antimony sodium gluconate profile

Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	156588474
MeSH ID	M0001475

Synonym
antimony sodium gluconate
stibogluconate sodium nonahydrate
AKOS040739199

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Both treatment regimens were well tolerated and they were associated with a similar incidence of reversible toxic effects."	( Safety and efficacy of high-dose sodium stibogluconate therapy of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Andujar, J; Ballou, WR; Berman, JD; Chulay, JD; Gordon, DM; McClain, JB; Shanks, GD, 1987)	0.27
" Adverse effects were common and necessitated interruption of treatment in 28% of cases, but they were generally reversible."	( Safety and efficacy of intravenous sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of leishmaniasis: recent U.S. military experience. Aronson, NE; Beard, JS; Benson, PM; Coyne, PE; Endy, TP; Gambel, JM; Gasser, RA; Grogl, M; Jackson, JE; Johnson, SC; Kreutzer, RD; Magill, AJ; Oster, CN; Tally, JD; Wortmann, GW, 1998)	0.3
" One patient (SB alone) had experienced a serious adverse event: cardiotoxicity at day 8 (myocarditis and ECG changes) which caused withdrawal from the study."	( A prospective randomized, comparative, open-label trial of the safety and efficacy of paromomycin (aminosidine) plus sodium stibogluconate versus sodium stibogluconate alone for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Houlihan, HH; Kanyok, TP; Olliaro, P; Pandey, AK; Sinha, GP; Thakur, CP; Zaniewski, AE, )	0.13
"Use of parenteral pentavalent antimonials to treat leishmaniasis is associated with a range of cardiological, biochemical and haematological adverse effects."	( Electrocardiographic and biochemical adverse effects of sodium stibogluconate during treatment of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis among returned travellers. Armstrong, M; Chilton, D; Lawn, SD; Whitty, CJ, 2006)	0.33
"A review of this adverse event resulted in five recommendations: (1) Provide staffing continuity among pharmacists and pharmacy technicians preparing and nurses administering the admixture; (2) Take time to ensure thorough and deliberative consideration ofquestions or concerns about admixture preparation; (3) Use due diligence in performing double checks of admixture calculations; (4) Know the drug and seek clarification when appropriate; and (5) Examine label information carefully."	( Improving the safety of intravenous admixtures: lessons learned from a Pentostam overdose. Just, S; Kauffman, CA; Piotrowski, MM; Saint, S; Schepers, G, 2006)	0.33
" A questionnaire recording adverse effects was completed by a physician in each treatment centre."	( Generic sodium stibogluconate is as safe and effective as branded meglumine antimoniate, for the treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Isiboro Secure Park, Bolivia. Bermúdez, H; Boelaert, M; Chappuis, F; Desjeux, P; Dujardin, JC; Garcia, L; Rojas, E, 2006)	0.33
" The vaccine was safe and well tolerated, and induced both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses."	( A clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the LEISH-F1+MPL-SE vaccine when used in combination with sodium stibogluconate for the treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis. Alves, FP; Ashman, JA; Beckmann, AM; Bertholet, S; Bogatzki, LY; Calderón, W; Coler, RN; Cowgill, KD; Cruz, M; Kahn, SJ; Laughlin, EM; Llanos-Cuentas, A; Piazza, FM; Reed, SG, 2010)	0.36
" SbV has a side effect profile that requires treatment interruption in up to 28% of patients."	( Glucocorticoids as a novel approach to the treatment of disabling side effects of sodium stibogluconate. Brostoff, JM; Lockwood, DN, 2012)	0.38
" These disturbances were temporary and did not result in adverse clinical events."	( Monitoring toxicity associated with parenteral sodium stibogluconate in the day-case management of returned travellers with New World cutaneous leishmaniasis [corrected]. Armstrong, MS; Lockwood, DN; Watson, J; Wise, ES, 2012)	0.38
" Combination regimens including AmBisome and miltefosine are safe and effective in India, but there are no published data from trials of combination therapies including these drugs from Africa."	( Efficacy and Safety of AmBisome in Combination with Sodium Stibogluconate or Miltefosine and Miltefosine Monotherapy for African Visceral Leishmaniasis: Phase II Randomized Trial. Alexander, N; Ali, MH; Alves, F; Balasegaram, M; Dorlo, TP; Edwards, T; Elamin, MY; Ellis, S; Hailu, A; Juma, R; Khalil, EA; Kimutai, R; Kip, AE; Kirigi, G; Musa, A; Musa, B; Njenga, S; Olobo, J; Omollo, R; Schoone, GJ; Strub Wourgaft, N; Wasunna, M; Wells, S, 2016)	0.43
" VL patients treated using the new treatment were consented and included in a common registry that collected demographics, baseline clinical characteristics, adverse events, serious adverse events and treatment outcomes."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Sodium Stibogluconate and Paromomycin Combination for the Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa: Results from a Pharmacovigilance Programme. Alirol, E; Alvar, J; Alves, F; Balasegaram, M; Chappuis, F; Diro, E; Ellis, S; Hailu, A; Jameneh, A; Khalil, EA; Kimutai, R; Makonnen, E; Mohammed, R; Musa, AM; Musa, B; Njoroge, S; Okello, L; Olobo, J; Omollo, R; Rashid, J; Ritmeijer, K; Sagaki, P; Salman, K; Soipei, P; Strub, N; Wasunna, M, 2017)	0.46
" SSG-PM was effective and safe except in HIV/VL co-infected or older patients."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Sodium Stibogluconate and Paromomycin Combination for the Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa: Results from a Pharmacovigilance Programme. Alirol, E; Alvar, J; Alves, F; Balasegaram, M; Chappuis, F; Diro, E; Ellis, S; Hailu, A; Jameneh, A; Khalil, EA; Kimutai, R; Makonnen, E; Mohammed, R; Musa, AM; Musa, B; Njoroge, S; Okello, L; Olobo, J; Omollo, R; Rashid, J; Ritmeijer, K; Sagaki, P; Salman, K; Soipei, P; Strub, N; Wasunna, M, 2017)	0.46
" The most common adverse events (AEs) were raised liver transaminases (35."	( Efficacy and safety of a combined treatment of sodium stibogluconate at 20mg/kg/day with upper maximum daily dose limit of 850mg and Paromomycin 15mg/kg/day in HIV negative visceral leishmaniasis patients. A retrospective study, northwest Ethiopia. Atnafu, S; Hailu, A; Medhin, G; Mohammed, R; Tamiru, A, 2021)	0.62
"A combination of SSG at 20mg/kg with upper daily maximum dose of 850mg and PM was effective for achieving initial cure at end of treatment and safe for treatment of HIV negative VL patients in northwestern Ethiopia."	( Efficacy and safety of a combined treatment of sodium stibogluconate at 20mg/kg/day with upper maximum daily dose limit of 850mg and Paromomycin 15mg/kg/day in HIV negative visceral leishmaniasis patients. A retrospective study, northwest Ethiopia. Atnafu, S; Hailu, A; Medhin, G; Mohammed, R; Tamiru, A, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Serum Sb declined with an initial half-life of 1 hr."	( Pharmacokinetics of pentavalent antimony (Pentostam) in hamsters. Berman, JD; Gallalee, JF; Gallalee, JV, 1988)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic parameters for the antimonial drug were calculated using a non-compartmental model."	( Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of antimony in hamsters. Al-Jasser, M; Zaghloul, IY, 2004)	0.32
" Blood samples were collected after the first or last doses, to allow the pharmacokinetic parameters of SbV after single and multiple dosing to be compared."	( The effects of induced diabetes and cutaneous Leishmania infection on the pharmacokinetics of antimony in hamsters. Al Jaser, MH; Al Rayes, ZR; Radwan, MA, 2007)	0.34
" A population pharmacokinetic model was developed for paromomycin in Eastern African and Indian VL patients."	( Geographical Variability in Paromomycin Pharmacokinetics Does Not Explain Efficacy Differences between Eastern African and Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients. Alves, F; Aman, R; Beijnen, JH; Chakravarty, J; Dorlo, TPC; Hailu, A; Hailu, W; Huitema, ADR; Hurissa, Z; Khalil, EAG; Kokwaro, G; Kshirsagar, SA; Makonnen, E; Mekonnen, Y; Mudawi, M; Musa, AM; Rai, M; Sundar, S; Tesfaye, S; Verrest, L; Wasunna, M; Younis, BM, 2021)	0.62
"The developed model provides detailed insight into the pharmacokinetic differences among Eastern African countries and India, however the resulting differences in paromomycin exposure do not seem to explain the geographical differences in paromomycin efficacy in the treatment of VL patients."	( Geographical Variability in Paromomycin Pharmacokinetics Does Not Explain Efficacy Differences between Eastern African and Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients. Alves, F; Aman, R; Beijnen, JH; Chakravarty, J; Dorlo, TPC; Hailu, A; Hailu, W; Huitema, ADR; Hurissa, Z; Khalil, EAG; Kokwaro, G; Kshirsagar, SA; Makonnen, E; Mekonnen, Y; Mudawi, M; Musa, AM; Rai, M; Sundar, S; Tesfaye, S; Verrest, L; Wasunna, M; Younis, BM, 2021)	0.62

