Compounds > 6-thioguanylic acid
Page last updated: 2024-12-10

6-thioguanylic acid

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID3034646
CHEMBL ID1812063
CHEBI ID80613
SCHEMBL ID600845
MeSH IDM0045119

Synonyms (22)

Synonym
6-thioguanosine monophosphate
nsc-408090
15867-02-4
[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(2-amino-6-sulfanylidene-3h-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate
[5-(2-amino-6-sulfanylidene-3h-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate
6-thioguanine nucleotide
6-thioguanosine-5'-phosphate
6-thioguanylic acid
6-tg nucleotide
CHEMBL1812063
chebi:80613 ,
7y3025nr1u ,
unii-7y3025nr1u
nsc 408090
5'-guanylic acid, 6-thio-
BPZXYEUJBFHASJ-UUOKFMHZSA-N
SCHEMBL600845
71v ,
[(2~{r},3~{s},4~{r},5~{r})-5-(2-azanyl-6-sulfanyl-purin-9-yl)-3,4-bis(oxidanyl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate
DTXSID80166491
6-thio-gmp
Q27149660

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" All adverse events that occurred during the follow-up were listed and graded according to the common terminology criteria (CTC)."( Sustained effectiveness, safety and therapeutic drug monitoring of tioguanine in a cohort of 274 IBD patients intolerant for conventional therapies.
Bénard, MV; Buiter, HJC; de Boer, NKH; Deben, DS; Horjus, CS; Lissenberg-Witte, BI; Mulder, CJJ; Seinen, ML; Simsek, M; van Bodegraven, AA; van Luin, M; Wong, DR, 2019)		0.51
" Forty-one per cent of patients developed adverse events: 5% were graded as severe."( Sustained effectiveness, safety and therapeutic drug monitoring of tioguanine in a cohort of 274 IBD patients intolerant for conventional therapies.
Bénard, MV; Buiter, HJC; de Boer, NKH; Deben, DS; Horjus, CS; Lissenberg-Witte, BI; Mulder, CJJ; Seinen, ML; Simsek, M; van Bodegraven, AA; van Luin, M; Wong, DR, 2019)		0.51
" Adverse events were common, but mainly mild or moderate."( Sustained effectiveness, safety and therapeutic drug monitoring of tioguanine in a cohort of 274 IBD patients intolerant for conventional therapies.
Bénard, MV; Buiter, HJC; de Boer, NKH; Deben, DS; Horjus, CS; Lissenberg-Witte, BI; Mulder, CJJ; Seinen, ML; Simsek, M; van Bodegraven, AA; van Luin, M; Wong, DR, 2019)		0.51
"We assessed the incidence and predictive factors of thiopurine-induced adverse events (AE) resulting in therapy cessation in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), related to thiopurine metabolites and biochemical abnormalities, and determined overall drug survival."( Adverse Events of Thiopurine Therapy in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Correlations with Metabolites: A Cohort Study.
Benninga, MA; Buiter, HJC; de Boer, NKH; de Meij, TGJ; Jagt, JZ; Pothof, CD; van Limbergen, JE; van Wijk, MP, 2022)		0.72

