Compounds > ospemifene
Page last updated: 2024-12-10

ospemifene

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Ospemifene: structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ospemifene : An organochlorine compound that is a selective estrogen receptor modulator; used for treatment of dyspareunia. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID3036505
CHEMBL ID2105395
CHEBI ID73275
SCHEMBL ID948118
MeSH IDM0305127

Synonyms (63)

Synonym
ospemifene
ophena
fc-1271a
senshio
osphena
z-2-(4-(4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-but-1-enyl)phenoxy)ethanol
osphena (tn)
ospemifene (inn/usan/ban)
128607-22-7
D08958
b0p231ilbk ,
fc-1271
unii-b0p231ilbk
ccris 9205
2-(p-((z)-4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)ethanol
2-(4-(4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-but-1-enyl)phenoxy)ethanol
hsdb 8281
deamino-hydroxytoremifene
ospemifene [usan:inn:ban]
chebi:73275 ,
(deaminohydroxy) toremifene
tore iii
CHEMBL2105395
S4285
2-{4-[(1z)-4-chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl]phenoxy}ethanol
ospemifene [who-dd]
ospemifene [mart.]
ethanol, 2-(4-((1z)-4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)-
ospemifene [vandf]
ospemifene [inn]
ospemifene [mi]
ospemifene [usan]
ospemifene [orange book]
2-[4-[(z)-4-chloro-1,2-di(phenyl)but-1-enyl]phenoxy]ethanol
gtpl7349
DB04938
LUMKNAVTFCDUIE-VHXPQNKSSA-N
z-2-[4-(4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-but-1-enyl)-phenoxy]-ethanol
SCHEMBL948118
ethanol, 2-[4-[(1z)-4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl]phenoxy]-
AC-27645
O0441
AKOS025401964
J-005613
HY-B0723
ethanol, 2-[4-[(1z)-4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-1-buten-1-yl]phenoxy]-
CS-5961
SW219657-1
BCP20981
mfcd00871890
Q7107372
A14261
ospemifene, fc-1271a
CCG-268392
NCGC00386347-01
DTXSID101025426
ospemifeno
ospemifene (mart.)
g03xc05
2-(4-((1z)-4-chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl)phenoxy)ethanol
ospemifenum
2-{4-[(1z)-4-chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-en-1-yl]phenoxy}ethan-1-ol
EN300-21702760

