The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.
| Excerpt | Reference |
|---|
| "Our data indicate geophagia is not correlated with hunger, anemia, or helminthic problems, but it may contribute to the common problem of hypertension." | ( Frate, DA; Vermeer, DE, 1979) |
| "Pica is a habit disorder involving the compulsive, irrational ingestion of nutrient or non-nutrient substances which usually, in young infants, include clay and earth." | ( Combes, JC; Giudicelli, J, 1992) |
| "Pica is more prevalent in lower socio-economic classes and in some areas, such as the island of Reunion." | ( Combes, JC; Giudicelli, J, 1992) |
| "The development of pica is partially explained by a childhood eating disorder, obsessive personality traits, cultural factors and specific (personality induced) stresses." | ( Freeman, R; Solyom, C; Solyom, L, 1991) |
| "Geophagia is most frequently involved and there is often a family history of pica." | ( Golding-Beecher, O; Robinson, BA; Tolan, W, 1990) |
| "Although pica is one of the most frequently observed eating dysfunctions among people with mental retardation, it is significantly underreported in the literature." | ( Lofts, RH; Maier, RH; Schroeder, SR, 1990) |
| "Pica is the persistent, compulsive ingestion of food or nonfood substances." | ( Sayetta, RB, 1986) |
| "Although pica is a common manifestation of iron deficiency, this appears to be the first reported case of salt pica secondary to iron deficiency." | ( Linas, SL; Shapiro, MD, 1985) |
| "If searched for, pica is a common manifestation of iron deficiency; however, this patient apparently represents the first report of geomelophagia." | ( Johnson, BE; Stephens, RL, 1982) |
| "Previous reports on pica are tabulated." | ( Moore, DF; Sears, DA, 1994) |
| "Pica is a serious health risk for mentally handicapped patients." | ( Decker, CJ, 1993) |
| "Pica is an underdiagnosed problem that can be caused by a variety of disorders and can lead to serious complications." | ( Federman, DG; Federman, GS; Kirsner, RS, 1997) |
| "Pica is the compulsive eating of non-food substances over a sustained period of time." | ( Cannan, RJ; Sookaria, FI; Walker, AR; Walker, BF, 1997) |
| "Pica is the persistent, culturally and developmentally inappropriate ingestion of non-nutritive substances (DSM-IV)." | ( Bach, L; Beecroft, N; Howard, R; Tunstall, N, 1998) |
| "Geophagia is therefore an important risk factor for orally acquired nematode infections among African children, and education on geophagia prevention should be an integral component of all soil-transmitted parasite control programs." | ( Camara, AO; Glickman, LT; Glickman, NW; McCabe, GP, 1999) |
| "Pica is a pathologic craving for substances not commonly regarded as foods." | ( D'Eredità, G; Lorusso, G; Losacco, T; Martellotta, M; Natale, T; Polizzi, RA, 1999) |
| "Pica is the collective term for any form of qualitative disorder of eating behaviour." | ( Knecht, T, 1999) |
| "Geophagia is probably caused by a marginal level of P in the serum and low levels in the forage and soil." | ( Adebowale, EA; Akpavie, SO; Jabbar, MA; Larbi, A; Ogundola, FI; Smith, JW; Taiwo, AA, 2000) |
| "Clay pica is a form of compulsive ingestion of non-nutritive substances frequently practiced by dialysis patients." | ( Conner, AC; Crowell, AK; Obialo, CI; Simmons, EL; Wen, XJ, 2001) |
| "Pica is an eating disorder characterized by the irrepressible and elective craving for food and non-food substances." | ( Eclache, V; Fain, O; Kettaneh, A; Sontag, C; Thomas, M, 2001) |
| "Pica is one of eating disorders characterized by continuous or repeated ingestion of non-food materials or sometimes of a tremendous amount of specified food." | ( Sugita, K, 2001) |
