Compounds > disufenton sodium
Page last updated: 2024-11-07

disufenton sodium

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Description

disufenton sodium: a nitrone benzene bissulfonate in development for stroke; has neuroprotective activity; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6440181
CHEMBL ID1627056
SCHEMBL ID678345
MeSH IDM0496532

Synonyms (49)

Synonym
cerovive
cpi-22
arl-16556
disufenton sodium
cxy-059
okn-007
168021-79-2
D03875 ,
disufenton sodium (usan/inn)
disufenton sodium [inn]
nxy 059
disodium 4-(((1,1-dimethylethyl)imino)methyl)benzene-1,3-disulfonate n-oxide
hpn-07
nxy059
sodium 4-(2-tert-butyl-1,2-oxaziridin-3-yl)benzene-1,3-disulfonate
A25442
CHEMBL1627056
7m1j3hn9vo ,
disufenton sodium salt
AKOS015890930
S6002
SCHEMBL678345
disufenton sodium [usan]
disufenton sodium salt [mi]
disufenton sodium [mart.]
disodium 4-((tert-butylimino)methyl)benzene-1,3-disulphonate n-oxide
1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid, 4-(((1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino)methyl), disodium salt
disufenton sodium [who-dd]
disodium 4-(((1,1-dimethylethyl)imino)methyl)benzene-1,3-disulphonate n-oxide
disodium 4-((tert-butylimino)methyl)benzene-1,3-disulfonate n-oxide
disodium,4-[(z)-[tert-butyl(oxido)azaniumylidene]methyl]benzene-1,3-disulfonate
4-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxoimino]methyl]-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt
sodium 4-((tert-butyloxidoimino)methyl)benzene-1,3-disulfonate
AC-33143
mfcd09833648
cerovive (nxy-059)
J-010424
hpn-07, >=98% (hplc)
SW219403-1
Q5283598
nxy-059 (disufenton sodium)
HMS3678O19
AS-16949
disodium;4-[(z)-[tert-butyl(oxido)azaniumylidene]methyl]benzene-1,3-disulfonate
HMS3886D09
CCG-268419
1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid, 4-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-, sodium salt (1:2)
l-glutamicacidgamma-(beta-naphthylamide)
bdbm50531970

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The type and incidence of adverse events in NXY-059 and placebo subjects were similar, although headache was more common in the NXY-059 group."( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of escalating doses of NXY-059 in healthy young and elderly subjects.
Björck, S; Cheng, YF; Eriksson, C; Fransson, B; Lanbeck Vallén, K; Nilsson, D; Nyman, L; Reinholdsson, I; Schulman, S; Wemer, J, 2006)		0.33
" The primary outcome was safety: the mortality and the frequency of adverse events, and the change from baseline for a variety of serum, imaging, and electrophysiological measurements."( Safety and tolerability of NXY-059 for acute intracerebral hemorrhage: the CHANT Trial.
Ahlberg, G; Ashwood, TJ; Davalos, A; Davis, SM; Diener, HC; Grotta, JC; Hardemark, HG; Lees, KR; Lyden, PD; Rodichok, L; Shuaib, A; Svensson, HH; Wasiewski, WW, 2007)		0.34
" The proportion of patients who experienced an adverse event was the same for both groups, whereas for serious adverse events the proportion was slightly higher in the NXY-059 group."( Safety and tolerability of NXY-059 for acute intracerebral hemorrhage: the CHANT Trial.
Ahlberg, G; Ashwood, TJ; Davalos, A; Davis, SM; Diener, HC; Grotta, JC; Hardemark, HG; Lees, KR; Lyden, PD; Rodichok, L; Shuaib, A; Svensson, HH; Wasiewski, WW, 2007)		0.34
"NXY-059 given within 6 hours of acute ICH has a good safety and tolerability profile, with no adverse effect on important clinical outcomes."( Safety and tolerability of NXY-059 for acute intracerebral hemorrhage: the CHANT Trial.
Ahlberg, G; Ashwood, TJ; Davalos, A; Davis, SM; Diener, HC; Grotta, JC; Hardemark, HG; Lees, KR; Lyden, PD; Rodichok, L; Shuaib, A; Svensson, HH; Wasiewski, WW, 2007)		0.34
" There was a similar incidence of adverse events between subjects receiving NXY-059 or placebo, and no obvious trend towards an increased incidence of adverse events with increasing doses of NXY-059 was observed."( A phase 1, placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind (within dose panels) study evaluating the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of intravenous NXY-059 in Japanese subjects.