Research Excerpts

Overview

Ospemifene is a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator developed for the treatment of moderate to severe postmenopausal vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) The drug has been shown to be effective in women with VVA and dyspareunia, vaginal dryness and vulvar vestibular symptoms.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ospemifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator licensed for the treatment of VVA."( Effects of ospemifene on overactive bladder in postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal atrophy.
Giannini, A; Misasi, G; Montt-Guevara, MM; Russo, E; Simoncini, T, 2023)		2.02
"Ospemifene is a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator developed for the treatment of moderate to severe postmenopausal vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA)."( Efficacy, tolerability, and endometrial safety of ospemifene compared with current therapies for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis.
Beauchemin, C; Black, D; Castonguay, A; Ferenczy, A; Marouf, R; Royer, C; Simon, JA, 2023)		2.61
"Ospemifene is an efficacious, well-tolerated, and safe therapeutic option for postmenopausal women with moderate to severe symptoms of VVA. "( Efficacy, tolerability, and endometrial safety of ospemifene compared with current therapies for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis.
Beauchemin, C; Black, D; Castonguay, A; Ferenczy, A; Marouf, R; Royer, C; Simon, JA, 2023)		2.61
"Ospemifene is a third-generation Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) that has been shown to be effective in women with VVA and dyspareunia, vaginal dryness and vulvar vestibular symptoms."( Ospemifene efficacy and safety data in women with vulvovaginal atrophy.
Pup, LD; Sánchez-Borrego, R, 2020)		2.72
"Ospemifene is a cost-effective intervention that has recently been accepted by the SMC for the treatment of postmenopausal women with moderate to severe VVA who are not candidates for local oestrogen."( Economic Evaluation of Senshio
Craig, J; Davies, H; Dymond, A; Holmes, H; McMaster, J; Mealing, S; Perard, R, 2021)		2.06
"Ospemifene is a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for the treatment of moderate symptomatic vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA) due to menopause. "( Incidence of venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women prescribed ospemifene, selective estrogen receptor modulators for noncancer indications, or untreated vulvar and vaginal atrophy.
Cai, B; De Gregorio, F; Dhalwani, N; Fraeman, KH; Gibbs, T; Nordstrom, BL; Yoshida, Y, 2020)		2.23
"Ospemifene is an oral daily drug, which has proven to treat vaginal dryness and dyspareunia effectively."( Clinical profile of women with vulvar and vaginal atrophy who are not candidates for local vaginal estrogen therapy.
Biglia, N; Murina, F; Nappi, RE; Perrone, G; Villa, P, 2017)		1.18
"Ospemifene is an effective potential therapy for postmenopausal women with VVA improving OAB symptoms and quality of life."( Retrospective analysis in 46 women with vulvovaginal atrophy treated with ospemifene for 12 weeks: improvement in overactive bladder symptoms.
Benedetti Panici, P; Colagiovanni, V; D'Oria, O; Di Donato, V; Di Tucci, C; Faiano, P; Giannini, A; Monti, M; Muzii, L; Perniola, G; Prata, G; Schiavi, MC; Zullo, MA, 2017)		2.13
"Ospemifene is a valid alternative with excellent tolerability for the UTI"( Prevention of recurrent lower urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women with genitourinary syndrome: outcome after 6 months of treatment with ospemifene.
Benedetti Panici, P; Carraro, C; D'oria, O; Di Pinto, A; Di Tucci, C; Faiano, P; Martoccia, A; Muzii, L; Ostuni, R; Prata, G; Schiavi, MC; Sciuga, V; Zullo, MA, 2018)		1.4
"Ospemifene is an effective potential therapy for postmenopausal women with VVA affected by OAB or UUI improving sexual function and quality of life."( Overactive bladder syndrome treatment with ospemifene in menopausal patients with vulvovaginal atrophy: improvement of sexuality?
Aleksa, N; Benedetti Panici, P; Capone, C; D'oria, O; Di Mascio, D; Di Tucci, C; Giannini, A; Meggiorini, ML; Monti, M; Muzii, L; Prata, G; Savone, D; Schiavi, MC; Sciuga, V; Vena, F; Zullo, MA, 2018)		1.46
"Ospemifene is a selective estrogen-receptor modulator approved for treating menopause-related moderate to severe dyspareunia and vaginal dryness, symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), in the United States, and for treating menopause-related, symptomatic VVA in women not appropriate for local estrogen therapy in Europe. "( Effects of ospemifene on bone in postmenopausal women.
Altomare, C; de Villiers, TJ; Gambacciani, M; Particco, M, 2019)		2.35
"Ospemifene (Osphena™) is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), with tissue-specific estrogenic agonist/antagonist effects. "( Ospemifene: first global approval.
Elkinson, S; Yang, LP, 2013)		3.28
"Ospemifene is a unique tissue-selective estrogen agonist/antagonist (also known as a selective estrogen receptor modulator [SERM]) with demonstrated efficacy in Phase 3 studies of postmenopausal women with vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA). "( Vaginal effects of ospemifene in the ovariectomized rat preclinical model of menopause.
Kari, S; Lammintausta, R; Unkila, M; Yatkin, E, 2013)		2.16
"Ospemifene is a tissue-selective estrogen agonist/antagonist (a selective estrogen receptor modulator) recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of dyspareunia, a symptom of VVA, due to menopause."( Profile of ospemifene in the breast.
Berga, SL, 2013)		1.5
"Ospemifene is a non-estrogen agent that exerts tissue-specific estrogen agonistic and weak antagonistic effects (i. e., is a selective estrogen receptor modulator [SERM]). "( Effects of the selective estrogen receptor modulator ospemifene on bone in rats.
Härkönen, P; Kangas, L; Peng, Z; Väänänen, K, 2014)		2.09
"Ospemifene is a nonestrogen tissue-selective estrogen agonist/antagonist approved to treat moderate to severe dyspareunia due to vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. "( The effect of renal and hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of ospemifene, a tissue-selective estrogen agonist/antagonist.
Graham, S; Marbury, TC; Preston, RA; Wajima, T, )		1.81
"Ospemifene is a new oral estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist with tissue-selective effects approved for the treatment of moderate to severe dyspareunia, a symptom of postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA)."( Assessment of ospemifene or lubricants on clinical signs of VVA.
Constantine, G; Graham, S; Kingsberg, SA; Koltun, WD, 2014)		2.21
"Ospemifene is a tissue-selective estrogen agonist/antagonist that was recently approved for the treatment of dyspareunia associated with vulvar and vaginal atrophy, which occurs in up to approximately 50% of postmenopausal women. "( Effects of ospemifene on breast tissue morphology and proliferation: a comparative study versus other selective estrogen receptor modulators in ovariectomized rats.
