Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)
| Excerpt | Reference |
|---|
| "Treatment of chromoblastomycosis is frequently difficult and unsatisfactory." | ( Milburn, PB; Tuffanelli, L, 1990) |
| "Chromomycosis is a disfiguring cutaneous mycosis that is often recalcitrant to therapy." | ( Gombert, ME; Green, KM; Shalita, AR; Silber, JG, 1983) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a difficult condition to treat, especially if it is caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi." | ( Restrepo, A, 1994) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a rare, chronic, cutaneous infection caused by a group of dematiacaeous fungi." | ( Barker, JN; Hay, RJ; Smith, CH, 1993) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is reported for the first time from the states of Jammu-Kashmir and Bihar along with two additional cases from the states of Assam and Uttar Pradesh." | ( Datta, KK; Kandhari, S; Misra, RS; Rajendran, C; Ramesh, V; Upreti, HB, 1997) |
| "Although chromoblastomycosis is widely distributed in India, many patients remain undiagnosed due to a lack of proper facilities." | ( Datta, KK; Kandhari, S; Misra, RS; Rajendran, C; Ramesh, V; Upreti, HB, 1997) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a subcutaneous mycosis, seen frequently in tropical areas, and caused by dematiaceous fungi." | ( Bonifaz, A; Carrasco-Gerard, E; Martínez-Soto, E; Peniche, J, 1997) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a fungal disease leading to a granulomatous reaction associated with dermal fibrosis." | ( Esterre, P; Hartmann, DJ; Ricard-Blum, S, 1998) |
| "Four patients with chromoblastomycosis are presented." | ( Grover, PS; Gupta, ML; Mahajan, VK; Sharma, AK; Sharma, NL; Sharma, RC, 1999) |
| "Chromomycosis is caused by several species of dematiaceous fungi, and terbinafine efficacy may vary depending on the causative fungus." | ( Hata, Y; Matsumoto, H; Nagao, K; Sugiura, M, 2001) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by dematiaceous fungi." | ( Agarwalla, A; Agrawal, S; Deb, M; Garg, VK; Jacob, M; Khanal, B; Rani, S, 2002) |
| "Chromomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by various dematiaceous fungi, the most common of which is Fonsecaea pedrosoi." | ( Castro, LG; Lacaz, CS; Pimentel, ER, 2003) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by pigmented fungi." | ( Colloby, PS; Ezughah, FI; Finch, TM; Orpin, S, 2003) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a cutaneous and subcutaneous mycotic disease caused by the dematiaceous (black) fungi." | ( Chung, KY; Lee, KH; Oh, SH; Park, SG; Suh, SB, 2005) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis that occurs more frequently in tropical and subtropical areas and is caused by a group of dematiaceous fungi." | ( Araiza, J; Bonifaz, A; Fierro-Arias, L; Paredes-Solis, V; Saúl, A, 2005) |
| "Chromomycosis is a chronic fungal infection quite prevalent in tropical countries." | ( Benmously, R; Chaker, E; Ezzine-Sebaï, N; Fazaa, B; Kamoun, MR; Zermani, R, 2005) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic and progressive deep mycosis that is usually found in tropical and subtropical areas." | ( Bocca, AL; Brito, PP; Figueiredo, F; Tosta, CE, 2006) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is characterized by the slow development of polymorphic skin lesions (nodules, verrucas, tumores, plaques and scar tissue)." | ( Almeida, SR; da Gloria Teixeria de Sousa, M; Ferreira, KS; Ghosn, EE; Hayakawa, M, 2006) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic infection caused by dematiaceous (dark-colored) fungi which affect the skin and subcutaneous tissues, and is characterized by a wide variety of clinical and dermatological features including papillomatous, verrucous and vegetating lesions." | ( Aranzazu, N; Colella, MT; Negrín, DC; Oliver, M; Paniz-Mondolfi, AE; Pérez-Alvarez, AM; Reyes-Jaimes, O, 2008) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a rare, hard to diagnose disease that arises mostly in the tropics, especially in humid areas, affecting mainly males and rural workers." | ( Baptista, A; Calheiros, I; Couceiro, A; Furtado, A; Menezes, N; Mota, G; Rosado, L; Varela, P, 2008) |
