Compounds > sultamicillin
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sultamicillin

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Description

sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID444022
CHEMBL ID506110
CHEBI ID51770
SCHEMBL ID34392
MeSH IDM0108613

Synonyms (49)

Synonym
vd-1827
cp-49952
sultamicillin (usan/inn)
76497-13-7
D05972
sultamicillin
sultamicilina [spanish]
4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 6-((aminophenylacetyl)amino)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-, (((3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)hept-2-yl)carbonyl)oxy)methyl ester, s,s-dioxide, (2s-(2alpha(2r*,5s*),5alpha,6beta(s*)))-
vd 1827
hydroxymethyl (2s,5r,6r)-6-((r)-(2-amino-2-phenylacetamido))-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylate, (2s,5r)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylate (ester) s,s-dioxide
sultamicillinum [latin]
cp 49952
(2s,5r)-3,3-dimethyl-4,4,7-trioxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptan-2-carbonyloxymethyl (2s,5r,6r)-6-((r)-2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptan-2-carboxylat
CHEBI:51770 ,
({6beta-[(2r)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carbonyl}oxy)methyl 2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate 1,1-dioxide
[(2,2-dimethyl-1,1-dioxidopenam-3alpha-carbonyl)oxy]methyl 6beta-[(2r)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate
sultamicilina
sultamicillinum
CHEMBL506110
cp-49,952
unii-65dt0ml581
sultamicillin [usan:inn:ban]
65dt0ml581 ,
AKOS015963376
hydroxymethyl (2s,5r,6r)-6-[(r)-(2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate, (2s,5r)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate (ester) s,s-dioxide
sultamicillin [usan]
sultamicillin [who-dd]
sultamicillin [inn]
sultamicillin [mi]
1,1-dioxopenicillanoyloxymethyl 6-(d-.alpha.-amino-.alpha.-phenylacetamido)penicillanate
6'-(2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)penicillanoyloxymethyl penicillanate 1,1-dioxide
sultamicillin [mart.]
sultamicillin [ep monograph]
S5411
4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylicacid, 6-[[(2r)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-,[[[(2s,5r)-3,3-dimethyl-4,4-dioxido-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-yl]carbonyl]oxy]methylester, (2s,5r,6r)-
SCHEMBL34392
[(2s,5r)-3,3-dimethyl-4,4,7-trioxo-4lambda6-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carbonyl]oxymethyl (2s,5r,6r)-6-[[(2r)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
DB12127
CS-0082687
HY-N7115
DTXSID501010077
(((2s,5r,6r)-6-((r)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carbonyl)oxy)methyl (2s,5r)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate 4,4-dioxide
76497-13-7 (free)
AS-14087
CCG-270182
sultamicillin for peak identification
[(2s,5r,6r)-6-[(2r)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carbonyloxy]methyl (2s,5r)-3,3-dimethyl-4,4,7-trioxo-4lambda6-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
EN300-19766280
gtpl12290

Research Excerpts

Overview

Sultamicillin is an orally absorbed double ester of sulbactam (penicillanic acid sulphone, a semisynthetic inhibitor of the beta-lactamases of many Gram-positive and Gram-negative species) It is a covalent union of ampicillin and the beta lactamase inhibitor, sulbactsam.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sultamicillin is an orally absorbed double ester of sulbactam (penicillanic acid sulphone, a semisynthetic inhibitor of the beta-lactamases of many Gram-positive and Gram-negative species) and ampicillin. "( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of sultamicillin estimated by high performance liquid chromatography.
Bradbrook, ID; Cox, DA; Lees, LJ; Morrison, PJ; ROgers, HJ; Spector, RG, 1983)		1.98
"Sultamicillin is a mutual prodrug of ampicillin and sulbactam that is chemically linked by a diester bond. "( Comparative study of sultamicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate: treatment of acute otitis media.
Blatter, MM; Bluestone, CD; Chan, KH; Fall, PA; Reisinger, KS; Tan, LS, 1993)		2.05
"Sultamicillin is an oral mutual pro-drug composed of double esters of formaldehyde hydrate in which one of the hydroxyl groups is esterified with ampicillin and the other with sulbactam. "( [Studies on sultamicillin hydrolysis].
Hu, CQ; Jin, SH; Liang, H; Liu, W; Wu, Q; Yang, MZ; Zhang, DC, 1997)		2.12
"Sultamicillin is a mutual prodrug of ampicillin and sulbactam, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. "( The pharmacokinetics of sultamicillin.
Bruckner, G; Hampel, B; Koeppe, P; Lode, H, 1989)		2.03
"Sultamicillin is a substance in which sulbactam, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, is covalently linked through an ester group to ampicillin. "( Sultamicillin experiences in the field of internal medicine.
Hara, K; Kobayashi, H, 1989)		3.16
"Sultamicillin is a covalent union of ampicillin and the beta lactamase inhibitor, sulbactam (CP-45,899). "( Two regimens of sultamicillin in treating uncomplicated gonorrhoea.
Farthing, C; Phillips, I; Smith, S; Thin, RN, 1985)		2.06
"Sultamicillin is a novel therapeutic approach to beta-lactamase-producing bacteria."( Sultamicillin (ampicillin-sulbactam) in the treatment of acute otitis media in children.
Blatter, MM; Bluestone, CD; Fall, PA; Kaleida, PH; Reisinger, KS; Rohn, DD; Wucher, FP, )		2.3
"Sultamicillin is a compound agent for oral use in which ampicillin and the beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam are linked as a double ester."( Sultamicillin--a new antibiotic in the treatment of persistent lower respiratory tract infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
Christiansen, L; Høiby, N; Koch, C; Pedersen, SS; Pressler, T; Szaff, M, 1986)		2.44
"Sultamicillin (SBTPC) is a mutual prodrug of sulbactam (SBT) and ampicillin (ABPC). "( [Clinical and pharmacokinetic studies on sultamicillin fine granules in pediatrics].
Matsumoto, K; Nakanishi, Y; Nakazawa, S; Narita, A; Niino, K; Sato, H; Suzuki, H, 1988)		1.98
"Sultamicillin (SBTPC) is a combination drug of sulbactam (SBT) and ampicillin (ABPC) in an ester bonding at 1:1 ratio. "( [Experiences with sultamicillin granules in pediatric patients].
Iguchi, K; Inoue, M; Kamiya, H; Kawaguchi, H; Kojima, M; Nishi, H; Sakurai, M; Shimizu, S; Yoshizumi, T, 1988)		2.05
"Sultamicillin (SBTPC) is a combined drug of ampicillin (ABPC) and sulbactam (SBT) which is an inhibitor of beta-lactamase, in a clinical form of tosylate with equivalent molecules in ester linkages. "( [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of sultamicillin granule in the pediatric field].
Aramaki, M; Fujimoto, T; Kawakami, A; Koga, T; Motohiro, T; Oda, K; Sakata, Y; Takajo, N; Tanaka, K; Yamashita, F, 1988)		1.98
"Sultamicillin (SBTPC) is a semi-synthesized beta-lactam antibiotic consisted of ampicillin (ABPC) and a beta-lactamase inhibitor, sulbactam (SBT), linked with an ester linkage. "( [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of sultamicillin fine granules in children].
Hayashi, K; Imamura, H; Nakayama, N; Tsuji, Y; Yanagi, T; Yanagishima, M; Yanai, M, 1988)		1.98
"Sultamicillin (SBTPC) is a mutual prodrug in which ampicillin (ABPC) and a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam (SBT) are ester-bound in an equimolar ratio. "( [Antimicrobial activities of sultamicillin against clinical isolates from upper respiratory tract infections].
Deguchi, K; Fukayama, S; Kato, M; Koguchi, M; Nakane, Y; Nishimura, Y; Oda, S; Sato, K; Tanaka, S; Yokota, N, 1988)		2.01

Effects

Sultamicillin has an excellent tolerability profile, which is associated with a low rate of treatment discontinuation. It is clinically effective in non-comparative trials in patients with infections of the respiratory tract, ears, nose and throat, urinary tract, skin and soft tissues.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sultamicillin has an excellent tolerability profile, which is associated with a low rate of treatment discontinuation."( Use of ampicillin/sulbactam and sultamicillin in pediatric infections: a re-evaluation.
Dajani, A, )		1.14
"Sultamicillin has an excellent tolerability profile, which is associated with a low rate of treatment discontinuation."( Use of ampicillin/sulbactam and sultamicillin in pediatric infections: a re-evaluation.
Dajani, A, )		1.14
"Sultamicillin has been shown to be clinically effective in non-comparative trials in patients with infections of the respiratory tract, ears, nose and throat, urinary tract, skin and soft tissues, as well as in obstetric and gynaecological infections, and in the treatment of gonorrhoea."( Sultamicillin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use.
Campoli-Richards, DM; Friedel, HA; Goa, KL, 1989)		2.44

