Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)
| Excerpt | Reference |
|---|
| "Hyperprolactinemia is associated with anovulation and slow frequency LH (GnRH) secretion in women." | ( Cook, CB; Kelch, RP; Kletter, GB; Marshall, JC; Nippoldt, TB, 1991) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a recognized cause of impotence." | ( Brashear, D; Callaghan, JT; Crabtree, R; Foster, RS; Mulcahy, JJ, 1990) |
| "Because hyperprolactinemia is uncommon and is usually mild, other factors must be responsible for the difference between ovulation and pregnancy rates using hMG/hCG." | ( Falk, RJ; Rifka, SM; Simon, JA; Tippet, PD, 1989) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is common in primary hypothyroidism but, to our knowledge, marked elevation of serum prolactin in subclinical hypothyroidism has not been previously reported." | ( Hennessey, JV; Olive, KE, 1988) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is an uncommon cause of primary amenorrhea." | ( Garner, PR; Hughes, EG, 1987) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a major cause of anovulation and female infertility." | ( Andino, NA; Bidot, C; Machado, AJ; Valdés, M, 1985) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is frequent in clinical endocrinology." | ( König, MP; Kopp, P, 1986) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is common in patients with renal failure." | ( Grossman, S; Hou, SH; Molitch, ME, 1985) |
| "Since hyperprolactinemia is frequently observed in liver disease, this prospective study of 19 patients evaluated the influence of prolactin on urinary electrolytes excretion in cirrhosis." | ( Buisson, L; Decaux, G; Prospert, F; Soupart, A, 1994) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is likely not associated with disease activity in SLE." | ( Gladman, DD; Gough, JM; Pauzner, R; Urowitz, MB, 1994) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is associated with decreased bone mineral density, which may be caused by the hypogonadism and hypoestrogenicity noticed in patients with hyperprolactinemia." | ( Bucht, E; Hulting, AL; Isberg, B; Sjöberg, HE; Tørring, O, 1993) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is frequently diagnosed in patients with infertility and menstrual cycle irregularities." | ( Sarapura, V; Schlaff, WD, 1993) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a well-known consequence of conventional antipsychotic therapy." | ( Bunker, MT; Marken, PA; Ruehter, VL; Schneiderhan, ME, 1997) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is the cause of erectile dysfunction in less than 1% of cases." | ( Abram, F; Arvis, G; Chelbi, N; Kalfon, A; Linke, F; Tchovelidze, C, 1998) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is involved in almost 30% of infertility problems." | ( Deneux, C; Kuttenn, F; Mauvais-Jarvis, P; Plu-Bureau, G; Touraine, P, 1998) |
| "Although hyperprolactinemia is a common side effect during risperidone treatment in adult patients, no information is available on young children." | ( Cosenza, A; Masi, G; Mucci, M, 2001) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is known to cause slow ejaculation and can have an impact on the subsequent fertility status of these patients." | ( Bhatnagar, V; Kumar, A; Puri, A, 2002) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a side effect related to antipsychotics that can cause galactorrhea, gynecomastia, amenorrhea, anovulation, impaired spermatogenesis, decreased libido and sexual arousal, impotence, and anorgasmia, consequent to removal of tonic dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin secretion via hypothalamic dopaminergic receptor blockade in the tuberoinfundibolar tract." | ( Keller, R; Mongini, F, 2002) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is the most common endocrine disorder of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis." | ( Mah, PM; Webster, J, 2002) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is very prevalent among women and men treated with conventional antipsychotic medications or risperidone." | ( Gilmore, JA; Halbreich, UM; Kinon, BJ; Liu, H, 2003) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a known side-effect of fluphenazine, a broad spectrum, long-acting phenothiazine known to be D2 dopamine receptor antagonist." | ( Aleem, M; Balasinor, N; Choudhary, J; D'Souza, S; Gill-Sharma, MK; Juneja, HS; Padwal, V; Parte, P; Sethi, G, 