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" There was a marked interindividual difference in the plasma kinetics of the two drugs; after identical doses of 100 mg/m2 an about 4-fold higher peak concentration of the parent drug was reached with 6MP."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of thiopurines in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia receiving 6-thioguanine versus 6-mercaptopurine.
Erb, N; Harms, DO; Janka-Schaub, G, 1998)		0.3
"Proper prospective pharmacokinetic studies of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are lacking."( Pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: implications for therapy.
Bos, LP; Bus, PJ; Curvers, WL; Derijks, LJ; Engels, LG; Gilissen, LP; Hommes, DW; Hooymans, PM; Lohman, JJ; Van Deventer, SJ, 2004)		0.32
"In this study in Crohn's disease patients no pharmacokinetic interaction was shown between adalimumab and the conventional thiopurines, azathioprine and mercaptopurine."( The pharmacokinetic effect of adalimumab on thiopurine metabolism in Crohn's disease patients.
Bakker, JA; Bus, P; Engels, LG; Gilissen, LP; Hooymans, PM; Masclee, AA; Neef, C; Pierik, M; Seinen, ML; van Bodegraven, AA; Wong, DR, 2014)		0.4
"Upon 6MP/azathioprine discontinuation, a 6-TGN elimination half-life of less than 10 days is expected in most patients."( Pharmacokinetics and Immune Reconstitution Following Discontinuation of Thiopurine Analogues: Implications for Drug Withdrawal Strategies.
Ben-Horin, S; Chen, MH; Chowers, Y; Eliakim, R; Fudim, E; Gueta, I; Kopylov, U; Loebstein, R; Mao, R; Markovits, N; Peled, Y; Picard, O; Ungar, B; Van Assche, G; Yavzori, M, 2018)		0.48

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"5 U combined with a post-treatment 6-thioguanine nucleotide level > 230 pmol/8 x 10(8) erythrocytes was the best predictor of response."( Thiopurine methyltransferase activity combined with 6-thioguanine metabolite levels predicts clinical response to thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Devlin, SM; Kwan, LY; Mirocha, JM; Papadakis, KA, 2008)		0.35
" The aim of the study was quantification of 6-TG and 6-MMP, with the use of liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) in solid-organ transplant recipients."( Determination of Concentrations of Azathioprine Metabolites 6-Thioguanine and 6-Methylmercaptopurine in Whole Blood With the Use of Liquid Chromatography Combined With Mass Spectrometry.
Borowiec, A; Dadlez, M; Hryniewiecka, E; Jazwiec, R; Paczek, L; Samborowska, E; Tszyrsznic, W; Zegarska, J; Zochowska, D, 2016)		0.43

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Azathioprine (AZA) is characterized by a high interindividual variability in bioavailability and metabolism."( High 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels and low thiopurine methyltransferase activity in patients with lupus erythematosus treated with azathioprine.
Decaux, G; Desager, JP; Horsmans, Y; Houssiau, F, )		0.13
" We found no correlation with demographic, clinical, or biochemical parameters, and differences in bioavailability might be the most important explanation to interpatient variability."( Thioguanine pharmacokinetics in induction therapy of children with acute myeloid leukemia.
Britt-Marie, F; Curt, P; Frost, BM; Gudmar, L; Hasle, H; Hellebostad, M; Henrik, H; Josefine, P; Jukka, K; Kanerva, J; Kjeld, S; Lönnerholm, G; Marit, H; Palle, J; Petersson, C; Schmiegelow, K, 2009)		0.35
"Based upon trough levels of the principal active metabolite,6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN),a relative bioavailability of the liquid vs."( A novel 6-mercaptopurine oral liquid formulation for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients - results of a randomized clinical trial.
Hanff, LM; Mathot, RA; Pieters, R; Postma, DJ; Ramnarain, S; Smeets, O; Vermes, A; Zwaan, CM, 2014)		0.4
" Dose-restricted tioguanine (thioguanine) could expand treatment options by reducing methylated metabolites, increasing the bioavailability of 6-tioguanine nucleotides and ameliorating thiopurine intolerance or resistance."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)		0.56
"The efficacy and safety of thiopurines in autoimmune hepatitis can be improved by investigational efforts that establish monitoring strategies that allow individualisation of dosage and prediction of outcome, increase bioavailability of the active metabolites and demonstrate superiority to alternative agents."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)		0.56

