Compounds > bay 44-4400

Page last updated: 2024-12-11

bay 44-4400

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Bay 44-4400: a semisynthetic derivative of anthelminitic cyclodepsipeptide; PF1022A [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

emodepside : A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	6918632
CHEMBL ID	2104404
CHEBI ID	78739
SCHEMBL ID	167580
MeSH ID	M0404888

Synonyms (45)

Synonym
bay-44-4400
pf-1022-221
emodepside
(3s,6r,9s,12r,15s,18r,21s,24r)-4,6,10,16,18,22-hexamethyl-3,9,15,21-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-12,24-bis[(4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)methyl]-1,7,13,19-tetraoxa-4,10,16,22-tetrazacyclotetracosane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octone
155030-63-0
C18390
cyclo((r)-lactoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-(r)-3-(p-morpholinophenyl)lactoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-(r)-lactoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-(r)-3-(p-morpholinophenyl)lactoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl)
emodepside [inn]
unii-yz647y5gc9
yz647y5gc9 ,
chebi:78739 ,
pf 1022-221
CHEMBL2104404
bay 44-4400
emodepside [green book]
emodepside component of profender
emodepside component of procox
cyclo((.alpha.r)-.alpha.-hydroxy-4-(4-morpholinyl)benzenepropanoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-(2r)-2-hydroxypropanoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-(.alpha.r)-.alpha.-hydroxy-4-(4-morpholinyl)benzenepropanoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-(2r)-2-hydroxypropanoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl)
emodepside [mi]
emodepside [ema epar veterinary]
procox component emodepside
profender component emodepside
SCHEMBL167580
emodepsida
emodepsidum
cyclo {d-lactoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-d-lactoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-d-lactoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-d-lactoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl}
(3s,6r,9s,12r,15s,18r,21s,24r)-3,9,15,21-tetraisobutyl-4,6,10,16,18,22-hexamethyl-12,24-bis[4-(morpholin-4-yl)benzyl]-1,7,13,19-tetraoxa-4,10,16,22-tetraazacyclotetracosane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octone
cyclo [d-2-hydroxypropanoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-d-2-hydroxypropanoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-d-2-hydroxypropanoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-d-2-hydroxypropanoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl]
cyclo[(r)-lactoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-(r)-3-(p-morpholinophenyl)lactoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-(r)-lactoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-(r)-3-(p-morpholinophenyl)lactoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl]
AC-31930
DTXSID50165799 ,
E74446
DB11403
Q1339032
4,6,10,16,18,22-hexamethyl-3,9,15,21-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-12,24-bis[(4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)methyl]-1,7,13,19-tetraoxa-4,10,16,22-tetrazacyclotetracosane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octone
NCGC00507682-01
(3s,6r,9s,12r,15s,18r,21s,24r)-3,9,15,21-tetraisobutyl-4,6,10,16,18,22-hexamethyl-12,24-bis(4-morpholinobenzyl)-1,7,13,19-tetraoxa-4,10,16,22-tetraazacyclotetracosan-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octaone
A929940
(3~{s},6~{r},9~{s},12~{r},15~{s},18~{r},21~{s},24~{r})-4,6,10,16,18,22-hexamethyl-3,9,15,21-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-12,24-bis[(4-morpholin-4-ylphenyl)methyl]-1,7,13,19-tetraoxa-4,10,16,22-tetrazacyclotetracosane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octone
8I2 ,
emodepside (ema epar veterinary)
(3s,6r,9s,12r,15s,18r,21s,24r)-3,9,15,21-tetraisobutyl-4,6,10,16,18,22-hexamethyl-12,24-bis(4-(morpholin-4-yl)benzyl)-1,7,13,19-tetraoxa-4,10,16,22-tetraazacyclotetracosane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23-octone
cyclo (d-2-hydroxypropanoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-3-(4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)-d-2-hydroxypropanoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-d-2-hydroxypropanoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl-3-(4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)-d-2-hydroxypropanoyl-n-methyl-l-leucyl)
dtxcid6088290
AKOS040759291