2003) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is increasingly prevalent in patients with common psychiatric disorders due to increasing prescriptions of antipsychotics, particularly newer atypical neuroleptics, in these patients." | ( Miller, KK, 2004) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a known side effect of fluphenazine, a broad spectrum, long-acting phenothiazine known to be dopamine type-D2 receptor antagonist." | ( Aleem, M; Balasinor, N; Choudhari, J; Gill-Sharma, MK; Padwal, V; Parte, P, 2005) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is commonly found in both female and male patients with abnormal sexual and/or reproductive function or with galactorrhea." | ( Abs, R; Verhelst, J, 2003) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a frequent side-effect in the use of atypical antipsychotics." | ( Fiedler, U; Wolf, J, 2007) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is also associated with insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction which may improve after normalization of prolactin." | ( Schlechte, J; Shibli-Rahhal, A, 2009) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a common adverse effect that occurs as a result of antipsychotic therapies, which often results in discontinuation." | ( Feng, XJ; Liu, RM; Sze, CW; Tan, QR; Tong, Y; Wang, CY; Yuan, HN; Zhang, JZ; Zhang, YB; Zhang, ZJ, 2008) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is an important but neglected adverse effect of antipsychotic medication." | ( Chen, CH; Lu, ML; Shen, WW, 2008) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is the most common disturbance in pituitary gland secretion." | ( Kostic, G; Markovic, I; Miljkovic, P; Radovanovic, Z; Saranac, L; Zivanovic, S, 2010) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a common side effect of antipsychotic drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia." | ( Arakawa, R; Ito, H; Maeda, J; Okubo, Y; Okumura, M; Suhara, T; Takahashi, H; Takano, A; Takano, H, 2010) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a frequent consequence of treatment with some antipsychotic agents." | ( Fujii, A; Furukori, H; Inoue, Y; Kaneko, S; Sugawara, N; Tsuchimine, S; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2010) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a major cause of infertility, brought about by inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus and impairment of luteinizing hormone (LH) output from the pituitary gland." | ( Hodson, DJ; Tortonese, DJ; Townsend, J, 2010) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is associated with typical antipsychotic agents and atypical antipsychotics such as risperidone and amisulpride." | ( Chen, CK; Hsiao, CC; Huang, YS; Ree, SC, 2010) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a frequent consequence of treatment with risperidone." | ( Fujii, A; Furukori, H; Kaneko, S; Sugawara, N; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2010) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is associated with high prevalence of radiological vertebral fractures in men with PRL-secreting adenoma." | ( Bianchi, A; De Marinis, L; De Menis, E; Giustina, A; Mancini, T; Mazziotti, G; Mejia, C; Mormando, M; Porcelli, T, 2011) |
| "AP-induced hyperprolactinemia is related to significantly lower testosterone levels in pubertal boys with ASD and DBD." | ( Boot, AM; Buitelaar, JK; de Rijke, YB; Roke, Y; Tenback, DE; van Harten, PN, 2012) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterised by an increase of prolactin blood levels (more than 100-200 ng/ml)." | ( Bussone, G; Moschiano, F; Usai, S, 2012) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is the most common cause of hypogonadotropic anovulation and is one of the leading causes of infertility in women aged 25-34." | ( Binart, N; Bouilly, J; Caraty, A; Carré, N; Millar, R; Simony-Conesa, FJ; Sonigo, C; Tello, J; Tolle, V; Young, J, 2012) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a common side effect in young males treated over the long term with risperidone." | ( Boot, AM; Buitelaar, JK; Roke, Y; Tenback, D; van Harten, PN, 2012) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a rare endocrine disorder in childhood, which may result from hypophyseal adenoma." | ( Abaci, A; Altincik, A; Bober, E; Buyukgebiz, A; Can, S; Catli, G; Demir, K, 