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"All sultamicillin-treated and all but three cefuroxime axetil-treated patients experienced cure or improvement; only one cefuroxime axetil-treated patient discontinued treatment due to treatment failure."( An open multicentre study to compare the efficacy and safety of sultamicillin with that of cefuroxime axetil in acute ear nose and throat infections in adults.
Alvart, R, 1992)		1

Toxicity

Gastrointestinal adverse events occurred in both treatment groups. One patient receiving cefuroxime axetil discontinued treatment due to nausea. Tolerability of sultamicillin was good.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Tolerability of sultamicillin was good and only three possible or probable treatment-related adverse events were recorded."( An open non-comparative pilot study of the safety and efficacy of oral sultamicillin in the treatment of mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections in children.
Argüello, A, 1992)		0.86
" Study drug-related adverse events were experienced by 33."( An open comparative study of the efficacy and safety of sultamicillin versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media in children.
Biolcati, AH, 1992)		0.53
" Gastrointestinal adverse events occurred in both treatment groups (eight sultamicillin-treated patients and three cefuroxime axetil-treated patients); one patient receiving cefuroxime axetil discontinued treatment due to nausea."( An open multicentre study to compare the efficacy and safety of sultamicillin with that of cefuroxime axetil in acute ear nose and throat infections in adults.
Alvart, R, 1992)		0.75
" Adverse reactions to oral therapy were minimal."( Efficacy and safety of sequential treatment with parenteral sulbactam/ampicillin and oral sultamicillin for skeletal infections in children.
Aronoff, SC; Blumer, JL; Jacobs, MR; Kalamchi, A; Makley, JT; Scoles, PV, )		0.35
" Adverse reactions were infrequent with the exception of injection-site pain, which occurred mainly after intramuscular injection and was reduced in incidence by concurrent administration of lidocaine."( Sulbactam plus ampicillin: interim review of efficacy and safety for therapeutic and prophylactic use.
Greenhalgh, K; Knirsch, AK; Lees, L; Milson, JA, )		0.13
"Both ampicillin/sulbactam and cefuroxime provide safe and effective parenteral antibiotic therapy in pediatric patients with serious skin and skin structure infections."( Efficacy and safety of ampicillin/sulbactam and cefuroxime in the treatment of serious skin and skin structure infections in pediatric patients. UNASYN Pediatric Study Group.
Azimi, PH; Barson, WJ; Janner, D; Swanson, R, 1999)		0.3
" Drug-related adverse events for both study drugs were comparable in frequency and type."( An open-label, randomized study comparing efficacy and safety of intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam and ampicillin/sulbactam for infected diabetic foot ulcers.
Boghossian, J; Caputo, W; Dana, A; Gray, S; Harkless, L; Pollak, R; Wu, D, 2005)		0.33
"Although both study drugs provide safe and effective empiric treatment for moderate-to-severe infected diabetic foot ulcers, piperacillin/tazobactam has the advantage of covering Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteriologic success rate of 85."( An open-label, randomized study comparing efficacy and safety of intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam and ampicillin/sulbactam for infected diabetic foot ulcers.
Boghossian, J; Caputo, W; Dana, A; Gray, S; Harkless, L; Pollak, R; Wu, D, 2005)		0.33
" The adverse events ratio for the two groups was the same (p=0."( Efficacy and safety of Sultamicillin (Ampicillin/Sulbactan) and Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in adults--an open-label, multicentric, randomized trial.
Ferreira, JB; Kós, AO; Mocellin, M; Pignatari, SS; Piltcher, OB; Pinheiro, SD; Rapoport, PB; Sakano, E, )		0.44
"Ampicillin/Sulbactan is as safe and efficient as Amoxicillin/Clavulanate in the empiric treatment of upper respiratory infections in adults."( Efficacy and safety of Sultamicillin (Ampicillin/Sulbactan) and Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in adults--an open-label, multicentric, randomized trial.
Ferreira, JB; Kós, AO; Mocellin, M; Pignatari, SS; Piltcher, OB; Pinheiro, SD; Rapoport, PB; Sakano, E, )		0.44
" Adverse events were 39."( Efficacy and safety of high-dose ampicillin/sulbactam vs. colistin as monotherapy for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Betrosian, AP; Douzinas, EE; Frantzeskaki, F; Xanthaki, A, 2008)		0.35
" All treatment-related adverse events were mild or moderate in severity."( Efficacy and safety of intravenous sulbactam/ampicillin 3 g 4 times daily in Japanese adults with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled study.
Itamura, R; Kadota, J; Kohno, S; Mikamo, H; Niki, Y; Tateda, K, 2015)		0.42