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of parenteral aminosidine, alone or combined with sodium stibogluconate, in visceral leishmaniasis, compared to treatment by stibogluconate alone."	( Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya by aminosidine alone or combined with sodium stibogluconate. Chunge, CN; Donno, L; Owate, J; Pamba, HO, )	0.13
" In 2002, we replaced the standard regimen of 30 days of daily sodium stibogluconate (SSG) with a 17-day regimen of daily SSG combined with paromomycin (PM)."	( Treatment of kala-azar in southern Sudan using a 17-day regimen of sodium stibogluconate combined with paromomycin: a retrospective comparison with 30-day sodium stibogluconate monotherapy. Collin, SM; Davidson, RN; Gatluak, F; Keus, K; Melaku, Y; Ritmeijer, K, 2007)	0.34
"This study compares the efficacy of intralesional SSG given alone with that of intralesional SSG combined with intramuscular SSG."	( Comparative efficacy of intralesional sodium stibogluconate (SSG) alone and its combination with intramuscular SSG to treat localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: Results of a pilot study. Kanga, AK; Mahajan, VK; Negi, AK; Ranjan, N; Sharma, NL, )	0.13
"Intralesional combined with intramuscular SSG appears more effective in LCL and gave qualitatively superior healing than intralesional SSG given alone."	( Comparative efficacy of intralesional sodium stibogluconate (SSG) alone and its combination with intramuscular SSG to treat localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: Results of a pilot study. Kanga, AK; Mahajan, VK; Negi, AK; Ranjan, N; Sharma, NL, )	0.13
" Oral ketoconazole is much easier and safer therapy than intramuscular SSG in combination with intralesional SSG in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis."	( Intralesional sodium stibogluconate alone or its combination with either intramuscular sodium stibogluconate or oral ketoconazole in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparative study. Anwar, AE; El-Sayed, M, 2010)	0.36
" Levels of SHP-1 substrates (pSTAT1, pSTAT3, pLck and pSlp76) were increased (up to 3x) in peripheral blood cells following SSG with no potentiation by combination with IFN-α2b."	( Phosphatase inhibitor, sodium stibogluconate, in combination with interferon (IFN) alpha 2b: phase I trials to identify pharmacodynamic and clinical effects. Borden, EC; Budd, TG; Elson, P; Hollovary, E; Jacobs, B; Mitsuhashi, M; Spiro, T; Triozzi, P; Yi, T, 2011)	0.37

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Antileishmanial chemotherapy is hampered by the location of the parasite within the phagolysosome of the macrophage, which restricts the bioavailability of many potentially useful antileishmanial drugs."	( Antileishmanial drug targeting through glycosylated polymers specifically internalized by macrophage membrane lectins. Chance, ML; Hanboula, SY; Hommel, M; Mayer, RM; Monsigny, M; Nègre, E; Roche, AC, 1992)	0.28
" In vivo effectiveness may depend on bioavailability of Sb in the host and the direct action on the parasite, reflected by its in vitro activity."	( Antitrypanosomal activity of trivalent antimonials in vitro and its significance. Ercoli, N; Minelli, EB; Olivo, N, 1980)	0.26
"Impairment of both synthesis and uptake of NO resulted in decreased bioavailability of this signaling molecule in erythrocytes in VL."	( Regulatory role of nitric oxide in the reduced survival of erythrocytes in visceral leishmaniasis. Biswas, T; Chowdhury, KD; Sen, G, 2010)	0.36