| "Current therapy for chromoblastomycosis is suboptimal due to toxicity of the available therapeutic agents and the emergence of drug resistance." | ( Alviano, CS; Kneipp, LF; Palmeira, VF; Rozental, S; Santos, AL, 2008) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is an important subcutaneous mycotic infection that is endemic worldwide but more common in the tropics." | ( Ameen, M, 2009) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is also called chromomycosis in Japan." | ( Kusuhara, M, 2009) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic, tropical and subtropical, subcutaneous mycosis caused by inoculation of dematiaceous molds." | ( Bougnoux, ME; Duong, TA; Dupont, B; Dupont, C; Mallet, S; Mamzer-Bruneel, MF; Thervet, E, 2010) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection caused by several pigmented fungi commonly seen in tropical and sub-tropical climate." | ( Gupta, D; Hazarika, NK; Sharma, A, 2010) |
| "Chromomycosis is a chronic infection, which is extremely difficult to eradicate, and is caused by dematiaceous (dark-colored) fungi which affect the skin and subcutaneous tissues, with Fonsecaea pedrosoi being the major etiologic agent." | ( Belda, W; Careta, MF; Criado, PR; Martins, JE; Rivitti, EA; Spina, R; Valente, NY, 2011) |
| "Subcutaneous chromoblastomycosis is an infection commonly seen in tropical and subtropical climates, usually caused by trauma with vegetables and often affects the host's lower limbs." | ( Almeida, AC; Bastos, VR; Bedin, V; França, K; Fukumaru, D; Massucatti, K; Villa, RT, 2011) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis seen mainly in tropical regions." | ( Jamil, A; Lee, YY; Thevarajah, S, 2012) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is an infection that involves skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by the traumatic inoculation of dematiaceous fungi species, being that the most prevalent are Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Claphialophora carrionii." | ( de Lima, CJ; de Resende, MA; Lyon, JP; Moreira, LM; Pedroso e Silva Azevedo, Cde M, 2011) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue." | ( Joseph, NM; Pradeepkumar, NS, 2011) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection which presents as a small ulcer, plaques, papulonodular lesion to cauliflower-like warty masses and cicatricial forms." | ( Hanumanthayya, K; Naik, AS; Naveen, KN; Pai, VV; Shetty, PC; Udupishastry, D, 2012) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is one of the most frequently encountered mycoses in tropical and temperate regions caused by the implantation of the infectious structures and one which is associated with low cure and high relapse rates." | ( Hu, Y; Li, X; Liang, Y; Lu, C; Xi, L; Yang, Y; Zhang, J, 2012) |
| "Chromomycosis is a chronic fungal disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by a group of dematiaceous black fungi." | ( Akasaka, E; Ikoma, N; Kojima, T; Kondo, A; Mabuchi, T; Matsuyama, T; Mochizuki, T; Ozawa, A; Tamiya, S; Tamura, K; Yahagi, E, 2012) |
| "Chromomycosis is a chronic fungal skin infection that generally presents in the form of verrucous or vegetative lesions on uncovered areas of skin." | ( Benchikhi, H; Hali, F; Khadir, K; Marouane, S; Ouakadi, A; Radouane, N; Soussi, M; Zamiati, S, 2013) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic mycosis that affects the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by several genera of dematiaceous fungi." | ( Alves, K; Collares Meirelles, L; Czekster Antochevis, L; Daboit, TC; Heidrich, D; Massotti Magagnin, C; Scroferneker, ML; Vigolo, S, 2014) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a rare chronic fungal infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue." | ( Bandyopadhyay, A; Banerjee, S; Gangopadhyay, M; Majumdar, K, 2015) |