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"We investigated the pharmacokinetic properties of sulbactam/ampicillin (S/A), after intravenous (0."( Pharmacokinetics of sulbactam/ampicillin in humans after intravenous and intramuscular injection.
Ferrante, L; Prenna, M; Ripa, S, 1990)		0.28
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two components are similar, both being eliminated primarily by renal excretion."( The pharmacokinetics of sultamicillin.
Bruckner, G; Hampel, B; Koeppe, P; Lode, H, 1989)		0.58
" Although the kinetics of sulbactam in postpartem women and in surgical patients were similar to the kinetics in young men, the half-life of sulbactam (like that of ampicillin) was altered in the elderly, during labor, in neonates, and in patients with renal impairment."( Pharmacokinetics of sulbactam/ampicillin in humans: a review.
Foulds, G, )		0.13
" The two drugs showed a similar pharmacokinetic profile in humans."( Pharmacokinetics of sulbactam and ampicillin intravenously applied in combination to healthy volunteers and patients. Determination of the ratio of the two drugs in serum and in various tissues.
Engel, K; Lenders, H; Potempa, J; Schilling, A; Schwiersch, U; von Castell, E; Wildfeuer, A, 1988)		0.27
" A study has been performed to evaluate pharmacokinetic properties and clinical usefulness of SBTPC fine granules in the treatment of pediatric infections."( [Clinical and pharmacokinetic studies on sultamicillin fine granules in pediatrics].
Matsumoto, K; Nakanishi, Y; Nakazawa, S; Narita, A; Niino, K; Sato, H; Suzuki, H, 1988)		0.54
" Pharmacokinetic studies were done in 2 subjects (a male and a female) following single oral administrations of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg SBTPC fine granules after meal."( [A study on pharmacokinetics, antimicrobial activity and clinical efficacy of sultamicillin in children].
Higashino, H; Hirabayashi, Y; Kitamura, N; Kobayashi, Y; Okazaki, H, 1988)		0.5
" Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies using SBTPC 10% fine granules were performed in pediatric patients with a variety of infections."( [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of sultamicillin fine granules in children].
Hayashi, K; Imamura, H; Nakayama, N; Tsuji, Y; Yanagi, T; Yanagishima, M; Yanai, M, 1988)		0.54
"To compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity of three drug regimens: cefotaxime plus metronidazole, cefoxitin, and ampicillin-sulbactam against two organisms frequently isolated in intraabdominal infection, Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis."( Comparison of the pharmacodynamic activity of cefotaxime plus metronidazole with cefoxitin and ampicillin plus sulbactam.
Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R; Sullivan, MC; Sweeney, KR, )		0.13
"To evaluate the pharmacodynamic antibacterial activity of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (T-C) and ampicillin-sulbactam (A-S) combinations against reference bacterial strains in patients with end-stage renal disease maintained on long-term hemodialysis."( Comparison of ampicillin-sulbactam and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid in patients with chronic renal failure: effects of differential pharmacokinetics on serum bactericidal activity.
Butler, SC; Hardin, TC; Jorgensen, JH; Ross, S; Wakeford, JH, )		0.13
"An in vitro pharmacokinetic model (IVPM) and a mouse model of lethal bacteremia were used to compare the pharmacodynamics of ampicillin-sulbactam when the two components were dosed simultaneously and in sequence against TEM-1-producing Escherichia coli."( Efficacy of ampicillin-sulbactam is not dependent upon maintenance of a critical ratio between components: sulbactam pharmacokinetics in pharmacodynamic interactions.
Alexov, M; Lister, PD; Sanders, CC, 1996)		0.29
" Studies in animals, in vitro models, and pharmacokinetic considerations indicate that a change in the MIC breakpoint for ampicillin/sulbactam should be considered."( Microbiologic and pharmacodynamic principals applied to the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of ampicillin/sulbactam: analysis of the correlations between in vitro test results and clinical response.
Dudley, MN; Jones, RN, 1997)		0.3
" Both drugs had a similar pharmacokinetic behavior after intramuscular administration in sheep."( Pharmacokinetics of an ampicillin-sulbactam combination after intravenous and intramuscular administration to sheep.
Cárceles, CM; Escudero, E; Espuny, A; Vicente, S, 1999)		0.3
" No changes in elimination half-life relative to a normal population occurred with cefuroxime, cefotiam, and ampicillin."( Pharmacokinetics of antibiotic prophylaxis in major orthopedic surgery and blood-saving techniques.
Dehne, MG; Hempelmann, G; Mühling, J; Nopens, H; Sablotzki, A, 2001)		0.31
" The plasma concentration-time curves were analysed by compartmental pharmacokinetic and noncompartmental methods."( Pharmacokinetics of an ampicillin/sulbactam (2:1) combination in rabbits.
Cárceles, CM; Escudero, E; Serrano, JM; Vicente, MS, 2002)		0.31
"Twelve critically ill patients with anuric AKI being treated with ED were enrolled in a prospective, open-label, observational pharmacokinetic study."( Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin/sulbactam in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury undergoing extended dialysis.
Broll, M; Burhenne, H; Burkhardt, O; Clajus, C; Hafer, C; Kaever, V; Kielstein, JT; Knitsch, W; Lorenzen, JM, 2012)		0.38
" Plasma concentrations of ampicillin were simulated with the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained."( Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin-sulbactam and the renal function-based optimization of dosing regimens for prophylaxis in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.
Iguro, Y; Ikawa, K; Imoto, Y; Ishida, S; Matsumoto, K; Morikawa, N; Okano, Y; Shimodozono, Y; Takeda, Y; Watanabe, E; Yamada, K; Yamamoto, H; Yokoyama, Y, 2012)		0.38
" baumannii using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model."( In vitro pharmacodynamics of human-simulated exposures of ampicillin/sulbactam, doripenem and tigecycline alone and in combination against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
Hagihara, M; Housman, ST; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2013)		0.39
" Drug exposure was expressed as the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve for the free, unbound fraction of the drug to the MIC (fAUC/MIC) (VAN) or the time in a 24-h period that the drug concentration for the free, unbound fraction exceeded the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions (fT(>MIC)) (SAM and TZP) and linked to the change in log10 CFU/thigh."( An optimized mouse thigh infection model for enterococci and its impact on antimicrobial pharmacodynamics.
Agudelo, M; Gonzalez, JM; Rodriguez, CA; Vesga, O; Zuluaga, AF, 2015)		0.42
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated and used to predict the free plasma concentrations of ampicillin."( Pharmacokinetics of Prophylactic Ampicillin-Sulbactam and Dosing Optimization in Patients Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
Ikawa, K; Imoto, Y; Matsumoto, K; Morikawa, N; Takeda, Y; Watanabe, E; Yamamoto, H; Yokoyama, Y, 2015)		0.42
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated and used to predict the free plasma concentrations of ampicillin and sulbactam."( The pharmacokinetics of ampicillin-sulbactam in anuric patients: dosing optimization for prophylaxis during cardiovascular surgery.
Ikawa, K; Imoto, Y; Matsumoto, K; Morikawa, N; Takeda, Y; Watanabe, E; Yamamoto, H; Yokoyama, Y, 2016)		0.43
"We aimed to develop population pharmacokinetic (PK) models of ampicillin and sulbactam using pooled data analysis and to optimize dosing regimens of ampicillin-sulbactam (combination ratio of 2:1) in pediatric patients."( Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ampicillin-sulbactam in Pediatric Patients Using Plasma and Urine Data.
Ikawa, K; Ishihara, N; Morikawa, N; Naora, K; Onita, T; Tamaki, H; Yano, T, 2022)		0.72
" Based on these models, we estimated the probability of attaining a pharmacodynamic (PD) target [50% of time that free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration, 50% fT > minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)] against MIC90 [MIC that blocked the growth of 90% of the strains] of common bacteria in community-acquired pneumonia."( Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ampicillin-sulbactam in Pediatric Patients Using Plasma and Urine Data.
Ikawa, K; Ishihara, N; Morikawa, N; Naora, K; Onita, T; Tamaki, H; Yano, T, 2022)		0.72
"The pharmacokinetic variability of ampicillin-sulbactam in adults has not been extensively described, particularly in patients with a reduced renal function (i."( Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Simulations of Ampicillin and Sulbactam in Hospitalised Adult Patients.
Abdul-Aziz, MH; Cotta, MO; Lukas, DL; Parker, S; Roberts, JA; Setiawan, E; Sosilya, H; Wallis, SC; Widjanarko, D, 2023)		0.91

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"This in vitro study evaluated the activities of vancomycin, LY333328, and teicoplanin alone and in combination with gentamicin, rifampin, and RP59500 against Staphylococcus aureus isolates with intermediate susceptibilities to vancomycin."( Evaluation of bactericidal activities of LY333328, vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin-sulbactam, trovafloxacin, and RP59500 alone or in combination with rifampin or gentamicin against different strains of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus by
Aeschlimann, JR; Hershberger, E; Moldovan, T; Rybak, MJ, 1999)		0.3
"We report a case of postsurgical meningitis caused by multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii successfully treated with high doses of ampicillin/sulbactam combined with rifampicin and fosfomycin."( Postsurgical meningitis due to multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii successfully treated with high doses of ampicillin/sulbactam combined with rifampicin and fosfomycin.
Clec'h, C; Cohen, Y; Jauréguy, F; Mellon, G; Picard, B, 2012)		0.38
"Evaluate the in vivo efficacy and resistance prevention of cefiderocol in combination with ceftazidime/avibactam, ampicillin/sulbactam and meropenem using human-simulated regimens (HSR) in the murine infection model."( In vivo efficacy & resistance prevention of cefiderocol in combination with ceftazidime/avibactam, ampicillin/sulbactam or meropenem using human-simulated regimens versus Acinetobacter baumannii.
Echols, R; Gill, CM; Longshaw, C; Nicolau, DP; Santini, D; Takemura, M; Yamano, Y, 2023)		0.91

Bioavailability

Oral bioavailability of ampicillin when bound to sulbactam (sultamicillin) was assessed. Ampicillin alone and that of amoxycillin with a ligand of clavulanic acid were also assessed.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Oral bioavailability of ampicillin when bound to sulbactam (sultamicillin) compared with ampicillin alone and that of amoxycillin with a ligand of clavulanic acid versus amoxycillin alone were assessed in 16 healthy subjects using an open label, multiple crossover study."( Oral bioavailability of ampicillin and amoxycillin alone and bound in fixed proportions to sulbactam and clavulanic acid.
Costermans, J; Desager, JP; Harvengt, C; Van Nieuwenhuyze, Y, )		0.37
" First-pass hydrolysis of this prodrug liberates equimolar proportions of sulbactam in plasma, saliva and urine is described and was used to determine the absolute bioavailability of sulbactam and ampicillin from sultamicillin in six normal male volunteers who each received a single 750 mg oral dose of sultamicillin or an iv dose of the equivalent amounts of ampicillin (441 mg) and sulbactam (294 mg)."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of sultamicillin estimated by high performance liquid chromatography.
Bradbrook, ID; Cox, DA; Lees, LJ; Morrison, PJ; ROgers, HJ; Spector, RG, 1983)		0.72
"5 times greater total bioavailability for ampicillin and sulbactam than when each was used individually."( Pharmacokinetics of sultamicillin in mice, rats, and dogs.
English, AR; Girard, D; Haskell, SL, 1984)		0.59
" The bioavailability after intramuscular injection was high and similar in both drugs (72."( Pharmacokinetics of an ampicillin-sulbactam combination after intravenous and intramuscular administration to sheep.
Cárceles, CM; Escudero, E; Espuny, A; Vicente, S, 1999)		0.3
" The bioavailability after intramuscular injection was high and similar in both drugs (73."( Pharmacokinetics of an ampicillin/sulbactam (2:1) combination in rabbits.
Cárceles, CM; Escudero, E; Serrano, JM; Vicente, MS, 2002)		0.31
" The aim of the present studies, performed in two different groups of volunteers, was to compare the bioavailability of 750 mg sultamicillin tablets (Duobaktam 750 mg tablets, study 1) and sultamicillin 250 mg/5mL suspensions (Duobaktam 250 mg/5mL, study 2)."( Effect of the formulation on the bioequivalence of sultamicillin: tablets and suspension.
Alpan, RS; Erenmemisoglu, A; Koytchev, R; Kunter, U; Ozalp, Y, 2004)		0.78
" The present study was performed to investigate the relative bioavailability and to assess the bioequivalence of two different sultamicillin suspensions (Devasid 250 mg/5 ml as test preparation and 375 mg/7."( Bioequivalence study of sultamicillin suspensions.
Arnold, P; Erenmemişoğlu, A; Hincal, AA; Kanzik, I; Martin, W; Sailer, R; Tamur, U, 2007)		0.85