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The drug was administered either intramuscularly at a dosage of 6 ml daily for at least 10 days or infiltrated around the lesion (maximum 2 ml per lesion) at weekly intervals for 3 to 4 consecutive weeks."	( Evaluation of sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria. Ghosn, S, 1979)	0.26
" As dosage regimens for treating leishmaniasis have evolved, the daily dose of antimony and the duration of therapy have been progressively increased to combat unresponsiveness to therapy."	( Recommendations for treating leishmaniasis with sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam) and review of pertinent clinical studies. Berman, JD; Herwaldt, BL, 1992)	0.28
" Only one therapy, multiple dosing with drug loaded sonicated vesicles, liposomes or niosomes, was found to be effective against parasites in the liver, spleen and bone marrow."	( Visceral leishmaniasis: drug carrier system characteristics and the ability to clear parasites from the liver, spleen and bone marrow in Leishmania donovani infected BALB/c mice. Alexander, J; Baillie, AJ; Carter, KC; Dolan, TF; McColgan, C, 1989)	0.28
" Na-Stibogluconate (Pentostam) was used for the treatment at a dosage of 10 or 20 mg/kg on 10 or 14 consecutive days."	( [Imported leishmaniasis of dogs: clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy with Na stibogluconate (Pentostam)]. Reiter, I; Reusch, C, 1987)	0.27
" Sodium stibogluconate should be given intramuscularly in the dosage of 20 mg/kg for at least 40 days, when patients should be assessed for further treatment if necessary."	( Rationalisation of regimens of treatment of kala-azar with sodium stibogluconate in India: a randomised study. Kumar, M; Kumar, P; Mishra, BN; Pandey, AK; Thakur, CP, 1988)	0.27
" The generally comparable levels of Sb in the skin and in the visceral organs support the present clinical practice of administering the same dosage of Sb for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis."	( Pharmacokinetics of pentavalent antimony (Pentostam) in hamsters. Berman, JD; Gallalee, JF; Gallalee, JV, 1988)	0.27
" If shorter courses are ineffective prolonged and continued courses may be given provided that renal function is assessed and the dosage is adjusted when indicated."	( Renal clearance of pentavalent antimony (sodium stibogluconate). Hockmeyer, WT; Kager, PA; Keating, MI; Rees, PH, 1980)	0.26
"A prospective randomized trial of three dosage regimens of sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam; Wellcome Foundation, London) to treat visceral leishmaniasis was conducted."	( A comparison of three dosage regimens of sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya. Bhatt, SM; Bryceson, AD; Chulay, JD; Chunge, C; Gachihi, G; Ho, M; Muigai, R; Were, JB, 1983)	0.27
" Blood samples were taken at various times after dosing and antimony levels in various tissues were determined at 3 h, 48 h and 6 days after dosing."	( The distribution of free and non-ionic vesicular sodium stibogluconate in the dog. Baillie, AJ; Carter, KC; Collins, M; O'Grady, J, 1993)	0.29
" orally in divided dosage for 30 days."	( Combination therapy in Kala-azar. Jha, S; Jha, TK; Singh, IJ; Singh, NK, 1995)	0.29
" Dose-response curve analyses show that Leishmania promastigotes are susceptible to Pentostam, with the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) being 104 microg/ml, while amastigotes are more susceptible, with the IC50 being 24 microg/ml."	( Pentostam induces resistance to antimony and the preservative chlorocresol in Leishmania donovani promastigotes and axenically grown amastigotes. Ephros, M; Waldman, E; Zilberstein, D, 1997)	0.3
" Results of the study show that treatment of cases of Kala-azar with sodium stibogluconate in a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day for a longer period of 30 days is effective with a higher cure rate and minimum side effects, for treatment of cases of Kala-azar in this eastern part of Nepal, endemic for the disease."	( A thirty day course of sodium stibogluconate for treatment of Kala-azar in Nepal. Das, ML; Hansdak, SG; Karki, P; Koirala, S; Parija, SC, 1998)	0.3
"The efficacy and toxicity of sodium stibogluconate (SSG) at a dosage of 20 mg/(kg."	( Safety and efficacy of intravenous sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of leishmaniasis: recent U.S. military experience. Aronson, NE; Beard, JS; Benson, PM; Coyne, PE; Endy, TP; Gambel, JM; Gasser, RA; Grogl, M; Jackson, JE; Johnson, SC; Kreutzer, RD; Magill, AJ; Oster, CN; Tally, JD; Wortmann, GW, 1998)	0.3
" Unfortunately, pharmacokinetics and optimal dosage of diamidines are not well-known, and numerous adverse events are described."	( [Treatment of infantile visceral leishmaniasis]. Dumon, H; Faraut-Gambarelli, F; Garnier, JM; Gire, C; Minodier, P; Piarroux, R, 1999)	0.3
"The recommended treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis is pentavalent antimony at a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day for 20 days."	( A randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy of a 10- or 20-day course of sodium stibogluconate for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in United States military personnel. Aronson, N; Jackson, J; Miller, RS; Oster, C; Wortmann, G, 2002)	0.31
" Therapy was discontinued until the transaminase values normalized, then continued in reduced dosage (12 mg/kg body weight) for 23 days."	( [American cutaneous leishmaniasis: special features in diagnosis and therapy]. Bormann, G; Gaber, G; Marsch, W; Schulz, A; William, T, 2003)	0.32
" Also, nurses and pharmacists had less than adequate information about new or unusually dosed medications."	( Improving the safety of intravenous admixtures: lessons learned from a Pentostam overdose. Just, S; Kauffman, CA; Piotrowski, MM; Saint, S; Schepers, G, 2006)	0.33
" This modulatory effect was dosage dependent and not observed in apigenin monomers with the linker, suggesting that the modulatory effect is due to its bivalent nature."	( Flavonoid dimers as bivalent modulators for pentamidine and sodium stiboglucanate resistance in leishmania. Burkett, BA; Chai, Y; Chan, KF; Chan, TH; Chow, LM; Sun, H; Wong, IL; Zhao, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Blood samples were collected after the first or last doses, to allow the pharmacokinetic parameters of SbV after single and multiple dosing to be compared."	( The effects of induced diabetes and cutaneous Leishmania infection on the pharmacokinetics of antimony in hamsters. Al Jaser, MH; Al Rayes, ZR; Radwan, MA, 2007)	0.34
" SAG was used at a dosage of 20 mg/kg given deep intramuscular injections in buttock for 28 days, amphotericin B (AMB) given at a dose of 1 mg/kg body wt daily for 20 days as a slow intravenous infusion in 5 per cent dextrose."	( Comparison of treatment regimens of kala-azar based on culture & sensitivity of amastigotes to sodium antimony gluconate. Narayan, S; Sinha, A; Thakur, CP; Thakur, S, 2008)	0.35
" After treatment with an increasing drug dosage for 7 days, acute renal injury was evident as indicated by increased serum creatinine and urea nitrogen."	( Case report: Acute renal injury as a result of liposomal amphotericin B treatment in sodium stibogluconate unresponsive visceral leishmaniasis. Li, L; Mao, Q; Zhang, D; Zhao, S, 2011)	0.37
" Allometric dosing of miltefosine in children needs to be evaluated."	( Efficacy and Safety of AmBisome in Combination with Sodium Stibogluconate or Miltefosine and Miltefosine Monotherapy for African Visceral Leishmaniasis: Phase II Randomized Trial. Alexander, N; Ali, MH; Alves, F; Balasegaram, M; Dorlo, TP; Edwards, T; Elamin, MY; Ellis, S; Hailu, A; Juma, R; Khalil, EA; Kimutai, R; Kip, AE; Kirigi, G; Musa, A; Musa, B; Njenga, S; Olobo, J; Omollo, R; Schoone, GJ; Strub Wourgaft, N; Wasunna, M; Wells, S, 2016)	0.43
" Allometric dosing ensured similar MF exposure in children (<12 years) and adults."	( Paromomycin and Miltefosine Combination as an Alternative to Treat Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa: A Randomized, Controlled, Multicountry Trial. Alcoba, G; Alvar, J; Alves, F; Dorlo, TPC; Egondi, T; Fikre, H; Ismail Omer Haroun, A; Khalil, EAG; Mbui, J; Mekonnen, T; Mersha, D; Mohammed, R; Musa Younis, B; Musa, AM; Muthoni Ouattara, G; Nakanwagi, P; Njenga, S; Nour, A; Olobo, J; Omollo, T; Ritmeijer, K; Sagaki, P; Sisay, K; Solomos, A; Taha Ahmed Elmukashfi, E; Verrest, L; Wasunna, M, 2023)	0.91

