Compounds > bismuth subsalicylate
Page last updated: 2024-11-12

bismuth subsalicylate

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Description

bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID16682734
CHEBI ID261649
MeSH IDM0065203

Synonyms (73)

Synonym
MLS000069654
smr000059234
ccris 4751
vismut
spiromak forte
stabisol
bismutum subsalicylicum
salicylic acid, bismuth basic salt
wismutsalicylat, basisches
hsdb 332
bismuthi subsalicylas
bismuth salicylate, basic
salicylic acid basic bismuth salt
2-hydroxybenzoic acid bismuth (3+) salt, basic
bismuth, (2-hydroxybenzoato-o(1),o(2))oxo-
bismuth, oxo(salicylato)-
einecs 238-953-1
14882-18-9
bismuth subsalicylate
C07870
87-27-4
4h-1,3,2-benzodioxabismin-4-one, 2-hydroxy-
2-hydroxy-1,3,2-benzodioxabismin-4-one
bismuth(iii) subsalicylate, 99.9% trace metals basis
DB01294
NCGC00166299-01
basic bismuth salicylate
bismuth oxide salicylate
2-hydroxy-benzo[1,3,2]dioxabismin-4-one
bismuth oxysalicylate
pink bismuth
wismutsubsalicylat
D00728
pepto-bismol (tn)
bismuth subsalicylate (jan/usp)
bismuth, (2-hydroxybenzoato-o1,o2)oxo-
HMS2093H13
CHEBI:261649 ,
2-hydroxy-4h-1,3,2-benzodioxabismin-4-one
trigastronol
bismogenol tosse inj
unii-62tey51rr1
bismuth subsalicylate [usan:usp:jan]
nsc 759117
ec 238-953-1
tox21_112398
dtxcid004622
dtxsid6024622 ,
cas-14882-18-9
nsc759117
pharmakon1600-01505412
bismuth(iii) subsalicylate
AKOS015888405
CCG-213424
HY-B0550
NCGC00166299-03
AB00489978_02
mfcd00085368
2-hydroxy-2h,4h-benzo[d]1,3-dioxa-2-bismacyclohexan-4-one
bismuth(iii) salicylate basic, purum, >=97.0% (kt)
bismuth subsalicylate, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
SR-05000001933-1
sr-05000001933
AS-65783
wismutoxidsalicylat
J-008518
SBI-0206855.P001
2-hydroxy-4h-benzo[d][1,3,2]dioxabismin-4-one
bismuth oxysalicylate;bismuth(iii) salicylate basic
bismuth-subsalicylate
bismuth oxysalicylate, bismuth subsalicylate, bismuth(iii) salicylate basic
?bismuth subsalicylate
EN300-7869807

Research Excerpts

Overview

Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) is a compound without significant aqueous solubility. It is widely used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Bismuth subsalicylate is a common constituent of over-the-counter medications for diarrhea. "( A controlled trial of bismuth subsalicylate in infants with acute watery diarrheal disease.
Campos-Sánchez, M; Eyzaguirre-Maccan, E; Figueroa-Quintanilla, D; León-Barúa, R; Sack, RB; Salazar-Lindo, E; Sarabia-Arce, S, 1993)		2.04
"Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) is a compound without significant aqueous solubility that is widely used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. "( Binding and killing of bacteria by bismuth subsalicylate.
Olson, CA; Sox, TE, 1989)		2

Effects

Bismuth subsalicylate has been used for more than 80 years to treat gastrointestinal symptoms. The effect of BSS in the form of nanoparticles (BSS-nano) as a potential antimicrobial agent has not been tested.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Bismuth subsalicylate has an aspirin equivalency conversion factor of 0.479 (approximately half the strength of aspirin)."( Salicylate toxicity associated with administration of Percy medicine in an infant.
Badillo, R; Hagemann, TM; Lewis, TV; McGoodwin, L; Schaeffer, S, 2006)		1.06
"Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) has been used as an antimicrobial agent, but the effect of BSS in the form of nanoparticles (BSS-nano) as a potential antimicrobial agent has not been tested, in specific against bacteria responsible for periodontal disease."( Bismuth subsalicylate nanoparticles with anaerobic antibacterial activity for dental applications.
Almaguer-Flores, A; Aztatzi-Aguilar, OG; Camps, E; De Vizcaya-Ruiz, A; Flores-Castañeda, M; Uribe-Ramírez, M; Vega-Jiménez, AL, 2017)		2.62
"Bismuth subsalicylate has been used for treatment of acute diarrhoea, with preliminary promising results."( Which place for bismuth subsalicylate in the treatment of enteric infections?
Bruzzese, E; Guarino, A, 2001)		1.38
"Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) has been used for more than 80 years to treat gastrointestinal symptoms although little clinical evidence was available until recently to substantiate its value and possible mechanisms of action. "( Bismuth subsalicylate in the treatment and prevention of diarrheal disease.
DuPont, HL, 1987)		3.16