Cheng, YF; Itoh, Y; Kumagai, Y; Nilsson, D; Watabe, M, 2007)		0.34

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The objectives of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for NXY-059 in acute stroke patients and to estimate individualised dosing strategies for NXY-059 using preclinical pharmacological and clinical pharmacokinetic information and knowledge of characteristics of the patient population."( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and estimation of dosing strategy for NXY-059, a nitrone being developed for stroke.
Cheng, YF; Edenius, C; Jönsson, S; Karlsson, MO; Lees, KR; Odergren, T, 2005)		0.33
" Population pharmacokinetic models were derived using NONMEM software."( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and estimation of dosing strategy for NXY-059, a nitrone being developed for stroke.
Cheng, YF; Edenius, C; Jönsson, S; Karlsson, MO; Lees, KR; Odergren, T, 2005)		0.33
"The results illustrate how an individualised dosing strategy, given a pharmacokinetic target, for NXY-059 was successfully optimised through estimation using the increasing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic knowledge during a clinical drug development programme."( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and estimation of dosing strategy for NXY-059, a nitrone being developed for stroke.
Cheng, YF; Edenius, C; Jönsson, S; Karlsson, MO; Lees, KR; Odergren, T, 2005)		0.33
" The pharmacokinetic results indicate proportional exposure of 8-h and 24-h infusions of NXY-059 resulting in mean unbound steady state plasma concentrations up to 417 micromol/L and 379 micromol/L, respectively."( A phase 1, placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind (within dose panels) study evaluating the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of intravenous NXY-059 in Japanese subjects.
Cheng, YF; Itoh, Y; Kumagai, Y; Nilsson, D; Watabe, M, 2007)		0.34
"The primary objectives of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of an 8-hour IV infusion of NXY-059 in healthy Chinese volunteers and to compare those data with those previously reported in the white population, therefore exploring any differences in PK properties between the 2 ethnic groups."( Pharmacokinetics of 8-hour intravenous infusion of NXY-059: a phase I, randomized, double-blind (within dose panels), placebo-controlled study in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Asenblad, N; Cheng, YF; Guo, W; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Nilsson, D; Reinholdsson, I, 2008)		0.35

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, multicenter study that evaluated the safety and tolerability of 2 NXY-059 dosing regimens compared with placebo within 24 hours of acute stroke."( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the nitrone NXY-059 in patients with acute stroke.
Barer, D; Cheng, YF; Ford, GA; Kostulas, V; Lees, KR; Odergren, T; Sharma, AK, 2001)		0.31
"This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-escalation, multicenter study that evaluated safety, tolerability, and plasma concentrations of 2 NXY-059 dosing regimens within 24 hours of acute stroke."( Tolerability of NXY-059 at higher target concentrations in patients with acute stroke.
Barer, D; Ford, GA; Hacke, W; Kostulas, V; Lees, KR; Odergren, T; Sharma, AK, 2003)		0.32
" However, there is little information available concerning the dose-response profiles or therapeutic window for NXY-059 in a validated embolic stroke model, nor is there information available pertaining to the effects of combining NXY-059 with tenecteplase."( Coadministration of NXY-059 and tenecteplase six hours following embolic strokes in rabbits improves clinical rating scores.
Lapchak, PA; Song, D; Wei, J; Zivin, JA, 2004)		0.32
" Data from the permanent MCAO model and an embolic stroke model suggested a bell shaped dose-response curve."( Free radical trapping as a therapeutic approach to neuroprotection in stroke: experimental and clinical studies with NXY-059 and free radical scavengers.
Ashwood, T; Green, AR, 2005)		0.33
" The objectives of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for NXY-059 in acute stroke patients and to estimate individualised dosing strategies for NXY-059 using preclinical pharmacological and clinical pharmacokinetic information and knowledge of characteristics of the patient population."( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and estimation of dosing strategy for NXY-059, a nitrone being developed for stroke.