Eigéliené, N; Härkönen, P; Kangas, L; Keskitalo, J; Väänänen, K, 2014)		2.23
"Ospemifene is a new oral estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist indicated for moderate to severe dyspareunia. "( Ospemifene in the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy.
Barnes, KN; Forinash, AB; Pearce, EF; Yancey, AM, 2014)		3.29
"Ospemifene is a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), structurally closely related to toremifene. "( Ospemifene for the treatment of dyspareunia in postmenopausal women.
Paton, DM, 2014)		3.29
"Ospemifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) approved for the treatment of dyspareunia associated with vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA) due to menopause. "( Ospemifene: a first-in-class, non-hormonal selective estrogen receptor modulator approved for the treatment of dyspareunia associated with vulvar and vaginal atrophy.
DeGregorio, MW; Wurz, GT; Zerbe, RL, 2014)		3.29
"Ospemifene is a non-estrogen, tissue selective estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist, or selective estrogen receptor modulator, recently approved for the treatment of dyspareunia, a symptom of vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA), due to menopause. "( Female sexual function improved with ospemifene in postmenopausal women with vulvar and vaginal atrophy: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Constantine, G; Graham, S; Kingsberg, SA; Portman, DJ; Rosen, RC, 2015)		2.13
"Ospemifene is a novel, oral selective estrogen receptor modulator that has been approved in the USA for treatment of dyspareunia. "( Ospemifene: a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator for treatment of dyspareunia.
Eder, SE, 2014)		3.29
"Ospemifene is a non-steroidal estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist, also known as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), from the same chemical class as the breast cancer drugs tamoxifen and toremifene."( Safety and efficacy of ospemifene for the treatment of dyspareunia associated with vulvar and vaginal atrophy due to menopause.
DeGregorio, MW; Kao, CJ; Wurz, GT, 2014)		1.43
"Ospemifene is a nonhormonal, estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist (ERAA) FDA-approved for the treatment of moderate to severe dyspareunia, a symptom of VVA, due to menopause."( Ospemifene for the treatment of postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy: recommendations for clinical use.
Kagan, R; Pinkerton, JV, 2015)		2.58
"Ospemifene is an approved oral option for postmenopausal women seeking treatment for VVA with bothersome dyspareunia, particularly for those who have tried and failed over-the-counter options or do not want vaginal therapies. "( Ospemifene for the treatment of postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy: recommendations for clinical use.
Kagan, R; Pinkerton, JV, 2015)		3.3
"Ospemifene is an estrogen-receptor agonist/antagonist (also known as a selective estrogen-receptor modulator) that is FDA approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe dyspareunia, a symptom of vulvovaginal atrophy, due to menopause. "( Effects of ospemifene on bone parameters including clinical biomarkers in postmenopausal women.
Constantine, GD; Kagan, R; Miller, PD, 2016)		2.27
"Ospemifene (Osp) is a novel selective estrogen-receptor modulator (SERM) accepted for the treatment of dyspareunia, a symptom of postmenopausal vulvovaginal atrophy. "( Effects of ospemifene, a novel selective estrogen-receptor modulator, on human breast tissue ex vivo.
Eigeliene, N; Erkkola, R; Härkönen, P; Hellmer, C; Kangas, L; Kauko, T, 2016)		2.27
"Ospemifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator recently approved by the FDA for the treatment postmenopausal women experiencing moderate-to-severe dyspareunia and by the EMA for the treatment of moderate-to-severe symptomatic genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) in women who are not suitable candidates for local vaginal estrogen therapy."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical efficacy of ospemifene for the treatment of dyspareunia and genitourinary syndrome of menopause.
Bondi, C; Ferrero, S; Leone Roberti Maggiore, U; Racca, A; Scala, C; Tafi, E; Venturini, PL, 2016)		2.12
"Ospemifene is a non-hormonal estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist effective in the treatment of VVA."( Pharmacologic evaluation of ospemifene.
DeGregorio, MW; McCall, JL, 2010)		1.38
"Ospemifene is a new, non-hormonal selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) triphenylethylene derivative that is effective in treating VVA in postmenopausal women."( Ospemifene, vulvovaginal atrophy, and breast cancer.
DeGregorio, MW; Soe, LH; Wurz, GT, 2013)		2.55
"Ospemifene (FC-1271a) is a novel SERM compound, which has been shown in animal models to have estrogen-like effects on bone and the cardiovascular system, while having antiestrogen-like effects in uterus and breast."( Effects of ospemifene (FC-1271a) on uterine endometrium, vaginal maturation index, and hormonal status in healthy postmenopausal women.
DeGregorio, MW; Erkkola, RU; Halonen, K; Kangas, L; Komi, J; Voipio, SK, 2002)		1.43
"Ospemifene is a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). "( Effects of ospemifene, a novel SERM, on biochemical markers of bone turnover in healthy postmenopausal women.
Halonen, K; Heikkinen, J; Komi, J; Lammintausta, R; Rutanen, EM; Ylikorkala, O, 2004)		2.16
"Ospemifene is a new selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is being developed for the treatment of urogenital atrophy and osteoporosis. "( Ospemifene inhibits the growth of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary tumors in Sencar mice.
Beckett, LA; Degregorio, MW; Gregg, JP; Marchisano-Karpman, C; Read, KC; Wurz, GT; Yu, Q, 2005)		3.21
"Ospemifene is a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that is initially being developed for the treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. "( Effects of ospemifene and raloxifene on biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women.
DeGregorio, M; Erkkola, R; Halonen, K; Heikkinen, J; Komi, J; Lammintausta, R; Lankinen, KS; Saarikoski, S; Tuppurainen, M; Väänänen, K; Ylikorkala, O, 2006)		2.17
"Ospemifene (Ophena) is a new selective oestrogen receptor modulator currently in phase III clinical development for treatment of post-menopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy. "( Pharmacologic effects of ospemifene in rhesus macaques: a pilot study.
DeGregorio, MW; Hellmann-Blumberg, U; Wurz, GT, 2008)		2.09
"Ospemifene (FC-1271a) is a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator under development for osteoporosis prevention. "( In vitro and in vivo biologic effects of Ospemifene (FC-1271a) in breast cancer.
DeGregorio, MW; Taras, TL; Wurz, GT, 2001)		2.02

