A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.
| Excerpt | Reference |
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| "Pathologic myopia is caused by excessive axial elongation that primarily involves the ora-equatorial area and the posterior pole." | ( Curtin, BJ, 1979) |
| "Though axial myopia is common in keratoconus, a further study of 70 keratoconic eyes that had not been grafted showed no statistically significant correlation between the posterior segment length and the severity of corneal ectasia." | ( Buckley, RJ; Fitzke, FW; Tuft, SJ, 1992) |
| "First, myopia is not always produced in kestrels in response to form deprivation." | ( Andison, ME; Bird, DM; Sivak, JG, 1992) |
| "The induced myopia is due to enlargement of the vitreous chamber of the eye." | ( Barrie, DL; Callender, MG; Doughty, MJ; Seltner, RL; Sivak, JG; West, JA, 1990) |
| "Adult-onset myopia is most often reported in college age individuals." | ( Adams, AJ, 1987) |
| "Although myopia is associated with anatomical factors that offer considerable protection from primary angle closure glaucoma, its presence does not eliminate the possibility of this disease." | ( Hagan, JC; Lederer, CM, 1985) |
| "Malignant myopia is a major cause of blindness, yet compared with cataract, glaucoma, or diabetic retinopathy, this condition has received little attention from clinical investigators." | ( Daubs, J, 1982) |
| "Myopia is a frequent finding in preterm children." | ( Pohlandt, F, 1994) |
| "Myopia is a frequent sequelae of retinopathy of prematurity." | ( Fagerholm, P; Gallo, JE, 1993) |
| "Myopia is a national epidemic in Singapore." | ( Balakrishnan, V; Chan, TK; Chan, WK; Lee, CP; Lim, AS; Low, CH; Tan, D; Tan, J; Tseng, PS, 1993) |
| "Myopia is an important public health problem because it is common and is associated with increased risk for chorioretinal degeneration, retinal detachment, and other vision-threatening abnormalities." | ( Kennedy, RH, 1995) |
| "Transitory myopia is important in young patients, reduced after 50 years and absent after 70 years." | ( Ban, C; Hanciu, D; Petroi, C; Pop, I, 2000) |
| "Myopia is an important public health problem because it is common and is associated with increased risk for chorioretinal degeneration, retinal detachment, and other vision- threatening abnormalities." | ( Dyer, JA; Herman, DC; Jacobs, D; Kennedy, MA; Kennedy, RH; Kurland, LT; Luepker, RV; McIntire, D; Parulkar, S, 2000) |
| "Myopia is a common ocular disorder, and high myopia (myopia at least -6." | ( Koh, A; Saw, SM; Shih-Yen, EC; Tan, D, 2002) |
| "Curvature myopia is the result of the decrease of the corneal curvature radius." | ( Nicolcescu, AM, 2001) |
| "Axial myopia is that by far the most frequently form of myopia." | ( Nicolcescu, AM, 2001) |
| "Esotropia with high myopia is due to elongation of the eyeball, which becomes too large to fit within the muscle cone." | ( Akizawa, Y; Tanaka, A; Yasuzumi, K, 2002) |
| "Pseudomyopia is one of many ocular and behavioral sequelae following TBI." | ( Kirschen, D; London, R; Wick, B, 2003) |
| "Myopia is among the most common refractive errors and is associated with the greatest risk of pathological outcomes." | ( Morgan, IG, 2003) |
| "Myopia is emerging as a major public health issue due to its increasing prevalence and long-term pathological outcomes." | ( Megaw, P; Morgan, I, 2004) |
| "Myopia is the most common eye disorder especially in Asia." | ( Cheung, EY; Fan, DS; Kwok, AK; Lai, RY; Lam, DS, 2004) |