Dosage Studied

Further studies in larger groups of patients are needed to clarify the therapeutic efficacy and safety of sultamicillin. Two dosage schedules were investigated, both resulting in the same to gonorrhoea.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The daily dosage of Unasyn was 3-12 g/die administered in three to four divided doses, and was determined by the severity of infection, the antibiotic susceptibility of the causative organism(s) and the condition of the patient."( [Sulbactam-ampicillin in surgery. Our experience].
Casiraghi, S; Caspani, P; Germiniani, R; Pace, M; Trabucchi, E, 1992)		0.28
" All antibiotics were given by intravenous bolus injection in a number of dosing regimens."( Use of ampicillin-sulbactam for treatment of experimental meningitis caused by a beta-lactamase-producing strain of Escherichia coli K-1.
Fournier, MA; Guerra-Romero, L; Kennedy, SL; Täuber, MG; Tureen, JH, 1991)		0.28
"A total of 124 patients with lower respiratory tract (44) or urinary tract infections (80) were enrolled in an open, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of sulbactam/ampicillin, administered at the dosage of 3 g/die by intramuscular route."( Clinical results of a multicenter study with sulbactam/ampicillin for the treatment of patients with lower respiratory and urinary tract infections.
Chiodo, F; De Simone, C; Delia, S; Gargiulo, M; Paoloni, M; Pastore, G; Scalise, G; Sorice, F; Tonietti, G; Zanussi, C, 1991)		0.28
" The dosage was considered appropriate in 88% of the patients."( Use of ampicillin-sulbactam before and after formulary inclusion.
Koch, KE; Taylor, MR, 1991)		0.28
" The treatment was continued for at least 7 days for 24 patients at the dosage of 3 g sulbactam/ampicillin twice daily, for a further 24 patients at the dosage of 6 g piperacillin twice daily and for two patients at the dosage of 8 g piperacillin twice daily."( Sulbactam/ampicillin combination in the treatment of acute and chronic lower respiratory infections.
Bisetti, A; Grassi, L; Putti, P; Scacciacillani, E, 1991)		0.28
" No adverse side-effects were reported and dosage adjustment was not required in the elderly."( Clinical efficacy of sulbactam/ampicillin in the treatment of moderately severe bacterial infections.
Boey, ML; Feng, PH; Fong, KY; Howe, HS, 1989)		0.28
" Several factors support such usage: 1) the superiority of sultamicillin compared with the ampicillin commercial dosage form as a delivery system for ampicillin; 2) the possible occurrence at the infection site of beta-lactamase-producing organisms, not themselves pathogens, which nevertheless impair the activity of the beta-lactam antibiotic against sensitive pathogens; 3) the complementary binding of penicillin-binding proteins by ampicillin and sulbactam in ampicillin-sensitive organisms; 4) the lack of resistance development following repeated exposure of strains sensitive to sulbactam/ampicillin suggested by in vitro studies; and 5) the inability of sulbactam to induce beta-lactamase production."( Worldwide clinical experience with sultamicillin.
Gilbert, GS; Knirsch, AK; Noguchi, Y; Pitts, NE, 1989)		0.8
" The most common dosage regimen was 375 mg three times daily."( Sultamicillin in the treatment of urinary tract infections.
Kawada, Y, 1989)		1.72
" Further studies in larger groups of patients are needed to clarify the therapeutic efficacy and safety of sultamicillin in comparison with other antibacterial regimens, and to determine the optimum single dosage for the treatment of gonorrhoea."( Sultamicillin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use.
Campoli-Richards, DM; Friedel, HA; Goa, KL, 1989)		1.93
" Sulbactam/ampicillin was given by intravenous bolus in a dosage range of 75-450 mg/kg/day in four divided doses for variable periods of time depending on the type and severity of the infection."( Intravenous sulbactam/ampicillin in the treatment of pediatric infections.
Chen, CM; Chu, ML; Hsu, CY; Huang, LM; Lee, CY; Lee, MJ; Lin, TY, )		0.13
" The aims were to determine an appropriate dosage regimen and to study the pharmacokinetics."( Pharmacokinetic study of sulbactam and ampicillin administered concomitantly by intraarterial or intravenous infusion in the newborn.
Cockburn, F; McAllister, TA; Sutton, AM; Turner, TL, )		0.13
" Sulbactam/ampicillin was administered im or iv at a dosage of 3-9 g/day depending on the site and severity of the infection."( Clinical efficacy and safety of sulbactam/ampicillin in patients suffering from chronic liver disease.
Barba, D; Esposito, S; Galante, D; Ruffilli, MP, 1987)		0.27
" SBTPC fine granules were administered orally to 1 patient with bronchitis, 9 patients with bronchopneumonia, 7 patients with tonsillitis, 4 patients with scarlet fever, 1 patient each with pharyngitis, otitis media, purulent parotitis, and urinary tract infection and 6 patients with skin and soft tissue infections at daily dosage levels of 26."( [Clinical evaluation of sultamicillin fine granules in pediatric patients].
Ito, S; Mayumi, M; Mikawa, H, 1988)		0.58
" The patients included 9 boys and 10 girls from 11 months to 13 years old and they were given orally a dosage of 15."( [Clinical study of sultamicillin fine granules].
Kawakami, K; Okada, K; Takeda, E, 1988)		0.6
" The dosage was 10-30 mg/kg daily."( [Efficacy of sultamicillin fine granules in pyoderma, particularly in impetigo contagiosa].
Inoue, Y; Kawashima, T; Tokuda, Y, 1988)		0.64
" Two dosage schedules were investigated, both resulting in the same total daily dosage (1500 mg sultamicillin)."( Sultamicillin (CP-49, 952): evaluation of two dosage schedules in urinary infection.
Ball, AP; Fox, C; Ghosh, D, 1984)		1.93
" One patient in each dosage group discontinued the medication because of severe diarrhoea."( Clinical, bacteriological and pharmacokinetic results from an open trial of sultamicillin in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
Davies, BI; Maesen, FP; van Noord, JA, 1984)		0.5
"Increasing the dosing interval for T-C in patients with end-stage renal disease may lead to periods of insufficient clavulanic acid to protect ticarcillin from beta-lactamase degradation."( Comparison of ampicillin-sulbactam and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid in patients with chronic renal failure: effects of differential pharmacokinetics on serum bactericidal activity.
Butler, SC; Hardin, TC; Jorgensen, JH; Ross, S; Wakeford, JH, )		0.13
"An in vitro pharmacokinetic model (IVPM) and a mouse model of lethal bacteremia were used to compare the pharmacodynamics of ampicillin-sulbactam when the two components were dosed simultaneously and in sequence against TEM-1-producing Escherichia coli."( Efficacy of ampicillin-sulbactam is not dependent upon maintenance of a critical ratio between components: sulbactam pharmacokinetics in pharmacodynamic interactions.
Alexov, M; Lister, PD; Sanders, CC, 1996)		0.29
" Serum bactericidal titers were determined and used to calculate the duration of measurable bactericidal activity over the dosing interval of each of the regimens against two clinical isolates of Bacillus fragilis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa."( Comparison of the bactericidal activities of piperacillin-tazobactam, ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin-sulbactam against clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Klepser, ME; Marangos, MN; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R; Zhu, Z, 1997)		0.3
" The data on the PAE of Unasyn may be of clinical relevance in determining dosage regimens of the drug."( Postantibiotic effect of ampicillin/sulbactam against mycobacteria.
Harris, EB; Prabhakaran, K; Randhawa, B, 1999)		0.3
" Ampicillin 2 g-sulbactam 1 g every 3 hours was administered based on history of therapeutic failure of traditional dosing in our thermal injury population."( Nontraditional dosing of ampicillin-sulbactam for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis.
Ackerman, BH; Cawley, MJ; Lee, S; Suh, C, 2002)		0.31
"The pharmacokinetics of a 2:1 ampicillin-sulbactam combination in six rabbits, after intravenous and intramuscular injection at a single dosage of 20 mg/kg bodyweight (13."( Pharmacokinetics of an ampicillin/sulbactam (2:1) combination in rabbits.
Cárceles, CM; Escudero, E; Serrano, JM; Vicente, MS, 2002)		0.31
" Dosage was adjusted according to creatinine clearance."( Efficacy and safety of high-dose ampicillin/sulbactam vs. colistin as monotherapy for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Betrosian, AP; Douzinas, EE; Frantzeskaki, F; Xanthaki, A, 2008)		0.35
" Despite its frequent use in intensive care units, there are no available dosing recommendations for patients with AKI undergoing renal replacement therapy."( Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin/sulbactam in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury undergoing extended dialysis.
Broll, M; Burhenne, H; Burkhardt, O; Clajus, C; Hafer, C; Kaever, V; Kielstein, JT; Knitsch, W; Lorenzen, JM, 2012)		0.38
" There was no significant accumulation using a twice-daily dosage of 2 g/1 g ampicillin/sulbactam."( Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin/sulbactam in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury undergoing extended dialysis.
Broll, M; Burhenne, H; Burkhardt, O; Clajus, C; Hafer, C; Kaever, V; Kielstein, JT; Knitsch, W; Lorenzen, JM, 2012)		0.38
"3 m(2); blood and dialysate flow, 160 ml/min; treatment time, 480 minutes), a twice-daily dosing schedule of at least 2 g/1 g ampicillin/sulbactam, with one dose given after ED, should be used to avoid underdosing."( Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin/sulbactam in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury undergoing extended dialysis.