Effects

Ospemifene has been shown to reverse changes associated with vulvovaginal atrophy and relieve symptoms of dyspareunia. No studies comparing ospem ifene with estrogen products exist.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ospemifene has been authorized for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA). "( A real-world disproportionality analysis of ospemifene: data mining of the public version of FDA adverse event reporting system.
Lu, C; Qi, X; Wen, H; Zhang, M, )		1.84
"Ospemifene has been effective in improving symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy when compared with placebo; however, no studies comparing ospemifene with estrogen products exist. "( Ospemifene in the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy.
Barnes, KN; Forinash, AB; Pearce, EF; Yancey, AM, 2014)		3.29
"Ospemifene has been shown to reverse changes associated with vulvovaginal atrophy and relieve symptoms of dyspareunia."( Ospemifene: a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator for treatment of dyspareunia.
Eder, SE, 2014)		2.57

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ospemifene does not increase the incidence of endometrial cancer or hyperplasia."( Ospemifene efficacy and safety data in women with vulvovaginal atrophy.
Pup, LD; Sánchez-Borrego, R, 2020)		2.72

Treatment

Ospemifene treatment was statistically associated with a greater endometrial thickness in women with an intact uterus. Treatment with ospemfene was associated with an additional cost of £847 per patient and an increase in quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) of 0.06.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Ospemifene treatment was statistically associated with a greater endometrial thickness in women with an intact uterus both at 12 weeks (SMD: 0.40, (95% CI 0.17 to 0.63, p < 0.0005) and at 52 weeks (SMD: 0.62, 95% CI 0.23-1.01, p = 0.002); however, this increase was not clinically relevant."( Ospemifene for the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Part II: Evaluation of tolerability and safety.
Benedetti Panici, P; D'oria, O; Di Donato, V; Iacobelli, V; Kontopantelis, E; Muzii, L; Schiavi, MC; Simoncini, T, 2019)		2.68
"Ospemifene treatment reduced the loss of bone mineral content and density observed in untreated OVX rats, significantly increased distal femur bone mineral content at 51 weeks at 25 mg/kg dose compared with untreated OVX rats (p<0.01), and significantly increased trabecular bone mineral density of the distal femur and proximal tibia with 1, 5, or 25 mg/kg doses after 52 weeks."( Effects of the selective estrogen receptor modulator ospemifene on bone in rats.
Härkönen, P; Kangas, L; Peng, Z; Väänänen, K, 2014)		1.37
"Ospemifene prevents and treats estrogen receptor-positive MTag.Tg mammary tumors in this immune-intact mouse model in a dose-dependent fashion. "( Ospemifene and 4-hydroxyospemifene effectively prevent and treat breast cancer in the MTag.Tg transgenic mouse model.
Bell, KE; Burich, RA; DeGregorio, MW; Greenberg, BE; Griffey, SM; McCall, JL; Mehta, NR; Wurz, GT, 2012)		3.26
"Treatment with ospemifene was associated with an additional cost of £847 per patient and an increase in quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) of 0.06 per patient. "( Economic Evaluation of Senshio
Craig, J; Davies, H; Dymond, A; Holmes, H; McMaster, J; Mealing, S; Perard, R, 2021)		0.97
"Treatment with ospemifene was consistently associated with greater improvement, substantial improvement or relief in the severity of the most bothersome symptoms of vaginal dryness or dyspareunia compared with placebo."( The clinical relevance of the effect of ospemifene on symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy.
Bruyniks, N; Castelo-Branco, C; De Villiers, TJ; Nappi, RE; Panay, N; Simon, JA, 2015)		1.04

