n-chlorotaurine profile

n-Chlorotaurine is a chlorinated amino acid that is produced by the enzyme myeloperoxidase in neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. It is a potent oxidant and antimicrobial agent, and it has been shown to be effective against a variety of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. n-Chlorotaurine is also involved in the regulation of inflammation and immune responses. It has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in a variety of conditions, including sepsis, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. The synthesis of n-Chlorotaurine is achieved through the oxidation of taurine by myeloperoxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and chloride ions. The effects of n-Chlorotaurine include antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and modulation of immune responses. It is important because it is a key component of the innate immune system and plays a role in the defense against infection. n-Chlorotaurine is studied for its potential therapeutic applications in a variety of diseases. For example, it has been investigated for its potential to treat sepsis, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease.'

N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	108018
CHEMBL ID	539204
SCHEMBL ID	117521
MeSH ID	M0127766

Synonym
n-chlorotaurine
2-(chloroamino)ethanesulfonic acid
ethanesulfonic acid, 2-(chloroamino)-
NCT ,
n-monochlorotaurine
taurochloramine
taurine monochloramine
51036-13-6
CHEMBL539204
SCHEMBL117521
DTXSID80199047
DB06633

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The aim of this study was to show that these compounds are safe in an EpiOcular model and effective in corneas infected ex vivo."	( N-chlorotaurine and its analogues N,N-dichloro-2,2-dimethyltaurine and N-monochloro-2,2-dimethyltaurine are safe and effective bactericidal agents in ex vivo corneal infection models. Anderson, M; Bechrakis, NE; Debabov, D; Eitzinger, C; Hager, T; Jekle, A; Lutz, M; Nagl, M; Schmid, E; Teuchner, B; Zuck, M, 2012)	1.82

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" One day after the end of dosing the number decreased significantly and reached the baseline (<1 x 10(6)/ml) on day 10."	( Tolerability of N-chlorotaurine in the bovine mammary gland. Gottardi, W; Huber, J; Nagl, M; Prokop, W; Scholl-Bürgi, S; Winter, P, 2008)	0.69