Cheng, YF; Edenius, C; Jönsson, S; Karlsson, MO; Lees, KR; Odergren, T, 2005)		0.33
" Optimal dosing strategies, individualised based on CL(CR) or bodyweight, were estimated using the population pharmacokinetic models, empirical covariate distributions relevant for the target population, and a target definition."( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and estimation of dosing strategy for NXY-059, a nitrone being developed for stroke.
Cheng, YF; Edenius, C; Jönsson, S; Karlsson, MO; Lees, KR; Odergren, T, 2005)		0.33
" The preferred dosing strategy for NXY-059 comprised an initial loading infusion (the same for all patients) followed by an individualised maintenance infusion on the basis of CL(CR) (three dosing categories) with cut-off values (at which infusion rates are incremented or decremented) of 50 and 80 mL/min."( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and estimation of dosing strategy for NXY-059, a nitrone being developed for stroke.
Cheng, YF; Edenius, C; Jönsson, S; Karlsson, MO; Lees, KR; Odergren, T, 2005)		0.33
"The results illustrate how an individualised dosing strategy, given a pharmacokinetic target, for NXY-059 was successfully optimised through estimation using the increasing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic knowledge during a clinical drug development programme."( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and estimation of dosing strategy for NXY-059, a nitrone being developed for stroke.
Cheng, YF; Edenius, C; Jönsson, S; Karlsson, MO; Lees, KR; Odergren, T, 2005)		0.33
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Lipoxygenase Glycine max (soybean)IC50 (µMol)57.50000.50004.86509.2300AID1624746
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (29)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1624774Neuroprotective activity in C57BL/6 mouse model of ischemia-induced cerebral ischemia model assessed as reduction in apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 region at 40 mg/kg, ip administered at onset of reperfusion period and measured at 5 days reperfusion post is2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1624741Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity at 0.1 mM measured after 20 to 60 mins2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1623862Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by measuring inhibition of damage to 2-deoxy-D-ribose after 3 mins by TBA-based Fenton reaction assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-14, Volume: 62, Issue:3
Antioxidant-Inspired Drug Discovery: Antitumor Metabolite Is Formed in Situ from a Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivative upon Free-Radical Scavenging.
AID1624748Antioxidant activity assessed as superoxide anion scavenging activity at 0.1 mM pH 7.4 after 10 mins by NBT assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1624743Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation activity at 10 uL2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1624737Neuroprotective activity against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cell death in Sprague-Dawley rat primary neuronal cells assessed as cell viability at 250 uM treated at onset of recovery period and measured at 24 hrs of recovery by MTT assay relative t2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1239291Neuroprotection in Wistar rat model of ischemia assessed as reduction ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis in cortical regions at 40 mg/kg, ip dosed at onset of reperfusion period and measured on 5 days of reperfusion by TUNEL assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-27, Volume: 58, Issue:16
CholesteroNitrones for Stroke.
AID1239281Neuroprotection in Wistar rat model of ischemia assessed as reduction in neurological deficit score at 40 mg/kg measured after 5 days of reperfusion2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-27, Volume: 58, Issue:16
CholesteroNitrones for Stroke.
AID1624772Neuroprotective activity in C57BL/6 mouse model of ischemia-induced cerebral ischemia model assessed reduction in neuronal cell death in hippocampal CA1 region at 40 mg/kg, ip administered at onset of reperfusion period and measured at 5 days reperfusion 2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID247808In vitro inhibitory concentration against NO (nitrous oxide); (na: not active)2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 15, Issue:12
Nitrone derivatives of trolox as neuroprotective agents.
AID248625In vitro inhibitory concentration against peroxynitrite (ONOO-): using pyrogallol red bleaching assay; (na: not active)2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 15, Issue:12
Nitrone derivatives of trolox as neuroprotective agents.
AID1624755Neuroprotective activity in C57BL/6 mouse model of ischemia-induced cerebral ischemia model assessed reduction in neurodeficit score at 40 mg/kg, ip administered at onset of reperfusion period and measured at 5 days reperfusion post ischemia2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1239272Protection against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex primary neuronal cell cultures assessed as increase in cell viability at 250 uM added after 48 hrs post recovery period and measured during recovery f2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-27, Volume: 58, Issue:16
CholesteroNitrones for Stroke.