Toxicity

Ospemifene is not only well tolerated and safe but also reduces bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Available data indicate no safety concerns for breast tissue. Up to 52 weeks of treatment with oral ospem ifene 60 mg/day was safe for the endometrium.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Phase 3 clinical data have shown that bazedoxifene is effective in preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis, without adverse effects on the endometrium or breast."( Endometrial safety: a key hurdle for selective estrogen receptor modulators in development.
Goldstein, SR; Pinkerton, JV, )		0.13
" Safety assessments included adverse events, cervical Papanicolaou tests, endometrial histology, endometrial thickness, gynecological examination, breast palpation, mammography, physical examination, and clinical safety laboratory assessments."( One-year long-term safety extension study of ospemifene for the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women with a uterus.
Bachmann, GA; Lin, VH; Radovich, C; Simon, JA, 2013)		0.65
"No clinically significant adverse changes in safety assessments were observed in any treatment group."( One-year long-term safety extension study of ospemifene for the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women with a uterus.
Bachmann, GA; Lin, VH; Radovich, C; Simon, JA, 2013)		0.65
"Daily doses of ospemifene 30 mg and ospemifene 60 mg yielded few treatment-emergent adverse events and demonstrated no significant endometrial changes during the 1-year treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women with a uterus."( One-year long-term safety extension study of ospemifene for the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women with a uterus.
Bachmann, GA; Lin, VH; Radovich, C; Simon, JA, 2013)		1
"00001), treatment emergent adverse event, discontinuations due to adverse event, and serious adverse event indicated that ospemifene was generally safe."( The efficacy and safety of ospemifene in treating dyspareunia associated with postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Cui, Y; Li, N; Yan, H; Zhang, Y; Zong, H, 2014)		0.91
"This meta-analysis indicates that ospemifene to be an effective and safe treatment for dyspareunia associated with postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy."( The efficacy and safety of ospemifene in treating dyspareunia associated with postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Cui, Y; Li, N; Yan, H; Zhang, Y; Zong, H, 2014)		0.98
"Safety assessments included adverse events, laboratory studies, physical and gynecologic examination, vital signs, breast palpation, and mammography."( Long-term safety of ospemifene (52-week extension) in the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in hysterectomized postmenopausal women.
Mabey, RG; Portman, D; Simon, J, 2014)		0.73
"Most treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) during the extension study were mild or moderate in severity."( Long-term safety of ospemifene (52-week extension) in the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in hysterectomized postmenopausal women.
Mabey, RG; Portman, D; Simon, J, 2014)		0.73
"Ospemifene is clinically safe and generally well tolerated in postmenopausal patients with dyspareunia, a symptom of VVA."( Long-term safety of ospemifene (52-week extension) in the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in hysterectomized postmenopausal women.
Mabey, RG; Portman, D; Simon, J, 2014)		2.17
"These clinical trial data indicate that up to 52 weeks of treatment with oral ospemifene 60 mg/day was safe for the endometrium."( Endometrial safety of ospemifene: results of the phase 2/3 clinical development program.
Archer, DF; Constantine, GD; Goldstein, SR, 2015)		0.96
" Safety information in a long-term safety trial was used to assess the potential changes in risk of adverse events with ospemifene-exposure increase."( Population pharmacokinetics of ospemifene and safety evaluation of pharmacokinetic alterations caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factors
.
Kubota, R; Matsumoto, S; Wajima, T, 2017)		0.95
" The drug appears safe to use in renal impairment, moderate hepatic impairment, and when coadministered with ketoconazole."( Population pharmacokinetics of ospemifene and safety evaluation of pharmacokinetic alterations caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factors
.
Kubota, R; Matsumoto, S; Wajima, T, 2017)		0.74
"Post hoc analysis of safety data (treatment-emergent adverse events [TEAEs]) pooled from six phase 2 and 3 randomized, double-blind, multicenter placebo-controlled studies, evaluating the effects of ospemifene 60 mg on the breast, cardiovascular system, and bone in postmenopausal women."( Overall Safety of Ospemifene in Postmenopausal Women from Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 and 3 Trials.
Altomare, C; Cort, S; Jiang, W; Pinkerton, JV; Simon, JA, 2018)		1
" Most women discontinued treatment due to adverse events (AEs): hot flushes, muscle spasms, headache, and vaginal discharge."( Overall Safety of Ospemifene in Postmenopausal Women from Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 and 3 Trials.
Altomare, C; Cort, S; Jiang, W; Pinkerton, JV; Simon, JA, 2018)		0.81
" Two groups of outcomes were selected: 1) side-effects, including hot flushes, urinary tract infection (UTI), headache, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular event (CVE), discontinuation due to side-effects, serious adverse event (SAE); 2) Safety, in relation to endometrial thickness, vaginal bleeding, breast tenderness, breast and endometrial cancer."( Ospemifene for the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Part II: Evaluation of tolerability and safety.
Benedetti Panici, P; D'oria, O; Di Donato, V; Iacobelli, V; Kontopantelis, E; Muzii, L; Schiavi, MC; Simoncini, T, 2019)		1.96
" Safety was assessed by treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and endometrial biopsies."( Efficacy and safety of ospemifene in postmenopausal women with moderate-to-severe vaginal dryness: a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial.
Altomare, C; Archer, DF; Goldstein, SR; Schaffer, S; Simon, JA; Soulban, G; Sussman, SA; Waldbaum, AS; Yoshida, Y; Zhu, J, 2019)		0.82
" While the efficacy is comparable with that of estrogenic treatments, ospemifene is not only well tolerated and safe but also reduces bone turnover in postmenopausal women, and available data indicate no safety concerns for breast tissue."( Ospemifene efficacy and safety data in women with vulvovaginal atrophy.
Pup, LD; Sánchez-Borrego, R, 2020)		2.23
" Ospemifene therapy was however superior to laser and vaginal estrogen therapies in ameliorating sexual function, however, it presents a high risk of developing adverse events and endometrial hyperplasia."( Efficacy and safety of current therapies for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: A Bayesian network analysis of 29 randomized trials and 8311 patients.
Chang, Y; Duan, H; Li, B; Wang, S, 2021)		1.53
"Ospemifene is an efficacious, well-tolerated, and safe therapeutic option for postmenopausal women with moderate to severe symptoms of VVA."( Efficacy, tolerability, and endometrial safety of ospemifene compared with current therapies for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis.
Beauchemin, C; Black, D; Castonguay, A; Ferenczy, A; Marouf, R; Royer, C; Simon, JA, 2023)		2.61
" This study wasto evaluate adverse events (AEs) associated with ospemifene by data mining the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)."( A real-world disproportionality analysis of ospemifene: data mining of the public version of FDA adverse event reporting system.
Lu, C; Qi, X; Wen, H; Zhang, M, )		0.63
" The investigation turned up a number of anticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and significant unanticipated ADRs linked to eye and renal problems were found, indicating potential side effects not yet included in the prescription instructions."( A real-world disproportionality analysis of ospemifene: data mining of the public version of FDA adverse event reporting system.
Lu, C; Qi, X; Wen, H; Zhang, M, )		0.39

