syndromes: from heparin to direct thrombin inhibitors. Lepor, NE, 2007)	0.34
"In a retrospective review of 10 patients with known or suspected HIT over a two-year period, medical records were evaluated for baseline laboratory results, treatment selection, initial dosing and monitoring, discontinuation of heparin, and alternative therapies chosen."	( Standardizing the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Chiappe, J; Fugate, S, 2008)	0.35
" Important drug-specific limitations and dosing and monitoring guidelines must be respected for patient safety."	( The laboratory diagnosis and clinical management of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an update. Prechel, M; Walenga, JM, 2008)	0.35
" In addition, we address certain areas of controversy especially pertaining to dosing of lepirudin and its use in different clinical situations."	( Lepirudin in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Gajra, A; Husain, J; Smith, A, 2008)	0.35
" Minor modifications in dosing over the standard label recommendations may simplify its use and enhance safety."	( Lepirudin in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Gajra, A; Husain, J; Smith, A, 2008)	0.35
" Based on this experience, we derived a lepirudin dosing regimen, which was prospectively evaluated treating 15 HIT patients between March 2007 and February 2008."	( Dosing lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and normal or impaired renal function: a single-center experience with 68 patients. Alberio, L; Lämmle, B; Tschudi, M, 2009)	0.35
" However, before attributing thrombotic complications to danaparoid cross-reactivity, it is crucial to verify that the patients received the recommended danaparoid dosage regimen."	( Danaparoid cross-reactivity with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies: report of 12 cases. Bauters, A; Elalamy, I; Ffrench, P; Lasne, D; Tardy, B; Tardy-Poncet, B; Wolf, M, 2009)	0.35
" Dosage adjustments for both renal function and obesity need to be considered and aPTT should be monitored."	( Use of subcutaneous lepirudin in an obese surgical intensive care unit patient with heparin resistance. Gerlach, AT; Inman, KR, 2009)	0.35
" Over the following months, lepirudin levels repeatedly exceeded the upper limit of this range and the dosage was stepwise reduced."	( Alteration of pharmacokinetics of lepirudin caused by anti-lepirudin antibodies occurring after long-term subcutaneous treatment in a patient with recurrent VTE due to Behcets disease. Greinacher, A; Lindhoff-Last, E; Linnemann, B, 2010)	0.36
" At concentrations higher than the "therapeutic" levels, the dose-response curve in the Ks assay became very steep for lepirudin while those were shallow for the others."	( The direct thrombin inhibitors (argatroban, bivalirudin and lepirudin) and the indirect Xa-inhibitor (danaparoid) increase fibrin network porosity and thus facilitate fibrinolysis. Bark, N; Blombäck, M; He, S; Johnsson, H; Wallén, NH, 2010)	0.36
" Severity of illness and SAPS II-score determine dosing of the direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban which needs to be about 10-times lower than in patients without critical illness."	( Thrombosis prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Fries, D, 2011)	0.37
"In this case series, we describe our successful use of a reduced hirudin dosage as an anticoagulant during cardiac surgery using minimized extracorporeal circulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia."	( Successful use of hirudin during cardiac surgery using minimized extracorporeal circulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Diez, C; Haneya, A; Hirt, SW; Kobuch, R; Lehle, K; Philipp, A; Puehler, T; Rupprecht, L; Schmid, C; Zausig, YA, 2011)	0.37
" The implementation of the HIT protocol has resulted in greater compliance with appropriate DTI dosing and improved EMR documentation of HIT."	( Development and implementation of a comprehensive heparin-induced thrombocytopenia recognition and management protocol. Corbets, LR; Forsyth, LL; Koerber, JM; Mehta, TP; Melendy, SM; Parikh, R; Smythe, MA; Sykes, E, 2012)	0.38
" The slopes of the dose-response curves of edoxaban were significantly shallower than the slopes of UFH, dalteparin, and warfarin."	( Comparison of antithrombotic and hemorrhagic effects of edoxaban, a novel factor Xa inhibitor, with unfractionated heparin, dalteparin, lepirudin and warfarin in rats. Honda, Y; Kamisato, C; Morishima, Y; Shibano, T, 2013)	0.39
"To evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and dosing of off-label bivalirudin to argatroban and lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) using a new pharmacist driven protocol."	( Comparison of bivalirudin to lepirudin and argatroban in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Bain, J; Meyer, A, 2015)	0.42
" Knowledge of baseline values prior to DTI therapy and inclusion of clinical settings are essential for dosing DTIs when using aPTT."	( Monitoring of Argatroban and Lepirudin: What is the Input of Laboratory Values in "Real Life"? Kolde, HJ; Seidel, H, 2018)	0.48