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" No adverse reactions were observed in the European study, and only mild ones of short duration in a few cats from both treatment groups of the North American study."	( Field evaluation of the efficacy and safety of emodepside/praziquantel spot-on solution against naturally acquired nematode and cestode infections in domestic cats. Altreuther, G; Buch, J; Charles, SD; Davis, WL; Krieger, KJ; Radeloff, I, 2005)	0.33
" No suspected adverse drug reactions were observed in the study."	( Field evaluation of the efficacy and safety of emodepside plus praziquantel tablets (Profender tablets for dogs) against naturally acquired nematode and cestode infections in dogs. Altreuther, G; Krieger, KJ; LeSueur, C; Radeloff, I; Schimmel, A, 2009)	0.35
" No treated animals showed adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of emodepside 2.1%/praziquantel 8.6% spot-on formulation in the treatment of feline aelurostrongylosis. Bartolini, R; Di Cesare, A; Heine, J; Iorio, R; Lohr, B; Milillo, P; Pampurini, F; Schaper, R; Traversa, D, 2009)	0.35
"No suspected adverse drug reactions were observed in any of the 403 dogs enrolled in the three studies including 234 dogs treated with emodepside/toltrazuril suspension."	( Field evaluations of the efficacy and safety of Emodepside plus toltrazuril (Procox® oral suspension for dogs) against naturally acquired nematode and Isospora spp. infections in dogs. Adler, K; Altreuther, G; Gasda, N; Hellmann, K; Hutchens, D; Krieger, KJ; Schimmel, A; Thurieau, H, 2011)	0.37
" It is concluded that Seresto(®) is chemically compatible with solvents used in major spot-on formulations on the market and is dermally and systemically safe for adult dogs and cats when used concomitantly with Advocate(®) and Profender(®) spot-on formulations."	( Chemical Compatibility and Safety of Imidacloprid/Flumethrin Collar (Seresto®) Concomitantly Used with Imidacloprid/Moxidectin (Advocate®, Advantage® Multi) and Emodepside/Praziquantel (Profender®) Spot-on Formulations. Crafford, D; Deuster, K; Fourie, J; Krüdewagen, EM; Remer, C; Schunack, B; Stanneck, D; Wolken, S, 2015)	0.42
" The aims of this study were i) to characterize the population pharmacokinetic properties of emodepside, ii) to link its exposure to adverse events in healthy volunteers, and iii) to propose an optimized dosing regimen for a planned phase II study in onchocerciasis patients."	( Drug development for the treatment of onchocerciasis: Population pharmacokinetic and adverse events modeling of emodepside. Assmus, F; Hoglund, RM; Monnot, F; Scandale, I; Specht, S; Tarning, J, 2022)	0.72
"Plasma concentration-time profiles and adverse event data were obtained from 142 subjects enrolled in three phase I studies, including a single-dose, and a multiple-dose, dose-escalation study as well as a relative bioavailability study."	( Drug development for the treatment of onchocerciasis: Population pharmacokinetic and adverse events modeling of emodepside. Assmus, F; Hoglund, RM; Monnot, F; Scandale, I; Specht, S; Tarning, J, 2022)	0.72

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Terminal half-life was > 500 hours."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of emodepside, a potential novel treatment for onchocerciasis (river blindness), in healthy male subjects. Delhomme, S; Dennison, J; Dequatre Cheeseman, K; Gillon, JY; Monnot, F; Pedrique, B; Peña Rossi, C; Rodriguez, ML; Skrabs, S; Specht, S; Stass, H; Strub Wourgaft, N; van den Berg, F, 2021)	0.62
" The aims of this study were i) to characterize the population pharmacokinetic properties of emodepside, ii) to link its exposure to adverse events in healthy volunteers, and iii) to propose an optimized dosing regimen for a planned phase II study in onchocerciasis patients."	( Drug development for the treatment of onchocerciasis: Population pharmacokinetic and adverse events modeling of emodepside. Assmus, F; Hoglund, RM; Monnot, F; Scandale, I; Specht, S; Tarning, J, 2022)	0.72
" Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to evaluate the population pharmacokinetic properties of emodepside."	( Drug development for the treatment of onchocerciasis: Population pharmacokinetic and adverse events modeling of emodepside. Assmus, F; Hoglund, RM; Monnot, F; Scandale, I; Specht, S; Tarning, J, 2022)	0.72