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" In 82 renal allograft recipients, the effect of standard AZA dosage (3 mg/kg tapered to 1 mg/kg) was compared with higher dosages (3 mg/kg for several days) under 6-TGN monitoring."( Possibilities for therapeutic drug monitoring of azathioprine: 6-thioguanine nucleotide concentrations and thiopurine methyltransferase activity in red blood cells.
Aarbakke, J; Bentdal, O; Bergan, S; Giverhaug, T; Hartmann, A; Klemetsdal, B; Rugstad, HE; Stokke, O; Sødal, G, 1997)		0.3
" Grossly elevated TGN concentrations were also produced at 10% standard 6MP dosage (7."( Thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency in childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia: 6-mercaptopurine dosage strategies.
Lennard, L; Lewis, IJ; Lilleyman, JS; Michelagnoli, M, 1997)		0.3
"Standard and adapted dosing with the provided dosing scheme led to identical 6-TGN concentrations and remission rates."( 6-thioguanine nucleotide-adapted azathioprine therapy does not lead to higher remission rates than standard therapy in chronic active crohn disease: results from a randomized, controlled, open trial.
Adler, G; Armstrong, VW; Behrens, C; Bias, P; Herfarth, H; Kruis, W; Oellerich, M; Reinshagen, M; Schütz, E; Shipkova, M; Stallmach, A; Stein, J; von Ahsen, N; von Tirpitz, C, 2007)		0.34
" Measuring thiopurine metabolites is useful for dosage adjustment in children, and for the detection of potential toxicity."( Evaluating the use of metabolite measurement in children receiving treatment with a thiopurine.
Armstrong, L; Bishop, J; Galloway, P; McGrogan, P; Russell, RK; Sharif, JA, 2011)		0.37
" Prospective studies are needed to determine whether routine testing to guide dosing is of benefit."( Thiopurine metabolite measurement leads to changes in management of inflammatory bowel disease.
Andrews, JM; Asser, TL; Bampton, PA; Doogue, MP; Kennedy, NA; Mountifield, RE, 2013)		0.39
"This study explored the relationship between the weight-based dosage of AZA and metabolites levels in 86 pediatric IBD patients using multilevel analysis."( Relationship between azathioprine dosage and thiopurine metabolites in pediatric IBD patients: identification of covariables using multilevel analysis.
Boulieu, R; Lachaux, A; Nguyen, TM; Nguyen, TV; Vu, DH, 2013)		0.39
"The reliable AZA dose-metabolites relationship is useful for clinicians to guide the dosing regimen to maximize clinical response and minimize side effects or to consider alternative therapies when patients have preferential production of the toxic 6-MeMPN."( Relationship between azathioprine dosage and thiopurine metabolites in pediatric IBD patients: identification of covariables using multilevel analysis.
Boulieu, R; Lachaux, A; Nguyen, TM; Nguyen, TV; Vu, DH, 2013)		0.39
" To date, however, optimal dosing has not been established."( Low allopurinol doses are sufficient to optimize azathioprine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients with inadequate thiopurine metabolite concentrations.
Curkovic, I; Frei, P; Fried, M; Jetter, A; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Rentsch, KM; Rogler, G, 2013)		0.39
" Each patient had a dosage of azathioprine metabolites."( [Is there any interest to dose the azathioprine's metabolites during inflammatory bowel diseases?].
Ben Mustapha, N; Boubaker, J; Bouissorra, H; Fékih, M; Ferchichi, H; Filali, A; Klouz, A; Lakhal, M; Melaouhia, S, )		0.13
" Both were then switched to twice daily 6-MP dosing with one having a decrease in 6MMP and hypoglycemic symptoms."( The association between fasting hypoglycemia and methylated mercaptopurine metabolites in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Bostrom, B; Gandrud, L; Melachuri, S, 2014)		0.4