| "Pica is a life-threatening behavior displayed by many individuals with developmental disabilities." | ( Abt, KA; Boney, BR; Keeney, KM; Piazza, CC; Roane, HS, 2002) |
| "Pica is the compulsive intake of non-nutritive substances such as earth, clay, chalk, soap and ice." | ( de Portela, ML; López, LB; Ortega Soler, CR, 2004) |
| "Pica is an eating disorder associated with ingestion of variety of non-food substances." | ( Daga, GL; Trivedi, TH; Yeolekar, ME, 2005) |
| "Pica is a common but often overlooked practice that can potentially lead to life-threatening disorders." | ( Dandolu, V; Geifman-Holtzman, O; Grotegut, CA; Katari, S; Teitelman, M; Whiteman, VE, 2006) |
| "In the literature pica is reported to be prevalent in pregnant women." | ( Andersen, AM; Mikkelsen, TB; Olsen, SF, 2006) |
| "Pica is manifested as an increase in consumption of kaolin (clay) and is used as a measure of visceral sickness." | ( Chaudhury, A; Ciucci, M; Horn, CC, 2007) |
| "We conclude that geophagia is not a source of Trichuris or hookworm infection among pregnant women in Pemba (insufficient power to evaluate the effect of Ascaris), which is in contrast to existing findings of helminth infection and geophagia." | ( Ali, SM; Farag, TH; Goodman, D; Khalfan, SS; Khatib, MR; Stoltzfus, RJ; Tielsch, JM; Young, SL, 2007) |
| "Pica is a common disorder in childhood, however, in adults it is associated with mental retardation, psychosis and pregnancy." | ( Bhatia, MS; Gupta, R, 2009) |
| "In this case study pica is being discussed and its possible connection with a somatic disease (sickle cell anaemia)." | ( Kolthof, HJ; van Weel, EA, 2008) |
| "Pica is a compulsive eating of non-nutritive substances and can have serious medical implications." | ( Goze, F; Kantarci, A; Ozan, F; Ozdemir, H; Sencan, M; Toker, H; Turgut, M, 2009) |
| "Pica is a medical disorder characterized by an appetite for substances largely non-nutritive (e." | ( Cizmić, A; Pajid, A; Zganjer, M; Zganjer, V; Zupancić, B, 2011) |
| "Since pica is common not only in patients with mental retardation but also in dementia patients, the present case may also relate to the treatment of acute abdominal conditions in dementia patients." | ( Arai, H; Eto, K; Hatta, K; Ito, M; Miyakawa, K, 2011) |
| "Pica is the compulsive consumption of non-nutritive substances, and this disorder may occur more frequently in dialysis patients." | ( Abitbol, C; Chandar, J; Katsoufis, CP; Kertis, M; McCullough, J; Pereira, T; Seeherunvong, W; Zilleruelo, G, 2012) |
| "Geophagia is an ancient practice subject to many prejudices." | ( Boukhari, R; Carles, G; Lambert, V; Misslin-Tritsch, C, 2013) |
| "Pica is the developmentally and culturally inappropriate eating of nonnutritive substances for at least 1 month." | ( Claussen, MC; Kuechenhoff, B; Rohde, J; Schuepbach, D; Seifritz, E, 2013) |
| "The presence of pica is associated with a high probability of iron depletion or deficiency in blood donors; however, RLS lacks a strong correlation in this population." | ( Arceo, SM; Bryant, BJ; Hopkins, JA; Leitman, SF; Yau, YY, 2013) |
| "Pica is defined as developmentally inappropriate consumption of nonnutritive substances for at least 1 month." | ( Bay, A; Bulan, K; Demir, N; Dogan, M; Kaba, S; Öner, AF, 2013) |
| "Pica is a very serious problem in which an individual ingests substances without nutrition value, such as paper and paint." | ( Belva, B; Hattier, MA; Matson, JL; Matson, ML, 2013) |
| "Childhood soil pica is associated with, and can be a cause of, iron deficiency." | ( Howarth, D, 2013) |