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Plasma concentration-time profiles and adverse event data were obtained from 142 subjects enrolled in three phase I studies, including a single-dose, and a multiple-dose, dose-escalation study as well as a relative bioavailability study."	( Drug development for the treatment of onchocerciasis: Population pharmacokinetic and adverse events modeling of emodepside. Assmus, F; Hoglund, RM; Monnot, F; Scandale, I; Specht, S; Tarning, J, 2022)	0.72

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" In reptiles the dosage had to be increased, since the thick outer layer of the epidermis hinders the penetration of the compounds."	( Effects of a combinations of emodepside and praziquantel on parasites of reptiles and rodents. Frese, M; Harder, A; Krieger, K; Mehlhorn, H; Mevissen, I; Schmahl, G, 2005)	0.33
" Treatments were performed at the minimum therapeutic dosage 5 days after the experimental infection."	( Treatment of third-stage larvae of Toxocara cati with milbemycin oxime plus praziquantel tablets and emodepside plus praziquantel spot-on formulation in experimentally infected cats. Böhm, C; Schaper, R; Schnieder, T; Wolken, S, 2012)	0.38
" The drugs available for mass drug administration, (ivermectin, albendazole and diethylcarbamazine), are ineffective against adult filariae (macrofilariae) at the registered dosing regimen; this generates a real and urgent need to identify effective macrofilaricides."	( Emodepside has sex-dependent immobilizing effects on adult Brugia malayi due to a differentially spliced binding pocket in the RCK1 region of the SLO-1 K channel. Kashyap, SS; Kulke, D; Lustigman, S; Martin, RJ; Robertson, AP; Verma, S; Voronin, D, 2019)	0.51
" The aims of this study were i) to characterize the population pharmacokinetic properties of emodepside, ii) to link its exposure to adverse events in healthy volunteers, and iii) to propose an optimized dosing regimen for a planned phase II study in onchocerciasis patients."	( Drug development for the treatment of onchocerciasis: Population pharmacokinetic and adverse events modeling of emodepside. Assmus, F; Hoglund, RM; Monnot, F; Scandale, I; Specht, S; Tarning, J, 2022)	0.72
"Pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation was used to derive an optimized, body weight-based dosing regimen, which allows for achievement of extended emodepside exposures above target concentrations while maintaining acceptable tolerability margins."	( Drug development for the treatment of onchocerciasis: Population pharmacokinetic and adverse events modeling of emodepside. Assmus, F; Hoglund, RM; Monnot, F; Scandale, I; Specht, S; Tarning, J, 2022)	0.72

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

Role	Description
antinematodal drug	A substance used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

Class	Description
semisynthetic derivative	Any organic molecular entity derived from a natural product by partial chemical synthesis.
cyclooctadepsipeptide	A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of eight hydroxy- or amino-acids joined in sequence to give a macrocycle. They form the basis of a relatively new class of anthelmintic agents with a novel mechanism of action.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	Potency	0.7943	0.0096	10.5250	35.4813	AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Ceullar Components (1)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
virion membrane	Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Research

Studies (79)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	26 (32.91)	29.6817
2010's	40 (50.63)	24.3611
2020's	13 (16.46)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.07

