Page last updated: 2024-09-27

Kashin-Beck Disease

Disabling osteochondrodysplasia with OSTEOSCLEROSIS, cone-shaped METAPHYSIS, and shortening of the DIAPHYSIS. It is endemic in parts of Siberia and northern China. Mineral deficiencies (e.g., selenium, iodine), fungal cereal contamination, and water contamination may be contributing factors in its etiology.

Synonyms(1)

Synonym
Kashin-Beck Disease

Research

Studies (124)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-19902 (1.61)23.3326
1990's0 (0.00)12.5806
2000's0 (0.00)18.1394
2010's83 (66.94)28.8240
2020's39 (31.45)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
salicylic acid0low20
iodine0low70
acetaminophen0medium11
celecoxib0medium11
diclofenac0medium11
iohexol0low10
ketamine0medium11
molsidomine0low20
linsidomine0low20
thyroxine0low20
triiodothyronine0low20
glutamine0low20
methylene blue0low10
tert-butylhydroperoxide0low10
tolonium chloride0low10
thiazoles0medium22
fusarium0low20
malondialdehyde0low10
selenomethionine0low10
manganese0low50
mercury0low10
molybdenum0low10
titanium0low10
chromium0low10
fluorine0low10
sodium selenite0medium31
iodine0low10
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous0low10
transferrin0low10
glutamic acid0low20
deoxynivalenol0low40
trazodone hydrochloride0low30
o-(6)-methylguanine0low10
pyridinoline0low30
deoxypyridinoline0low10
naproxen0medium11
glycogen0low10
glucosamine0medium43
nivalenol0low20
decitabine0low10
thiobarbituric acid0low10
osteoprotegerin0low10
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal0low10
strontium0low10
phosphorus0low20
selenium0medium791
cytochrome c-t0low20
hes1 protein, human0low10
chondroitin0low10
mobic0medium22
t-2 toxin0low330
chondroitin sulfates0medium91
deoxyguanosine0low10
guanine0low10
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine0low10