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1345816	Human coagulation factor II, thrombin (S1: Chymotrypsin)	2005	Thrombosis and haemostasis, Nov, Volume: 94, Issue:5	Differences in the clinically effective molar concentrations of four direct thrombin inhibitors explain their variable prothrombin time prolongation.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	37 (10.82)	18.2507
2000's	238 (69.59)	29.6817
2010's	64 (18.71)	24.3611
2020's	3 (0.88)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	27 (7.34%)	5.53%
Reviews	84 (22.83%)	6.00%
Case Studies	119 (32.34%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (0.27%)	0.25%
Other	137 (37.23%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.05	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.03	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
creatine [no description available]	3.43	1	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
glycine [no description available]	3.27	6	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.42	11	0
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	2.02	1	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	1.99	1	0
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	6.15	5	2	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	2.05	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.82	2	0
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
n(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide N(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide: thrombin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.42	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	2.1	1	0	amino acid
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	3.86	4	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	4.14	3	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	5.41	4	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2.41	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	5.75	4	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	15.14	101	3	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.03	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.03	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
thiazoles [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.08	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.03	1	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.02	1	0	dihydrogen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.02	1	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	1.98	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	2.42	2	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	5.41	4	1	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	2.1	1	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.72	3	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
mci 9038 [no description available]	15.14	101	3	peptide
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.01	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
dx 9065a (2S)-2-(4-(((3S)-1-acetimidoyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-(7-amidino-2-naphtyl)propanoic acid: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
acetylphenylalanyl-prolyl-boroarginine Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH : A C-terminal boronic acid petide that is N-acetyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine in which the C-termnal carboxy group has been replaced by a borono (-B(OH)2) group. A thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor, thereby acting as an anticoagulant.. DuP-714 : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH and hydrogen chloride. A thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor, thereby acting as an anticoagulant.	1.98	1	0	acetamides; C-terminal boronic acid peptide; guanidines	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphate adenosine 3',5'-bismonophosphate : An adenosine bisphosphate having two monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions.	2	1	0	adenosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
melagatran [no description available]	4.62	8	0	azetidines; carboxamidine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	3.88	3	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
wortmannin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.41	2	0	peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.02	1	0	tripeptide
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.41	2	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
eptifibatide [no description available]	5.98	4	2	homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide	anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	12.08	52	1	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	4.36	3	0
fondaparinux Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.	8.82	27	0	amino sugar; oligosaccharide sulfate; pentasaccharide derivative	anticoagulant
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	1.98	1	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	3.41	1	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.04	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.	5.13	4	0	amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor
eritoran eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.	2.21	1	0	lipid As
napsagatran napsagatran: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
cangrelor cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.	2.41	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; aryl sulfide; nucleoside triphosphate analogue; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.02	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	2.08	1	0	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	1.98	1	0	benzoxazole
cgp 39393 desirudin: recombinant hirudin; has identical amino acid sequence as the natural hirudin variant 1 but lacks the sulphate group on Tyr(63). desirudin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients to prevent venous thromboembolism. Its amino acid sequence differs from natural hirudin by lack of sulfate group on Tyr-63.	6.36	8	0
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	10.16	40	0	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	2.5	2	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	4.03	1	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.01	1	0
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	2.03	1	0
compstatin compstatin: binds to complement 3; amino acid sequence in first source	2.11	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	1.99	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	4.04	4	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	12.08	52	1
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	7.61	27	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	3.39	7	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	19.49	343	25
rb 006 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.02	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.02	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	5.96	9	1
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	12.1	53	1
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.07	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia A congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the RIGHT VENTRICLE wall and loss of myocardial cells. Primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.31	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	16.39	191	9
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	16.39	191	9
Bleeding [description not available]	12.04	24	5
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	12.04	24	5
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	6.81	5	1
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	9.93	21	3
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	5.21	11	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	5.87	2	2
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	4.23	6	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.53	2	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	4.23	6	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	3.66	3	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.92	8	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	6.73	21	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.16	16	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	4.16	16	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	6.73	21	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	4.57	3	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	8.44	8	3
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	4.57	3	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	3.01	1	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	3.36	2	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	2.1	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	2.08	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	12.82	57	4
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	2.44	2	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	2.1	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	12.82	57	4
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	7.51	10	2
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	7.51	10	2
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Atheroma [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.11	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.13	1	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.13	1	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.12	5	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	4.52	5	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	4.5	5	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	2.05	1	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	4.52	5	0