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	10.07 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	4.65 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	4.73 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (10.07)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	24 (30.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	8 (10.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	2 (2.50%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	46 (57.50%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.06	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
albendazole [no description available]	3.99	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.85	3	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	3.43	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
piperazine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	8.6	27	16	isoquinolines
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	4.5	2	2	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2.46	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.	2.06	1	0
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.06	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
imidocarb Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.	2.1	1	0	ureas	antiprotozoal drug
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	4.93	2	1	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
flubendazole flubendazole: the p-fluoro analog of mebendazole. flubendazole : A member of the class of mebendazole in which the benzoyl group is replaced by a p-fluorobenzoyl group. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; organofluorine compound	antinematodal drug; teratogenic agent
oxfendazole [no description available]	2.31	1	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; sulfoxide	antinematodal drug
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	2.06	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
toltrazuril toltrazuril: structure in first source	6.4	7	6	aromatic ether
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.05	1	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
pf 1022a PF 1022A: structure given in first source; isolated from Mycelia Sterilia	6.28	6	1	cyclooctadepsipeptide
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	3.31	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.1	1	0
l 743,872 [no description available]	3.31	1	0
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	3.31	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	3.9	3	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
cgp 20376 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
fusafungin fusafungin: antibiotic from Fusarium lateririum; for treatment of respiratory infections. enniatin : A class of six-membered cyclodepsipeptides found in several species of Fusarium fungi as mixtures.	3.31	1	0
tribendimidine tribendimidine: structure given in first source	2.5	2	0
furylfuramide Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.	2.01	1	0	acrylamides; C-nitro compound; nitrofuran antibiotic; primary carboxamide
pyrantel pamoate Pyrantel Pamoate: Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.	2.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
spirapril spirapril: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	azaspiro compound; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; dithioketal; ethyl ester; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.06	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
flumethrin flumethrin: synthetic pyrethrin insecticide	2.11	1	0
cilofungin cilofungin: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin; a modified form of Echinocandin B; antimycotic agent against Candida albicans. cilofungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus spp. By inhibiting the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, it invades a fungus' ability to synthesize cell walls. A modified form of echinocandin B, it is an antimycotic agent against Candida albicans.	3.31	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
imidocarb dipropionate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
fmrfamide FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)	2.05	1	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	4.17	3	1
verruculogen verruculogen: complex 6-O-methylindole cpd containing 3 nitrogens; induces tremor; tremorigenic metabolite from Penicillium verruculosum isolated from moldy peanuts; decreases GABA levels in CNS; structure. verruculogen : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is a mycotoxic indole alkaloid isolated from Penicillium and Aspergillus species.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; diol; indole alkaloid; organic heterohexacyclic compound; organic peroxide	Aspergillus metabolite; GABA modulator; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
iberiotoxin [no description available]	2.52	2	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.31	1	0
monepantel monepantel: Anthelmintic; effective gainst fourth stage gastro-intestinal nematode larvae infecting sheep. monepantel : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of p-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfanyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding 5-cyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl ether. A broad-spectrum nematicide, it is used to control gastrointestinal roundworms in sheep and goats.	2.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; nematicide
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.11	1	0
moxidectin moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity	4.46	4	1
febantel febantel: structure	2.17	1	0	aryl sulfide
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	2.52	2	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	2.41	1	0
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	1	7.73	5	1
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	0	2.55	2	0
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	0	5.34	4	3
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	0	5.11	3	3
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	0	5.34	4	3
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	0	5.11	3	3
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	0	2.82	2	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	0	2.82	2	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	0	2.95	4	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	1	4.95	4	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	0	8.32	11	7
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	8.09	21	12
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	0	5.12	5	2
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	7.16	12	8
Onchocerciasis, Ocular Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.	0	3.7	1	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	4.14	3	1
Loa loa Filariasis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Loiasis A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless.	0	2.31	1	0
Infections, Taenia [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Taeniasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.	0	2.17	1	0
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	0	6.02	7	4
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	0	4.37	4	1
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	0	4.75	3	2
Co-infection [description not available]	0	3.89	2	1
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	3.47	1	1
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Lung Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).	0	2.11	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	2.52	2	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	0	2.11	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	2.48	2	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	3.51	1	1
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	3.51	1	1
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	0	3.51	1	1
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	0	3.51	1	1
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	0	2.05	1	0
Toxascariasis Infections with nematodes of the genus TOXASCARIS.	0	3.43	1	1
Bertielliasis [description not available]	0	5.69	5	4
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	0	2.06	1	0
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	0	2.06	1	0
Isospora Infection [description not available]	0	5.06	3	3
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	4.41	2	2
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	3.36	2	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	0	2.07	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	3.82	2	1
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	2.01	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	0	3.81	2	1
Dipetalonema Infections Infections with nematodes of the genus DIPETALONEMA.	0	2	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2	1	0

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