AID248216In vitro inhibitory concentration against Total peroxyl radical-trapping antioxidant parameter(TRAP)2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 15, Issue:12
Nitrone derivatives of trolox as neuroprotective agents.
AID1239284Neuroprotection in Wistar rat model of ischemia assessed as reduction ischemia-induced neuronal death in cortical regions at 40 mg/kg, ip dosed at onset of reperfusion period and measured on 5 days of reperfusion by fluoro jade B staining based fluorescen2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-27, Volume: 58, Issue:16
CholesteroNitrones for Stroke.
AID1239271Protection against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex primary neuronal cell cultures assessed as increase in cell viability at 250 uM added at onset of recovery period and measured during recovery for 5 d2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-27, Volume: 58, Issue:16
CholesteroNitrones for Stroke.
AID247569In vitro inhibitory concentration against hydroxyl radical (-OH)2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 15, Issue:12
Nitrone derivatives of trolox as neuroprotective agents.
AID1624746Inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase using sodium linoleate as substrate by UV-based analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1239290Neuroprotection in Wistar rat model of ischemia assessed as reduction ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 regions at 40 mg/kg, ip dosed at onset of reperfusion period and measured on 5 days of reperfusion by TUNEL assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-27, Volume: 58, Issue:16
CholesteroNitrones for Stroke.
AID1624773Neuroprotective activity in C57BL/6 mouse model of ischemia-induced cerebral ischemia model assessed reduction in neuronal cell death in cortical region at 40 mg/kg, ip administered at onset of reperfusion period and measured at 5 days reperfusion post is2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1624744Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS radical cation scavenging activity by measuring trolox equivalents at 10 uL after 1 min2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1624763Neuroprotective activity in C57BL/6 mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ttransient focal cerebral ischemia assessed decrease in motor deficit by measuring improvement in grip strength at 40 mg/kg, ip measured after 48 hrs pos2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1239270Protection against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebral cortex primary neuronal cell cultures assessed as increase in cell viability at 250 uM added at onset of recovery period by MTT assay2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-27, Volume: 58, Issue:16
CholesteroNitrones for Stroke.
AID247576In vitro inhibitory concentration against lipid peroxidation (LPO)2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 15, Issue:12
Nitrone derivatives of trolox as neuroprotective agents.
AID1624742Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at 0.1 mM measured after 30 mins2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1239282Neuroprotection in Wistar rat model of ischemia assessed as reduction ischemia-induced neuronal death in hippocampal CA1 regions at 40 mg/kg, ip dosed at onset of reperfusion period and measured on 5 days of reperfusion by fluoro jade B staining based flu2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-27, Volume: 58, Issue:16
CholesteroNitrones for Stroke.
AID1624765Neuroprotective activity in C57BL/6 mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ttransient focal cerebral ischemia assessed decrease in size of ischemic lesion at 40 mg/kg, ip measured after 48 hrs post dose relative to control2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1624775Neuroprotective activity in C57BL/6 mouse model of ischemia-induced cerebral ischemia model assessed as reduction in apoptosis in cortical region at 40 mg/kg, ip administered at onset of reperfusion period and measured at 5 days reperfusion post ischemia 2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
AID1624747Antiinflammatory activity assessed as NO release at 100 uM after 60 mins in presence of L-cysteine by Griess reagent-based relative to control2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4
New Quinolylnitrones for Stroke Therapy: Antioxidant and Neuroprotective ( Z)- N- tert-Butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine Oxide as a New Lead-Compound for Ischemic Stroke Treatment.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (114)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's1 (0.88)18.2507
2000's98 (85.96)29.6817
2010's14 (12.28)24.3611
2020's1 (0.88)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials19 (16.67%)5.53%
Reviews31 (27.19%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other64 (56.14%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (4)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Dose Escalation Study to Determine the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Profile of HPN-07 and HPN-07 Plus NAC in Single Doses in Male and Female Subjects [NCT02259595]Phase 132 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-31Completed
CHANT (Cerebral Hemorrhage And NXY Treatment) A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Multicenter, Phase IIb Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of Intravenous Infusion of NXY-059 in Adult Patients With Acute Intracerebral [NCT00075959]Phase 2600 participants Interventional2004-08-31Completed
SAINT I (Stroke - Acute Ischemic - NXY Treatment) A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group, Multicenter, Phase IIb/III Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous NXY-059 in Acute Ischemic Stroke. [NCT00119626]Phase 31,700 participants Interventional2003-06-30Completed
SAINT (Stroke - Acute Ischemic - NXY Treatment) A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group, Multicenter, Phase IIb/III Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous NXY-059 in Acute Ischemic Stroke [NCT00061022]Phase 33,200 participants Interventional2003-05-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.2110hydroxybenzaldehydeEC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		210monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		3.5320pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		3.5420benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
caffeine
[no description available]		2.0310purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		3.4211carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		3.4211aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.4511clonidine;
imidazoline
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		2.0310piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		4.0620benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		3.4111chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		2.0310monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.2110aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
edaravone
[no description available]		3.5320pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.2110catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		3.4211benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		3.5420monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.0510glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		3.1410organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		3.1710diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.13101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		3.8130thiazoles
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.0640acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		3.1410amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.4820chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.5420methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