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	5.43	5	1
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	7.77	24	0
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia, Traumatic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.05	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	7.77	24	0
Cholangitis, Sclerosing Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.	2.05	1	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	4.67	6	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	4.67	6	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	2.05	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.38	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.05	1	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	3.13	5	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	4.07	5	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	2.05	1	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	4.07	5	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	5.23	6	2
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	5.23	6	2
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.05	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	6.88	5	2
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	6.88	5	2
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.43	2	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	6.44	12	4
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	2.46	2	0
Amnesia, Transient Global A syndrome characterized by a transient loss of the ability to form new memories. It primarily occurs in middle aged or elderly individuals, and episodes may last from minutes to hours. During the period of amnesia, immediate and recent memory abilities are impaired, but the level of consciousness and ability to perform other intellectual tasks are preserved. The condition is related to bilateral dysfunction of the medial portions of each TEMPORAL LOBE. Complete recovery normally occurs, and recurrences are unusual. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp429-30)	2.05	1	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.44	2	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	2.06	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	3.35	2	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.46	2	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	3.11	5	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	2.06	1	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	3.11	5	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.87	4	0
Deficiency, Protein C [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Cavernous Sinus Thrombophlebitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	2.07	1	0
Compartment Syndromes Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.	2.07	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	2.07	1	0
Thrombocythemia, Essential A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.	2.07	1	0
Eye Pain A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.	2.07	1	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	3.84	2	1
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	2.44	2	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.07	1	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.07	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	2.07	1	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.99	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	6.17	7	1
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	6.17	7	1
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	4.63	4	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	5.23	4	1
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	2.01	1	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	2.01	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	2.71	3	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	2.01	1	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	2.01	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	3.12	5	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	5.7	4	1
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	2.02	1	0
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	2.02	1	0
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Afibrinogenemia A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.	2.02	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	5.25	5	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	7.75	11	4
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	5.25	5	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.75	11	4
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	3.86	4	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	4.32	7	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	4.32	7	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.02	1	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	2.02	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	5.22	6	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	5.22	6	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	3.63	3	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.02	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	2.93	1	0
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	2.93	1	0
Aspiration, Meconium [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.	2.02	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	3.35	2	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	2.43	2	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	7.76	8	3
MODS [description not available]	4.02	5	0
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	7.76	8	3
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	4.02	5	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	2.02	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.02	1	0
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.	3.63	3	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.02	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	3.11	5	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.02	1	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.02	1	0
Embolus [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	2.94	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.03	1	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	2.03	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	4.32	4	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	4.32	4	1
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	4.89	4	0
Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	2.03	1	0
Deficiency, Factor 7 [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Factor VII Deficiency An autosomal recessive characteristic or a coagulation disorder acquired in association with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY. FACTOR VII is a Vitamin K dependent glycoprotein essential to the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.	2.03	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	5.56	3	2
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	2.71	3	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.03	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	3.36	2	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	3.87	1	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	3.87	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2.03	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	2.03	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.03	1	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	4.09	3	1
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	4.09	3	1
Factitious Disorders Disorders characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are not real, genuine, or natural.	2.03	1	0
Hospital-Addiction Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	2.03	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	2.03	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.03	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Budd-Chiari Syndrome A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.	2.04	1	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	2.04	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	2.04	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.96	1	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	3.37	1	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	3.37	1	1
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	3.37	1	1
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	3.37	1	1
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	3.37	1	1
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	1.98	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	1.99	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	1.99	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	1.99	1	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	3.38	1	1
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2	1	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	2	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	2	1	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	2	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	2	1	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	2	1	0
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2	1	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	2.01	1	0

refludan

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (23)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Bioassays (1)

Research

Studies (342)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 31.24

Study Types

refludan

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (23)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Bioassays (1)

Research

Studies (342)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 31.24

Study Types

Related Drugs (80)

Related Conditions (266)