| "Chromomycosis is a chronic fungal skin infection." | ( Fatimazahra, M; Imane, el H; Imane, T; Kawtar, I; Mariame, M; Mohamed, E; Salim, G; Salma, B, 2013) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a subcutaneous mycosis that remains a therapeutic challenge, with no standard treatment and high rates of relapse." | ( Belda, W; Benard, G; Brown, GD; Criado, PR; de Sousa, Mda G; Lota, PR; Spina, R; Valente, NS, 2014) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused frequently by fungi of the Fonsecaea genus." | ( Aguirre-Garza, M; Carolina Rojas, O; González, GM; León-Cachón, RB; Moreno-Treviño, MG; Pérez-Maya, AA, 2015) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is caused by dematiaceous fungi." | ( Dashatwar, D; Gangane, N; Kar, S; Kulkarni, S; Madke, B; Pol, V; Singh, N, 2015) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is the most frequent subcutaneous fungal infection in south India." | ( Asha Vadakayil, R; Bala, N; Bhat, RM; Dandakeri, S; Kamath, GH; Kambil, SM; Martis, J; Monteiro, RC, 2016) |
| "An unusual case of chromoblastomycosis is reported, it resembled dermatophytosis, tinea faciei due to the presence of a well-demarcated scaly ery- thematous patch on the face." | ( Kampirapap, K; Ornpaew, P; Reangchainam, S; Tresukosol, P, 2015) |
| "Chromomycosis is a rare mycotic infection encountered in tropical and subtropical regions." | ( Arzouk, N; Barrou, B; Benabdellah, N; Charlotte, F; Drouin, S; Fekkar, A; Rottembourg, J; Tourret, J, 2017) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a neglected and chronic fungal disease, mainly affects the subcutaneous tissue in limbs of people with occupational risk." | ( Failoc-Rojas, V; Silva-Díaz, H; Ventura-Flores, R, 2017) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a worldwide chronic subcutaneous infection caused by dematiaceous fungi and clinically characterized by verrucous lesions." | ( Bao, F; Shang, P; Sun, L; Wang, Q; Wu, M; Yu, C; Zhang, F; Zhou, G, 2018) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by different melanized fungi." | ( Do, NA; Le, TA; Nguyen, KL; Pham, MH; Vi, TT, 2019) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a tropical chronic infectious dermatosis characterized by the moriform bodies." | ( Antônio, JR; Pereira Domingos, F; Queiróz, AJR, 2018) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is defined as a chronic cutaneous and subcutaneous fungal infection caused by melanized or brown-pigmented fungi." | ( Arenas, R; Castillo, A; Espinoza-Rivera, M; Hernández-Castro, R; Romero-Navarrete, M; Ruíz, LF; Vega-Memije, ME; Xicohtencatl-Cortes, J, 2018) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal skin infection, common in tropical and subtropical areas and rare in North Africa." | ( Baline, K; Hali, F, 2018) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a long-term fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, usually presenting as partial hypertrophic and warty plaques." | ( Han, K; Huang, X; Li, L; Peng, X; Wang, L; Zeng, K, 2019) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection." | ( Huang, H; Huang, J; Li, M; Lu, C; Wu, X; Xi, L; Yin, S; Zhang, J, 2019) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic subcutaneous disease caused by human contact with melanized fungi occurring mainly in tropical and subtropical zones worldwide." | ( Albuquerque, M; Basano, SA; Camargo, JSAA; Camargo, LMA; de Almeida, AMZ; de Andrade, TS; Gambale, W; Melhem, MSC; Szeszs, MW; Takagi, EH, 2020) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the subcutaneous tissue." | ( Ahmad, Z; Khan, F; Khan, M; Khan, S; Zia-Ur-Rehman, A, 2019) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic skin and subcutaneous fungal infection caused by dematiaceous fungi and is associated with low cure and high relapse rates." | ( Chen, X; Hu, Y; Liu, K; Lu, Y; Mao, Z; Qi, X; Sun, H; Wu, Z; Yang, Y; Zhou, X, 2019) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is an implantation fungal infection." | ( Andrianarison, M; Andrianarivelo, MR; Andriantsimahavandy, A; Bailly, S; Cornet, M; Maubon, D; Rabenja, FR; Rakotomalala, FA; Rakotonirina, B; Rakotozandrindrainy, N; Ramarozatovo, LS; Ranaivo, I; Rasamoelina, T; Sendrasoa, F, 2020) |