"AZA dosage is positively correlated with 6-TGN level."( Relationship between azathioprine dosage, 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels, and therapeutic response in pediatric patients with IBD treated with azathioprine.
Choe, YH; Choi, SY; Kang, B; Kim, JW; Kim, MJ; Lee, MN; Lee, SY; Woo, SY, 2015)		0.42
" The model and the control approach can be utilized in the clinical setting to individualize 6-MP dosing based on the patient's ability to metabolize the drug instead of the traditional standard-dose-for-all approach."( Model-Based Individualized Treatment of Chemotherapeutics: Bayesian Population Modeling and Dose Optimization.
Hannemann, R; Jayachandran, D; Laínez-Aguirre, J; Ramkrishna, D; Reklaitis, G; Rundell, A; Vik, T, 2015)		0.42
" To assess if IFX influenced thiopurine metabolites, eight patients who had responded to 12 weeks of intensified IFX at a constant thiopurine dosing were included."( A Role for Thiopurine Metabolites in the Synergism Between Thiopurines and Infliximab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Ainsworth, MA; Brynskov, J; Mogensen, DV; Nersting, J; Schmiegelow, K; Steenholdt, C, 2018)		0.48
"To describe the metabolic pathways and key factors implicated in the efficacy and toxicity of the thiopurine drugs and to indicate the opportunities to improve outcomes by monitoring and manipulating metabolic pathways, individualising dosage and strengthening the response."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)		0.56
" Universal pre-treatment assessment of thiopurine methyltransferase activity and individualisation of dosage to manipulate metabolite thresholds could improve outcomes."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)		0.56
"The efficacy and safety of thiopurines in autoimmune hepatitis can be improved by investigational efforts that establish monitoring strategies that allow individualisation of dosage and prediction of outcome, increase bioavailability of the active metabolites and demonstrate superiority to alternative agents."( Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.
Czaja, AJ, 2020)		0.56
"Combination therapy dosed with an optimized thiopurine was superior to infliximab monotherapy for induction of response, durability of response, and clinical outcomes in the first 6 months following induction."( Thiopurines and their optimization during infliximab induction and maintenance: A retrospective study in Crohn's disease.
Dawson, L; Gibson, PR; Kariyawasam, VC; Luber, RP; Martin, C; Munari, S; Sparrow, MP; Ward, MG, 2021)		0.62
" Here, we aimed to develop a model to quantitatively investigate factors that affect 6-TGN pharmacokinetics to formulate a dosage guideline for azathioprine."( Population pharmacokinetics of azathioprine active metabolite in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and dosage regimens optimisation.
Dong, J; Huang, P; Jiao, Z; Lin, C; Lin, R; Lin, W; Liu, Y; Wang, C; Zeng, D; Zheng, W, 2021)		0.62
" The median daily dosage of TG was 20 mg/d (range 10-40 mg/d), and the median duration of TG use was 21."( Relationship Between Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase Genotype/Phenotype and 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Levels in 316 Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease on 6-Thioguanine.
Anderson, S; Ansari, AR; Bayoumy, AB; Boekema, PJ; Derijks, LJJ; Loganayagam, A; Mulder, CJJ; Sanderson, JD, 2021)		0.62
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
organic moleculeAny molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (6)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Azathioprine Action Pathway4782
Mercaptopurine Action Pathway4780
Thioguanine Action Pathway4781
Mercaptopurine Metabolism Pathway1524
Thioguanine Metabolism Pathway14
Thiopurine Pathway, Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics2719