Pharmacokinetics

Ospemifene was rapidly absorbed, with a median tmax of 1. CYP3A4 is important for ospem ifene metabolism, but other CYP isoforms and metabolic pathways also contribute.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Standard pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed."( Pharmacokinetics of (deaminohydroxy)toremifene in humans: a new, selective estrogen-receptor modulator.
DeGregorio, MW; Erkkola, RU; Halonen, KH; Huupponen, RK; Taras, TL; Wurz, GT, 2000)		0.31
"The clinical pharmacokinetic findings and in vitro data suggest that CYP3A4 is important for ospemifene metabolism, but other CYP isoforms and metabolic pathways also contribute."( Effects of cytochrome P450 inhibitors and inducers on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of ospemifene.
Lammintausta, R; Lehtinen, T; Pelkonen, O; Scheinin, M; Tolonen, A; Turpeinen, M; Uusitalo, J; Vuorinen, J, 2013)		0.83
" Three single-dose, open-label, parallel-group pharmacokinetic studies examined the pharmacokinetics of ospemifene in postmenopausal women with (1) mild hepatic impairment (n = 7), (2) moderate hepatic impairment (n = 8), and (3) severe renal impairment (n = 8) compared with a similar number of matched healthy controls."( The effect of renal and hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of ospemifene, a tissue-selective estrogen agonist/antagonist.
Graham, S; Marbury, TC; Preston, RA; Wajima, T, )		0.58
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model to assess factors influencing ospemifene pharmacokinetics and to assess safety for pharmacokinetic alteration observed in drug development."( Population pharmacokinetics of ospemifene and safety evaluation of pharmacokinetic alterations caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factors
.
Kubota, R; Matsumoto, S; Wajima, T, 2017)		0.97

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"To assess the effect of concomitant food intake on the relative bioavailability of ospemifene and its main metabolite, 4-hydroxyospemifene, after single oral dosing."( Oral bioavailability of ospemifene improves with food intake.
Aaltonen, AM; Katila, K; Koskimies, P; Lammintausta, R; Saarni, O; Scheinin, M; Vuorinen, J, 2013)		0.92
" The increase in bioavailability was not linearly related with the fat content of the meal."( Oral bioavailability of ospemifene improves with food intake.
Aaltonen, AM; Katila, K; Koskimies, P; Lammintausta, R; Saarni, O; Scheinin, M; Vuorinen, J, 2013)		0.7