Broll, M; Burhenne, H; Burkhardt, O; Clajus, C; Hafer, C; Kaever, V; Kielstein, JT; Knitsch, W; Lorenzen, JM, 2012)		0.38
" This study aimed to use renal function to determine the most appropriate timing for intraoperative repeated dosing of ampicillin-sulbactam, a commonly used prophylactic antibiotic, to maintain adequate concentrations throughout the course of surgery."( Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin-sulbactam and the renal function-based optimization of dosing regimens for prophylaxis in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.
Iguro, Y; Ikawa, K; Imoto, Y; Ishida, S; Matsumoto, K; Morikawa, N; Okano, Y; Shimodozono, Y; Takeda, Y; Watanabe, E; Yamada, K; Yamamoto, H; Yokoyama, Y, 2012)		0.38
" In our patient, intraperitoneal dosing of polymyxin B was determined based on limited published pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data."( Successful treatment of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii peritoneal dialysis peritonitis with intraperitoneal polymyxin B and ampicillin-sulbactam.
Esterly, JS; Fitzpatrick, MA; Postelnick, MJ; Sutton, SH, )		0.13
" In elderly patients without renal impairment and/or in severe infection with less susceptible pathogens, more frequent dosing of ampicillin 2 g/sulbactam 1 g can be necessary to avoid the risk of underdosing in CAP."( Ampicillin/sulbactam in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
Drewelow, B; Frimmel, S; Klammt, S; Loebermann, M; Majcher-Peszynska, J; Mundkowski, RG; Reisinger, EC; Welte, T, 2014)		0.4
" The therapeutic challenges for ensuring achievement of optimal dosing of SAM result partly from bacterial susceptibility but also from the pharmacokinetic (PK) alterations common to β-lactam agents in critical illness."( Ampicillin/sulbactam: its potential use in treating infections in critically ill patients.
Adnan, S; Lipman, J; Paterson, DL; Roberts, JA, 2013)		0.39
" This study aimed to determine the most appropriate timing for intraoperative repeated dosing of ampicillin-sulbactam, a commonly used antibiotic prophylaxis regimen, to maintain adequate concentrations throughout the course of cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)."( Pharmacokinetics of Prophylactic Ampicillin-Sulbactam and Dosing Optimization in Patients Undergoing Cardiovascular Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
Ikawa, K; Imoto, Y; Matsumoto, K; Morikawa, N; Takeda, Y; Watanabe, E; Yamamoto, H; Yokoyama, Y, 2015)		0.42
"This study sought to investigate whether dosing frequency (the number of doses per day) affects the antimicrobial efficacy and safety of ampicillin/sulbactam (ABPC/SBT) in Japanese elderly pneumonia patients treated with ABPC/SBT at 6 g/day."( Effects of dosing frequency on the clinical efficacy of ampicillin/sulbactam in Japanese elderly patients with pneumonia: A single-center retrospective observational study.
Nozawa, K; Sato, H; Sato, VH; Sugiyama, E; Suzuki, H; Suzuki, T; Tajima, M; Takahashi, K; Yoshii, M, 2021)		0.62
" It is important to optimize the dose and dosing interval of ampicillin-sulbactam because in patients with decreased renal function and low skeletal muscle mass, such as the elderly, excess drug may burden renal function."( Dosing Optimization of Ampicillin-Sulbactam Based on Cystatin C in Elderly Patients with Pneumonia.
Enoki, Y; Ikawa, K; Matsubara, K; Matsumoto, K; Morikawa, N; Ohshige, T; Shigemi, A; Takeda, Y; Terazono, H; Watanabe, E; Yokoyama, Y, 2021)		0.62
"We aimed to develop population pharmacokinetic (PK) models of ampicillin and sulbactam using pooled data analysis and to optimize dosing regimens of ampicillin-sulbactam (combination ratio of 2:1) in pediatric patients."( Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ampicillin-sulbactam in Pediatric Patients Using Plasma and Urine Data.
Ikawa, K; Ishihara, N; Morikawa, N; Naora, K; Onita, T; Tamaki, H; Yano, T, 2022)		0.72
" (Food and Drug Administration-approved maximum dosage in United States) might be better than 45 mg/kg 3 times daily (within approved dosage in Japan) to cover many pathogens."( Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ampicillin-sulbactam in Pediatric Patients Using Plasma and Urine Data.
Ikawa, K; Ishihara, N; Morikawa, N; Naora, K; Onita, T; Tamaki, H; Yano, T, 2022)		0.72
" Adherence rate with first dosing recommendation was 100%, as compared with 41."( Prophylactic Intraoperative Antibiotic Dosing in Head and Neck Surgery: Opportunities for Improvement and Future Study.
Cohen, O; Cook, A; Dibble, J; Mehra, S; Panth, N; Paolillo, D; Shah, R, 2023)		0.91
"This study investigated the population pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam in patients with a wide range of renal functions and sought to define dosing approaches that have a high likelihood for optimising drug exposure."( Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Simulations of Ampicillin and Sulbactam in Hospitalised Adult Patients.
Abdul-Aziz, MH; Cotta, MO; Lukas, DL; Parker, S; Roberts, JA; Setiawan, E; Sosilya, H; Wallis, SC; Widjanarko, D, 2023)		0.91
" Approved dosing regimens of ampicillin-sulbactam were sufficient against MICs ≤ 8 and ≤ 4 mg/L, respectively."( Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Simulations of Ampicillin and Sulbactam in Hospitalised Adult Patients.
Abdul-Aziz, MH; Cotta, MO; Lukas, DL; Parker, S; Roberts, JA; Setiawan, E; Sosilya, H; Wallis, SC; Widjanarko, D, 2023)		0.91
"The described dosing regimen for ampicillin/sulbactam is safe with respect to the defined MIC breakpoints for ampicillin, and continuous subtherapeutic concentration is unlikely."( Evaluation of continuous ampicillin/sulbactam infusion in critically ill patients.
Baehner, T; Passon, SG; Schmidt, AR; Velten, M; Wittmann, M, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
penicillanic acid ester
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (30)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID352617Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates by tube dilution method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 44, Issue:3
Synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of some novel substituted benzimidazole derivatives having potent activity against MRSA.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID392753Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli 25922 after 18 to 24 hrs by tube dilution method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some new substituted purine derivatives.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID363845Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 after 18 hrs by macro broth dilution assay2008European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 43, Issue:7
Synthesis, potent anti-staphylococcal activity and QSARs of some novel 2-anilinobenzazoles.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID363844Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 after 18 hrs by macro broth dilution assay2008European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 43, Issue:7
Synthesis, potent anti-staphylococcal activity and QSARs of some novel 2-anilinobenzazoles.
AID392752Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate after 18 to 24 hrs by tube dilution method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some new substituted purine derivatives.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID352616Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 431300 by tube dilution method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 44, Issue:3
Synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of some novel substituted benzimidazole derivatives having potent activity against MRSA.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID352615Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 by tube dilution method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 44, Issue:3
Synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of some novel substituted benzimidazole derivatives having potent activity against MRSA.
AID352619Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 by tube dilution method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 44, Issue:3
Synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of some novel substituted benzimidazole derivatives having potent activity against MRSA.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID392751Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 431300 after 18 to 24 hrs by tube dilution method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some new substituted purine derivatives.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID392750Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 after 18 to 24 hrs by tube dilution method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some new substituted purine derivatives.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID392754Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis 6633 after 18 to 24 hrs by tube dilution method2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 17, Issue:4
Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some new substituted purine derivatives.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (500)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199059 (11.80)18.7374
1990's156 (31.20)18.2507
2000's112 (22.40)29.6817
2010's123 (24.60)24.3611
2020's50 (10.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 75.10

