lithium citrate

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Lithium citrate is a salt formed by the reaction of lithium hydroxide and citric acid. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water. It is used as a treatment for bipolar disorder, and is also being investigated for its potential use in the treatment of other conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and autism spectrum disorder. Lithium citrate is thought to work by affecting the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. It is typically taken orally as a tablet or capsule. The most common side effects of lithium citrate include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and tremor. However, more serious side effects can occur, such as kidney problems and thyroid problems. It is important to talk to a doctor before taking lithium citrate, as it can interact with other medications. Lithium citrate is a relatively safe medication when taken as prescribed. However, it is important to be aware of the potential side effects and to talk to a doctor if you have any concerns.'

lithium citrate: RN given refers to the trilithium salt [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

lithium citrate (anhydrous) : A lithium salt that is the anhydrous form of the trilithium salt of citric acid. The tetrahydrate form is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	13520
CHEMBL ID	1201170
CHEBI ID	64735
MeSH ID	M0192307

Synonyms (52)

Synonym
unii-3655633623
919-16-4
1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, lithium salt (1:3)
AKOS015839591
citric acid, trilithium salt
einecs 213-045-8
lithium citrate
lithium citrate (anhydrous)
lithium citrate anhydrous
demalit
trilithium citrate
litarex
6680-58-6
NCGC00095267-01
NCGC00095267-02
SPECTRUM1504269
HMS2093G04
citric acid, lithium salt
trilithium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
chebi:64735 ,
CHEMBL1201170
HMS1923K13
einecs 233-819-9
nsc-758700
lithium citrate (anh.)
anhydrous lithium citrate
anh. lithium citrate
lithium (as citrate)
citric acid trilithium salt
FT-0636234
AKOS015902460
lithium citrate [mi]
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid lithium salt (1:3)
CCG-213298
WJSIUCDMWSDDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-K
lithium citrate tribasic 4-hydrate
1313437-84-1
lithium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
citric acid,lithium salt
DTXSID70883185 ,
DB14507
trilithium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Q2351742
demalit; litarex; lithonate s
lithium (citrate)
lithium2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trilithium(1+) ion 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
EN300-267798
lithium citrate (mart.)
lithium citrate (ep monograph)
dtxcid401022738
lithium citrate (usp monograph)

Research Excerpts

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The bioavailability of lithium citrate syrup was compared with that of regular lithium carbonate tablets in 18 healthy male human volunteers."	( Bioavailability of lithium from lithium citrate syrup versus conventional lithium carbonate tablets. Benson, K; De Witte, TC; Guelen, PJ; Janssen, TJ; Vree, TB, 1992)	0.88
" The results show that whilst the 12-h steady-state levels are similar, there are significant differences in the degree and rate of absorption between the two preparations."	( Solid versus liquid lithium--a pharmacokinetic study. Ascough, G; Markar, HR, 1991)	0.28

Dosage Studied

Lithium citrate was initiated at a dosage of 45 mg/kg per day after diagnosis. Patients were each divided into two groups: Dosage with immediate-release lithium carbonate or a sustained-release formulation, lithium citrate.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Maximum lithium serum concentrations, however, were only about 10 per cent higher after syrup dosing and serum concentrations resulting from syrup and tablets were almost superimposable from 2 h after dosing."	( Bioavailability of lithium from lithium citrate syrup versus conventional lithium carbonate tablets. Benson, K; De Witte, TC; Guelen, PJ; Janssen, TJ; Vree, TB, 1992)	0.57
" GFR correlated significantly with sclerotic glomeruli as well as atrophic tubules in patients on a multiple dosage schedule, whereas no relationship was seen in patients receiving lithium in a single daily dose."	( Long-term effects of lithium on the kidney: functional-morphological correlations. Bolwig, TG; Brun, C; Hetmar, O; Ladefoged, J; Larsen, S, 1989)	0.28
"Antipsychotic dosing for acute mania has not been well studied."	( Acute mania: haloperidol dose and augmentation with lithium or lorazepam. Allen, MH; Charles, O; Chou, JC; Czobor, P; Trujillo, M; Tuma, I; Volavka, J; Winsberg, B, 1999)	0.3
" Therefore, a dose-response test curve was constructed to determine whether small differences in serum Li could be detected in response to ingestion of variable Li doses indicative of full or partial dietary compliance."	( Serum lithium concentration can be used to assess dietary compliance in adults. Bessesen, DH; Donahoo, WT; Grunwald, GK; Higbee, DR; Higgins, JA; Lei, S, 2004)	0.32
" Intervention group (N = 42) and historical control group (N = 55) patients were each divided into two groups: Dosage with immediate-release lithium carbonate or a sustained-release formulation, lithium citrate."	( A computerised sampling strategy for therapeutic drug monitoring of lithium provides precise estimates and significantly reduces dose-finding time. Andersson, JE; Angelo, HR; Dalhoff, KP; Hoegberg, LC; Holgersson, B; Jürgens, G; Larsen, EB; Zederkof, VW, 2012)	0.57
" Lithium citrate was initiated at a dosage of 45 mg/kg per day after diagnosis."	( Lithium citrate as treatment of Canavan disease. Andrés, JL; Boquet, EM; Fernández, LL; Solsona, MD, )	2.48