Treatment

Bismuth subsalicylate treatment was better than ranitidine at both four and at eight weeks. It is a safe and effective adjunct to oral rehydration therapy for infants and young children with acute watery diarrhea.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Bismuth subsalicylate treatment for 8 weeks is safe and well tolerated. "( Efficacy of open-label bismuth subsalicylate for the treatment of microscopic colitis.
Fine, KD; Lee, EL, 1998)		2.05
"Bismuth subsalicylate treatment was better than ranitidine at both four and at eight weeks (p less than 0.05)."( Bismuth subsalicylate in the treatment of H2 blocker resistant duodenal ulcers: role of Helicobacter pylori.
Bär, W; Freise, J; Gebel, M; Gladziwa, U; Haruma, K; Lange, P; Schmidt, FW; Wagner, S, 1992)		2.45
"Treatment with bismuth subsalicylate and metronidazole resulted in symptomatic improvement in 61-66% of non-ulcer dyspepsia patients regardless of initial or post-treatment H."( Long-term follow-up of Helicobacter pylori treatment in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients.
Appelman, HD; Barnett, JL; Behler, EM; Crause, I; Elta, GH; Nostrant, TT; Scheiman, JM, 1995)		0.63
"Treatment with bismuth subsalicylate decreases the duration of diarrhea and is a safe and effective adjunct to oral rehydration therapy for infants and young children with acute watery diarrhea."( A controlled trial of bismuth subsalicylate in infants with acute watery diarrheal disease.
Campos-Sánchez, M; Eyzaguirre-Maccan, E; Figueroa-Quintanilla, D; León-Barúa, R; Sack, RB; Salazar-Lindo, E; Sarabia-Arce, S, 1993)		0.95

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The general public may assume that over-the-counter products are safe because they do not require a prescription."( Salicylate toxicity associated with administration of Percy medicine in an infant.
Badillo, R; Hagemann, TM; Lewis, TV; McGoodwin, L; Schaeffer, S, 2006)		0.33
"To establish the efficiency and adverse effects of the addition of bismuth subsalicylate to triple eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection."( [Addition of bismuth subsalicylate to triple eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: efficiency and adverse events].
Díaz Ferrer, J; Hinostroza Morales, D, )		0.74
" The adverse events of both groups were: diarrhea (10."( [Addition of bismuth subsalicylate to triple eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: efficiency and adverse events].
Díaz Ferrer, J; Hinostroza Morales, D, )		0.5
" This case highlights the potential adverse effects of over-the-counter medications."( Salicylate toxicity from chronic bismuth subsalicylate use.
Halani, S; Wu, PE, 2020)		0.84