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	199 (24.42)	18.7374
1990's	207 (25.40)	18.2507
2000's	213 (26.13)	29.6817
2010's	163 (20.00)	24.3611
2020's	33 (4.05)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	94 (10.34%)	5.53%
Reviews	60 (6.60%)	6.00%
Case Studies	221 (24.31%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (0.11%)	0.25%
Other	533 (58.64%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (21)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Efficacy of Intralesional Voriconazole Versus Intralesional Cryotherapy Versus Intralesional Sodium Stibogluconate Versus Oral Doxycycline in the Treatment of Acute Cutaneous Leishmaniasis [NCT05708625]	Phase 3	136 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-01	Recruiting
A Randomized, Open-label, Phase II, Single-centre Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Pharmacokinetics of LXE408 in Patients With Primary Visceral Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia [NCT05957978]	Phase 2	52 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-31	Not yet recruiting
A Multicentre Observational Study to Assess Immune Response Status in Patients Before and After Treatment for Visceral Leishmaniasis [NCT04342715]		280 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-05-22	Recruiting
An Open Label, Phase III, Randomized Controlled, Multicentre Non-Inferiority Trial to Compare Efficacy and Safety of Miltefosine and Paromomycin With SSG and PM Combination for Treatment of Primary Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) Patients in Eastern Africa [NCT03129646]	Phase 3	439 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-24	Completed
Prospective Observational Study of Intralesional Treatment With Pentostam in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Israeli Patients [NCT02281669]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2014-11-30	Not yet recruiting
SHP2 as a Therapeutic Target For Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Phase I/II Trial of Sodium Stibogluconate in Myelodysplastic Syndrome [NCT01009502]	Phase 1	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-07-31	Terminated(stopped due to Lack of funding, never moved into the phase II portion that was originally planned.)
A Phase 2, Randomized, Open-Label, Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of the LEISH-F2 + MPL-SE Vaccine in the Treatment of Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis [NCT01011309]	Phase 2	45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Completed
A Phase I/II Randomized Comparison of Localized Heat Therapy Versus Sodium Stibogluconate (Pentostam) for the Treatment of Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (HSRRB Log No. A-12364) [NCT00884377]	Phase 2	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-02-29	Completed
Sodium Stibogluconate Treatment of Leishmaniasis [NCT00662012]	Phase 2	414 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-06-30	Completed
A Phase II Randomized, Parallel Arm, Open-labeled Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of the Combination of Sodium Stibogluconate Plus Single Dose AmBisome®, Miltefosine Plus Single Dose AmBisome® and Miltefosine Alone for the Treatment of Pr [NCT01067443]	Phase 2	151 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
Department of Defense Protocol for the Use of Sodium Stibogluconate (Pentostam) as a Treatment for Leishmaniasis [NCT00657618]	Phase 1/Phase 2	77 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-10-31	Completed
Phase II Open Randomized Clinical & Health Economic Trial Comparing Intralesional Antimony Therapy Versus Wound Care Management in Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients in Northern Afghanistan [NCT00996463]	Phase 2	63 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
A Phase I, Open-Label, Dose Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Sodium Stibogluconate in Combination With Interferon Alpha-2b for Patients With Advanced Malignancies [NCT00629200]	Phase 1	33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-09-13	Completed
Phase I Evaluation of Sodium Stibogluconate in Combination With Interferon α-2b Followed by Cisplatin, Vinblastine and Dacarbazine for Patients With Melanoma or Malignancies Potentially Responsive to SSG and/or Interferons [NCT00498979]	Phase 1	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Completed
Compassionate Use of Sodium Stibogluconate (Pentostam) for Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous New World Leishmaniasis [NCT00508963]		0 participants	Expanded Access		No longer available
A Multicentre Comparative Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Stibogluconate (SSG) Versus Paromomycin (PM) Versus Combination of SSG and PM as the First Line Treatment for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia, Kenya and Sudan [NCT00255567]	Phase 3	1,142 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-11-30	Completed
Phase I Evaluation of Sodium Stibogluconate in Combination With Interferon α-2b for Solid Tumors, Lymphoma or Myeloma [NCT00311558]	Phase 1	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-10-31	Terminated
An Open Label Study of RFH Therapy as Treatment for CL Caused by Leishmania Tropica in India [NCT01661296]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
[NCT03009422]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Active, not recruiting
Documentation of Patient Outcomes for the Combination Treatment of Sodium Stibogluconate and Allopurinol in Complicated Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia [NCT04699383]		105 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-02-15	Completed
Sodium Stibogluconate in the Myelodysplastic Syndromes/Acute Myeloid Leukemia With One of the 65 Defined p53 Mutations That Can be Functionally Rescued by Sodium Stibogluconate [NCT04906031]	Phase 2	5 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-06-01	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00657618 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Experiencing Serious or Unexpected Adverse Events, by Type of Serious or Unexpected Adverse Events
NCT00657618 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Participants That Discontinued Due to Adverse Experience, by Type of Adverse Experience
NCT00662012 (2) [back to overview]	Improvement of Lesions, Resolution of Fever and Lab Abnormalities for Visceral Leishmaniasis and Regression of Mucosal Lesions .
NCT00662012 (2) [back to overview]	The Primary Safety Endpoint - Frequency of Complications of Therapy
NCT00884377 (6) [back to overview]	Equivalence of Efficacy (Clinical Cure) of TheroMed Treatment vs Sodium Stibogluconate Assessed by the Number of Subjects With Clinical Cure
NCT00884377 (6) [back to overview]	Equivalence of Efficacy Assessed by the Number of Participants With Clinical Cure
NCT00884377 (6) [back to overview]	Feasibility of a L. Major Species Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction as a Rapid Diagnostic Device in the Context of a Treatment Trial
NCT00884377 (6) [back to overview]	Immune Response, Based on Percent of T-Cell Population Before Treatment, and Day 10 Following Treatments
NCT00884377 (6) [back to overview]	Immune Response, Based on T-Cell Population Before Treatment, and Day 10 Following Treatments
NCT00884377 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Solicited Adverse Events
NCT01011309 (3) [back to overview]	Adverse Events of Grade 1 Severity or Higher Occurring in ≥ 3 Patients During Active Treatment Phase of the Study.
NCT01011309 (3) [back to overview]	Date of Clinical Cure
NCT01011309 (3) [back to overview]	IgG Antibodies and T-cell Cytokine Responses (IFN-g and IL-10)