Bioassays (1)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID612651Activity of recombinant human ADAL1 expressed in Escherichia coli by UV-spectrophotometry2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-25, Volume: 54, Issue:16
Adenosine deaminase-like protein 1 (ADAL1): characterization and substrate specificity in the hydrolysis of N(6)- or O(6)-substituted purine or 2-aminopurine nucleoside monophosphates.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (178)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199015 (8.43)18.7374
1990's22 (12.36)18.2507
2000's48 (26.97)29.6817
2010's84 (47.19)24.3611
2020's9 (5.06)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 9.54

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index9.54 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.34 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.88 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (9.54)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials25 (13.74%)5.53%
Reviews10 (5.49%)6.00%
Case Studies13 (7.14%)4.05%
Observational4 (2.20%)0.25%
Other130 (71.43%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		2.9710purine
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		13.4710316aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		3.1210nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		6.1762amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		1.9610isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		3.821
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		1.9610aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
6-methylthiopurine
6-methylthiopurine : A thiopurine that is 9H-purine substituted by a methylsulfanyl group at position 6.		10.15394thiopurine
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		3.1210nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		2.031011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.0610adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cytarabine
[no description available]		3.4311beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.		2.02105-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.1101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
methylthioinosine
Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.		4.6761purine ribonucleoside;
thiopurine
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.4920N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
deoxycytidine monophosphate
Deoxycytidine Monophosphate: Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.. 2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.06102'-deoxycytidine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.1210delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.0110acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.4920azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
etoposide
[no description available]		3.4311beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
triciribine phosphate
[no description available]		2.0610
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.06106-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
lamivudine
[no description available]		2.4920monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
irinotecan
[no description available]		3.1210carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.0610adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
isoguanosine
[no description available]		2.0610purine nucleoside
6-methylthioguanine
[no description available]		2.08102-aminopurines;
thiopurine		human xenobiotic metabolite
2-aminoadenosine
[no description available]		2.0610purine nucleoside
6'-o-methylguanosine
[no description available]		2.0610
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.0610methyladenosine
o(6)-methyldeoxyguanylic acid
O(6)-methyldeoxyguanylic acid: incorporated into DNA by DNA polymerase I & II		2.0610
methotrexate
[no description available]		6.9691dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		2.1101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		2.0310chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
etheno-amp
[no description available]		2.0610
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		1.9610
6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside-5'-phosphate
6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside-5'-phosphate: causes cyotoxicity		5.75102
adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate
adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate : The phosphoramadite analogue of AMP.		2.0610organic phosphoramidateMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.06102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		3.1210macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.12102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0610nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		20.2110118aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thioinosine
Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)		7.09113
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		9.72962-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
6-thioguanosine
6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.420purine nucleoside
thioinosinic acid
[no description available]		2.6830purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
thiopurine
6-thioguanosine 5'-diphosphate
[no description available]		2.6830
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.4920antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
6-thioguanosine 5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		2.3820
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		3.1210
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		1.95103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.6830guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.6730guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		2.01102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		2.420guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid
Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.6830inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		210inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ganciclovir
[no description available]		1.99102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		8.73172nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		012.25597
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		012.25597
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		05.23111
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		05.23111
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.5420
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.4110
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.5420
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.4110
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		04.1250
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.6420
Hepatitis, Autoimmune
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.		04.1250
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.6420
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		08.79346
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		08.79346
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		07.43161
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		07.43161
Recrudescence
[description not available]		03.8940
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.732
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		09.56196
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		09.56196
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.8330
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		02.5820
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.8330
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		02.5820
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.8621
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		02.1710
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.8621
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.1710
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.4811
Anemia Neonatorum
[description not available]		03.4811
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		03.4811
Anemia, Neonatal
The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.		03.4811
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.4811
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.4651
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		03.0110
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		03.3520
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.4651
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.110
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		02.110
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell
[description not available]		02.110
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.110
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		02.110
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.		02.110
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.110
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.110
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.1110
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1110
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.1110
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.4820
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.4820
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		02.4820
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.1310
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		02.1310
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		02.1310
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		02.1310
Devic Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Neuromyelitis Optica
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.		02.1510
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		03.4311
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		03.7921
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		03.4311
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		03.7921
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		02.0510
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0510
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		02.0510
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.0510
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.9710
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		02.9710
Aplasia Pure Red Cell
[description not available]		02.0610
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.		02.0610
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0610
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		03.4611
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.4820
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.4820
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors
[description not available]		02.0710
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.0710
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.0710
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.0810
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.0810
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		02.0810
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.0210
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.0210
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.4111
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.4111
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		03.821
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		03.821
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.9610
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		04.1360
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		04.1360
Anemia, Macrocytic
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).		01.9610
Anemia, Megaloblastic
A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.		01.9610
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		01.9810
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		03.3811
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		03.3811
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		01.9610
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		01.9610
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		03.2920
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		01.9610
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		01.9710
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		01.9610
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		01.9610
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		01.9610
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9610
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		01.9610
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		01.9610