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index75.10 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.55 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.83 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index132.29 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (75.10)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials120 (20.76%)5.53%
Reviews43 (7.44%)6.00%
Case Studies111 (19.20%)4.05%
Observational6 (1.04%)0.25%
Other298 (51.56%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (17)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label Comparison of the Safety And Efficacy of Tigecycline With That of Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate to Treat Complicated Skin And Skin Structure Infections [NCT00368537]Phase 4550 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Early Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in Neurological Patients: A Randomized Trial [NCT01118403]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to He could not be started due to lack of funds)
Prospective Randomized Study to Compare Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Osteomyelitis Treated With Intravenous Antibiotics Versus Intravenous Antibiotics With an Early Switch to Oral Antibiotics [NCT02099240]Early Phase 111 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-06Terminated(stopped due to Not enough patient enrollment and lack of staffing)
A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Noninferiority of Three Antimicrobial Regimens for the Treatment of Grade III Open Fractures [NCT03560232]Phase 417 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-09Terminated(stopped due to Unable to recruit patients in a timely fashion and unable to recruit sufficient patients)
Ampicillin / Sulbactam Versus Cefuroxime as Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Cesarean Section: a Randomized Study [NCT01138852]Phase 4176 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
Is an Antibiotic Prescription Required After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Acute Calculous Cholecystitis? [NCT04290104]Phase 42 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-15Not yet recruiting
Comparing Oral Versus Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (COPAT) Trial [NCT05977868]Phase 4135 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-04Enrolling by invitation
Cefiderocol and Ampicillin-sulbactam vs. Colistin or Colistin-meropenem for Carbapenem Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Bacteremia or Hospital-acquired Pneumonia: Controlled Clinical Study With Historical Controls (CASCADE) [NCT05922124]Phase 4734 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-31Not yet recruiting
A Comparative Study of Ampicillin/Sulbactam Versus Moxifloxacin in the Treatment of Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections [NCT00952796]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
A Prospective, Double-blind, Multi Center, Randomized Clinical Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Ertapenem 3 Days Versus Ampicillin-Sulbactam 3 Days in the Treatment of Localized Community Acquired Intra-abdominal Infection (IAI). (T.E.A. Study [NCT00630513]Phase 4142 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin-sulbactam and Placebo Prophylaxis in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. A Randomized Controlled Study [NCT01888822]Phase 4138 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Terminated
Multiple-dose Pharmacokinetics of Ampicillin / Sulbactam and Amoxicillin / Clavulanic Acid During Haemodialysis in Longterm Haemodialysis Patients [NCT02007603]Phase 316 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Phase IV Study of Determining the Efficacy of Ampicillin/Sulbactam Combination as Antibiotic Prophylaxis During Breast Cancer Surgery in Patients With a Body Mass Index (BMI) Over 25. [NCT00356148]Phase 4372 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-10-31Completed
The Impact of Cefepime and Unictam on Preventing Post-Cesarean Surgical Site Infections [NCT06048692]Phase 3213 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-01-01Active, not recruiting
A Multicenter, Open Label Trial Evaluating Intravenous Azithromycin Plus Intravenous Ampicillin/Sulbactam Followed by Oral Azithromycin Plus Intravenous Ampicillin/Sulbactam for the Treatment of Hospitalized Subjects With Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP [NCT00137007]Phase 4151 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-11-30Completed
Randomized Double Blind Placebo-controlled Study to Demonstrate That Antibiotics Are Not Needed in Moderate Acute Exacerbations of COPD - The ABACOPD Study [NCT01892488]Phase 4295 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-07Completed
The Evaluation of Postoperative Antibiotics in Non-Infected Mandible Fractures [NCT04198129]Phase 1174 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-01Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00356148 (2) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Body Mass Index (BMI) Over 25 Who Developed Surgical Site Infection (SSI) in Groups Who Received Antibiotic Prophylaxis (Prophylaxis Group) and no Prophylaxis (No Prophylaxis Group).
NCT00356148 (2) [back to overview]Overall SSI-related Prophylaxis and Treatment Cost in Patients With BMI Over 25 Who Received Prophylaxis (Prophylaxis Group) and Not (No Prophylaxis Group).
NCT00368537 (5) [back to overview]Number of Clinically Evaluable (CE) Patients With Clinical Response of Cure at the Test-of-cure (TOC) Visit
NCT00368537 (5) [back to overview]Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients With Clinical Response of Cure at the Test-of-cure (TOC) Visit
NCT00368537 (5) [back to overview]Inpatient Healthcare Resource Utilization on or Before Test-of-Cure - Number of Patients
NCT00368537 (5) [back to overview]Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate
NCT00368537 (5) [back to overview]Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients by Microbiologic Response at Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit

Number of Patients With Body Mass Index (BMI) Over 25 Who Developed Surgical Site Infection (SSI) in Groups Who Received Antibiotic Prophylaxis (Prophylaxis Group) and no Prophylaxis (No Prophylaxis Group).

(NCT00356148)
Timeframe: 1 month

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Prophylaxis Group9
No Prophylaxis Group25

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Number of Clinically Evaluable (CE) Patients With Clinical Response of Cure at the Test-of-cure (TOC) Visit

Investigator assigned clinical response of cure of the cSSSI defined as: resolution of all clinical signs and symptoms of infection (healing of chronic underlying skin ulcer not required) or improvement of signs or symptoms of the infection to such an extent that no further antibacterial therapy was necessary. CE population were those who completed TOC assessment of cure or failure (but not indeterminate) or, in case of premature discontinuation due to lack of efficacy, had completed end of treatment assessment such that assessment of clinical response could be made. (NCT00368537)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Tigecycline162
Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate152

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Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients With Clinical Response of Cure at the Test-of-cure (TOC) Visit

Investigator assigned clinical response of cure of the cSSSI defined as: resolution of all clinical signs and symptoms of infection (healing of chronic underlying skin ulcer not required) or improvement of signs or symptoms of the infection to such an extent that no further antibacterial therapy was necessary. ME population were subjects who were CE and had baseline culture with at least 1 identified isolate that was susceptible to study drug and comparator. TOC performed 8-50 days after last dose of study drug. (NCT00368537)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Tigecycline96
Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate77

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Inpatient Healthcare Resource Utilization on or Before Test-of-Cure - Number of Patients

Healthcare resource utilization assessment included intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU inpatient hospitalization. TOC performed 8-50 days after last dose of study drug. (NCT00368537)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Intensive care unitNon-ICU inpatient hospitalization
Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate9263
Tigecycline6268

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Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 50 and 90 by Baseline Isolate

In vitro activity of the study drugs against a range of pathogenic bacteria that cause complicated skin and skin structure infection (cSSSI) were analyzed using MIC. MIC 50 and MIC 90 are the lowest concentrations of a drug that inhibit the growth of 50% and 90% of a microorganism, respectively. TOC performed 8-50 days after last dose of study drug. (NCT00368537)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

,
Interventionmcg/mL (Number)
Enterococcus Faecalis MIC50 (n=20,20)Enterococcus Faecalis MIC90 (n=20,20)Escherichia Coli MIC50 (n=29,29)Escherichia Coli MIC90 (n=29,29)Klebsiella Pneumoniae MIC50 (n=13,13)Klebsiella Pneumoniae MIC90 (n=13,13)Staphylococcus Aureus MIC50 (n=176,176)Staphylococcus Aureus MIC90 (n=176,176)Streptococcus Agalactiae MIC50 (n=18,18)Streptococcus Agalactiae MIC90 (n=18,18)Streptococcus Pyogenes MIC50 (n=18,18)Streptococcus Pyogenes MIC90 (n=18,18)
Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate1.001.008.0032.002.008.002.008.000.120.120.060.06
Tigecycline0.120.250.250.500.502.000.120.250.030.060.030.06

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Number of Microbiologically Evaluable Patients by Microbiologic Response at Test-of-Cure (TOC) Visit

Microbiological response assessed at patient level. Eradication=baseline isolate not present in repeat culture from the original infection site; Presumed Eradication=clinical response of cure precluded the availability of a specimen for culture; Persistence=baseline isolate present in repeat culture from the original infection site; Presumed Persistence=culture data not available for patients with a clinical response of failure; Superinfection=culture from the primary infection site had new pathogen not identified as a baseline isolate and clinical response was failure. (NCT00368537)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Eradication + presumed eradicationPersistence + Presumed persistenceSuperinfection
Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate76231
Tigecycline95252