Number of Participants Experiencing Serious or Unexpected Adverse Events, by Type of Serious or Unexpected Adverse Events

The safety of Pentostam (SSG) treatment was evaluated through the daily assessment of AEs during treatment. Additionally, clinical laboratory tests including serum chemistry (glucose, electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen [BUN], creatinine, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase [ALK], amylase, and lipase) and hematology (hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, and white blood cells with differential); vital signs measurements; electrocardiograms (ECGs); and physical examinations were performed at screening and prior to Pentostam infusion on Days (± 2) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 28 (Days 25 and 28 for patients with visceral or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis only). At the completion of Pentostam treatment, patients were encouraged to arrange follow-up at 2, 6, and 12 months after treatment; however, follow-up was not required. (NCT00657618)
Timeframe: prior to infusion on days 2) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 28

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Elevated lipase level	Chemical hepatitis	Allergic reaction with atypical presentation	Misdiagnosis	Allergic reaction	Hospitalized for unhealed cutaneous lesion
Treatment Only	4	1	1	1	1	1

[back to top]

Number of Participants That Discontinued Due to Adverse Experience, by Type of Adverse Experience

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Myalgia/arthralgia	Elevated liver-associated enzymes	Rash	Subtle elevation of amylase and lipase	Misdiagnosis	Decreased white blood cell count	Nephrotoxicity	Chemical pancresatitis	Drug reaction
Treatment Only	12	10	3	1	1	1	1	1	1

[back to top]

Improvement of Lesions, Resolution of Fever and Lab Abnormalities for Visceral Leishmaniasis and Regression of Mucosal Lesions .

Improvement of lesions for cutaneous leishmanias, resolution of fever and lab abnormalities for visceral leishmaniasis and regression of mucosal lesions for mucocutaneous disease. (NCT00662012)
Timeframe: 5 years

Intervention	participants (Number)
SSG 20 mg/kg	414

[back to top]

The Primary Safety Endpoint - Frequency of Complications of Therapy

The primary safety endpoint is the frequency of complications of therapy (NCT00662012)
Timeframe: 5 years

Intervention	participants (Number)
SSG 20 mg/kg	414

[back to top]

Equivalence of Efficacy (Clinical Cure) of TheroMed Treatment vs Sodium Stibogluconate Assessed by the Number of Subjects With Clinical Cure

"Determine the equivalence of efficacy (clinical cure) of ThermoMed treatment vs sodium stibogluconate in clinical response of all skin lesions at 12 months. Clinical cure is defined as complete epithelialization of lesion. Post-treatment, photographs of treated lesions were assessed for efficacy outcome by a consensus decision of leishmaniasis experts blinded as to each subject's study group. On the basis of these photo assessments, clinical response was assessed by lesion and by subject. In addition, an overall response was assigned (healed or not healed) based on a combination of experts' photo assessments and subject interviews. Efficacy outcomes for the 2 study groups were compared using the Fishers exact test." (NCT00884377)
Timeframe: 12 months

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Healed	Not Healed	Not Applicable	Clincally Cured	Not Clinically Cured	Not Evaluable
Sodium Stibogluconate	25	2	1	23	2	3
ThermoMed Device	23	4	1	21	2	5

[back to top]

Equivalence of Efficacy Assessed by the Number of Participants With Clinical Cure

"Assess whether local heat therapy using the ThermoMed device was equivalent (clinical cure) in efficacy to 10 days of parenteral sodium stibogluconate. Clinical cure is defined as complete epithelialization of lesion. post-treatment, photographs of treated lesions were assessed for efficacy outcome by a consensus decision of leishmaniasis experts blinded as to each subject's study group. On the basis of these photo assessments, clinical response was assessed by lesion and by subject. In addition, an overall response was assigned (healed or not healed) based on a combination of experts' photo assessments and subject interviews. Efficacy outcomes for the 2 study groups were compared using the Fishers exact test." (NCT00884377)
Timeframe: Assessment of cure is made at 2 months after treatment

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Healed	Not Healed	Not Applicable	Cured	Not Cured	Not Evaluable
Sodium Stibogluconate	22	5	1	13	13	2
ThermoMed Device	18	9	1	11	14	3

[back to top]

Feasibility of a L. Major Species Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction as a Rapid Diagnostic Device in the Context of a Treatment Trial

Evaluate the feasibility of using species-specific PCR as a rapid diagnostic assay for L. major infection. The comparator modalities were: histopathology (identification of amastigotes); speciation determined through culture and isoenzyme analysis; and genus and species-specific PCR. Species PCR testing was performed at baseline to allow for the identification of L. major as each subject's infecting parasite. If an L. major infection could not be confirmed in a subject's lesion(s), then that subject could not be treated under this protocol. (NCT00884377)
Timeframe: at baseline before treatment

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Histopathology: Amastigotes absent	Histopathology: Amastigotes present	Culture: Not done	Culture: Unknown	Culture: Negative	Culture: Positive	Culture/Isoenzyme Analysis: L.major = Positive	Culture/Isoenzyme analysis: Unknown Leish species	Culture/Isoenzyme analysis: Not done	PCR (Genus) = Positive for Leish genus	PCR (Species) = Positive for L.major species	PCR (Species) = Unknown
Sodium Stibogluconate	10	18	4	0	6	18	12	2	4	28	27	1
ThermoMed Device	6	22	5	1	4	18	12	3	4	28	28	0

[back to top]

Immune Response, Based on Percent of T-Cell Population Before Treatment, and Day 10 Following Treatments

Evaluate the immune response (T-Cell population) to Leishmania before treatment, and at 10 days, in recipients of localized heat therapy vs systemic sodium stibogluconate. Days 1 and 10 are presented in columns. (NCT00884377)
Timeframe: day 1 and day 10

,,,

Intervention	% of T-cells (Mean)
	CD3+CD8 (%)	CD19 (%)	CD16+CD56 (%)
Study Day 1: Sodium Stibogluconate	25.07	17.96	9.67
Study Day 1: ThermoMed	25.67	15.30	9.81
Study Day 10: Sodium Stibogluconate	26.54	16.73	10.73
Study Day 10: ThermoMed	26.85	15.11	11.74

[back to top]

Immune Response, Based on T-Cell Population Before Treatment, and Day 10 Following Treatments

,,,

Intervention	populations of T-cells (Mean)
	ABS CD3+CD8 (cells/uL)	ABS CD19 (cells/uL)	ABS CD16+CD56 (cells/uL)
Study Day 1: Sodium Stibogluconate	515.89	375.37	196.52
Study Day 1: ThermoMed	368.74	213.85	137.74
Study Day 10: Sodium Stibogluconate	534.19	328.27	207.62
Study Day 10: ThermoMed	500.15	274.70	221.96