| "Cases of chromoblastomycosis are frequent in certain parts of the world, especially in some developing countries." | ( Dobiáš, R; Havlíček, V, 2020) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic cutaneous fungal infection caused by dematiaceous fungi." | ( Dai, SQ; Huang, XW; Li, L; Xu, MN; Zeng, K, 2021) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis caused by traumatic inoculation of dematiaceous fungi especially in tropical and subtropical areas." | ( Arenas, R; Atoche, C; Hernández-Castro, R; León-Lara, X; Martínez-Chavarría, LC; Martínez-Hernández, F; Vázquez-Aceituno, VA; Xicohtencatl-Cortes, J, 2022) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic disease caused by melanized fungi that mainly affect individuals performing soil-related labor." | ( Cavalcante, LRDS; Guevara, A; Hagen, F; Hahn, RC; Nery, AF; Siqueira, NP, 2021) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a slowly progressing chronic disease caused by melanized fungi." | ( Cavalcante, LRDS; Guevara, A; Hagen, F; Hahn, RC; Nery, AF; Siqueira, NP, 2021) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is a disease caused by melanized fungi, primarily belonging to the genera Fonsecaea and Cladophialophora, mainly affecting individuals who are occupationally exposed to soil and plant products." | ( Bonfietti, L; de Camargo, ZP; de Carvalho, JA; de Souza Carvalho Melhem, M; de Souza Lima, BJF; Guevara, A; Hagen, F; Hahn, RC; Nery, AF; Rodrigues, AM; Vicente, VA, 2022) |
| "Chromoblastomycosis is affecting the poor population in rural and urban areas, mainly related to agricultural activities, with F." | ( Bonfietti, L; de Camargo, ZP; de Carvalho, JA; de Souza Carvalho Melhem, M; de Souza Lima, BJF; Guevara, A; Hagen, F; Hahn, RC; Nery, AF; Rodrigues, AM; Vicente, VA, 2022) |
| Excerpt | Reference |
|---|
| "A case of chromomycosis, caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi, was treated with 5-fluorocytosine." | ( Eisen, AZ; Kobayashi, GS; Santa-Cruz, DJ; Uitto, J, 1979) |
| "Twenty-three patients with chromomycosis were treated with oral 5-fluorocytosine for periods ranging from 2 to 67 months." | ( Alvarenga, RJ; Cisalpino, EO; Lopes, CF; Oliveira, LG; Resende, MA, 1978) |
| "The author proposes a new method of treatment for chromoblastomycosis, using the association of two drugs of confirmed therapeutic activity: amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine." | ( Bopp, C, 1976) |
| "Five patients with chromomycosis have been treated by liquid nitrogen application." | ( de Souza Sittart, JA; Valente, NY, 1986) |
| "We describe a case of chromomycosis of the lower extremities that is being successfully treated with ketoconazole and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) after treatment with ketoconazole alone had failed." | ( Gombert, ME; Green, KM; Shalita, AR; Silber, JG, 1983) |
| "Medical treatments for chromoblastomycosis has been disappointing, while lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis usually responds well to iodides." | ( Cheng, NC; Kuo, BI; Lee, WS; Liu, CE; Liu, CY; Yang, SP, 1995) |
| "The man had a history of chromomycosis, dating 6 years prior to the current consultation, for which he had been treated with oral terbinafine." | ( Hira, K; Ogawa, H; Takahashi, Y; Yamada, H, 2002) |
| "Twenty-two chromomycosis patients treated by cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen as the sole or associated therapy were studied." | ( Castro, LG; Lacaz, CS; Pimentel, ER, 2003) |
| "During the treatment of chromoblastomycosis, a second lymphoscintigraphy exam was performed on 10 limbs and did not show any improvement of the previous lymphoscintigraphic alterations." | ( Alchorne, MM; Barbieri, A; Castiglioni, ML; Ogawa, MM; Penna, AP; Tomimori-Yamashita, J, 2003) |
| "Pulse itraconazole is effective in the treatment of chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi." | ( Reangchainam, S; Ungpakorn, R, 2006) |
| "Given the difficulties treating chromoblastomycosis and other infections caused by melanized fungi, we evaluated the in vitro activities of extended-spectrum triazoles, amphotericin B, and echinocandins against these clinical isolates of R." | ( Badali, H; Barrón-Tapia, T; Bonifaz, A; De Hoog, GS; Estrada-Aguilar, L; Guarro, J; Meis, JF; Oliveira, NM; Sobral Filho, JF; Vázquez-González, D, 2010) |
| "We report a very rare case of pulmonary chromomycosis caused by Scedosporium prolificans that developed after lung transplantation and was successfully treated with endobronchial topical amphotericin B instillation." | ( Amemiya, T; Kamei, K; Kikuchi, T; Maeda, S; Matsuda, Y; Mitomo, H; Niikawa, H; Noda, M; Notsuda, H; Oishi, H; Okada, Y; Sado, T; Sakurada, A; Watanabe, T; Yoshida, Y, 2018) |