| "Pica is probably more common than we think." | ( Howarth, D, 2013) |
| "Pica is considered as an eating-nutritional disorder in childhood and is generally analysed within obsessive-compulsive disorders." | ( Gulum, M; Kati, M; Sahin, MA; Savas, M; Yeni, E, 2012) |
| "Pica is a commonly underappreciated disorder in pregnancy that can lead to several complications, including severe metabolic derangements and other adverse outcomes." | ( Myles, T; Scolari Childress, KM, 2013) |
| "Pica is characterized by the persistent eating of non-nutritive substances over some time that is inappropriate for the maturation stage of the individual and is not culturally sanctioned." | ( Byard, RW, 2014) |
| "Geophagia is practised by a considerable proportion of pregnant women in Johannesburg, especially migrant women." | ( de Wet, T; Kootbodien, T; Mahuma, T; Mathee, A; Naicker, N; Naik, I; Nkomo, P, 2014) |
| "Pica is a potentially deadly form of self-injurious behavior most frequently exhibited by individuals with developmental and intellectual disabilities." | ( Alvarez, JP; Call, NA; Mevers, JE; Simmons, CA, 2015) |
| "Geophagia is defined as deliberate consumption of earths' materials, e." | ( Mbuthia, EK; Moturi, WN; Odongo, AO, 2016) |
| "Ice pica is frequently associated with iron deficiency, and iron supplementation is an effective therapy in most cases." | ( Leitman, SF; Miller, JL; Rabel, A, 2016) |
| "Pica is an eating disorder characterized by the persistent ingestion of substances that the consumer does not define as food." | ( Ezzeddin, N; Jahanihashemi, H; Noroozi, M; Riseh, SH; Zavoshy, R, 2015) |
| "Pica is an eating disorder characterized by persistent ingestion of substances that the consumer does not define as food." | ( Ezzeddin, N; Jahanihashemi, H; Noroozi, M; Sarichloo, ME; Zavoshy, R, 2015) |
| "Pica is the compulsive eating of non-nutritive substances." | ( Borgna-Pignatti, C; Zanella, S, 2016) |
| "Pica is associated with iron deficiency and, in some environments, lead poisoning." | ( Ardeshirian, KA; Howarth, DA, 2017) |
| "Pica is an increased appetite/craving for food or non-food substances like clay, and chalk, and is strongly associated with iron deficiency (ID) anemia." | ( Abu, BAZ; Louw, VJ; Raubenheimer, JE; van den Berg, VL, 2017) |
| "Although pica is one of the most prominent signs in individuals with severe cognitive impairment, the mechanisms and neural basis for pica have not been well elucidated." | ( Funayama, M; Kato, M; Koreki, A; Mimura, M; Muramatsu, T; Nakagawa, Y, 2017) |
| "Pica is a rare phenomenon associated with iron deficiency and can occur despite oral iron supplementation." | ( Fredrickson, KA; Kallies, KJ; Kothari, SN; Van Osdol, AD, 2017) |
| "Geophagia is very common among pregnant women, particularly in Africa." | ( Khine, AA; Macheka, LR; Matsela, L; Olowoyo, JO, 2016) |
| "Geophagia is practiced by a considerable proportion of pregnant women in this area." | ( Khine, AA; Macheka, LR; Matsela, L; Olowoyo, JO, 2016) |
| "Pica is defined as the persistent ingestion of non-nutritive substances for more than 1 month at an age at which this behaviour is deemed inappropriate." | ( Bourke, T; McNaughten, B; Thompson, A, 2017) |
| "Pica is common in pregnancy and is often felt to be benign." | ( Epler, KE; Pierce, A; Rappaport, VJ, 2017) |
| ""Pica" is the term used to describe craving for non-food and nonnutritive items like dirt, chalk, or paper." | ( Grover, S; Mehra, A; Sharma, N, 2018) |
| "Pica is an extremely troublesome behaviors and causes a particularly high burdens for family caregivers." | ( Funayama, M, 2018) |