Bioavailability

Ciprofloxacin bioavailability will not be significantly decreased by single doses of bismuth subsalicylate when the two medications are administered simultaneously.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Bioavailability of doxycycline was significantly reduced by 37% and 51%, respectively, when subsalicylate bismuth was given simultaneously and as a multiple-dose regimen before doxycycline."( Influence of subsalicylate bismuth on absorption of doxycycline.
Cleary, TG; Ericsson, CD; Feldman, S; Pickering, LK, 1982)		0.26
" For other otherwise healthy persons, poorly absorbed agents are preferable in order to avoid the serious, albeit rare, toxicity of systemic drugs."( Prevention and treatment of traveler's diarrhea: a clinical pharmacological approach.
Rampal, P; Scarpignato, C, 1995)		0.29
" These results suggest that ciprofloxacin bioavailability will not be significantly decreased by single doses of bismuth subsalicylate when the two medications are administered simultaneously."( Effect of bismuth subsalicylate on ciprofloxacin bioavailability.
Gallicano, K; Garber, G; Oliveras, L; Rambout, L; Sahai, J, 1994)		0.9
"To determine whether the observed decrease in tetracycline bioavailability is due to the active drug bismuth subsalicylate via complexation, or to magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), an inactive excipient present only in the liquid formulation of bismuth subsalicylate, which might adsorb the tetracycline, rendering it unavailable for systemic absorption."( Reduced tetracycline bioavailability caused by magnesium aluminum silicate in liquid formulations of bismuth subsalicylate.
Clendening, CE; Dansereau, RJ; Deepe, GS; Dunn, AB; Healy, DP; Mounts, AW, 1997)		0.73
" With the advent of poorly absorbed (<0."( Current and future developments in travelers' diarrhea therapy.
DuPont, HL; Koo, HL, 2006)		0.33
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) taken orally at a dosage of as low as 30 ml every half hour for eight doses was shown to be effective in reducing the frequently of episodes of diarrhea.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Twelve healthy male subjects were dosed with six regimens: ranitidine and De-Noltab (tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate; Gist-Brocades Ltd."( The effect of histamine H2-receptor blockade on bismuth absorption from three ulcer-healing compounds.
Hudson, M; Nwokolo, CU; Pounder, RE; Prewett, EJ; Sawyerr, AM, 1991)		0.28
" The dosing regimen was 20 mg/kg five times daily for 5 days."( Bismuth subsalicylate in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children: a clinical study.
Avendaño, P; Balm, TK; Braun, SD; Manhart, MD; O'Ryan, M; Soriano, HA; Soriano-Brücher, H, 1991)		1.72
" It proved possible to reduce the oral prednisolone dosage from a median of 15 mg/day (range 10 to 35 mg/day) to 6 mg/day (range 0 to 18 mg/day) after 8 weeks of treatment; 5 patients were no longer taking oral steroids at this time."( Rectal bismuth subsalicylate as therapy for ulcerative colitis.
Jones, H; Rhodes, JM; Ryder, SD; Walker, RJ, 1990)		0.73
" Of three dosage regimens tested, continuous treatment before and after the bacterial challenge, mimicking the way BSS is used in the prevention of traveller's diarrhoea, was the most effective."( Bismuth subsalicylate in the prevention of colonization of infant mice with Campylobacter jejuni.
Hänninen, ML, 1990)		1.72
" Extended dosing of Pepto-Bismol (3."( Bismuth subsalicylate: history, chemistry, and safety.
Bierer, DW, )		1.57
" Patients received either BSS at a dosage of 100 mg/(kg."( Use of bismuth subsalicylate in acute diarrhea in children.
Avendaño, P; O'Ryan, M; Soriano, HA; Soriano-Brücher, HE, )		0.59
" In the first study, 62 subjects received BSS for 3 weeks at a dosage of 60 mL four times daily (4."( Use of bismuth subsalicylate for the prevention of travelers' diarrhea.
de la Cabada, FJ; DuPont, HL; Ericsson, CD; Johnson, PC, )		0.59
"025), bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) taken orally at a dosage of as low as 30 ml every half hour for eight doses was shown to be effective in reducing the frequently of episodes of diarrhea."( Nonantibiotic therapy for travelers' diarrhea.
DuPont, HL; Ericsson, CD; Johnson, PC, )		0.61
" The dosage of two tablets of bismuth subsalicylate four times daily (2."( Prevention of travelers' diarrhea by the tablet formulation of bismuth subsalicylate.
Bitsura, JA; de la Cabada, FJ; DuPont, HL; DuPont, MW; Ericsson, CD; Johnson, PC, 1987)		0.8
" Treatment was given for 7 days with dosage varied according to age."( Bismuth subsalicylate in the treatment of chronic diarrhea of childhood.
Grill, B; Gryboski, JD; Hillemeier, AC; Kocoshis, S, 1985)		1.71
"The efficacy of a daily dosage regimen of subsalicylate bismuth in preventing or reducing the severity of diarrhea among young healthy adults was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial."( Prevention of traveler's diarrhea (emporiatric enteritis). Prophylactic administration of subsalicylate bismuth).
Ackerman, PB; DuPont, HL; Ericsson, CD; Evans, DG; Evans, DJ; Pickering, LK; Sullivan, P; Tjoa, WS; Vollet, JJ, 1980)		0.26
"-azithromycin dosage regime (83%) (95% CI = 52-98%) compared to the 250-mg-b."( Azithromycin triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: azithromycin, tetracycline, and bismuth.
al-Assi, MT; Cole, RA; Genta, RM; Graham, DY; Karttunen, TJ, 1995)		0.29
" Other factors reported to affect compliance included the frequency of dosing and the number of pills."( A randomized controlled trial of an enhanced patient compliance program for Helicobacter pylori therapy.
Canning, A; Egan, C; Farraye, FA; Kemp, JA; Lee, M; Tataronis, G, 1999)		0.3
"We evaluated the effect of optimized doses and dosing schedules of metronidazole, tetracycline, and bismuth-metronidazole-tetracycline (BMT) triple therapy with only 1 day of dosing on Helicobacter pylori SS1 titers in a mouse model."( Effects of metronidazole, tetracycline, and bismuth-metronidazole-tetracycline triple therapy in the Helicobacter pylori SS1 mouse model after 1 day of dosing: development of an H. pylori lead selection model.
Amsler, KM; Foster, LA; Merrill, JJ; Modzelewski, TC; Quispe, JD; Sizemore, CF; Slee, AM; Stevenson, DA, 2002)		0.31
"Pediatricians in Africa requested a tool to improve caregiver dosing of liquid antiretroviral medication."( Design, evaluation, and dissemination of a plastic syringe clip to improve dosing accuracy of liquid medications.
Adler, M; Dinh, C; Gray, LV; Gutierrez, A; Lu, B; Lukomnik, J; Marton, S; Mirabal, Y; Oden, M; Richards-Kortum, R; Schutze, GE; Shah, K; Slough, T; Spiegel, GJ; Wickham, H; Yeh, PT, 2013)		0.39
" DMF was dosed twice-daily (BID) at 120 mg (week 1) and 240 mg (weeks 2-8)."( Effect of Bismuth Subsalicylate on Gastrointestinal Tolerability in Healthy Volunteers Receiving Oral Delayed-release Dimethyl Fumarate: PREVENT, a Randomized, Multicenter, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study.
Chalkias, S; Edwards, MR; Koulinska, I; Riester, K, 2018)		0.88
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (5)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.32180.004023.8416100.0000AID485290; AID489007
LuciferasePhotinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)Potency40.53340.007215.758889.3584AID624030
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.16230.035520.977089.1251AID504332
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.05010.891312.067628.1838AID1487
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency0.39080.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Ceullar Components (1)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (4)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (354)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199081 (22.88)18.7374
1990's143 (40.40)18.2507
2000's65 (18.36)29.6817
2010's47 (13.28)24.3611
2020's18 (5.08)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 67.82

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index67.82 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.22 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.62 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index176.91 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.00 (0.95)