| "The prevalence of myopia is known to vary with age, ethnicity, level of education, and socioeconomic status, with a high prevalence reported in university students and in people from East Asian countries." | ( Davies, LN; Gilmartin, B; Logan, NS; Mallen, EA, 2005) |
| "Myopia is a common ocular disorder, and progression of myopia in children is of increasing concern." | ( Cheung, SW; Cho, P; Edwards, M, 2005) |
| "High myopia is a common genetic variation in most cases, affecting 1-2% of people, and is the fourth most common disorder causing blindness worldwide." | ( Guo, X; Hejtmancik, JF; Jia, X; Li, S; Xiao, X; Zhang, Q, 2006) |
| "Myopia is a significant public health problem and its prevalence may be increasing over time." | ( Gwiazda, J, 2009) |
| "The progression of myopia is thought to be controlled by the retinal image quality, but its triggering factors are not yet well known." | ( Artal, P; Lundström, L; Mira-Agudelo, A, 2009) |
| "Myopia is a common vision problem affecting almost one third of the world's population." | ( Aggarwal, S; Antonarakis, SE; Bartoloni, L; Himabindu, P; Lyle, R; Morris, MA; Nath, SK; Paluru, P; Paoloni-Giacobino, A; Radhakrishna, U; Rao, V; Ratnamala, U; Rawal, R; Singh, R; Vishnupriya, S; Young, TL, 2011) |
| "Drug induced acute myopia is an infrequent phenomenon, the aetiology of which is still not fully known." | ( Argaya, J; Dorronzoro, E; Gegúndez-Fernández, JA; Sáenz-Frances, F; Santos-Bueso, E; Vico-Ruiz, E, 2011) |
| "Myopia is the most common human eye disorder." | ( Leo, SW; Young, TL, 2011) |
| "Myopia is the most common ocular disorder associated with increasing risk for chorioretinal degeneration, retinal detachment, and other vision-threatening abnormalities worldwide." | ( Chen, HZ; Qi, H; Rong, ZX; Song, YY; Wang, BS; Wang, H, 2011) |
| "If myopia is outside the range over which it is visually controlled by emmetropisation (in the case of high and pathological myopias), in principle the possibility exists to improve the mechanical stability of the sclera pharmacologically." | ( Schaeffel, F, 2011) |
| "High myopia is defined by a spherical equivalent of less than or equal to -6." | ( Chen, B; Cheng, J; Gong, B; He, F; Hu, J; Liao, S; Lin, H; Lu, F; Ma, S; Shi, Y; Wu, Z; Yang, Z; Zhang, D, 2011) |
| "Myopia is characterized by an increase in axial length of the eye, but the reasons for the axial elongation are still unknown." | ( Chandrashekar, N; Genest, R; Irving, E, 2012) |
| "Myopia is one of the most prevalent ocular conditions and is the result of a mismatch between the power of the eye and axial length of the eye." | ( McBrien, NA, 2013) |
| "Myopia is a huge public health problem worldwide, reaching the highest incidence in Asia." | ( Barathi, VA; Beuerman, RW; Goh, LK; Kwan, JL; Seet, LF; Tan, QS; Vithana, EN; Weon, SR, 2013) |
| "Myopia is a common refractive defect." | ( Bryl, A; Mrugacz, M, 2013) |
| "Myopia is an extremely common eye disorder but the pathogenesis of its isolated form, which accounts for the overwhelming majority of cases, remains poorly understood." | ( Adly, N; Al-Khrashi, A; Al-Saleh, AA; Aldahmesh, MA; Alkuraya, FS; Alkuraya, H; Anazi, S; Assiri, A; Hashem, M; Hijazi, H; Khan, AO; Mohamed, JY; Prabakaran, S; Reinheckel, T; Tacke, M, 2013) |
| "The development of myopia is associated with decreased ocular scleral collagen synthesis in humans and animal models." | ( An, J; Chen, JF; Fang, F; Liu, S; Lu, C; Lu, R; Pan, M; Qu, J; Tao, Y; Xu, H; Zhao, F; Zheng, M; Zhou, X, 2013) |