Dosage Studied

In healthy postmenopausal women, ospemifene 60 mg/day reached steady state concentrations by Day 7 and showed minimal accumulation of parent drug or its two main metabolites. Overall, there was no clinically important effect of hepatic or renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of ospamifene.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The prophylactic use of this agent in women susceptible to development of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and breast cancer could, therefore, be tested using a once-daily dosing schedule similar to those of other hormone-replacement therapy regimens."( Pharmacokinetics of (deaminohydroxy)toremifene in humans: a new, selective estrogen-receptor modulator.
DeGregorio, MW; Erkkola, RU; Halonen, KH; Huupponen, RK; Taras, TL; Wurz, GT, 2000)		0.31
" Ospemifene (N = 18), tamoxifen (N = 20) and raloxifene (N = 17), each dosed at 50 mg/kg, were administered daily by oral gavage, in combination with 20 microg DMBA for the first 6 weeks."( Ospemifene inhibits the growth of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary tumors in Sencar mice.
Beckett, LA; Degregorio, MW; Gregg, JP; Marchisano-Karpman, C; Read, KC; Wurz, GT; Yu, Q, 2005)		2.68
" In the present study, we examined the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and DNA adduct forming potential of ospemifene in the liver and endometrium of rhesus macaques following single and subchronic dosing schedules to better understand the potential toxicologic effects of ospemifene."( Pharmacologic effects of ospemifene in rhesus macaques: a pilot study.
DeGregorio, MW; Hellmann-Blumberg, U; Wurz, GT, 2008)		0.86
" Factors that may contribute to poor compliance and persistence with current osteoporosis therapies include drug intolerance, complexity of dosing regimens, and poor understanding of the relative benefit and risk with treatment."( Current and emerging pharmacologic therapies for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Lewiecki, EM, 2009)		0.35
" In this study, we test the effects of three dosing levels of ospemifene in both the prevention and treatment of breast cancer in the MTag."( Ospemifene and 4-hydroxyospemifene effectively prevent and treat breast cancer in the MTag.Tg transgenic mouse model.
Bell, KE; Burich, RA; DeGregorio, MW; Greenberg, BE; Griffey, SM; McCall, JL; Mehta, NR; Wurz, GT, 2012)		2.06
"In healthy postmenopausal women, ospemifene 60 mg/day reached steady state concentrations by Day 7 and showed minimal accumulation of parent drug or its two main metabolites, indicating that once daily dosing is appropriate."( Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of ospemifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, in postmenopausal women.
Koskimies, P; Lammintausta, R; Scheinin, M; Turunen, J, 2013)		0.93
" Overall, there was no clinically important effect of hepatic or renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of ospemifene, indicating that dosing does not need to be adjusted in postmenopausal women with mild or moderate hepatic impairment or in subjects with severe renal impairment."( The effect of renal and hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of ospemifene, a tissue-selective estrogen agonist/antagonist.
Graham, S; Marbury, TC; Preston, RA; Wajima, T, )		0.58
" The effects of ospemifene (OSP) on the immune response to a peptide cancer vaccine (PV) were evaluated after chronic [control (n = 22); OSP 50 mg/kg (n = 16); PV (n = 6); OSP+PV (n = 11)], intermittent [control (n = 10); OSP 10 and 50 mg/kg (n = 11); PV (n = 11); combination treatment (n = 11 each dose)] and pretreatment [control; OSP 100 mg/kg; PV 100 μg; combination treatment (n = 8 all groups)] ospemifene oral dosing schedules in a total of 317 mixed-sex tumor-bearing and nontumor-bearing mice."( Repurposing ospemifene for potentiating an antigen-specific immune response.
DeGregorio, MW; Kao, CJ; Lin, YC; Phong, B; Vang, DP; Wurz, GT, 2017)		1.18
" The pretreatment, intermittent, and chronic dosing schedules of ospemifene activate naive T-cells, modulate antigen-induced tolerance and reduce tumor-associated, pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively."( Repurposing ospemifene for potentiating an antigen-specific immune response.
DeGregorio, MW; Kao, CJ; Lin, YC; Phong, B; Vang, DP; Wurz, GT, 2017)		1.07
" Therefore, in women with a uterus, it is recommended that physicians prescribe combination therapy only to treat menopausal symptoms such as vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes) and vaginal atrophy, using the smallest effective dosage for the shortest possible duration."( Hormone Therapy and Other Treatments for Symptoms of Menopause.
Crider, M; Hill, DA; Hill, SR, 2016)		0.43
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
estrogen receptor modulatorA substance that possess antiestrogenic actions but can also produce estrogenic effects as well. It acts as complete or partial agonist or as antagonist. It can be either steroidal or nonsteroidal in structure.
antineoplastic agentA substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
anti-inflammatory agentAny compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
organochlorine compoundAn organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
aromatic etherAny ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
primary alcoholA primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency39.81070.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Ceullar Components (1)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (16)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1161697Cytotoxicity against MEFs assessed as reduction in cell viability up to 100 uM after 48 to 96 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Design, synthesis and evaluation of Ospemifene analogs as anti-breast cancer agents.
AID1161698Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as induction of cell death at 25 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Design, synthesis and evaluation of Ospemifene analogs as anti-breast cancer agents.
AID1161705Induction of cell death in human MCF7 cells at 50 uM after 24 hrs using calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-1 by live/dead assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Design, synthesis and evaluation of Ospemifene analogs as anti-breast cancer agents.
AID1161693Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Design, synthesis and evaluation of Ospemifene analogs as anti-breast cancer agents.
AID1161694Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Design, synthesis and evaluation of Ospemifene analogs as anti-breast cancer agents.
AID1676127Antiviral activity against pseudotyped Marburgvirus-Musoke infected in human A549 cells assessed as reduction in viral infection incubated for 48 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-08, Volume: 63, Issue:19
Screening and Reverse-Engineering of Estrogen Receptor Ligands as Potent Pan-Filovirus Inhibitors.
AID1161699Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as induction of cell death at 25 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Design, synthesis and evaluation of Ospemifene analogs as anti-breast cancer agents.
AID1676125Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for human A549 cells to IC50 for antiviral activity against pseudotyped Ebola virus - Mayinga, Zaire infected in human A549 cells2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-08, Volume: 63, Issue:19
Screening and Reverse-Engineering of Estrogen Receptor Ligands as Potent Pan-Filovirus Inhibitors.
AID1161695Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 96 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Design, synthesis and evaluation of Ospemifene analogs as anti-breast cancer agents.
AID1161696Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 96 hrs by MTT assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 86Design, synthesis and evaluation of Ospemifene analogs as anti-breast cancer agents.
AID1676126Antiviral activity against pseudotyped Ebola virus - Mayinga, Zaire infected in human A549 cells assessed as reduction in viral infection incubated for 48 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-08, Volume: 63, Issue:19
Screening and Reverse-Engineering of Estrogen Receptor Ligands as Potent Pan-Filovirus Inhibitors.
AID1291365Antimigratory activity in human ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell migration level at 1 uM after 24 hrs by scratch assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Design, synthesis, and anti-breast cancer evaluation of new triarylethylene analogs bearing short alkyl- and polar amino-/amido-ethyl chains.
AID1291379Cytotoxicity against human ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Design, synthesis, and anti-breast cancer evaluation of new triarylethylene analogs bearing short alkyl- and polar amino-/amido-ethyl chains.
AID1676124Selectivity index, ratio of CC50 for human A549 cells to IC50 for antiviral activity against pseudotyped Marburgvirus-Musoke infected in human A549 cells2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-08, Volume: 63, Issue:19
Screening and Reverse-Engineering of Estrogen Receptor Ligands as Potent Pan-Filovirus Inhibitors.
AID1291378Cytotoxicity against human ER-positive MCF7 cells assessed as cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Design, synthesis, and anti-breast cancer evaluation of new triarylethylene analogs bearing short alkyl- and polar amino-/amido-ethyl chains.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (138)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's1 (0.72)18.2507
2000's21 (15.22)29.6817
2010's87 (63.04)24.3611
2020's29 (21.01)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 52.92