This Compound (67.82)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials93 (22.85%)5.53%
Reviews62 (15.23%)6.00%
Case Studies50 (12.29%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other202 (49.63%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (22)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
THE EFFECT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION THERAPY TO GASTRIC WALL THICKNESS BEFORE THE LAPAROSCOPIC SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY [NCT03757650]Phase 43 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-01Completed
Efficacy of One Dose of Laxative on Post-Operative Constipation Following Total Knee Arthroplasty [NCT04380090]Phase 2154 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-21Completed
Effect of Prunes on Gastrointestinal Function After Gynecological Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03523715]Phase 477 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Difficulty in recruiting participants)
Treatment of Non-Anemic Iron Deficiency in Pregnancy: a Double-Blind Randomized Control Trial [NCT05423249]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-12Recruiting
Interventions to Decrease the Impact of Post-Operative Ileus After Liver Transplant or Resection Surgery [NCT01156129]Phase 1111 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-01Completed
An Exploratory Study of The Effect of Bismuth Subsalicylate on The Gut Microbiome and Host Response in Healthy Adults [NCT05930197]Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-31Recruiting
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Docusate for Preventing/Treating Constipation in Palliative Care Patients. [NCT00902031]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
A Multicenter, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Pepto-Bismol® (Bismuth Subsalicylate) on Gastrointestinal Tolerability in Healthy Volunteers Receiving Oral TECFIDERA™ (Dimethyl Fumarate) Delayed-Release Capsules Twice Daily [NCT01915901]Phase 1175 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of the Impact of Bismuth Subsalicylate on Antimicrobial Use Among Adult Diarrhea Outpatients in Pakistan [NCT02047162]400 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
RELISTOR's Effects on Opioid-Induced Constipation in Postoperative 1-2 Level Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Patients: A Case-Control Study [NCT04930237]0 participants (Actual)Observational2021-07-01Withdrawn(stopped due to PI request to close study)
CURRENT PRACTICE STUDY OF ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT OF GASTRIC MALT LYMPHOMA [NCT00002682]Phase 25 participants (Actual)Interventional1995-08-10Completed
[NCT01481844]Phase 3101 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-30Completed
A Multi-center, Randomized, Single-blind Clinical Study of the Comparative Safety and Efficacy of Docusate Sodium and Sorbitol Rectal Solution and Glycerine Enemas in Patients With Constipation [NCT01474499]Phase 3300 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Can Use of Bismuth Subsalicylate in Clostridium Difficile Patients Decrease the Length of Stay and Time to Resolution of Symptoms [NCT03592082]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Investigator left institution)
[NCT01742429]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
The Use of Methylnaltrexone to Reduce Post-operative Opioid-induced Constipation in the Pediatric Spinal Fusion Patient [NCT01773096]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Comparing the Efficacy of 14-day Therapy Doxycycline With Bismuth Subsalicylate Versus Levofloxacin With Tinidazole on Rate of Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori Infected Patients on Syrian Population [NCT04348786]Phase 478 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-02-01Completed
Pilot Study for the Efficacy and Tolerability of Senokot-S in the Treatment of Diabetic Gastroparesis [NCT03342157]Phase 22 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-02Terminated(stopped due to low enrollment)
Pilot and Randomized, Controlled Studies to Assess Stool Frequency of COVID + Patients Treated With Oral Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol): SABER-C and Lite-SABER-C (Specific Administration of Bismuth for Early Recovery of COVID-19) [NCT04811339]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-27Completed
Impact of Naloxegol on Prevention of Lower GI Tract Paralysis in Critically Ill Adults Initiated on Scheduled Intravenous Opioid Therapy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II, Single-Center, Proof of Concept Study [NCT02977286]Phase 412 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-01Terminated(stopped due to Poor enrollment)
Bowel Function After Minimally Invasive Urogynecologic Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01044212]72 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Bismuth Subsalicylate's Role in the Prevention of Travelers' Diarrhea and Impact on Acquisition of Gut Antimicrobial Resistance Genes [NCT03535272]Phase 3482 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-05-20Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT01044212 (3) [back to overview]Time to First Post-op Bowel Movement
NCT01044212 (3) [back to overview]Consistency of First Postoperative Bowel Movement
NCT01044212 (3) [back to overview]Pain Level Associated With First Postoperative Bowel Movement
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Daily Presence of Delirium Using the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC)
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Days Without Mechanical Ventilation Support for Duration of ICU Stay
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]ICU Days Without a SBM
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Number of Patients That Required Use of the Study Laxative Protocol
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Loose and Unformed or Liquid SBM
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Occurrence of Lower GI Tract Paralysis (≥3 Days Without a SBM)
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Occurrence of Lower GI Tract Paralysis Requiring GI/Surgical Consultation
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Percentage of Daily Goal Reached for Enteral Nutrition Administration
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Time to First Episode of Diarrhea
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Time to First Spontaneous Bowel Movement (SBM)
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Time to First Spontaneous Bowel Movement (SBM) Administration
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Abdominal Pressure Measurement
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Average Daily Opioid Requirement [in IV Fentanyl Equivalents (mcg Per Day)]
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Daily Difference in the Pre-dose and Post-dose Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS) Score
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Daily Fluid Balance
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Daily Maximal Pain Scale Score
NCT02977286 (17) [back to overview]Daily Maximal Sedation Assessment Scale (SAS) Score
NCT03523715 (7) [back to overview]Bowel Movement in the Study Period
NCT03523715 (7) [back to overview]Pain With Bowel Movement Measured
NCT03523715 (7) [back to overview]Requirements for Laxatives
NCT03523715 (7) [back to overview]Satisfaction With Bowel Regimen
NCT03523715 (7) [back to overview]Satisfaction With Surgery Overall
NCT03523715 (7) [back to overview]Stool Consistency of the First Bowel Movement
NCT03523715 (7) [back to overview]Time to First Bowel Movement
NCT04380090 (4) [back to overview]Laxative Use Within 3 Days of Surgery
NCT04380090 (4) [back to overview]Opioid Use Within 3 Days of Surgery
NCT04380090 (4) [back to overview]Straining With BM
NCT04380090 (4) [back to overview]Bowel Movement (BM) Within 3 Days of Surgery
NCT04811339 (3) [back to overview]Day 3 Composite 3 Symptom Score
NCT04811339 (3) [back to overview]Measure of Daily Stool Frequency for Patients With COVID Treated With Bismuth
NCT04811339 (3) [back to overview]Day 3 Composite 5 Symptom Score

Time to First Post-op Bowel Movement

The time to first post-operative bowel movement was measured in hours after surgery. (NCT01044212)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of surgery

Interventionhours (Mean)
Bowel Medications64
Docusate Controls77

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Consistency of First Postoperative Bowel Movement

"The consistency of the first post-operative bowel movement was rated using the Bristol Stool Scale. This is a validated scale that is widely used. It is given to patients as a chart. The chart can be seen here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_stool_scale.~The seven types of stool are:~Type 1: Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass) Type 2: Sausage-shaped, but lumpy Type 3: Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface Type 4: Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft Type 5: Soft blobs with clear cut edges (passed easily) Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool Type 7: Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely liquid" (NCT01044212)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of surgery