| "Development of myopia is associated with remodeling of the sclera, a tissue composed principally of collagen." | ( Fang, F; Liu, X; Pan, M; Qu, J; Tao, Y; Wu, H; Yan, T; Zhou, X, 2013) |
| "High myopia is a complex disorder that imposes serious consequences on ocular health." | ( Ahmed, I; Andrabi, KI; Jan, T; Naykoo, NA; Qureshi, T; Rasool, S, 2014) |
| "Myopia is amongst the most common refractive errors in the world." | ( Atheeshwar, S; Chandrasekar, MD; Krishnakumar, M, 2014) |
| "Myopia is the most common ocular abnormality." | ( Costagliola, C; Morescalchi, F; Romano, MR; Russo, A; Semeraro, F, 2014) |
| "Myopia is a major health problem in Indian school children." | ( Bhardawaj, A; Mani, K; Menon, V; Pandey, RM; Saxena, R; Tandon, R; Vashist, P, 2015) |
| "Myopia is a common ocular condition, characterized by excessive elongation of the ocular globe." | ( Harper, AR; Summers, JA, 2015) |
| "High myopia is a major cause of uncorrectable visual impairment." | ( Armesto, A; Grzybowski, A; Iribarren, G; Iribarren, R; Szwajkowska, M, 2015) |
| "While pseudomyopia is reported to be caused by parasympathomimetics, such an effect precipitated by bimatoprost has not yet been reported." | ( Padhy, D; Rao, A, 2015) |
| "Myopia is a condition of enormous public health concern, affecting up to 2." | ( Flitcroft, DI; Loughman, J, 2016) |
| "Myopia is a global problem, being particularly prevalent in the urban areas of east and southeast Asia." | ( Leo, SW, 2017) |
| "The epidemic of myopia is characterized by increasingly early onset, combined with high myopia progression rates." | ( Leo, SW, 2017) |
| "Myopia is the most common childhood refractive disorder." | ( Carr, BJ; Stell, WK, 2016) |
| "Myopia is one of the most common ocular disorders for which standard treatments, such as refractive surgery, often involve invasive procedures." | ( Li, P; Li, Y; Mi, G; Shen, Y; Sun, L; Tu, J; Webster, TJ; Zhang, Y, 2017) |
| "The risk of myopia is lowered by exposure to daylight and increased by activities performed at short visual distances (close-up work)." | ( Lagrèze, WA; Schaeffel, F, 2017) |
| "Myopia is the most common refractive error and is now endemic over the entire industrial world, particularly in Asia." | ( Erdinest, N; Morad, Y, 2017) |
| "Myopia is an important health issue in India and is associated with long hours of reading and screen time with use of computers and video games." | ( Bhardawaj, A; Gupta, V; Menon, V; Pandey, RM; Saxena, R; Tandon, R; Vashist, P, 2017) |
| "Myopia is a highly prevalent eye disease." | ( Chang, CY; Chang, HY; Chen, CS; Chen, HJ; Huang, YS; Kung, YJ; Lin, CJ; Lin, HJ; Tien, PT; Wan, L; Wei, CC, 2018) |
| "Myopia is a global public health issue with a worldwide prevalence of ∼30% and is estimated to rise to 50% by 2050." | ( Coroneo, M; Jong, M; Sankaridurg, P; Tran, HDM; Tran, TD; Tran, YH, 2018) |
| "Myopia is a refractive disorder that degrades vision." | ( Carr, BJ; Hollenberg, MD; Mihara, K; Nathanson, NM; Ramachandran, R; Saifeddine, M; Stell, WK, 2018) |
| "The prevalence of myopia is increasing globally." | ( Chen, H; Cheung, CMG; Choi, J; Chuang, MN; Jonas, JB; Ohno-Matsui, K; Wu, G; Wu, PC, 2019) |
| "The prevalence of myopia is higher in individuals whose both parents are myopic, suggesting that genetic factors are clearly involved in myopia development." | ( Cooper, J; Tkatchenko, AV, 2018) |