Protein Targets (524)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
PPM1D protein3003
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 49009
EWS/FLI fusion protein5005
G6006
cytochrome P450 2D65005
Interferon beta6006
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 6006
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 10101
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 20101
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 40101
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 30101
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 40101
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 16006
Smoothened homolog0101
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial6006
Microtubule-associated protein tau4004
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA2002
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 10011
Chain A, Avidin0022
Chain A, Avidin0022
Chain B, Avidin0022
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma100010
ATAD5 protein, partial5005
GLS protein5005
Smad33003
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A15005
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor3003
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3100010
progesterone receptor110011
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 18008
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha9009
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha130013
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha140014
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma8008
aryl hydrocarbon receptor8008
chromobox protein homolog 16006
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 28008
peripheral myelin protein 223003
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 12002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi2013
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 30808
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 40808
Solute carrier family 22 member 60303
Carbonic anhydrase 120303
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90103
Bile salt export pump0202
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit7007
Bile salt export pump011011
Cytochrome P450 2B10001
Cytochrome P450 1A10001
Carbonic anhydrase 10709
Carbonic anhydrase 20709
Myoglobin0101
Cytochrome P450 1A10012
Cytochrome P450 1A20001
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10404
Carbonic anhydrase 30303
Cytochrome P450 3A40202
Cytochrome P450 2D60202
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0405
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-12013
Sulfotransferase 1A1 0001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta2013
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-22013
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-60203
Glutamate receptor 272110
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-52013
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-32013
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 0304
Carbonic anhydrase 40404
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10607
Carbonic anhydrase 60303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-12013
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-22013
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-42013
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-32013
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-62013
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0303
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20619
Carbonic anhydrase 70303
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma2002
Cytochrome P450 2J20303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-12114
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-32013
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-22013
Carbonic anhydrase 90505
GABA theta subunit2013
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 10606
Carbonic anhydrase 150404
Carbonic anhydrase 130202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon2013
Carbonic anhydrase 140303
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0303
toxin B0001
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase II0101
Chain A, Cruzipain1001
Carbonic anhydrase 0001
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
GTP-binding protein (rab7)0011
ras protein, partial0011
glp-1 receptor, partial4004
pregnane X receptor1001
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit5005
SMAD family member 25005
USP1 protein, partial4004
SMAD family member 35005
TDP1 protein110011
GLI family zinc finger 36006
AR protein100010
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease3003
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)5005
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]7007
farnesoid X nuclear receptor7007
pregnane X nuclear receptor9009
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
67.9K protein5005
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta5005
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor3003
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Rac1 protein0011
caspase-33003
IDH12002
cell division cycle 42 (GTP binding protein, 25kDa), partial0011
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a9009
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor3003
activating transcription factor 64004
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor2002
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a5005
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)8008
Histone H2A.x4004
Caspase-71001
interferon gamma precursor0001
prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype0001
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a4004
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 23003
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d3003
caspase-31001
heat shock protein beta-15005
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1100010
geminin100010
lamin isoform A-delta105005
Prostaglandin E synthase0101
Histone deacetylase 30101
3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 10101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0303
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0101
cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase0101
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 10101
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 20101
Catechol O-methyltransferase0101
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 20202
Cellular tumor antigen p539009
Procathepsin L0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10202
Seed linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase-10101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-40101
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase0101
Quinolone resistance protein NorA0101
Adenosine receptor A30202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-20101
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0202
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0303
Calpain-2 catalytic subunit0101
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0101
D(1A) dopamine receptor0202
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10101
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 0213
Adenosine receptor A10202
Cruzipain0202
Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 10101
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 10101
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0202
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0011
Delta-type opioid receptor0101
Delta-type opioid receptor0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Bifunctional epoxide hydrolase 20101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 0304
Carbonic anhydrase0202
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0303
Urotensin-2 receptor0101
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Histone deacetylase 40101
Ras-related protein Rab-2A0011
D(2) dopamine receptor0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20404
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0202
Beta-carbonic anhydrase 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 20101
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 0202
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20303
Histone deacetylase 10101
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 140101
Carbonic anhydrase, alpha family 0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Sigma intracellular receptor 20101
Delta carbonic anhydrase0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0304
Carbonic anhydrase 0101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10101
Carbonic anhydrase 130101
Cyclooxygenase-2 0101
Histone deacetylase 70101
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 41001
Histone deacetylase 20101
Carbonic anhydrase 40303
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC100101
Histone deacetylase 11 0101
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 56006
Ataxin-26006
Histone deacetylase 80101
P2Y purinoceptor 120202
Histone deacetylase 60101
Histone deacetylase 90101
Histone deacetylase 50101
Chain A, Ferritin light chain3003
acetylcholinesterase4004
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)1001
mitogen-activated protein kinase 12002
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 11001
survival motor neuron protein isoform d3003
Caspase-20011
Inositol monophosphatase 12002
Chain A, Beta-lactamase2002
exodeoxyribonuclease V subunit RecD0101
exodeoxyribonuclease V subunit RecB0101
exodeoxyribonuclease V subunit RecC0101
DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 10101
Spike glycoprotein4004
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EHMT20101
Thymidine kinase, cytosolic0102
Deoxycytidine kinase0001
AAA family ATPase 0001
Sterol O-acyltransferase 10101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B100101
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 10011
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver0101
Transthyretin0116
Albumin0213
Interleukin-80101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha0101
Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10202
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B70102
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A40101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A30001
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 0101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60303
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A70101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A100101
Chain A, GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR SUBUNIT 20101
Chain A, Glutamate Receptor Subunit 20101
Chain B, Glutamate Receptor Subunit 20101