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Solicited Adverse Events

To compare the toxicity profiles of ThermoMed treatment versus parenteral sodium stibogluconate therapy thru specific solicited adverse events (NCT00884377)
Timeframe: Days 3, 7 and 10

Intervention	subjects showing specified symptoms (Number)
	Myalgias : Day 3	Myalgias : Day 7	Myalgias : Day 10	Arthralgias : Day 3	Arthralgias : Day 7	Arthralgias : Day 10	Nausea : Day 3	Nausea : Day 7	Nausea : Day 10	Vomiting : Day 3	Vomiting : Day 7	Vomiting : Day 10	Abdominal Pain : Day 3	Abdominal Pain : Day 7	Abdominal Pain : Day 10	Headache : Day 3	Headache : Day 7	Headache : Day 10	Diarrhea : Day 3	Diarrhea : Day 7	Diarrhea : Day 10	Rash : Day 3	Rash : Day 7	Rash : Day 10	Fever : Day 3	Fever : Day 7	Fever : Day 10	Fatigue : Day 3	Fatigue : Day 7	Fatigue : Day 10	Chest Pain : Day 3	Chest Pain : Day 7	Chest Pain : Day 10	Other : Day 3	Other : Day 7	Other : Day 10
Sodium Stibogluconate	4	3	5	4	11	7	3	4	1	1	2	0	2	3	2	7	9	5	2	3	3	2	2	3	0	2	0	17	11	9	1	0	0	3	6	2
ThermoMed Treatment	1	0	0	2	2	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	2	2	2	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	3	1	3	0	0	0	2	5	7

[back to top]

Adverse Events of Grade 1 Severity or Higher Occurring in ≥ 3 Patients During Active Treatment Phase of the Study.

Safety of immunotherapy with the vaccine was compared to the safety of chemotherapy with sodium stibogluconate. All adverse events are listed regardless of relatedness. (NCT01011309)
Timeframe: Day 0 through Day 84

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Injection site erythema	Injection site induration	Injection site pain	Superinfection bacterial	ALT increased	Alkaline phosphatase increased	Total bilirubin increased	Hemoglobin decreased	WBC decreased	Headache	Nausea
Chemotherapy	0	0	0	0	10	1	3	7	10	5	3
Immunotherapy v1.4/1.5	10	8	8	4	8	5	4	3	4	3	0
Immunotherapy v1.6	9	10	10	0	4	1	1	0	1	3	0

[back to top]

Date of Clinical Cure

Efficacy of immunotherapy with the LEISH-F2 + MPL-SE vaccine was compared to the efficacy of chemotherapy with sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of CL. Efficacy is measured by the date of clinical cure. (NCT01011309)
Timeframe: Day 84

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Clinical cure by Day 84 without rescue treatment	Clinical cure by Day 84 with rescue treatment
Chemotherapy	15	1
Immunotherapy v1.4/1.5	2	10
Immunotherapy v1.6	2	5

[back to top]

IgG Antibodies and T-cell Cytokine Responses (IFN-g and IL-10)

Immunogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated by measuring IgG antibody and T-cell responses to the LEISH-F2 protein and soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA). IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA and T-cell cytokine responses (IFN-g and IL-10) were measured by Luminex. Data is presented as median Post:Pre ratios comparing Days 56/84 or 168 to baseline at Day 0. (NCT01011309)
Timeframe: Days 0, 56 or 84, and 168

Intervention	Relative ELISA Units (Median)
	IgG antibody to LEISH-F2 - Day 56	IgG antibody to LEISH-F2 - Day 84	IgG antibody to LEISH-F2 - Day 168	IgG antibody to SLA - Day 56	IgG antibody to SLA - Day 84	IgG antibody to SLA - Day 168	IFN-g response to LEISH-F2 - Day 56	IFN-g response to LEISH-F2 - Day 84	IFN-g response to LEISH-F2 - Day 168	IFN-g response to SLA - Day 56	IFN-g response to SLA - Day 84	IFN-g response to SLA - Day 168	IL-10 response to LEISH-F2 - Day 56	IL-10 response to LEISH-F2 - Day 84	IL-10 response to LEISH-F2 - Day 168	IL-10 response to SLA - Day 56	IL-10 response to SLA - Day 84	IL-10 response to SLA - Day 168
Chemotherapy	2.004	0.662	0.74	0.59	0.54	0.33	1.09	1.333	0.82	0.84	0.89	0.69	1.22	1.17	1.03	0.69	0.92	0.763
Immunotherapy v1.4/1.5	NA	76.72	23.93	NA	1.6	0.63	NA	0.92	1.00	NA	0.27	0.2	NA	1.44	2.19	NA	0.63	0.952
Immunotherapy v1.6	84.56	NA	10.26	1.36	NA	0.95	4.97	NA	2.06	0.87	NA	0.31	3.16	NA	0.9	1.02	NA	0.565