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		4.911O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		4.911azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
beta-alanine
[no description available]		3.4111amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
carnitine
[no description available]		4.911amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		4.911alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.3110
histamine
[no description available]		2.0310aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.0310alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		4.911monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
phosphorylethanolamine
phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.		2.1110phosphoethanolamine;
primary amino compound		algal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		210aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		4.911acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
aztreonam
Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.		1.9810
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		4.911hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		7.57125carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
cefixime
Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.		3.3811
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		5.68181aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		4.911ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		2.1310ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		3.8121conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		8.42245
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		2.3110aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		3.7721aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		2.0210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		8.2131C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		3.821fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		7.92403-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		2.0210carbazoles
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		9.2741benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		2.1710phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		8.8221isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		210N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		8.8221aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		5.455111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.0610penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		210alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0110azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.610monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.6830penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.3511penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		2.940penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		20.4349489beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		7.4110arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		8.3511penicillin allergen;
penicillin
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		9.32408penicillanic acids
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.0210isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.13101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		3.371111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.730cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		3.5110pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		6.87201glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		210cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.2110penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.3110manganese group element atom
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		3.3611magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		4.911inorganic sodium salt
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.0210elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		4.911titanium oxidesfood colouring
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0310C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		210benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		6.17111beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		8.77215penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		2.02102-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		5.1931amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		6.5991penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		6.291alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.2110cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		7.56232penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cefotiam
Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotiam : A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.		4.3522beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		4.9991cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		5.9642cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		6.0951
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		210quinolines
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		210fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		3.0950
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		2.3110acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		9.05236cephalosporinfungal metabolite
lenampicillin
lenampicillin: structure given in first source. lenampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.		1.9810ketene acetal;
penicillanic acid ester		prodrug
edoxudin
[no description available]		3.5110pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
arbekacin
arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.		3.830aminoglycoside;
kanamycins		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		210organic molecular entity
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		2.8330carbapenems
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		4.1131carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.911macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.3110amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		5.48200beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
panipenem-betamipron
panipenem-betamipron: useful perenteral antibiotic against respiratory tract infections; structure given in first source		3.4111
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		4.2841penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
garenoxacin
garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.		3.4711aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
isoindoles;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sulperazone
sulperazone: combination of above two cpds		2.7130
sulbactam
[no description available]		20.4249089penicillanic acids
carbapenems
[no description available]		7.73152
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		6.08101beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		2.52209-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		5.6561carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		5.2762aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		4.911methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
pirlimycin
pirlimycin: RN given refers to (mono-HCl(2S-cis)-isomer)		2.0110
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.110amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		4.911
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		3.5470
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.31101,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		2.5120
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		7.22152alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		7.42134beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		9.3222penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		5.751acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.0310cyclodextrin
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		4.911resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		2.0110retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		15.22257
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		2.0710epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		5.191macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		4.6232cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		4.911L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		3.830kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		1.9710penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
n-benzoylalanine
N-benzoylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd (L-Ala)-isomer. N-benzoylalanine : An N-acylamino acid that is the N-benzoyl derivative of alanine.. N-benzoyl-L-alanine : An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of L-alanine with the carboxy group of benzoic acid.		210N-acyl-L-alanine;
N-benzoylalanine		metabolite
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.011011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		2.4620C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.610biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		7.0193oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		2.0310cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0510conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		4.911metal atom;
pnictogen
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		4.911alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.3260cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		5.24621,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		210ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		4.911chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
cefuzonam
cefuzonam: article gives L-105 as synonym, however L 105 is a rifamycin derivative according to Chemline. cefuzonam : A second generation cephalosporin antibiotic.		1.9910cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cilastatin
[no description available]		4.0140carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
brl 28500
ticarcillin-clavulanic acid: combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid; used against gram-negative rods		5.180
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		2.1310imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.4920biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
cefmenoxime
Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmenoxime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.		1.9710cephalosporinantibacterial drug
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		10.1244
lenvatinib
lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.		4.911aromatic amide;
aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist;
orphan drug;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
avibactam
avibactam : A member of the class of azabicycloalkanes that is (2S,5R)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxamide in which the amino hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a sulfooxy group. Used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftazidime pentahydrate for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis.		2.610azabicycloalkane;
hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
ureas		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.3110aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		2.1110dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
cp 70429
sulopenem: a penem antibiotic		1.9910
edoxaban
edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.		2.1310chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound;
thiazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cefdinir
Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.		1.9810
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.1710
virginiamycin
Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.		2.4220
rifamycins
[no description available]		1.9710
curcumol
[no description available]		4.911sesquiterpenoid
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		4.911organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		4.911tannin
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		4.911
oritavancin
oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.		210disaccharide derivative;
glycopeptide;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination
Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.		4.0140
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		9.53134
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination
Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.		6.9201
quinupristin-dalfopristin
quinupristin-dalfopristin: RP 59500 is a combination of RP 57669 & RP 54476, which are water soluble derivatives of pristinamycin IA & pristinamycin IIB, respectively		2.4220organic molecular entity
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		7.39123
cefteram
cefteram: structure given in first source. cefteram : A cephalosporin compound having (5-methyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.		1.9710
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		1.9910carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		5.2941
tigecycline
[no description available]		5.3241
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.0610
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		4.911
cefuroxime axetil
[no description available]		3.7721
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.610
daptomycin
[no description available]		2.1710
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		4.9821
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.02102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		6.31111cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Pus
[description not available]		03.3620
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		03.3310
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		08.43185
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		08.43185
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		03.3310
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		07.71135
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		012.573410
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		06.7791
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		04.7261
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		06.9952
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		04.7261
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		06.7791
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		04.09100
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		04.09100
Acinetobacter Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.		09.75495
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		08.4186
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		08.4186
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		06.3722
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		04.7211
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		04.7211
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		04.7211
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		04.7211
ADDH
[description not available]		04.7211
Bleb
[description not available]		04.7211
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		06.3422
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		04.9421
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		04.8421
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		06.11111
Lassitude
[description not available]		04.9421
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		04.7211
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		08.2363
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.7211
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		04.7211
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		05.9591
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		04.7211
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		04.7211
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		04.7211
Paratyphoid Fever
A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.		04.7211
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		04.9421
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		04.7211
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		04.7211
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		05.0221
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		04.7211
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		04.7211
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		04.7211
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		04.7211
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		04.7211
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		06.3422
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		04.7211
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		04.9421
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		0531
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		04.7211
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		04.8421
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		04.7211
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		06.8674
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		04.9421
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		04.7211
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		08.2363
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		04.7211
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		04.7211
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		05.9591
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		04.7211
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		09.66238
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		04.9421
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		09.01247
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		04.7211
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		06.3722
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		04.7211
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		04.7211
Adenitis
[description not available]		02.9640
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis
[description not available]		02.610
Neonatal Sepsis
Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.		02.610
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		013.567920
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.610
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		115.567920
E coli Infections
[description not available]		05.65181
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		05.65181
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		06250
Intra-Abdominal Infections
[description not available]		04.2431
Intraabdominal Infections
Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.		04.2431
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
[description not available]		06.773
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.		06.773
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		010.73228
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		011.9765
Bites
[description not available]		02.2110
Asystole
[description not available]		02.5320
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.2110
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.5320
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.2110
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		02.2510
Abscess, Pulmonary
[description not available]		04.5551
Empyema, Thoracic
[description not available]		02.4820
Pleural Diseases
Diseases involving the PLEURA.		02.2510
Fusobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.		04.5850
Bronchial Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.		02.2510
Lung Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		04.5551
Empyema, Pleural
Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.		02.4820
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		03.1450
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		03.1450
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		07.45252
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		07.45252
Bacillus anthracis Infection
[description not available]		02.5420
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.		02.5420
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.8650
Infections, Pasteurella
[description not available]		04.3440
Bacterial Zoonoses
Bacterial infections that may be transmitted between non-human animals and HUMANS.		03.1710
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.8650
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.6620
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.6620
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		06.7183
Cellulitis, Orbital
[description not available]		02.2510
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		06.7183
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		07.57125
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		07.57125
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.2510
Pancreatic Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.		02.2510
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.2510
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.2510
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.2510
Bacteroides Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.		04.3141
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.2510
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.2510
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		04.7871
Bronchiolitis, Viral
An acute inflammatory disease of the lower RESPIRATORY TRACT, caused by paramyxoviruses, occurring primarily in infants and young children; the viruses most commonly implicated are PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE 3; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN; and METAPNEUMOVIRUS.		02.2510
Actinomyces Infections
[description not available]		02.9740
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.2510
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.2510
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.2510
Co-infection
[description not available]		03.0540
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.7220
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		02.3110
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		08.78265
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		03.3360
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		02.3110
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		03.3360
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		08.78265
Anoxemia
[description not available]		04.8821
Kawasaki Disease
[description not available]		02.6320
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		04.8821
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.		02.6320
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		02.3110
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		02.3110
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		02.3110
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		07.92146
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.3110
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		07.92146
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.3110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.3110
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Acute Cholecystitis
[description not available]		02.5820
Amentia
[description not available]		02.3110
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		02.3110
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		02.3110
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.3110
Cholecystitis, Acute
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.		02.5820
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		04.3441