| "Myopia is an eye condition that is increasing around the world, reaching epidemic levels in many countries." | ( Petty, AD; Wilson, G, 2018) |
| "Myopia is fast becoming a global public health burden with its increasing prevalence, particularly in developed countries." | ( Hoang, QV; Matsumura, S; Saw, SM, 2019) |
| "Myopia is a major public health concern, and its prevalence is increasing rapidly among schoolchildren in India." | ( Asthana, S; James, RM; Kumar, R; Labani, S; Singh, NK; Yadav, A, 2019) |
| "The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide." | ( Park, S; Weiss, RS, 2019) |
| "Myopia is a major cause of visual impairment." | ( Ohno-Matsui, K; Vutipongsatorn, K; Yokoi, T, 2019) |
| "Myopia is a worldwide epidemic." | ( Farzavandi, SK; Gomez-de-Liaño, R; Leshno, A; Mezer, E; Sprunger, DT; Wygnanski-Jaffe, T, 2020) |
| "Myopia is the most common eye disorder in the world which is caused by a mismatch between the optical power of the eye and its excessively long axial length." | ( Tkatchenko, AV; Tkatchenko, TV, 2019) |
| "Myopia is a global problem that is increasing at an epidemic rate in the world." | ( Beuerman, RW; Upadhyay, A, 2020) |
| "Myopia is increasing in prevalence and is currently recognized as a significant public health issue worldwide, particularly in China." | ( Fu, Y; Li, Y; Liu, Z; Shi, X; Wang, K; Zhao, M, 2020) |
| "Myopia is the most common eye problem and affects an estimated 28." | ( Chen, L; Liang, Y; Tang, L; Xu, M; Yu, H; Zheng, J, 2020) |
| "Myopia is inherently associated with eye growth and thereby possibly amenable to nutritional influence." | ( Burke, N; Butler, JS; Flitcroft, I; Loughman, J, 2021) |
| "Myopia is caused by both environmental and genetic risk factors." | ( Baird, PN; Chia, A; Guggenheim, JA; He, M; Lamoureux, EL; Lanca, C; Man, R; Matsui, KO; Rosman, M; Sankaridurg, P; Saw, SM; Smith Iii, EL; Wu, PC; Zhou, X, 2020) |
| "Because myopia is rarely spontaneous, a question remained whether dim light would hasten the progression of visually induced myopia." | ( Arumugam, B; Beach, KM; Hung, LF; She, Z; Smith, EL, 2021) |
| "Myopia is a highly prevalent refractive disorder." | ( Chang, CY; Chen, CS; Chen, JJ; Gan, D; Ku, H; Lin, CH; Lin, HJ; Tien, PT; Tsai, YY; Wan, L, 2021) |
| "High myopia is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide with high heritability." | ( Dong, S; Guo, H; Hu, Z; Lei, G; Li, B; Liu, Y; Shen, L; Tian, Q; Wang, K; Wang, M; Wu, H; Xia, K; Xia, L; Xiong, H; Yao, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhao, R; Zhu, T, 2021) |
| "What's known Myopia is spreading rapidly in technologically advanced societies." | ( Gurlevik, U; Kara, H; Yasar, E, 2021) |
| "The prevalence of myopia is increasing among children of rural areas, especially those in private schools with a strong inverse association with time spent outdoors." | ( Bhardwaj, A; Gupta, V; Prasad, P; Saxena, R; Vashist, P, 2022) |
| "Myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide." | ( Guan, Z; Kang, L; Lei, Y; Pan, M; Qu, J; Wang, L; Wang, Q; Wu, H; Xie, B; Yang, F; Ye, C; Zhang, S; Zhang, Y; Zhao, C; Zhao, F; Zhou, X, 2021) |
| "Myopia is the second leading cause of visual impairment globally." | ( Li, X; Liu, H; Liu, J; Xu, H; Yang, Z; Zeng, L, 2021) |
| "The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide and is presently recognized as a major public health issue." | ( Ke, B; Li, Z; Liu, M; Mao, X; Yang, X; Yuan, Y; Zheng, B; Zhou, Y; Zhu, C, 2021) |