Bioassays (106)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID424165	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 40AB at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 4 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424177	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as complete loss of viability at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 190 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423962	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue staining in presence of 190 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424354	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as reduction killing time at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424154	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424171	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 6 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424166	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 4 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423957	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423948	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as reduction of killing time at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 34 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424349	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue staining	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424137	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 34 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423956	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 34 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423939	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as killing time at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424153	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 34 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423936	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as log reduction in cell count at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424352	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as increase in reduction in cell count at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424176	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as complete loss of viability at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 190 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424350	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue staining in presence of 160 mM mM beta-alanine	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424161	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 40AB at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423959	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as rounding of cells at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 15 mins by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 190 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423942	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as rounding of the cells at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 30 mins by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424353	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as rounding of cells at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 15 mins by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423952	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as killing time at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 290 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID1348180	Anti-Trichomonas activity against metronidazole-susceptible Trichomonas vaginalis ATCC 30001 assessed as inhibition of parasite growth at 5.5 mM measured at 5 to 60 mins in presence of NH4Cl by trypan blue-based assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Recent developments in anti-Trichomonas research: An update review.
AID424178	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as complete loss of viability at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline incubated in xenic agar medium after 14 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 190	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423941	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as rounding of the cells at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 30 mins by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423940	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as prevention of sporadic cysts formation at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423781	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424140	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423933	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as killing time at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423777	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue staining	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424134	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as increase in reduction in cell count at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 580 mM am	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423946	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as killing time at 0.16 M in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424157	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 34 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424142	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423928	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as log reduction in cell count at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423951	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 within 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 290 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423927	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 40AB assessed as killing time at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424141	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 34 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424158	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424145	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 34 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424138	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424170	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 6 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424143	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 68 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423934	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 4CL assessed as killing time at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423938	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as killing time at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424155	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 68 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424148	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424163	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424174	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 11 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424351	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue staining	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424139	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 68 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423926	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 4CL assessed as killing time at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423958	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as reduction in killing time at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 160 mM beta-alanine	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423961	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 190 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424150	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423778	Stability at room temperature assessed as decomposition rate per day	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423779	Stability at 2 to 4 degC assessed as decomposition rate per day	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423954	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 160 mM beta-alanine	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423922	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 4CL assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424136	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424160	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 4CL at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423955	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424168	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 4CL at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 6 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423929	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as log reduction in cell count at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423944	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as killing time at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423960	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as reduction killing time at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 190 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424152	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424151	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 68 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424156	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424133	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as increase in reduction in cell count at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 68 mM ammo	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424159	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 68 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423780	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423932	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as killing time at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423945	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as rounding of the cells at 0.16 M in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424172	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 4CL at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 11 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424135	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as reduction in cell count at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 580 mM ammonium chlori	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423935	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 40AB assessed as killing time at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424144	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424164	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 4CL at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 4 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424173	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 40AB at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 11 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424179	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as complete loss of viability at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline incubated in xenic agar medium after 14 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 190 m	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423930	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 4CL assessed as log reduction in cell count at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423965	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 within 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 290 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423924	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as killing time at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424175	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 11 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423949	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as reduction of killing time at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 160 mM beta-alanine	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424167	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 4 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423947	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as killing time at 0.16 M in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423966	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as increase in cell killing at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 within 3 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 34 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423963	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as complete killing time at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 3 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 190 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424147	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 68 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID1348181	Anti-Trichomonas activity against metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis ATCC 50138 assessed as inhibition of parasite growth at 5.5 mM measured at 5 to 60 mins in presence of NH4Cl by trypan blue-based assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Recent developments in anti-Trichomonas research: An update review.
AID423931	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 40AB assessed as log reduction in cell count at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423925	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as killing time at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423950	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 34 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424149	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 34 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423937	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as rounding of the cells at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 15 mins by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423953	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 5 after 1 hr by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 34 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423943	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as killing time at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424132	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS assessed as increase in reduction in cell count at 20 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 68 mM amm	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423964	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba polyphaga 5SU assessed as complete killing time at 55 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain in presence of 190 mM ammonium chloride	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424146	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS in peptone yeast extract glucose medium at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424162	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba hatchetti 11DS at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 24 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID424169	Amoebicidal activity against excysted trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 40AB at 55 mM in peptone yeast extract glucose medium after 6 days by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
AID423923	Amoebicidal activity against Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii 40AB assessed as log reduction in cell count at 10 mM in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 after 6 hrs by hemocytometer using trypan blue stain	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Cytotoxic activity of N-chlorotaurine on Acanthamoeba spp.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	9 (4.33)	18.7374
1990's	40 (19.23)	18.2507
2000's	94 (45.19)	29.6817
2010's	55 (26.44)	24.3611
2020's	10 (4.81)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	12 (5.50%)	5.53%
Reviews	15 (6.88%)	6.00%
Case Studies	3 (1.38%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	188 (86.24%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	7.41	2	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.94	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	4.1	4	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	3.09	5	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.06	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