Cerebral Nocardiosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Dental Focal Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Abscess, Periodontal
[description not available]		02.1510
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.1510
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		02.5720
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.1510
Cyst, Lymphatic
[description not available]		02.1510
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.1510
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		07.3212
Infections, Prosthesis-Related
[description not available]		03.0140
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		07.3212
Recrudescence
[description not available]		06.9381
6th Nerve Palsy
[description not available]		02.1510
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		07.73114
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.1510
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.1510
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.		03.3920
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		07.73114
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		02.1510
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.1510
Mouth Ulcer
[description not available]		02.1510
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.4920
Pyrexia
[description not available]		05.4651
Mycoplasma dispar Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.4920
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		05.4651
Oral Ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)		02.1510
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		02.1510
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1710
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.1710
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.7130
Ecthyma
An ulcerative pyoderma usually caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection at the site of minor trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1710
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		07.1710
Cancer of Maxillary Sinus
[description not available]		02.1710
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		02.1710
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.1710
Compartment Syndromes
Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.		02.1710
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		05.4270
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		05.4270
Infections, Yersinia
[description not available]		02.1710
Pyuria
The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.		02.1710
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1710
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.1710
Cerebral Ventriculitis
Inflammation of CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.		02.1710
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		02.1710
Bacteroidaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.		02.1710
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented
[description not available]		02.1710
Maggot Infestations
[description not available]		02.1710
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.1710
Eyelid Neoplasms
Tumors of cancer of the EYELIDS.		02.1710
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)		02.1710
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.1710
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		07.05111
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		07.05111
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		05.5792
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
[description not available]		05.5763
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		02.2110
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.		05.5763
Dermoid
[description not available]		02.2110
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		02.4720
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		02.2110
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.7930
Fallopian Tube Diseases
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.		02.4720
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.2110
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.7930
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		02.0810
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		06.7483
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		06.7483
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		05.7842
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		05.7842
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		03.8221
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		03.8221
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.110
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		02.0810
Phlegmon
[description not available]		06.1562
Sore Throat
[description not available]		05.243
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		02.0810
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		06.1562
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		05.8281
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		05.243
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		02.0810
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		02.520
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		02.520
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		05.3672
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		05.3672
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		05.0631
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		02.110
Abscess, Periapical
[description not available]		02.110
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative
[description not available]		02.110
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		02.110
Periapical Periodontitis
Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.		02.110
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		03.8221
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.110
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		02.7130
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.4620
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head
[description not available]		02.1110
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.4620
Calculosis
[description not available]		05.1350
Amnionitis
[description not available]		04.8450
Endomyometritis
Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.		07.0572
Chorioamnionitis
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.		04.8450
Endometritis
Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.		07.0572
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		04.9142
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		04.9142
Embryopathies
[description not available]		03.3620
Lemierre Disease
[description not available]		03.7330
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.7230
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.7230
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.1110
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.1110
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.1110
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.1110
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.1110
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		04.4111
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		04.4111
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.1110
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		02.1110
Breathlessness
[description not available]		03.0310
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		03.0310
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		03.0310
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		09.39238
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		09.39238
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.4820
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.4820
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.		02.1110
Late Onset Diseases
[description not available]		02.1310
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		05.8851
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		03.8921
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		02.7330
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		05.0531
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		02.1510
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.1510
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.1510
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1510
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		04.7721
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.1510
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.1510
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		05.341
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		05.341
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		02.4320
Allergic Acute Coronary Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		03.470
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		03.470
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		04.7421
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		04.7421
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.9740
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.9740
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.730
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		02.730
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		03.6190
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		03.6190
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.4620
Epiglottitis
Inflammation of the EPIGLOTTIS.		03.3220
Frontal Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the FRONTAL SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE or HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE.		02.0510
Endothelioma, Lymphatic
[description not available]		02.0510
Lymphangioma
A benign tumor resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component.		02.0510
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		02.0510
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0510
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.0510
Abscess, Psoas
[description not available]		02.0510
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.0510
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.0510
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.		02.0510
Staphylococcal Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.4420
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal
Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.4420
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.0610
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		02.0610
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		02.0610
Jaw Diseases
Diseases involving the JAW.		02.4120
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		02.0510
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.0510
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.0610
Cancrum Oris
[description not available]		02.0610
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		02.0610
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.0610
Periimplantitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Actinobacillus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.		02.0610
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.0610
Peri-Implantitis
An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.		02.0610
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		02.4420
Middle Ear Effusion
[description not available]		02.0610
Acquired Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.0610
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.		02.0610
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		02.0710
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		02.0710
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		02.9240
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		02.9240
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		04.3711
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		04.3711
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		04.3711
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		04.3711
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		02.9910
Ejection Murmurs
[description not available]		02.0710
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		02.0710
Carditis
[description not available]		02.0710
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		02.0710
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.0710
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		02.0710
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.0710
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.0710
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		04.3911
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		04.3911
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		02.0810
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		02.0810
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.7230
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		02.0810
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		02.0810
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.7230
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.0810
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		02.0110
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		02.0110
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.0110
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.0110
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0110
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.0110
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		02.0110
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		02.0110
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.0110
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		02.0110
Rachitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.9240
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		02.0110
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.0110
Abscess, Abdominal
[description not available]		05.2241
Abdominal Abscess
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		05.2241
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.150
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		03.411
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		02.0110
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.4120
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		02.0110
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.4120
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0210
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.0210
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		02.0210
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.4220
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.0210
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		02.0210
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Itching
[description not available]		02.0210
Sickle Cell Trait
The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.		02.0210
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.0210
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		02.0210
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.0210
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.0210
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.0210
Zoonoses
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.		02.0210
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		03.411
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		03.7921
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		03.411
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		03.411
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		03.411
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		03.7921
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		03.411
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		03.411
Sigmoid Colon Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		04.3211
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		04.3211
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		03.4111
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		02.0210
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		02.0210
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		03.3520
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.0210
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.0210
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		02.0210
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0210
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.0210
Osteoradionecrosis
Necrosis of bone following radiation injury.		02.0210
Cane-Cutter Fever
[description not available]		02.9410
Leptospirosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.		02.9410
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.730
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.0310
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.730
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.0310
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.9410
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.9410
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.0310
B cepacia Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		02.0310
Tooth Diseases
Diseases involving the TEETH.		04.3411
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		02.0310
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		02.0310
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.0310
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		02.0310
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		02.0310
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.0410
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.0410
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		02.0410
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		05.6673
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		010.6673
Urethritis
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.		03.7621
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		04.8342
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		03.3711
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		03.3711
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		04.2841
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.3711
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.2841
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.940
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.940
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9810
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Male Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Female Genitourinary Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		01.9810
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		01.9810
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		01.9810
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		05.9452
Infection, Puerperal
[description not available]		04.6232
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		05.9452
Cervix Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		03.3711
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		01.9910
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		01.9910
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		01.9910
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3711
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		03.3711
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.9110
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		02.9110
Deficiency, Vitamin K
[description not available]		02.9110
Biliary Tract Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.9110
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		02.9110
Vitamin K Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)		02.9110
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		01.9910
Bites, Human
Bites inflicted by humans.		01.9910
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		01.9910
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		01.9910
Abscess, Peritonsillar
[description not available]		03.3811
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		03.3811
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		03.3811
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		03.3811
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		03.3811
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		01.9910
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Grippe
[description not available]		03.3811
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		03.3811
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		03.7721
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		03.7721
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		0210
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		0210
Ludwig's Angina
Severe cellulitis of the submaxillary space with secondary involvement of the perimandibular spaces. It usually results from infection in the lower molar area or from an infection following a penetrating injury to the MOUTH FLOOR.		0210
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		03.3811
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		0210
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		0210
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		0210
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		0210
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.6930
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		03.7821
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		0210
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		03.3911
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		02.3920
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		0210
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.3920
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		02.0110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.3920
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		02.0110
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		0210
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		0210
Teeth, Impacted
[description not available]		01.9810
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic
[description not available]		01.9810
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		01.9810
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.		01.9810
Infections, Neisseriaceae
[description not available]		03.3611
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		01.9810
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		03.3611
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		03.3611
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		03.3611
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		01.9810
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		01.9810
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.8910
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		03.7621
Dermatoses
[description not available]		01.9710
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		01.9710
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		01.9610
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		01.9610
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		01.9710
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		01.9710
Sycosis
[description not available]		03.3511
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		03.7621
Folliculitis
Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.		03.3511
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		03.7621
Erysipelas
An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.		01.9710
Impetigo Contagiosa
[description not available]		06.9710
Impetigo
A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.		06.9710
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		01.9710