InterventionBristol Stool Scale (Mean)
Bowel Medications3.13
Docusate Controls3.40

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Pain Level Associated With First Postoperative Bowel Movement

The pain level experienced with the first post-operative bowel movement was recorded and measured on visual analog score with range 0 to 10 in units on scale. 0 being no pain at all. 10 being worst pain. (NCT01044212)
Timeframe: Within 1 week of surgery

InterventionVAS pain score (Mean)
Bowel Medications3.6
Docusate Controls3.7

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Daily Presence of Delirium Using the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC)

Measures as days without delirium with daily presence of delirium assessed using the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: From randomization to ICU discharge or a maximum of 10 ICU days

Interventiondays without delirium (Median)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet5
Placebo Oral Tablet6

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Days Without Mechanical Ventilation Support for Duration of ICU Stay

Measure is days without mechanical ventilation for duration of ICU stay as expressed as median and inter-Quartile Range (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: From ICU admission to ICU discharge or a maximum of 10 ICU days

Interventiondays (Median)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet0.5
Placebo Oral Tablet1

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ICU Days Without a SBM

Measured ICU days that subjects did not have a SBM (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: During period of ICU admission or a maximum of 10 ICU days

InterventionDays (Mean)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet2
Placebo Oral Tablet2

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Number of Patients That Required Use of the Study Laxative Protocol

A 4-step laxative protocol was initiated when there was no spontaneous bowel movement greater than or equal to 3 days time. Data collected on study laxative protocol included any use as well as the highest level needed. (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: From randomization to ICU discharge or a maximum of 10 ICU days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet5
Placebo Oral Tablet4

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Number of Patients With Loose and Unformed or Liquid SBM

Consistency of SBM is characterized in one of 4 categories: hard and formed, soft but formed, loose and unformed, and liquid. The number listed in the results section is the number of patients who had either loose or liquid SBM (as opposed to hard or soft formed). (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: From randomization to ICU discharge or a maximum of 10 ICU days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet5
Placebo Oral Tablet6

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Occurrence of Lower GI Tract Paralysis (≥3 Days Without a SBM)

Measurement is the number of subjects in each group having this occurrence of lower GI tract paralysis during time frame (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: From randomization to ICU discharge or a maximum of 10 ICU days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet2
Placebo Oral Tablet3

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Occurrence of Lower GI Tract Paralysis Requiring GI/Surgical Consultation

Number of patients with GI tract paralysis requiring Gastroenterology service or Surgical service consultation (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: From randomization to ICU discharge or a maximum of 10 ICU days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet0
Placebo Oral Tablet0

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Percentage of Daily Goal Reached for Enteral Nutrition Administration

Enteral nutrition is assessed as daily volume in mL and the reported measure is the percentage of daily goal of enteral nutrition met. (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: From randomization to ICU discharge or a maximum of 10 ICU days

Interventionpercentage of daily goals met (Mean)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet54
Placebo Oral Tablet51

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Time to First Episode of Diarrhea

The number of patients in each group with > or equal to 1 episode of diarrhea after initiation of study drug. The time to first episode of diarrhea was measured in hours. (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: Study drug initiation to first episode of diarrhea in hours.

Interventionhours (Median)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet40
Placebo Oral Tablet109

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Time to First Spontaneous Bowel Movement (SBM)

Time to first spontaneous bowel movement during the ICU admission after opioid initiation (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: First occurrence after initiation of IV opioid therapy during period of ICU admission or a maximum of 10 ICU days

Interventionhours (Mean)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet52
Placebo Oral Tablet49

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Time to First Spontaneous Bowel Movement (SBM) Administration

Time to first spontaneous bowel movement during ICU admission after randomization (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: First occurrence after study randomization during period of ICU admission or a maximum of 10 ICU days

Interventionhours (Mean)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet41
Placebo Oral Tablet33

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Abdominal Pressure Measurement

On days when the patient had a urinary catheter in place for clinical reasons, a bladder pressure transducer was inserted and abdominal pressure was measured. The average daily maximum pressure score for each group is reported. (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: From randomization to ICU discharge (or removal of foley catheter) or a maximum of 10 ICU days

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet10
Placebo Oral Tablet13

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Average Daily Opioid Requirement [in IV Fentanyl Equivalents (mcg Per Day)]

Average daily opioid requirement is converted to IV fentanyl equivalent listed in mcg per day (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: From randomization to ICU discharge or a maximum of 10 ICU days

Interventionmcg per day (Mean)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet1420
Placebo Oral Tablet1600

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Daily Difference in the Pre-dose and Post-dose Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS) Score

Patients were evaluated 1 hour before and 2 hours after the administration of each dose of study medication using the Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS). COWS is used to help determine the stage or severity of opiate withdrawal and assess the level of physical dependence on opioids. The COWS score ranges from 0-36+. A score of 0 is no active opioid withdrawal. A score of 5-12 is mild; 13-24 is moderate; 25-36 is moderately severe and more than 36 is severe opioid withdrawal. (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: One hour before the daily study drug administration and 2 hours after the daily study drug administration

InterventionDifference of COWS score (Mean)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet-0.1
Placebo Oral Tablet0.2

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Daily Fluid Balance

Daily fluid balance measured in mL is the 24 hours ins and outs (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: From randomization to ICU discharge or a maximum of 10 ICU days

InterventionmL (Mean)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet-338
Placebo Oral Tablet-210

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Daily Maximal Pain Scale Score