Chain A, Slr1257 protein0011
Chain A, Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing]0101
thioredoxin reductase6006
phosphopantetheinyl transferase3003
regulator of G-protein signaling 42002
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 27007
beta-2 adrenergic receptor1001
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 13003
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 80202
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 60113
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0202
Excitatory amino acid transporter 40101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0202
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial0405
Bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine dehydrogenase 10101
Prothrombin0022
Integrin beta-30011
Integrin alpha-IIb0011
ATP-citrate synthase 0101
Glutamate receptor 10213
Glutamate receptor 30213
Glutamate receptor 40213
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 10213
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 10112
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 20011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 30011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 40112
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 50011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 60011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 70011
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 0415
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 10112
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 50113
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 20213
Glutamate receptor 10213
Glutamate receptor 20213
Glutamate receptor 30112
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 30202
Excitatory amino acid transporter 10203
Excitatory amino acid transporter 20203
Excitatory amino acid transporter 30203
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 80011
Glutamate receptor 40213
Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 0001
Glutamate racemase0001
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 80112
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A 0415
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0415
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0415
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 40202
Glutamate carboxypeptidase 20101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 10303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A0303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 20112
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 30101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0303
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 10113
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 20113
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 70113
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 30113
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 40113
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 50101
Carbonic anhydrase-like protein, putative0002
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0415
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 50202
Glutamate racemase0001
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0415
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0415
Chain A, Glutamine Binding Protein0011
15-lipoxygenase, partial1001
arylsulfatase A1001
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 12002
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 11001
flap endonuclease 12002
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor2002
Neutral amino acid transporter A0101
Asc-type amino acid transporter 10101
Neutral amino acid transporter B(0)0101
Amino acid transporter0101
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase2002
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase0202
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase0001
Ricin0101
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphokinase0011
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase 0012
Shiga toxin subunit A0101
Guanine deaminase0001
Luciferase4004
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 33003
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE3003
Acetylcholinesterase0101
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 33003
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0101
Cholinesterase0101
Chain A, HADH2 protein2002
Chain B, HADH2 protein2002
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M11001
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE1001
Chain E, Fibrin beta chain0101
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase1001
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A2002
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase3003
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q11001
T cell receptor, partial1001
luteinizing hormone receptor1001
integrase, partial0101
chaperonin-containing TCP-1 beta subunit homolog2002
lens epithelium-derived growth factor p750101
Caspase 6, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase0001
Fumarate hydratase2002
TSHR protein1001
Apoptotic peptidase activating factor 10101
thioredoxin glutathione reductase1001
hypothetical protein, conserved2002
isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, partial1001
polyprotein2002
luciferase1001
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B1001
serine-protein kinase ATM isoform a1001
neutrophil cytosol factor 10101
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor1001
caspase-9 isoform alpha precursor0101
huntingtin isoform 21001
pyruvate kinase PKM isoform a1001
DNA polymerase beta1001
caspase-3 isoform a preproprotein0101
protein AF-9 isoform a0001
DNA polymerase eta isoform 12002
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)1001
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor1001
plasminogen precursor1001
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor1001
Vpr1001
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 12002
replicative DNA helicase0001
recombinase A0011
POsterior Segregation0011
DNA repair protein RAD52 homolog isoform a0001
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A2002
Glutathione reductase0101
Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain1001
Albumin0001
Amyloid-beta precursor protein0101
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial0102
Microtubule-associated protein tau0314
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A0101
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0101
Alpha-synuclein1001
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G1001
TAR DNA-binding protein 433003
Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic0102
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 0102
Zinc finger protein mex-50011
phosphoglycerate kinase1001
alpha-galactosidase1001
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase0101
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating0101
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase0103
Hormone-sensitive lipase0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C40101
Caspase-10101
Adenosine receptor A2a0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C30101
Caspase-30101
Caspase-40101
Caspase-50101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 0101
Caspase-90101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C10101
Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase0102
Cyclin-dependent kinase 20101
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase0101
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 12002
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 11001
Estrogen receptor beta0001
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta0001
Polyphenol oxidase 20203
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-20001
Polymerase acidic protein0011
Stromelysin-10011
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase YopH0101
High mobility group protein B10011
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-10101
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 10103
Estrogen receptor0001
Acetylcholinesterase0101
Cystathionine gamma-lyase0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-10001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-20001
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-10001
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 70001
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 200101
Solute carrier family 22 member 80101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Ubiquitin-like domain-containing CTD phosphatase 10101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-30001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-20001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-10001
interleukin 81001
Taste receptor type 2 member 380001
Chain X, Thyroid hormone receptor beta-10022
Chain X, Thyroid hormone receptor beta-10022
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA12002
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK11001
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 11001
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A40103
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A50002
Thyroid hormone receptor alpha0235
Thyroid hormone receptor beta0235
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen0202
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha0022
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma0044
Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial0101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A20002
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A30002
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C10102
Monocarboxylate transporter 80001
Bile acid receptor0101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C10001
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B10002
acid sphingomyelinase1001
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain 0011
glucocerebrosidase1001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0101
Androgen receptor0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10101
Thyroid hormone receptor beta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30101
Adenosine receptor A10202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60101
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10011
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C10001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A10001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C10101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B30001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0101
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]