| "Myopia is now a major public health issue in parts of East and Southeast Asia, including mainland China." | ( Jan, CL; Morgan, IG, 2022) |
| "Myopia is a focal issue affecting the eye health of children and adolescents in China." | ( , 2022) |
| "Myopia is a global epidemic on the rise, garnering increased attention, particularly in therapeutics and prevention, and the field of myopia control." | ( Rhee, MK, 2022) |
| "Myopia care costs were collected from published sources and key informants." | ( Frick, KD; Fricke, TR; He, M; Naduvilath, T; Resnikoff, S; Sankaridurg, P; Tahhan, N, 2023) |
| "Myopia is a risk factor for secondary OHT, whereas diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia are protective of it." | ( Badrinarayanan, L; George, R; Isaac, N; Rishi, E; Rishi, P, 2022) |
| "Myopia is a risk for Dex-OHT." | ( Badrinarayanan, L; George, R; Isaac, N; Rishi, E; Rishi, P, 2022) |
| "Myopia is increasing worldwide and its preventable measure should urgently be pursued." | ( Arita, M; Hou, J; Ikeda, SI; Jeong, H; Kang, JX; Kurihara, T; Kuroha, S; Mori, K; Negishi, K; Ogawa, M; Torii, H; Tsubota, K, 2022) |
| "Although myopia is progressing worldwide, the recent coronavirus infections 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has spurred myopia progression." | ( Kurihara, T; Negishi, K; Shinojima, A; Tsubota, K, 2022) |
| "Myopia is a known risk factor of pigmentary glaucoma (PG), and the increased prevalence of myopia in Asian countries indicates that more cases of PG will likely develop soon." | ( Fujiwara, K; Sakamoto, T; Shiihara, H; Tanaka, M; Terasaki, H; Yamashita, T, 2022) |
| "Myopia is associated with an increased risk of permanent vision loss." | ( Cui, D; Guggenheim, J; Ribel-Madsen, S; Trier, K, 2023) |
| "Myopia is the most common type of refractive error and the leading cause of functional visual loss." | ( Gupta, P; Jain, A; Sen, S; Verma, S; Yadav, H, 2022) |
| "Myopia is one of the most common forms of refractive eye disease and considered as a worldwide pandemic experienced by half of the global population by 2050." | ( Yuan, T; Zou, H, 2022) |
| "Myopia is the leading cause of low vision worldwide and can lead to significant pathological complications." | ( Anstice, N; Ashby, R; Game, J; Jong, T; Karouta, C; Leung, M; Maddess, T; Morgan, IG; Sabeti, F; Thomson, K, 2022) |
| "Adolescent myopia is closely related to living environment, heredity, and living habits." | ( Duan, J; Huang, J; Huang, Q; Lin, H; Liu, M; Ning, L; Sun, Z; Xiao, J; Yang, H; Zhu, S, 2022) |
| "Myopia is a chronic ocular disease, emerging as the most common type of refractive error." | ( Du, K; Fu, Q; Hu, T; Li, Y; Lu, Y; Song, W; Wen, D; Xiao, J; Yin, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhao, L, 2022) |
| "Myopia is a chronic ocular disease, emerging as the most common type of refractive error." | ( Du, K; Fu, Q; Hu, T; Li, Y; Lu, Y; Song, W; Wen, D; Xiao, J; Yin, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhao, L, 2022) |
| "Myopia is a failure of this process where the eye becomes too long." | ( Gawne, TJ; Khanal, S; Norton, TT, 2023) |
| "Myopia is a failure of this process where the eye becomes too long." | ( Gawne, TJ; Khanal, S; Norton, TT, 2023) |
| "Myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment in young people worldwide." | ( Chen, XF; Du, CX; He, T; Huang, Z; Tang, Y, 2022) |
| "Myopia is a common eye condition that increases the risk of sight-threatening complications." | ( Grzybowski, A; Lanca, C; Repka, MX, 2023) |
