Compounds > pectenotoxin 2
Page last updated: 2024-11-11

pectenotoxin 2

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

pectenotoxin 2: isolated from the marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6437385
CHEMBL ID443608
CHEBI ID189874
MeSH IDM0258430

Synonyms (14)

Synonym
97564-91-5
pectenotoxin ii
pectenotoxin 2
pectenotoxin, 43-dioxy-
43-dioxypectenotoxin
CHEMBL443608
CHEBI:189874
(1s,2r,5r,7r,8e,10e,12r,14s,16r,19r,20s,24r,27s,28s,29r,32r,33r,35s)-14-[(2s,3r,4r)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-yl]-28-hydroxy-5,7,9,19,29,35-hexamethyl-13,17,38,39,40,41,42,43-octaoxaoctacyclo[31.4.1.11,35.12,5.120,24.124,27.129,32.012,16]tritetraconta-
43-deoxypectenotoxin 1
C20012
ptx 2
nsc 668555
34s-hydroxypectenotoxin-2
DTXSID60893516

Research Excerpts

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" No diarrhea was observed in mice dosed with either compound, suggesting that pectenotoxins do not belong in the diarrhetic shellfish poison group."( Isolation of pectenotoxin-2 from Dinophysis acuta and its conversion to pectenotoxin-2 seco acid, and preliminary assessment of their acute toxicities.
Beuzenberg, V; Briggs, LR; Cooney, JM; Dines, MH; Hawkes, AD; Holland, PT; Jensen, DJ; MacKenzie, AL; Miles, CO; Munday, R; Quilliam, MA; Sandvik, M; Towers, NR; Wilkins, AL, 2004)		0.32
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
marine metaboliteAny metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in marine macro- and microorganisms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
polycyclic ether
spiroketalA cyclic ketal in which the ketal carbon is the only common atom of two rings.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (61)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID360257Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360265Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360248Cytotoxicity against human UO31 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360256Cytotoxicity against human SR cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360252Cytotoxicity against human HL-60(TB) cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360495Cytotoxicity against human T47D cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360285Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-231 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360233Cytotoxicity against human HOP92 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360499Toxicity in ip dosed mouse1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360270Cytotoxicity against human U251 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360277Cytotoxicity against human OVCAR8 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360259Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H23 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360276Cytotoxicity against human OVCAR5 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360261Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H460 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360266Cytotoxicity against human KM12 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360268Cytotoxicity against human SF539 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360274Cytotoxicity against human UACC62 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360253Cytotoxicity against human K562 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360243Cytotoxicity against human OVCAR-3 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360263Cytotoxicity against human HCC2998 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360250Cytotoxicity against human BT549 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360251Cytotoxicity against human CCRF-CEM cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360264Cytotoxicity against human HCT15 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360283Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360240Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-28 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360249Cytotoxicity against human Hs 578T cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360254Cytotoxicity against human MOLT4 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360247Cytotoxicity against human TK10 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360255Cytotoxicity against human RPMI8266 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360267Cytotoxicity against human SW620 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360273Cytotoxicity against human UACC257 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360230Toxicity in Artemia salina1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360262Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H522 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360245Cytotoxicity against human Caki1 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360281Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360494Cytotoxicity against human MDA-N cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360232Cytotoxicity against human HOP62 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360238Cytotoxicity against human MALME-3M cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360239Cytotoxicity against human M14 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360278Cytotoxicity against human SKOV3 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360236Cytotoxicity against human SF268 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360282Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360234Cytotoxicity against human COLO205 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360235Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360244Cytotoxicity against human A498 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360258Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H226 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360269Cytotoxicity against human SNB19 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360279Cytotoxicity against human 786-0 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360275Cytotoxicity against human OVCAR4 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360242Cytotoxicity against human IGROV1 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360260Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H322M cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360497Inhibition of NADH dehydrogenase and oxidase activity of electron transport protein complex 1 in rat plasma membrane assessed as blockade of reduction-oxidation process1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360237Cytotoxicity against human SF295 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360271Cytotoxicity against human LOXIMVI cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360241Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-5 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360231Cytotoxicity against human EKVX cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360280Cytotoxicity against human ACHN cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360286Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-435 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360246Cytotoxicity against human RFX393 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360498Induction of strand scission activity in bacteriophage X174RF1 DNA infected in Escherichia coli1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
AID360272Cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-2 cells1995Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Cytotoxic compounds from a two-sponge association.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (81)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's6 (7.41)18.2507
2000's32 (39.51)29.6817
2010's35 (43.21)24.3611
2020's8 (9.88)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 26.51