"Based on the highest daily Visual Analogue Scale-10 or Clinical Pain Observation tool assessment.~VAS-10 is Visual Analogue Scale which uses a nurse-administered 10 point rating scale. A measurement of 0-1 is minimal pain. A measurement of 10 is severe pain." (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: From randomization to ICU discharge or a maximum of 10 ICU days

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet0
Placebo Oral Tablet0

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Daily Maximal Sedation Assessment Scale (SAS) Score

"The Sedation Assessment Scale is rated 1 to 7. Score of 7 is dangerous agitation. Score of 1 is unarousable. Score of 2 is very sedated. The presence of coma is based on the every 4 hour sedation agitation score scale (SAS) assessment. A score of 1 or 2 any time during the day represents that a coma is present. A score of 3-7 represents a subject with no coma present.~Results listed here is days without coma (SAS score of 3-7)" (NCT02977286)
Timeframe: From randomization to ICU discharge or a maximum of 10 ICU days

Interventiondays (Median)
Naloxegol Oral Tablet3
Placebo Oral Tablet7

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Bowel Movement in the Study Period

The number of participants who had a bowel movement in the post operative study follow up (NCT03523715)
Timeframe: 5 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Prunes26
Control17

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Pain With Bowel Movement Measured

Likert scale from 0 to 10 in which higher values indicate more pain (NCT03523715)
Timeframe: 3 days

InterventionLikert scale 0-100 (Median)
Prunes60
Control40

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Requirements for Laxatives

The number of participants who used any laxatives (besides the prunes and stool softeners) during the study period. (NCT03523715)
Timeframe: 3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Prunes7
Control6

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Satisfaction With Bowel Regimen

Likert scale from 0 to 10 in which higher values indicate more satisfaction (NCT03523715)
Timeframe: 3 day

InterventionLikert scale 0-100 (Median)
Prunes100
Control80

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Satisfaction With Surgery Overall

Likert scale from 0 to 10 in which higher levels indicate more satisfaction (NCT03523715)
Timeframe: 3 days

InterventionLikert scale 0-100 (Median)
Prunes100
Control100

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Stool Consistency of the First Bowel Movement

Bristol Stool chart in which stool consistency is described as type 1 to 7 with higher values indicating more liquid stool (NCT03523715)
Timeframe: 3 days

InterventionBristol Stool Scale (Median)
Prunes3
Control4

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Time to First Bowel Movement

Time to first bowel movement after surgery (NCT03523715)
Timeframe: 3 days

Interventionhours post surgery (Mean)
Prunes57.6
Control53.8

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Laxative Use Within 3 Days of Surgery

Participant response to question: Did you take any laxatives to help you have a bowel movement in those first three days after your surgery?(yes/no) Rate of laxative use in the postoperative period was calculated for sensitivity analyses and possible adjustment of statistical models based on any group differences. (NCT04380090)
Timeframe: 3 days postoperative

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Drug: Docusate Sodium16
Drug: Propylene Glycol19

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Opioid Use Within 3 Days of Surgery

Participant response to question: In the first three days following your surgery, did you take any of the opioid pain medicine prescribed by your surgeon?(yes/no) Rate of opioid use in the postoperative period was calculated for sensitivity analyses and possible adjustment of statistical models based on any group differences. (NCT04380090)
Timeframe: 3 days postoperative

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Drug: Docusate Sodium58
Drug: Propylene Glycol57

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Straining With BM

For patients who had a BM within 3 days: rated 0 no straining to 10 worst straining imaginable; 3 categories developed: 0 = score of 0; 1 = score of 1-5 and 2 = score of 6-10 (NCT04380090)
Timeframe: 3 days postoperative

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
score = 0score = 1score = 2
Drug: Docusate Sodium6185
Drug: Propylene Glycol7214

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Bowel Movement (BM) Within 3 Days of Surgery

Number of people who report normal bowel movement in the first three postoperative days following single total knee joint replacement (NCT04380090)
Timeframe: 3 days postoperative

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Drug: Docusate Sodium29
Drug: Propylene Glycol32

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Day 3 Composite 3 Symptom Score

The 3 symptom composite score was generated from 3 symptoms: Cough, Headache, and Fatigue. Each symptom was scored as such: 0 was not affected, 1 was little affected, 2 moderately affected, 3 severely affected. A composite score was generated using the score given for each individual symptom, ie. the sum of symptomatic score of Cough + symptomatic score of Headache + symptomatic score of Fatigue. The maximum and most symptomatic composite score could be 9 each day. The minimum score could be 0 . This score was calculated calculated for BL/day1, day 2 and day 3 . This outcome is the composite 3 symptom score on day 3. (NCT04811339)
Timeframe: This is the day 3 composite score

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Open Label BSS Therapy -Completed1.4

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Measure of Daily Stool Frequency for Patients With COVID Treated With Bismuth

Number of bowel movements recorded over the 3 day study. Baseline (BL) /day1 + Day 2 + Day 3 (NCT04811339)
Timeframe: 3 days

Interventionbowel movements (Mean)
Open Label BSS Completed Patients3

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Day 3 Composite 5 Symptom Score

The 5 symptom composite score was generated from 5 symptoms: Cough, Headache, Fatigue, Shortness of Breath, and Anosmia (no smell). Each symptom was scored as such: 0 was not affected, 1 was little affected, 2 moderately affected, 3 severely affected. A composite score was generated using the score given for each individual symptom, ie. the sum of symptomatic score of Cough + symptomatic score of Headache + symptomatic score of Fatigue + symptomatic score of Shortness of Breath + symptomatic score of anosmia. The maximum and most symptomatic composite score could be 15 each day. The minimum score could be 0. This score was calculated calculated for BL/day1, day 2 and day 3 . This outcome is the composite 5 symptom score on day 3. (NCT04811339)
Timeframe: The score was taken at BL (baseline)/day 1, Day 2 ( 24 hours after BSS started ) and Day 3 (48 hours after BSS started). This Outcome is Day 3 score.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Open Label BSS Therapy -Completed2.9