[back to top]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	1.99	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
aconitic acid Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.	1.98	1	0	tricarboxylic acid
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	4.76	2	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.6	1	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.05	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.43	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.37	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	13.08	43	6	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
spermidine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2.38	2	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	1.97	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.71	3	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
chlorocresol chlorocresol: injections for relief of intractable pain; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chloro-m-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is 3-methylphenol which is substituted by a chlorine at position 4. A ryanodine receptor agonist.	2.68	3	0	hydroxytoluene; monochlorobenzenes	antimicrobial agent; disinfectant; ryanodine receptor agonist
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	2.03	1	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.43	2	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.79	2	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.37	2	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.1	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
dapsone [no description available]	2.1	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.89	4	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.46	2	0
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	3.53	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	1.97	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.37	2	0
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	13.08	43	6	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.02	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.55	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
iodoquinol Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.	1.97	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organoiodine compound	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiseptic drug
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	1.97	1	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	9.34	17	3	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
lapachol lapachol : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.	2	1	0
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	5.84	7	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	11.98	57	5	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentoxifylline [no description available]	1.96	1	0	oxopurine
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.53	2	0	isoquinolines
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	3.46	2	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.36	2	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.67	3	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.36	2	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.66	3	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	1.99	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	1.97	1	0
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	1.98	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cordycepin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.07	1	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2	1	0	xanthene
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	1.97	1	0	alkylamine
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	1.97	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	1.99	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	12.33	71	1	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.05	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	1.98	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2.71	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	2.01	1	0	organic cation
lucanthone Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.	2.34	2	0	thioxanthenes	adjuvant; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; mutagen; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; schistosomicide drug
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.36	2	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
melarsoprol Melarsoprol: Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.	2.66	3	0	triazines
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.62	3	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	12.4	104	10	organic molecular entity
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	4.76	7	1
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2	1	0	phenoxazine
neostibosan [no description available]	1.93	1	0
8-aminoquinoline [no description available]	3.99	4	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	1.98	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	1.95	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.57	2	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.02	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.06	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.42	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
coralyne coralyne: RN given refers to parent cpd; at this time it is not known for which salt NSC-154890 is synonym; structure; DNA topoisomerse antagonist	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.17	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.51	2	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	1.97	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	3.8	2	1	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
antimony trichloride antimony trichloride : An inorganic chloride salt with formula SbCl3. It is used as a reagent for detecting vitamin A and related carotenoids, reacting with the carotenoid to form a blue complex that can be measured by colorimetry (the Carr-Price test). Solutions of antimony trichloride were formerly used for dissolving and removing horn stubs from calves and goats.	2.02	1	0	antimony molecular entity; inorganic chloride	apoptosis inducer; colorimetric reagent; Lewis acid
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.1	1	0
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.99	4	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
melarsen oxide melarsen oxide: inhibits glutathione reductase	1.96	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	2.1	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	1.97	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	2.06	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
naftifine naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.	1.97	1	0	allylamine antifungal drug; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	4.88	6	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
marbofloxacin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	quinolines
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	1.97	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
4-pentenoic acid 4-pentenoic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. pent-4-enoic acid : A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.	1.97	1	0	pentenoic acid
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.05	1	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	12.23	67	1
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.02	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
sinefungin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	adenosines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
buparvaquone buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
anthiolimine anthiolimine: structure	2.65	3	0
mdl 27695 MDL 27695: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
melarsen melarsen: product of the decomposition in aqueous solution of melarsamine HCl; RN given refers to di-Na salt; structure	1.96	1	0
4-amino-2-methylquinoline 4-amino-2-methylquinoline: used to induce miniature endplate potentials	2.07	1	0
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.02	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
stibocaptate stibocaptate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.06	5	0
3-methoxybenzamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
pyronaridine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aminoquinoline
trypanothione trypanothione disulfide : An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)-spermidine from the insect-parasitic trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata.	2.41	2	0	organic disulfide
5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	acetate ester	fluorochrome
4-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
methotrexate [no description available]	2.1	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	1.96	1	0	D-xylose
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	12.15	37	6	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
chlorite [no description available]	4.4	1	1	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.89	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	2.08	1	0
acivicin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	1.96	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	2.02	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	1.96	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
puromycin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.01	1	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.39	2	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
formycin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	formycin	antineoplastic agent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.1	1	0
glycosides [no description available]	1.99	1	0
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.37	2	0	stilbene
terbinafine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	3.22	6	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2h-tetrazolium 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
quinine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.41	2	0
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.08	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.44	2	0
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.45	2	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
quercetin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.39	2	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.03	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	15.25	100	14	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	2.1	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
kaempferol-3-o-galactoside kaempferol-3-O-galactoside: isolated from Ardisia pusilla; RN given refers to (3-(beta-D-galactopyranosyloxy))-isomer. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside compound with a 4',5,7-trihydroxychromen-3-yl group at the anomeric position.	2.05	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.89	4	0	hydrochloride
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	2.03	1	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
as 605240 5-quinoxalin-6-ylmethylenethiazolidine-2,4-dione: a PI3Kgamma inhibitor; structure in first source. (5Z)-5-(quinoxalin-6-ylmethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A quinoxaline derivative that is quinoxaline in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a (2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)methyl group. It is a potent inhibitor of the PI3Kgamma, with an IC50 of 8 nM and inhibits the progression of joint inflammation and damage in both lymphocyte-independent and dependent mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.07	1	0	quinoxaline derivative; thiazolidinediones	anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
mitoguazone Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.	1.97	1	0	guanidines; hydrazone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	11.33	97	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.4	7	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	1.97	1	0
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.67	3	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
beta-escin [no description available]	2.74	3	0
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	3.47	2	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.41	2	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.05	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	2.1	1	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	1.99	1	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.03	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	4.03	4	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.08	1	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
urea stibamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.43	2	0
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination [no description available]	3.89	3	0
mannans [no description available]	2.39	2	0
glycolipids [no description available]	3.05	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.05	1	0
tuftsin Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.	1.97	1	0	peptide
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.02	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.8	2	1
antimony potassium tartrate Antimony Potassium Tartrate: A schistosomicide possibly useful against other parasites. It has irritant emetic properties and may cause lethal cardiac toxicity among other adverse effects.	3.38	7	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.05	1	0
formycin triphosphate formycin triphosphate: formycin ATP analog	1.97	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.42	2	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.03	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2	1	0
kutkin kutkin: alcoholic extract of the root and rrhizome of Picrorhiza kurrooa; has heptatoprotective activity; contains picroside I, kutkoside, and a small amount of other minor glycosides of P. kurrooa	1.99	1	0
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyinosine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate mannose Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.. GDP-D-mannose : A GDP-mannose in which the mannose fragment has D-configuration.. GDP-alpha-D-mannose : The alpha-anomer of GDP-D-mannose.	2.02	1	0	GDP-D-mannose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.02	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.03	1	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
neopterin [no description available]	2	1	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	4.2	5	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.45	1	1	dacarbazine
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.02	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	9.78	27	5	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
allopurinol riboside allopurinol riboside : A nucleoside analogue that is allopurinol with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.	4.45	5	1	nucleoside analogue	metabolite
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.05	1	0
formycin b formycin B: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.65	3	0	formycin
carbocyclic inosine carbocyclic inosine: anti-Leishmanial agent; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	2.88	4	0
9-deazainosine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
3'-deoxyinosine 3'-deoxyinosine: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.06	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Black Fever [description not available]	18.9	425	42
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	18.9	425	42
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	17.61	214	29
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	17.61	214	29
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	14.38	114	6
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	19.38	114	6
Ache [description not available]	4.33	4	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	4.33	4	1
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	3.33	1	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	2.47	2	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.75	3	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.87	3	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	3.08	4	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	2.61	2	0
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.	12.11	44	3
Communicable Diseases, Imported Infectious diseases originating in one geographically delineated ecosystem that are carried (by travel or immigration) to another geographically delineated ecosystem by an infected individual, animal, or disease vector.	2.31	1	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Nasal Septal Perforation An opening or hole in the NASAL SEPTUM that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, drug use, or pathological process.	2.17	1	0
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	2.17	1	0
Co-infection [description not available]	4.28	6	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	7.18	19	2
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	7.18	19	2
Aneuploid [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	5.87	8	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.11	17	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.68	3	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	2.1	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	3.88	12	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.1	1	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	3.08	5	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	2.94	4	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	2.1	1	0
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	3.4	2	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	3.63	3	0
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	3.85	4	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	2.33	2	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	4.07	16	0
Schistosoma haematobia Infection [description not available]	3.18	6	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	4.07	16	0
Schistosomiasis haematobia A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.	3.18	6	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.1	1	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.46	2	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.67	3	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	2.11	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.52	2	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	6.49	9	2
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	7.85	17	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Acquired Nasal Deformities [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	2.11	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.44	2	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	5.02	3	1
Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous A form of LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS caused by Leishmania aethiopica in Ethiopia and Kenya, L. pifanoi in Venezuela, L. braziliensis in South America, and L. mexicana in Central America. This disease is characterized by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement.	3.03	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	2.93	4	0
Diathesis [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	8.82	28	5
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	2.9	4	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	2.11	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	2.11	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	4.66	6	1
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	5.87	13	2
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	4.66	6	1
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.13	1	0
Adenopathy [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Pallor A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin.	2.15	1	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.	2.96	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.96	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	5.94	9	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	4.3	7	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	4.3	7	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	4.34	4	1
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	2.44	2	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	4.34	4	1
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	2.05	1	0
Immune Reconstitution Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	3.83	2	1
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.05	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	5.42	8	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	7.4	5	2
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	7.4	5	2
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2.05	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.05	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	6.92	9	1
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	6.92	9	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.98	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	4.74	2	1
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	4.74	2	1
Amaurosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	2.43	2	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	2.06	1	0
Panuveitis Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.	2.06	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	2.71	3	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.45	1	1
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	3.45	1	1
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	3.45	1	1
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	3.45	1	1
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.07	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	2.07	1	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	7.89	14	2
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	7.89	14	2
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.01	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	8.75	18	4
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	2.01	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	2.01	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	2.01	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.01	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	2.84	4	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.36	2	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	1.94	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	1.94	1	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Epulides [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	2.01	1	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	2.01	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.02	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.02	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	2.4	2	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	2.68	3	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.02	1	0
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	2.02	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	4.76	7	1
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.02	1	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	2.02	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.02	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.02	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2.02	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.03	1	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	2.03	1	0
Shingles [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Skin Diseases, Viral Skin diseases caused by viruses.	2.03	1	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Zoster [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.8	2	1
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.42	2	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.03	1	0
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	2.03	1	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	2.03	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	5.04	5	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	5.04	5	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	2.41	2	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	3.98	5	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	3.28	2	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	2.37	2	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	5.19	4	1
Histomoniasis [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	5.19	4	1
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	2.66	3	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	1.96	1	0
Parasitic Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	2.69	3	0
Bleeding [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	1.98	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	1.98	1	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	1.98	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	1.98	1	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	1.98	1	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	1.98	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	3.78	2	1
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	2.39	2	0
Palsy [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	1.98	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	1.98	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	1.98	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	1.98	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	1.98	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	1.98	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Anemia, Splenic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	1.98	1	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	2.38	2	0
Malassezia furfur Infection [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Tinea Versicolor A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).	1.98	1	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.37	1	1
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell Group of disorders which feature accumulations of active HISTIOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTES, but where the histiocytes are not LANGERHANS CELLS. The group includes HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS; SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS; xanthogranuloma; reticulohistiocytoma; JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA; xanthoma disseminatum; as well as the lipid storage diseases (SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTE SYNDROME; and NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES).	1.98	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	4.21	2	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	4.21	2	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Weight Reduction [description not available]	4.29	4	1
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	3.37	1	1
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	3.37	1	1
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	4.29	4	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	5.03	5	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	4.85	4	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	4.85	4	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	1.99	1	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Adam-Stokes Attacks [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	1.99	1	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	2.91	1	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	2.38	2	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	1.99	1	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	3.79	2	1
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	1.99	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	1.99	1	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	3.38	1	1
Asystole [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	1.99	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	2.38	2	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	1.99	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2	1	0
Adenitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	2	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	2	1	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	2	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	2	1	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	2	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	2	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2	1	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	2	1	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	2	1	0
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	2	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2	1	0
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	2	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	2	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2	1	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	2	1	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.01	1	0
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Sporotrichosis The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.	1.95	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	1.95	1	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Mumps An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)	1.95	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	1.98	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	1.98	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	1.98	1	0
Leprosy, Cutaneous [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	1.97	1	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	1.97	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	1.97	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	1.97	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	1.97	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	1.97	1	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	3.76	2	1
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	1.97	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	1.97	1	0
Laboratory Infection Accidentally acquired infection in laboratory workers.	1.97	1	0
Erythremia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	1.97	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	1.96	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	1.96	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	1.97	1	0