| "Pica is a common condition in childhood that is commonly missed." | ( Hon, KL; Leung, AKC, 2019) |
| "Pica is a significant cause of anemia and lead poisoning." | ( Hon, KL; Leung, AKC, 2019) |
| "Pica is often an overlooked phenomenon and its association with iron deficiency and lead poisoning has been known for centuries." | ( Hon, KL; Leung, AKC, 2019) |
| "Pica is defined as a feeding and eating disorder where there is consumption of nonnutritive substances not consistent with cultural practices or social norms." | ( Almeida, BJ; Almeida, HS; Fonseca, C, 2020) |
| "Geophagia is a feeding behavior involving the regular intake of soil, including clay-like kaolin." | ( Caillet, P; Carton, V; Grall-Bronnec, M; Jolliet, P; Marchal, E; Pineau, A; Pintas, C; Poirier, M; Victorri-Vigneau, C; Winer, N, 2019) |
| "Pica is the developmentally inappropriate consumption of non-nutritive items for at least one month." | ( Cohen, LL; Rodrigues, N; Shih, S, 2021) |
| "Pica is the persistent consumption of non-nutritive, nonfood substances and is associated with adverse health complications." | ( Chevrier, J; Hou, S; Moline, R; Thomassin, K, 2021) |
| "Pica is simply defined as the consumption of none food products such as laundry starch, clay dirt, ice, soap, and chalk." | ( Adedoyin, AC; Jackson, MS; Winnick, SN, 2020) |
| "Pica is a psychological eating disorder that is characterized by the consumption of items that contain no nutritional value." | ( Clark, OM; Williams, R, 2020) |
| "Pica is a poorly understood psychiatric disorder that presents with the ingestion of non-nutritious substances for unclear reasons." | ( Gianniosis, M; Leong, JY; Zafar, S; Zhang, Y, 2020) |
| "Pica is characterized as repeatedly eating or chewing a non-nutritious substance including, but not limited to ice, clay and dirt, starch, raw pasta, chalk, coal, paint, or paper." | ( Burns, RT; Liu, H; Mast, AE; Page, GP; Spencer, BR, 2021) |
| "In conclusion, geophagia is too rare to contribute to the male ESCC burden in Africa." | ( Dzamalala, CP; Finch, P; McCormack, V; Menya, D; Mlombe, Y; Mmbaga, BT; Narh, CT; Nyakunga, G; Schüz, J, 2021) |
| "Pica is the craving and purposive eating of nonfood items." | ( Kiondo, P; Musaba, M; Nakiyemba, O; Obore, S; Wandabwa, J, 2021) |
| "Pica is an eating disorder characterized by craving for nonfood items, such as dirt, clay, detergents, soap, stone, and paper." | ( Jokar, A; Shekarriz, Z; Yousefi, SS, 2021) |
| "The prevalence of pica is increased in chronic kidney disease and ESRD patients, with ice being the most commonly ingested substance." | ( Gnanasekaran, I; Kim, S; Sarwal, A, 2022) |
| "Eating soil (geophagia) is also commonly practiced by pregnant women, particularly in developing countries." | ( Alemu, Y; Dereje, E; Getachew, M; Mekonnen, Z; Tiruneh, A; Yeshigeta, R, 2021) |
| "Geophagia is a risky behavior and this study showed a significant association of geophagia practice with STH infections, although the causal relation could not be established." | ( Alemu, Y; Dereje, E; Getachew, M; Mekonnen, Z; Tiruneh, A; Yeshigeta, R, 2021) |
| "The pICA is usually anterosuperiorly displaced, and the anterior genu remains superior to the VC, however it may be located in the line of the canal." | ( Connor, SEJ; Shapey, J; Thomas, NWM, 2022) |
| "Pica is defined by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition (DSM 5) as the ongoing ingestion of materials with no nutritive or food value." | ( Schnitzler, E, 2022) |
| "Allotriophagy is defined as food cravings that are different from the expected or the norm." | ( Arora, S; Awasthi, A; Kalra, S; Kapoor, N, 2023) |