2012) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a frequent but neglected adverse effect observed in patients treated with antipsychotic-drugs." | ( Auclair, V; Besnard, I; Callery, G; Gabriel-Bordenave, C; Roberge, C, 2014) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is in fact more frequent in women than in men." | ( Auclair, V; Besnard, I; Callery, G; Gabriel-Bordenave, C; Roberge, C, 2014) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is known to cause amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, galactorrhea and gynecomastia in females and is also associated with sexual dysfunction and bone loss." | ( Buchanan, RW; Dickerson, FB; Earl, AK; Feldman, S; Fischer, BA; Keller, WR; Kelly, DL; McMahon, RP; Shim, JC; Sullivan, KM; Warfel, D; Wehring, HJ, 2013) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is one of the most common endocrine disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis." | ( Angsuwatthana, S; Dangrat, C; Rattanachaiyanont, M; Saejong, R; Tanmahasamut, P; Techatrisak, K, 2013) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is an unwanted adverse effect present in several typical and atypical antipsychotics." | ( Cavuto, M; De Berardis, D; Di Giannantonio, M; Fornaro, M; Girinelli, G; Iasevoli, F; Marini, S; Martinotti, G; Mazza, M; Perna, G; Piersanti, M; Serroni, N; Valchera, A, 2014) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is associated with reproductive acyclicity in zoo African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and may contribute to the non-self-sustainability of the captive population in North America." | ( Ball, RL; Brown, JL; Morfeld, KA, 2014) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a common adverse in vivo effect of antipsychotic medications that are used in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia." | ( Bjelobaba, I; Budimirovic, DB; Kucka, M; Stojilkovic, SS; Tomić, M, 2015) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is an unwanted adverse effect associated with several antipsychotics." | ( Bian, QT; Chen, JX; Correll, C; Liu, YH; Soares, JC; Su, YA; Wang, SL; Wei, LH; Yang, FD; Zhang, RZ; Zhang, XY, 2015) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is often associated with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and subclinical atherosclerosis." | ( Gilowski, W; Krysiak, R; Okopien, B; Szkrobka, W, 2015) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a common side effect of antipsychotic drugs that requires further investigation." | ( Ahmadi, A; Movahed, E; Sadrkhanlou, R; Zamani, Z; Zare, S, 2015) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is associated with bone fragility." | ( D'Sylva, C; Fraser, LA; Khan, T; Van Uum, S, 2015) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is commonly seen in patients with schizophrenia on risperidone." | ( Chandrasekaran, A; Charan, A; Rajkumar, RP; Shewade, DG, 2016) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is the presence of abnormally high circulating levels of prolactin." | ( Chen, H; Fu, J; Huang, W, 2016) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is common in ScH, especially in those with TSH>7." | ( Dutta, D; Gadpayle, AK; Sharma, LK; Sharma, N, 2016) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is an underappreciated/unknown adverse effects of antipsychotics." | ( Arango, C; Bernardo, M; Carrasco, JL; Crespo-Facorro, B; Cruz, JJ; Del Pino-Montes, J; García-Escudero, MA; García-Rizo, C; González-Pinto, A; Hernández, AI; Martín-Carrasco, M; Mayoral-Cleries, F; Mayoral-van Son, J; Montejo, ÁL; Mories, MT; Pachiarotti, I; Pérez, J; Ros, S; Vieta, E, 2017) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a common and severe antipsychotic-induced adverse drug reaction." | ( Cai, DB; Ng, CH; Ning, YP; Ungvari, GS; Wang, N; Xiang, YT; Yang, XH; Zheng, W, 2017) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a common side-effect of antipsychotics (APs), which may trigger serious secondary problems and compromise the adherence to treatment which is crucial for prognosis, especially in patients presenting with a first-episode of psychosis (FEP)." | ( Bernardo, M; Bioque, M; Cabrera, B; Castro-Fornieles, J; Corripio, I; Díaz-Caneja, CM; Gassó, P; González-Pinto, A; Lafuente, A; Llerena, A; Lobo, A; Mané, A; Mas, S; Saiz-Ruiz, J; Sanjuan, J; Sarró, S; Vieta, E, 