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index52.92 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.18 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.51 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index120.33 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.87 (0.95)

This Compound (52.92)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials30 (20.41%)5.53%
Reviews50 (34.01%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational4 (2.72%)0.25%
Other63 (42.86%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		4.1410amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0810aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.110pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.2110azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		2.1510conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		4.1410gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		3.4711dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.1510chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		3.3510C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nafoxidine
Nafoxidine: An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.		2.2510benzenes;
naphthalenes;
ring assembly
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		2.0810aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.1510aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.25101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		3.3510imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		2.1510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		3.71016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		5.916017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		3.471117-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		2.7130ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		4.0720mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.35101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
etoposide
[no description available]		2.0410beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		4.1410aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		9.86173hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		7.2510aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		4.1410hydrochloride
secnidazole
[no description available]		3.3510C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
secondary alcohol		epitope
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		3.5311iditolfungal metabolite
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.843017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		2.110proanthocyanidin
bazedoxifene
[no description available]		7.6590phenylindole
ly 353381
LY 353381: structure in first source		4.0720
lasofoxifene
Lasofoxifene: structure in first source. lasofoxifene : A member of the class of tetralins that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 6 are replaced by 4-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl and phenyl groups, respectively (the 5R,6S-stereoisomer). It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator indicated for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.		6.2850aromatic ether;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
naphthols;
tetralins		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
estrogen receptor agonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		6.624017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		3.3510
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		2.110diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
tamoxifen
[no description available]		18.2513628stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		6.2970aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
droloxifene
[no description available]		210stilbenoid
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.0310long-chain fatty acid
flibanserin
[no description available]		3.6520benzimidazoles;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound		antidepressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
mirabegron
mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.		3.35101,3-thiazoles;
aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		beta-adrenergic agonist
alogliptin
alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.		2.110nitrile;
piperidines;
primary amino compound;
pyrimidines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
ridaifen-b
ridaifen-B: structure in first source		2.2510
lorcaserin
lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.		2.110benzazepine;
organochlorine compound		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.110
4-hydroxyospemifene
[no description available]		10.1352
canagliflozin
canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.		2.110C-glycosyl compound;
organofluorine compound;
thiophenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		4.3730
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.0810benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		3.4711cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		3.2110citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		3.3510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		07.31140
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		07.31140
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		013.512911
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		118.666619
Dyspareunia
Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.		116.974814
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		04.2550
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		02.610
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		04.2550
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		03.0130
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		08.0130
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.610
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.610
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		07.610
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		07.610
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.610
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.610
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		04.9221
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		03.5210
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		04.9221
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		113.18201
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		03.6820
Candidiasis, Genital
[description not available]		03.1710
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.1710
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		03.1710
Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid
[description not available]		03.1710
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		03.1710
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		03.1710
Bacterial Vaginitides
[description not available]		03.1710
Trichomoniasis, Human
[description not available]		03.1710
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal
Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.		03.1710
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.1710
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		03.1710
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane
A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.		03.1710
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		03.1710
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		03.1710
Trichomonas Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.		03.1710
Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.		03.1710
Vaginosis, Bacterial
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.		03.1710
Atrophic Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina due to thinning of the vaginal wall and decreased lubrication associated with reduced estrogen levels at MENOPAUSE.		03.5320
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.1710
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		06.4270
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.1710
Female Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		05.9780
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		07.2510
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		010.16106
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		09.6491
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		014.6491
Pelvic Floor Diseases
[description not available]		03.0610
Frigidity
[description not available]		04.5430
Lassitude
[description not available]		03.0610
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		03.0610
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		06.3251
Menopause, Premature
The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.		03.9420
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		03.0610
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		03.0610
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		03.0610
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		06.3251
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)		04.5430
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		02.1510
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.1510
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		03.5311
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		03.5311
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		07.1710
Vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.		02.1710
Dysuria
Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.		02.1710
Vulvar Vestibulitis
Inflammation of the vulvar vestibular region at the entrance of the VAGINA, generally involving surface mucosa and submucosal vestibular glands. It is characterized by ERYTHEMA and chronic recurrent pain in this area.		03.5611
Generalized Vulvodynia
[description not available]		03.5611
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom
[description not available]		03.0910
Urge Incontinence
[description not available]		02.2110
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		02.2110
Urinary Incontinence, Urge
Involuntary discharge of URINE that is associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void. It is usually related to the involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle of the bladder (detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor instability).		02.2110
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		07.4251
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		07.4251
Urogenital Prolapse
[description not available]		03.0110
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.		03.0110
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		04.1530
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.110
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		06.0150
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		06.0150
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		03.4811
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		03.4811
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.110
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.110
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.110
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia
A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.		05.3622
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.		05.3622
Itching
[description not available]		03.5111
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		03.5111
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.1310
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.1510
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.1510
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.1510
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.1250
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		02.9910
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		02.9910
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.3520
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.0210
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.0210
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.0210
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.0210
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0210
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		02.0210
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.0310
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		0210