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

Class	Description
lithium salt
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (2)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID540299	A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21	Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID588519	A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities	2011	Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3	High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (43)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	7 (16.28)	18.7374
1990's	10 (23.26)	18.2507
2000's	8 (18.60)	29.6817
2010's	13 (30.23)	24.3611
2020's	5 (11.63)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 33.38

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	33.38 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	4.04 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	4.72 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	84.59 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	3.89 (0.95)

This Compound (33.38)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	7 (14.29%)	5.53%
Reviews	1 (2.04%)	6.00%
Case Studies	6 (12.24%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	35 (71.43%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
choline [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.35	2	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
creatine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.43	2	0	cyclitol; hexol
taurine [no description available]	2	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.05	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	3.37	1	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	1.97	1	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	1.99	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	3.78	2	1	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	3.38	1	1	benzodiazepine
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	7.01	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	3.36	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	1.97	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	1.98	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	1.97	1	0	alkane
dodecyl sulfate dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE	1.98	1	0	alkyl sulfate
thiazoles [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	11.11	11	3	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
clopenthixol Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	3.37	1	1	N-alkylpiperazine; primary alcohol; thioxanthenes	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	1.97	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	1.98	1	0	sodium phosphate
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	3.36	2	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.13	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lithium sulfate lithium sulfate : A metal sulfate in which the counterion is lithium and the ratio of lithium to sulfate is 2:1.	2.41	2	0	metal sulfate	antidepressant
mozavaptan mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	benzamides	aquaretic
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	1.98	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indoles; maleimides
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	1.97	1	0	very long-chain fatty acid
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.05	1	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
n-(4-methoxybenzyl)-n'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.05	1	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	6.48	13	4	alkali metal atom
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
bilirubin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.25	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	2.13	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.05	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.17	1	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	1.99	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.1	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	2.06	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	7.41	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.25	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.25	1	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	4.04	3	1
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.05	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.05	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	5.88	9	3
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	5.88	9	3
ACY2 Deficiency [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Canavan Disease A rare neurodegenerative condition of infancy or childhood characterized by white matter vacuolization and demeylination that gives rise to a spongy appearance. Aspartoacylase deficiency leads to an accumulation of N-acetylaspartate in astrocytes. Inheritance may be autosomal recessive or the illness may occur sporadically. This illness occurs more frequently in individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. The neonatal form features the onset of hypotonia and lethargy at birth, rapidly progressing to coma and death. The infantile form features developmental delay, DYSKINESIAS, hypotonia, spasticity, blindness, and megalencephaly. The juvenile form is characterized by ATAXIA; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEMENTIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p944; Am J Med Genet 1988 Feb;29(2):463-71)	3.36	2	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	7.06	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.06	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	4.59	6	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	4.59	6	1
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	6.93	1	0
Psychoses [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.63	3	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	1.92	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	2.38	2	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	3.36	1	1
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	3.36	1	1
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	1.97	1	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	1.97	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	1.97	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	1.97	1	0

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