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		1.9810aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		1.9810azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		7.2510alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		3.4111tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.110halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		210chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.6730monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		1.9710trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		3.2960gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
glycine
[no description available]		2.4620alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		7.1110elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		4.3941monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		7.0393isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		7.6530benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		9.0531aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		8.821aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.3511monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		3.1710clonidine;
imidazoline
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.0810carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		4.120N-acyl-amino acid
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		4.3222nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		6.9910aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.0710benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		6.5896benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		8.68113monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		5.8670amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		15.187930C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		3.35113-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		11.273416aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		3.511aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0210aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
phthalylsulfathiazole
phthalylsulfathiazole: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalylsulfathiazole : A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.		3.35111,3-thiazoles;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.8521benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		3.3511pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		1.9210long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.3511pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.8840isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		6.3253imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.8840aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		7.110inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.73011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.3320penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		6.9910glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		1.9910D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.110phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		210ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.3820lactose
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		6.9710beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		1.9810alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		1.95106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
dilactide
dilactide: structure given in first source		2.0810dioxanes
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		3.3511aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.35101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		4.9933calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
oxophenarsine
oxophenarsine: obsolete toxic arsenical for treatment of syphilis; useful against some neoplasms; major descriptor (64-83); on-line search ARSENICALS (64-83); Index Medicus search OXOPHENARSINE (64-83); structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		6.9210substituted aniline
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		210arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		3.110diester;
organosulfonic acid
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		1.9710cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.5420ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		210alkali metal hydroxide
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		1.9910D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.3511antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.		8.711ammonium salt;
inorganic molecular entity;
inorganic nitrate salt		explosive;
fertilizer;
oxidising agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.0310cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		1.9710barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
sodium tungstate(vi)
sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.		2.0710inorganic sodium saltreagent
salen
disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron		2.0810
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.0210benzenes;
phenyl acetates
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		18.45723penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.3510benzamides;
carboxylic ester
atropine sulfate-diphenoxylate hydrochloride drug combination
atropine sulfate-diphenoxylate hydrochloride drug combination: contains diphenoxylate & atropine sulfate; see also record for Lyspafen whcih contains difenoxine & atropine sulfate		3.5420
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		2.0110phenanthroline
14-hydroxyclarithromycin
14-hydroxyclarithromycin: major metabolite of A 56268; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		6.9910aminoglycoside
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		9.92238macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bismuth nitrate
[no description available]		1.9710
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		4.120N-acyl-amino acid
3-mercaptopicolinic acid
3-mercaptopicolinic acid: gluconeogenesis inhibitor; may also inhibit ATP-dependentphosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase		2.0310
n-acetylneuraminoyllactose
3'-sialyllactose: structure in first source		210
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		7.42439-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		2.3110aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		210oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
gadolinium (+3) acetate
[no description available]		2.0210
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		3.5420
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.0210imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
psyllium
Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.		3.110very long-chain fatty acid
propargylglycine
propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.110
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		2.8840
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		7.1110cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		1.9710cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
sucrose octasulfate
[no description available]		6.9910
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		5.1431D-galactopyranuronic acid
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		8.3611
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		5.7231macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dimethyl fumarate
[no description available]		9.4811diester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester		antipsoriatic;
immunomodulator
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		7.2110aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		1.9510carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		18.092911C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		3.3811
ranitidine bismuth citrate
ranitidine bismuth citrate: Pylorid & Tritec are tradenames		750
calcium ammonium nitrate
calcium ammonium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. calcium ammonium nitrate : A mixture obtained by combining ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and water. It is widely used as a nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture.		7.6620
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		1.9710prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		8.1214011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		1.9810cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		20.2135380metal atom;
pnictogen
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.3320metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.0310cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
nitecapone
nitecapone: structure given in first source		1.9810hydroxycinnamic acid
bismuth oxychloride
bismuth oxychloride: active against rotaviruses and enteric viruses		2.6830
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture		2.3110
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		9.4751imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
s 1743
Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.		5.4122magnesium saltanti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.511benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		2.0610dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate		8.02162
rifamycins
[no description available]		4.0420
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		2.6730
big gastrin
big gastrin: isolated from Zollinger-Ellison syndrome gastrinomas & hog antral mucosa; have encountered tetratricontapeptide & nonadecapeptide gastrin; big-big gastrin significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcers; big gastrin refers gastrin which has a longer peptide chain than the normal heptadecapeptide gastrin		1.9810
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		3.251021-hydroxy steroid
bismuth subgallate
bismuth subgallate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		2.6730organic molecular entity
tryparsamide
tryparsamide: was MH 1963-92; use TRYPANOCIDAL AGENTS to search TRYPARSAMIDE 1966-92		6.9210
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		4.3222
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		1.9610
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		7.420ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		14.015222
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		1.9310
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		1.9310
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		20.2335480monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		7.0810benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
bismuth salicylate
Bismuth Salicylate: MAGNESIUM SALICYLATE was entry term in SALICYLATES 1999-2005, indexed NM to SALICYLIC ACID 1981-1998		7.3620
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		210
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		5.1431aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.0610folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		5.9970
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.110
aluminum magnesium silicate
aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition		3.3811
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		017.912745
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		017.912745
Microscopic Colitis
[description not available]		05.1750
Colitis, Microscopic
A condition characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. This syndrome was first described in 1980 by Read and associates. Subtypes include COLLAGENOUS COLITIS and LYMPHOCYTIC COLITIS. Both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology.		05.1750
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.610
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		07.7107
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		07.610
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		014.295717
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.2110
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.6830
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.6830
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.9340
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		09.16167
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		09.16167
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
[description not available]		04.1330
Indigestion
[description not available]		08.62148
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		011.22326
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		06.4971
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		013.62148
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		011.22326
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		06.4971
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone
Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.		04.1330
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.2510
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.7330
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		02.2510
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.2510
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		02.2510
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.7330
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		02.2510