2018) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is associated with a reproducible and reversible increase in serum DHEA-S that was observed in medically- and surgically-treated patients with normal HPA function." | ( Arafah, BM; El-Asmar, N; Kortbawi, R; Moria, Y, 2019) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is frequently observed in patients treated with antipsychotic medications." | ( Shad, MU; Yeager, A, 2020) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a common but neglected adverse effect of antipsychotic agents." | ( Huang, YL; Peng, M; Zhu, G, 2020) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is common and accounts for 20 to 25% of secondary amenorrhea causes." | ( Blandin, L; Brailova, M; Maqdasy, S; Oris, C; Sapin, V; Siffert, M, 2020) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a common adverse effect of antipsychotics." | ( Alabbasi, AY; Nelson, LA; Rusgis, MM, 2021) |
| "Treatment of hyperprolactinemia is effective in correcting prolactin levels, but does not improve erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation." | ( Agarwal, A; Al Ali, F; Al-Emadi, I; Alattar, A; Arafa, M; Daniel, C; Elbardisi, H; Elesnawi, M; Henkel, R; Khalafalla, K; Majzoub, A, 2021) |
| "Treatment of hyperprolactinemia is necessary only in cases with clinical symptoms of hypogonadism." | ( Chanson, P, 2022) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is a pathological condition resulting from increased prolactin that directly affects reproduction, as this condition inhibits the release of LH, FSH and gonadal steroidogenesis, bringing several negative clinical associations in reproduction." | ( da Silva Gomes, JA; da Silva, JV; da Silva, LH; de Araújo Silva, EF; Figueira de Oliveira, ML; Furtado de Carvalho Noya, AGA; Mendes Tenorio, FDCA; Moraes Valença, M; Peixoto Magalhães, C; Tenorio, BM, 2023) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia is common in female patients with PTPS deficiency, especially after puberty." | ( Chang, TM; Chen, HA; Chien, YH; Hsu, RH; Hwu, WL; Lee, NC, 2023) |
| Excerpt | Reference |
|---|
| "Although hyperprolactinemia has been reported to decrease reproductive function in male rats, the mechanism of these effects is not fully understood." | ( Kalra, PS; Kalra, SP, 1987) |
| "Acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia have been described in association with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia; the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the development of the endocrinopathies is unknown." | ( Garcia, MB; Koppeschaar, HP; Krenning, EP; Lips, CJ; Thijssen, JH, 1994) |
| "Women with hyperprolactinemia have been reported to have hyperandrogenemia and/or insulin resistance." | ( Cho, BY; Kim, SY; Ko, KS; Koh, CS; Lee, HK; Min, HK; Sung, YA, 1993) |
| "Some patients with hyperprolactinemia have underlying functional disorders, but by using magnetic resonance imaging, a microprolactinoma can be found in most." | ( Sarapura, V; Schlaff, WD, 1993) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia has been considered the cause of gynecomastia leaving the semen quality undisturbed." | ( Janett, F; Nett, P; Stöckli, A; Thun, R, 1996) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia has been reported to be associated with abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism." | ( Akalin, S; Akpinar, I; Deyneli, O; Gözü, H; Haklar, G; Sezgin, O; Yavuz, D; Yildiz, E, 2003) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia has been found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and seems to be associated with clinical activity." | ( Alarcón-Segovia, D; Alcocer-Varela, J; de la Cruz, DA; Larrea, F; Lava-Zavala, A; Méndez, I; Parra, A, 2004) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia has been proposed to block ovulation through inhibition of GnRH release." | ( Binart, N; Bouilly, J; Caraty, A; Carré, N; Millar, R; Simony-Conesa, FJ; Sonigo, C; Tello, J; Tolle, V; Young, J, 2012) |
| "Elevated prolactin (hyperprolactinemia) has been commonly reported during treatment with some antipsychotic drugs." | ( Jacob, J; Kinon, BJ; Liu-Seifert, H; Stauffer, VL, 2013) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and glucose intolerance and is reportedly associated with an impaired metabolic profile." | ( Auriemma, RS; Colao, A; Galdiero, M; Gasperi, M; Giordano, C; Granieri, L; Mannarino, T; Negri, M; Perone, Y; Pivonello, C; Pivonello, R; Simeoli, C; Vitale, P, 2013) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia has been reported in 0-57% of primary hypothyroidism." | ( Dutta, D; Gadpayle, AK; Sharma, LK; Sharma, N, 2016) |