antimony sodium gluconate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (3)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (815)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (21)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants Experiencing Serious or Unexpected Adverse Events, by Type of Serious or Unexpected Adverse Events

Number of Participants That Discontinued Due to Adverse Experience, by Type of Adverse Experience

Improvement of Lesions, Resolution of Fever and Lab Abnormalities for Visceral Leishmaniasis and Regression of Mucosal Lesions .

The Primary Safety Endpoint - Frequency of Complications of Therapy

Equivalence of Efficacy (Clinical Cure) of TheroMed Treatment vs Sodium Stibogluconate Assessed by the Number of Subjects With Clinical Cure

Equivalence of Efficacy Assessed by the Number of Participants With Clinical Cure

Feasibility of a L. Major Species Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction as a Rapid Diagnostic Device in the Context of a Treatment Trial

Immune Response, Based on Percent of T-Cell Population Before Treatment, and Day 10 Following Treatments

Immune Response, Based on T-Cell Population Before Treatment, and Day 10 Following Treatments

Number of Participants With Solicited Adverse Events

Adverse Events of Grade 1 Severity or Higher Occurring in ≥ 3 Patients During Active Treatment Phase of the Study.

Date of Clinical Cure

IgG Antibodies and T-cell Cytokine Responses (IFN-g and IL-10)

antimony sodium gluconate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (3)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (815)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (21)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants Experiencing Serious or Unexpected Adverse Events, by Type of Serious or Unexpected Adverse Events

Number of Participants That Discontinued Due to Adverse Experience, by Type of Adverse Experience

Improvement of Lesions, Resolution of Fever and Lab Abnormalities for Visceral Leishmaniasis and Regression of Mucosal Lesions .

The Primary Safety Endpoint - Frequency of Complications of Therapy

Equivalence of Efficacy (Clinical Cure) of TheroMed Treatment vs Sodium Stibogluconate Assessed by the Number of Subjects With Clinical Cure

Equivalence of Efficacy Assessed by the Number of Participants With Clinical Cure

Feasibility of a L. Major Species Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction as a Rapid Diagnostic Device in the Context of a Treatment Trial

Immune Response, Based on Percent of T-Cell Population Before Treatment, and Day 10 Following Treatments

Immune Response, Based on T-Cell Population Before Treatment, and Day 10 Following Treatments

Number of Participants With Solicited Adverse Events

Adverse Events of Grade 1 Severity or Higher Occurring in ≥ 3 Patients During Active Treatment Phase of the Study.

Date of Clinical Cure

IgG Antibodies and T-cell Cytokine Responses (IFN-g and IL-10)

Related Drugs (196)

Related Conditions (343)