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.2510
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.2510
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		08.89225
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		04.3940
E coli Infections
[description not available]		08.57136
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		05.6741
Travel Sickness
[description not available]		03.4820
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		08.57136
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		05.6741
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		04.1510
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		04.1510
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.4420
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		02.2510
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		08.28172
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		08.28172
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.4520
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.4520
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		010.8479
Bezoars
Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.		02.1510
Lymphocytic Colitis
[description not available]		05.850
Colitis, Lymphocytic
A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show infiltration of LYMPHOCYTES in the superficial EPITHELIUM and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria).		05.850
Collagenous Colitis
[description not available]		05.4650
Colitis, Collagenous
A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show larger-than-normal band of subepithelial COLLAGEN.		05.4650
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		02.1710
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		04.4811
Flatus
[description not available]		05.6721
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		05.6721
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		04.4811
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		02.2110
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		02.2110
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		02.2110
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		02.2110
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		03.9520
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.6830
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.110
Emesis
[description not available]		04.0831
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		02.1110
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		02.1110
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		02.4120
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		04.0831
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.4720
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.7130
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		02.1110
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		03.511
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		08.511
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.0410
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		03.0410
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		03.0410
Arthritis, Post-Infectious
[description not available]		03.0410
Water-related Diseases
[description not available]		03.0410
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.0410
Arthritis, Reactive
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.		03.0410
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		03.0410
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		03.0410
Astroviridae Infections
Infections with ASTROVIRIDAE, causing gastroenteritis in human infants, calves, lambs, and piglets.		02.0510
Diarrheogenic Islet Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.4220
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		02.9610
Microglossia
[description not available]		03.3420
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		02.9610
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		02.0510
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		02.0510
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.52122
Great Pox
[description not available]		03.3170
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		03.3170
Acute Membranous Gingivitis
[description not available]		02.3320
Fusobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus FUSOBACTERIUM.		02.3320
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.3720
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		03.3420
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		03.820
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.9910
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.3520
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		02.9910
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		03.3420
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.9910
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.3520
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.3720
Cecal Diseases
Pathological developments in the CECUM.		02.0110
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		03.821
Gastritis, Atrophic
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.		04.0931
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		03.821
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		07.84105
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		07.84105
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		05.451
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		02.0310
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.0310
Pityriasis Rosea
A mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of salmon-colored maculopapular lesions. The most striking feature is the arrangement of the lesions such that the long axis is parallel to the lines of cleavage. The eruptions are usually generalized, affecting chiefly the trunk, and the course is often self-limiting.		02.0310
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		02.0310
Tongue, Hairy
A benign condition of the tongue characterized by hypertrophy of the filiform papillae that give the dorsum of the tongue a furry appearance. The color of the elongated papillae varies from yellowish white to brown or black, depending upon staining by substances such as tobacco, food, or drugs. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		02.0310
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		04.0831
Fecal Impaction
Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.		02.0310
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		02.0310
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		04.0831
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		02.0310
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		02.4220
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		02.4220
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		07.0172
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		05.4331
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		05.4331
Infections, Vibrio
[description not available]		02.8810
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		05.4331
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		01.9610
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		04.9631
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		04.9631
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		03.3411
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		09.8442
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		03.3411
Recrudescence
[description not available]		011.962611
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		010.252713
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		010.252713
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		01.9810
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9810
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.6830
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.6830
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		01.9810
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		01.9810
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		01.9810
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Action Tremor
[description not available]		01.9810
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		01.9810
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		01.9810
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		01.9810
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.910
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		03.320
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.910
Enteropathy, Exudative
[description not available]		01.9810
Gastritis, Familial Giant Hypertrophic
[description not available]		01.9810
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9810
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		03.3120
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		01.9810
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		01.9810
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		01.9810
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		02.6830
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.3222
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		03.3711
Ache
[description not available]		02.420
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		01.9910
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		07.420
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		01.9910
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9910
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		01.9910
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue
[description not available]		03.3811
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		01.9910
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		01.9910
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		01.9910
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		01.9910
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		01.9910
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		01.9910
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		01.9910
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		0210
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		0210
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		0210
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		0210
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		0210
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		0210
Gastric Outlet Obstruction
The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.		03.3911
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		0210
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		0210
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		0210
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		0210
Belching
[description not available]		02.9210
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.3911
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.3911
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		03.3911
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		03.3911
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.3920
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0110
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.0110
Hives
[description not available]		02.0110
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.0110
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.0110
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.0110
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		01.9510
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		01.9810
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		01.9810
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		01.9810
Alactasia
[description not available]		02.8910
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		02.8910
Lactose Intolerance
The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.		02.8910
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		03.7721
Erosive Duodenitis
[description not available]		02.3820
Duodenitis
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.		02.3820
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		03.3611
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		03.3611
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute
[description not available]		01.9710
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).		01.9710
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		01.9710
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		01.9710
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		01.9710
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		01.9710
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		01.9710
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		01.9710
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		01.9710
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		01.9710
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9710
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		01.9710
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		01.9710
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		01.9710
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		01.9710
Amebiasis, Intestinal
[description not available]		04.2711