| "Hyperprolactinemia has been found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and new evidence has confirmed a significant correlation between serum PRL levels and disease activity." | ( Espinoza, LR; Jara, LJ; Medina, G; Navarro, C; Saavedra, MA; Torres-Aguilar, H; Vazquez Del Mercado, M; Vera-Lastra, O, 2017) |
| "In accordance, hyperprolactinemia has been associated with several autoimmune diseases, interfering with its pathogenesis and activity." | ( Shoenfeld, Y; Vieira Borba, V, 2019) |
| Excerpt | Reference |
|---|
| "Under dopaminergic treatment hyperprolactinemia could not be detected." | ( Althoff, PH; Rau, H; Schmidt, K; Usadel, KH, 1992) |
| "Seven women with untreated chronic hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) were included in the study." | ( Girard, F; Hugues, JN; Modigliani, E; Sebaoun, J, 1987) |
| "In the treatment of hyperprolactinemia bromocriptine is generally administered in 3 daily doses during the day." | ( Barberis, A; Camanni, F; Ciccarelli, E; Ghigo, E; Guidoni, F; Massara, F; Mazza, E, 1987) |
| "We conclude that (1) treatment of hyperprolactinemia increases bone mass in most amenorrheic women with osteopenia, (2) normalization of serum prolactin levels in such women is associated with prevention of bone loss, and (3) a subset of untreated women with hyperprolactinemia have progressive osteopenia, which could have adverse long-term health consequences." | ( Greenspan, SL; Klibanski, A, 1986) |
| "The pregnancy of women with untreated hyperprolactinemia was more frequently ectopic when compared to those in women treated by bromocriptine." | ( Heinonen, PK; Rossi, AM; Vilska, S, 1995) |
| "Terguride has been widely used for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia via partial agonistic action on dopamine D2 receptors in the pituitary." | ( Iga, T; Irizuki, N; Sawada, Y; Takayanagi, R; Yamada, Y; Yamamoto, K, 2003) |
| "The effectiveness of treatment of hyperprolactinemia (of functional and organic genesis) with dophamin agonists was studied in 97 women aged 18-32." | ( Tokhunts, KA, 2007) |
| "Adjunctive aripiprazole treatment reversed hyperprolactinemia in both sexes, resulting in reinstatement of menstruation in female patients, with no significant effects on psychopathology and extrapyramidal symptoms." | ( Conley, RR; Jung, DU; Kelly, DL; Liu, KH; Seo, YS; Shim, JC; Shin, JG; Shon, JH, 2007) |
| "Cabergoline, a dopamine agonist used to treat hyperprolactinemia, is associated with an increased risk of fibrotic adverse reactions, e." | ( Cramer, MJ; Lafeber, M; Stades, AM; Teding van Berkhout, F; Valk, GD; Zelissen, PM, 2010) |
| "It is likely that early treatment of hyperprolactinemia in this case would have significantly reduced the risk of developing MS or even prevented its occurrence." | ( Amital, H; Jeandel, PY; Shoenfeld, Y; Versini, M; Watad, A, 2015) |
| "Selfheal extract treated hyperprolactinemia through dopamine D2 receptor with significant effect." | ( Luan, S; Mu, M; Sun, L, 2017) |
| "Dopamine agonists successfully treat hyperprolactinemia-induced ovarian dysfunction in women, but not elephants." | ( Brown, JL; Keady, M; Oestmann, A; Prado, NA; Steinbeiser, CM, 2019) |
| "Among community-based adults treated for hyperprolactinemia, cabergoline use and greater cumulative cabergoline exposure were associated with a higher prevalence of primarily mild valvular regurgitation compared with bromocriptine." | ( Budayr, A; Go, AS; Lo, JC; Tabada, GH; Tan, TC; Yang, J; Zaroff, JG, 2020) |
| "Therefore, treating hyperprolactinemia is not an overall effective treatment for erectile dysfunction in these patients." | ( Agarwal, A; Al Ali, F; Al-Emadi, I; Alattar, A; Arafa, M; Daniel, C; Elbardisi, H; Elesnawi, M; Henkel, R; Khalafalla, K; Majzoub, A, 2021) |
| "Bromocriptine was formerly used for the treatment of PD, hyperprolactinemia, and restless leg syndrome, but now it is used for improving glycemic levels as well as reducing free fatty acids and triglycerides." | ( Akhtar, MF; Akter, R; Al-Harrasi, A; Berrada, M; Bhatia, S; Damiri, F; Ferdous Mitu, J; Kabir, MT; Rahman, MH; Rahman, MS; Saleem, A, 2022) |