lubeluzole
lubeluzole: a benzothiazole compound; used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke; R-91154 is the inactive isomer		3.1310benzothiazoles
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.0410iditolfungal metabolite
cholest-4-en-3-one
cholest-4-en-3-one : A cholestanoid that is cholest-4-ene substituted by an oxo group at position 3.		2.11103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cholestanoid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
u 74006f
tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox		4.0620corticosteroid hormone
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		4.0440
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.2110caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
methyl caffeate
methyl caffeate: from plant Gaillardia pulchella. methyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester formed by the formal condensation of caffeic acid with methyl alcohol.		2.2110alkyl caffeate ester;
methyl ester
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		3.4211cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.4211heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
methyl-p-coumarate
methyl-p-coumarate: structure in first source. 4-coumaric acid methyl ester : A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of 4-coumaric acid.		2.21104-coumaric acid methyl ester
methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate
methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate: structure given in first source. 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester : A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid.		2.2110cinnamate ester;
hydroquinones;
methyl ester		EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
n-tert-butyl-(2-sulfophenyl)nitrone
N-tert-butyl-(2-sulfophenyl)nitrone: Neuroprotectant		2.4220
dp-b99
DP-b99: structure in first source		3.1710
cholest-5-en-3-one
cholest-5-en-3-one : A 3-oxo Delta(5)-steroid that is cholesterol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone.		2.11103-oxo-Delta(5)-steroid;
cholestanoid		metabolite
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		3.5420
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0110
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		10.44203
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		3.1310
caffeinol
caffeinol: has neuroprotective effects		2.0310
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		3.1710
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.0110
guanine
[no description available]		3.14102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		3.1410oxopurine
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		03.2760
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		011.73324
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.0210
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		011.73324
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		03.2760
Apoplexy
[description not available]		014.16769
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		03.2860
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		05.0431
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.4520
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		03.2860
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		05.0431
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.4520
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		014.16769
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		07.23240
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		03.7130
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		02.3110
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		03.7130
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		02.3110
Acoustic Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.1510
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.1510
Blast Injuries
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5420
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.1510
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.1510
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		010.42183
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.1510
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1310
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.1310
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.1310
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		06.7583
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		06.7583
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.0410
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.0410
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		03.4311
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.9610
Infections, RNA Virus
[description not available]		02.9610
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.9610
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		03.4511
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		03.4511
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		03.3911
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		02.0110
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		02.0110
Hemisensory Neglect
[description not available]		02.4120
Perceptual Disorders
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.		02.4120
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.9310
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.9310
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.9310
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.9310
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		05.4251
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		05.4251
Brain Emboli
[description not available]		03.8540
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.0210
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.0210
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.0210
Bleeding
[description not available]		05.4351
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		05.4351
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.0310
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.0310
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		03.8221
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		03.8221
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		02.9410
Back Ache
[description not available]		03.4111
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		03.4111
Emesis
[description not available]		03.4111
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		03.4111
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		03.4111
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		03.4111
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		03.4111
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		03.4111
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		03.4111
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		02.0310
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.0410
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.9510
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.9510
Brain Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		03.4311
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		03.4311
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.9610
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.9610
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.9610
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		02.9610
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		0210
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		0210
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		0210
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		0210