cytosine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.42	2	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
glycine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.08	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
histamine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	1.98	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.09	5	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	3.27	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
taurine [no description available]	14.48	207	11	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrithione pyrithione: split from cephalosporin molecule; some metal complexes of this have fumarate reductase inhibitory activity and may be useful against trypanosomes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyrithione : A pyridinethione that is pyridine-2(1H)-thione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a Zn(2+) ionophore; the zinc salt is used as an antifungal and antibacterial agent.	1.98	1	0	monohydroxypyridine; pyridinethione	ionophore
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	1.96	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.99	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
dapsone [no description available]	2.39	2	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.05	1	0
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.8	2	1
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	3.27	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	3.27	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	2.44	2	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	3.27	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	1.98	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
monocrotaline [no description available]	3.27	1	0	pyrrolizines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	3.27	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	3.27	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.02	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	3.27	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0	morpholines
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	1.99	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.05	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.39	2	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.71	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	3.62	9	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	7.48	2	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	1.98	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	2	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	7.02	1	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2.05	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
cyanuric acid cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.	2.08	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; 1,3,5-triazines; heteroaryl hydroxy compound	xenobiotic
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	3.4	1	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.05	1	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiazoles [no description available]	2.02	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	2.44	2	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.05	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
tetracosane tetracosane: a pure alkane compound. tetracosane : A straight-chain alkane containing 24 carbon atoms.	3.27	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dibutyldichlorotin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.03	1	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
troclosene [no description available]	2.02	1	0
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	2.1	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	7.1	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	6.76	32	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.08	1	0	diatomic bromine
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.08	1	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	4.63	8	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.68	3	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
chloramine [no description available]	8.8	11	0	halide
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	5.12	10	1	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.05	1	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.07	4	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
tomatine alpha-tomatine: in tomato fruits and vegetative plant tissues; structure in first source	3.27	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; glycoalkaloid; glycoside; steroid alkaloid; tetrasaccharide derivative	antifungal agent; immunological adjuvant; phytotoxin
taurolidine [no description available]	4.03	1	0	thiadiazinane
iodine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
etoposide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.93	4	0
octenidine hydrochloride [no description available]	3.27	1	0
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	2.03	1	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.07	1	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.14	5	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.02	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	1.97	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-chloroperbenzoic acid 3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; peroxy acid
hypobromous acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	bromine oxoacid
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.05	1	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	1.98	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
cremophor el cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A	2.08	1	0
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.05	1	0
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	1.99	1	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
chlorodimedone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
bromamine [no description available]	2.74	3	0
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.06	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
hypothiocyanite ion hypothiocyanite ion: structure	2.05	1	0
hypothiocyanite ion hypothiocyanous acid : A sulfur oxoacid that is sulfenic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur has been replaced by a cyano group.	2.03	1	0	one-carbon compound; sulfur oxoacid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiviral agent; human metabolite; oxidising agent; rat metabolite
methotrexate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
sulbactam [no description available]	1.98	1	0	penicillanic acids
n,n-dichlorotaurine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.02	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2	1	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
sulfoacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.41	2	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; organosulfonic acid
glycine chloramine glycine chloramine: removes dental caries	2.42	2	0
n-acetyl-n-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine: metabolite of melatonin; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	aromatic ketone
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.03	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.27	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.06	1	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.03	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
geraniol [no description available]	3.27	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.27	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
nadp [no description available]	2.66	3	0
tetrachlorodecaoxide tetrachlorodecaoxide: stimulates wound healing; consists of chlorine, oxygen complexes	2.02	1	0
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.02	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
n-bromotaurine N-bromotaurine: cpd able to kill the schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni	6.91	12	1
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	2.06	1	0	nitrogen oxide
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.44	2	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	4.5	5	1	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
quercetin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	3.25	6	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.05	1	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	3.27	1	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	1.96	1	0	stilbenoid
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	2.03	1	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid: metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood platelet suspension; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.03	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid	metabolite
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2.03	1	0
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2	1	0
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.08	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.93	4	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2.38	2	0
bongkrekic acid Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.	2.02	1	0	ether; olefinic compound; tricarboxylic acid	apoptosis inhibitor; ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; toxin
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	3.85	2	1	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-3-hydroxyquinuclidine 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-3-hydroxyquinuclidine: structure given in first source	3.27	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	5.51	21	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
nvc-422 NVC-422: structure in first source	7.99	4	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.46	2	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	2.15	1	0	organosulfonic acid
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.7	3	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.08	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	3.1	5	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.02	1	0
n-(2-(5-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)acetamide N-(2-(5-methoxy-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)acetamide: metabolite of melatonin; structure in first source. 2-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of hydroxyindoles that is melatonin in which the hydrogen at position 2 of the indole ring has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A predominant hydroxylated melatonin metabolite in plants.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; hydroxyindoles; tryptamines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.02	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.02	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.25	1	0
neopterin [no description available]	7.02	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.4	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
celestine blue Celestine Blue: structure. Celestin blue B : An organic chloride salt composed of 1-carbamoyl-7-(diethylamino)-3,4-dihydroxyphenoxazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A histological dye used in solution with an iron alum mordant as a hematoxylin substitute in the H&E stain.	2.11	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.02	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	3.09	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	2.41	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	6.38	21	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	6.38	21	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	2.44	2	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.45	8	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	3.17	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.25	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	3.09	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	7.45	2	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	2.17	1	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	4.13	3	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	5.83	4	2
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	4.52	5	1
Infection, Wound [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	5.83	4	2
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.21	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	4.52	5	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	2.21	1	0
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	2.21	1	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.21	1	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	2.21	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	3.85	2	1
Pericementitis [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.08	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	3.36	2	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Microglossia [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	3.43	1	1
Ache [description not available]	4.38	2	2
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	4.38	2	2
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	2.44	2	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	2.05	1	0
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	7.05	1	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	7.05	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	5.11	10	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	5.11	10	1
Acne [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	2.97	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.05	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.06	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.06	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.06	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.06	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.07	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	2.45	2	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	4.1	3	1
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.01	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	8.4	1	1
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	3.4	1	1
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	3.4	1	1
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.02	1	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	3.41	1	1
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	8.41	1	1
Sinus Infections [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	8.41	1	1
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.03	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.03	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.43	2	0
Eye Infections, Viral Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.	2.03	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.03	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	3.42	1	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	3.42	1	1
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.03	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.04	1	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	2.04	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.04	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.04	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	1.98	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	1.98	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.4	2	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	1.99	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	1.99	1	0
Bacterial Conjunctivitides [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	3.39	1	1
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Viral Conjunctivitis [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.	3.39	1	1
Conjunctivitis, Viral Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.	3.39	1	1
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	3.39	1	1
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	3.39	1	1
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	1.98	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	1.97	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.97	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.88	1	0

n-chlorotaurine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (12)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Dosage Studied

Bioassays (106)

Research

Studies (208)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 29.30

Study Types

n-chlorotaurine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (12)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Dosage Studied

Bioassays (106)

Research

Studies (208)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 29.30

Study Types

Related Drugs (150)

Related Conditions (129)