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index26.51 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.43 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.14 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index25.99 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (26.51)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews3 (3.61%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other80 (96.39%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.0110elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.3110alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		1.9810nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.1710phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.0410xanthene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.06101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.4820dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0710
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		2.0610chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		2.0410homodetic cyclic peptide
texas red
Texas red: hydrophilic Texas red; structure given in first source		2.0410organic heteroheptacyclic compoundfluorochrome
domoic acid
domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).		2.4820L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid;
tricarboxylic acid		algal metabolite;
hapten;
marine metabolite;
neuromuscular agent;
neurotoxin
psammaplin a
psammaplin A: isolated from marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in second source		1.9810
pectenotoxin 1
pectenotoxin 1: RN from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 4/87; structure given in first source		3.2960polycyclic ether;
spiroketal		marine metabolite
pectenotoxin 6
pectenotoxin 6: isolated from scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis); structure in first source		2.7130polycyclic ether;
spiroketal		marine metabolite
pectenotoxin-4
pectenotoxin-4: structure in first source		2.0310
palytoxin
palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.		2.0410polyoltoxin
yessotoxin
yessotoxin: produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in invertebrates (e.g., Patinopecten gessoensis also known as YESSO SCALLOP) that feed on them. RN given refers to parent compound		4.18150ciguatoxin
miuraenamide a
miuraenamide A: an antimicrobial isolated from myxobacteria; structure in first source		2.0610
dinophysistoxin 1
dinophysistoxin 1: from toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii; RN given for (35R)-isomer; structure given in first source. dinophysistoxin 1 : A ketal that is a marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid. Produced by dinoflagellates it is known to accumulate in shellfish and cause diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. It is an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and PP2A and has been shown to promote cancer cell growth in tumour cell lines and animal models.		4.28160ketalanimal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
marine metabolite;
toxin
azaspiracid
azaspiracid: a toxin from mussels produced in Ireland that caused multiple organ damage; structure in first source		3.7290
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.3110
bisebromoamide
bisebromoamide: a potent cytotoxic peptide from the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp.: structure in first source		2.0610
saxitoxin
Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.		2.0410alkaloid;
carbamate ester;
guanidines;
ketone hydrate;
paralytic shellfish toxin;
pyrrolopurine		cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
sodium channel blocker;
toxin
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		4.88310ketal
dinophysistoxin 2
dinophysistoxin 2: structure given in first source; a principal toxin responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. dinophysistoxin 2 : A ketal that is a rare marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid. Found yearly along with okadaic acid in Portuguese shellfish, its presence has been correlated with the occurrence of Dinophysis acta.		2.7730ketalEC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
toxin
gymnodimine
gymnodimine: a spiro-imine algal toxin; a neurotoxic shellfish poison produced by Karenia selliformis (formerly Gymnodinium selliforme) and related species		3.460
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.6620
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.6620
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.1710
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.		03.3360
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.7430
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.4720
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.0410
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.0410
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.4420
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.0410
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.0410
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.0510
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.0510
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.0510
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.0510
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.0610
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.0610
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.9810
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.9810
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.0410
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.0410
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.0410
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.0410
Polyploid
[description not available]		02.0410
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.0410
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.0410