| "High myopia is the leading cause of blindness worldwide." | ( Chen, Z; Li, H; Lu, Y; Qi, J; Wei, L; Wu, Q; Yao, Y; Zhou, X; Zhu, X, 2023) |
| "Early onset of myopia is associated with high myopia later in life, and myopia is irreversible once developed." | ( Bui, CHT; Chen, LJ; Kam, KW; Ko, ST; Ng, MPH; Pang, CP; Tang, F; Tham, CC; Wong, ES; Yam, JC; Yip, BHK; Yip, WWK; Young, AL; Zhang, XJ; Zhang, Y, 2023) |
| "Myopia is a common refractive error, where elongation of the eyeball causes distant objects to appear blurred." | ( Dhakal, R; Downie, LE; Huntjens, B; Kernohan, A; Lawrenson, JG; Li, D; Li, T; Mavi, S; Shah, R; Verkicharla, PK; Virgili, G; Walline, JJ, 2023) |
| "Myopia is one of the most common eye diseases in children and adolescents worldwide." | ( Bao, B; Bi, H; Guo, D; Hao, J; Hao, Y; Jiang, W; Li, T; Li, X; Liu, J; Wei, H; Yang, Z; Zhang, R; Zhou, M, 2023) |
| "(1) Background: Myopia is one of the leading causes of visual impairment." | ( Brzuszkiewicz, K; Czarnek-Chudzik, A; Korulczyk, J; Latalska, M; Makosz, I; Matysik-Woźniak, A; Onyszkiewicz, M; Oszczędłowski, P; Raczkiewicz, P; Rapa, M; Rejdak, R; Rękas, KM; Więsyk, P; Zieliński, G, 2023) |
| "Myopia is a major cause of degenerative eye disease and increases the risk of secondary visual impairment." | ( Beisse, C; Biermann, J; Böhringer, D; Eberwein, P; Eckstein, A; Farassat, N; Gusek-Schneider, G; Hedergott, A; Hufendiek, K; Hug, MJ; Ihorst, G; Knöbel, AB; Küchlin, S; Lagrèze, WA; Lischka, T; Molnár, FE; Ring-Mangold, T; Schittkowski, M; Schmickler, S; Schneider-Fuchs, S; Schuart, C; Schuettauf, F; Schwietering, A; Seger, D; Wabbels, B; Wolf, A; Ziemssen, F, 2023) |
| "Myopia is a dynamic and rapidly moving field, with ongoing research providing a better understanding of the etiology leading to novel myopia control strategies." | ( Berntsen, DA; Bullimore, MA; Cho, P; Flitcroft, I; Gawne, TJ; Gifford, KL; Jong, M; Kang, P; Ostrin, LA; Sankaridurg, P; Santodomingo-Rubido, J; Wildsoet, C; Wolffsohn, JS, 2023) |
| "High myopia is rare in pre-school children with a prevalence less than 1%." | ( Ainsworth, J; Chia, A; Cotter, S; Flitcroft, I; Harb, E; Jin, ZB; Klaver, CCW; Moore, AT; Nischal, KK; Ohno-Matsui, K; Paysse, EA; Repka, MX; Smirnova, IY; Snead, M; Verhoeven, VJM; Verkicharla, PK, 2023) |
| "Adult-onset myopia is common, representing a third or more of all myopia in western populations, but less in East Asia, where onset during childhood is high." | ( Bullimore, MA; Chamberlain, P; Iribarren, R; Jacobsen, N; Lee, SS; Leveziel, N; Mallen, EAH; Polling, JR; Rozema, JJ; Schmid, KL; Verkicharla, PK, 2023) |
| "Myopia is a highly prevalent condition in the pediatric population that is commonly comorbid with intermittent exotropia." | ( Babiuch, A; Kim, S; Williamson, A; Xiao, H, 2023) |
| "Myopia is the most common refractive error because excessive increase in the axial length of a myopic eye leads to the thinning of the posterior scleral pole and can cause serious complications resulting in blindness." | ( Gao, H; Li, T; Peng, Q; Sun, R; Wang, L; Zhang, F; Zhang, L, 2023) |
| "Myopia is one of the most prevalent eye diseases that seriously threaten the eyesight of children and adolescents worldwide." | ( Bao, B; Bi, H; Guo, D; Hao, Y; Li, T; Liu, J, 2023) |
| "Myopia is one of the most common eye diseases causing visual impairment and blindness, and the high prevalence in adolescents remains a major public health concern." | ( He, W; Shen, L; Yan, W; Yang, C; Yang, W, 2023) |