ascorbic-acid and Deficiency-Diseases

Optimising nutrition intake is a key component for supporting athletic performance and supporting adaption to training. Athletes often use micronutrient supplements in order to correct vitamin and mineral deficiencies, improve immune function, enhance recovery and or to optimise their performance. The aim of this review was to investigate the recent literature regarding micronutrients (specifically iron, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin D, calcium) and their effects on physical performance. Over the past ten years, several studies have investigated the impacts of these micronutrients on aspects of athletic performance, and several reviews have aimed to provide an overview of current use and effectiveness. Currently the balance of the literature suggests that micronutrient supplementation in well-nourished athletes does not enhance physical performance. Excessive intake of dietary supplements may impair the body's physiological responses to exercise that supports adaptation to training stress. In some cases, micronutrient supplementation is warranted, for example, with a diagnosed deficiency, when energy intake is compromised, or when training and competing at altitude, however these micronutrients should be prescribed by a medical professional. Athletes are encouraged to obtain adequate micronutrients from a wellbalanced and varied dietary intake.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Athletic Performance; Calcium; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Iron; Male; Micronutrients; Minerals; Nutritional Status; Sports; Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Trace Elements; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamins

Sepsis is defined as the dysregulated host response to an infection resulting in life-threatening organ dysfunction. The metabolic demand from inefficiencies in anaerobic metabolism, mitochondrial and cellular dysfunction, increased cellular turnover, and free-radical damage result in the increased focus of micronutrients in sepsis as they play a pivotal role in these processes. In the present review, we will evaluate the potential role of micronutrients in sepsis, specifically, thiamine, l-carnitine, vitamin C, Se and vitamin D. Each micronutrient will be reviewed in a similar fashion, discussing its major role in normal physiology, suspected role in sepsis, use as a biomarker, discussion of the major basic science and human studies, and conclusion statement. Based on the current available data, we conclude that thiamine may be considered in all septic patients at risk for thiamine deficiency and l-carnitine and vitamin C to those in septic shock. Clinical trials are currently underway which may provide greater insight into the role of micronutrients in sepsis and validate standard utilisation.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Carnitine; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Micronutrients; Nutritional Status; Selenium; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Thiamine; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin D

Aflatoxins (Aspergillus flavus toxins) are one of the natural toxic molecules which are produced by a group of fungi called Aspergillus. Foods and drinks contaminated with aflatoxins cause global health and environmental problems. Today in many developing countries, these toxins are leading cause of some liver cancers and serious gastrointestinal problems. Aflatoxins, which are well known to be mutagenic, carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, and immunosuppressive, exert inhibitory effects on biological processes including DNA synthesis, DNA-dependent RNA synthesis, DNA repair, and protein synthesis. Aflatoxins B(1) (AFB(1)) is the most widespread oxidative agent of the aflatoxins. Numerous diverse compounds and extracts have been reported to reduce the aflatoxins induced oxidative stress in the body. Most of these inhibitors including phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and vitamins are originally derived from plants. Among these, being essential biomolecules, vitamins are used as coenzymes in very significant biological reactions. They also function as nonenzymatic antioxidative agents protecting the cells from oxidative stress-induced toxicity and transformation. This chapter reviews the mechanism of AFB(1)-induced oxidative stress and focuses on the protective effects of vitamins A, C, and E on reducing this stress.

Topics: Aflatoxin B1; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Poisons; Vitamin A; Vitamin E

Potentially damaging species (reactive oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine species) arise as by-products of metabolism and as physiological mediators and signalling molecules. Levels of these species are controlled by the antioxidant defence system. Several components of this system are micronutrients (e.g. vitamins C and E) or are dependent upon dietary micronutrients (e.g. CuZn and Mn superoxide dismutase). The antioxidant defences act as a coordinated system where deficiencies in one component may affect the efficiency of the others. Oxidative stress may be an important factor in infection if micronutrients are deficient.

Topics: Antioxidants; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Ascorbic Acid; Cardiovascular Diseases; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Developing Countries; Disease Susceptibility; HIV Infections; Humans; Iron; Magnesium; Manganese; Micronutrients; Nutritional Status; Oxidative Stress; Virus Diseases; Vitamin E; Zinc

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Glutathione; Humans; Nutrition Policy; Primary Prevention; Vitamin E

Topics: Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Cross-Sectional Studies; Deficiency Diseases; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Female; Ferritins; Hemoglobins; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Serum Albumin; Sex Factors; Skinfold Thickness; Vitamin B Complex; Zinc

Topics: Anemia; Animal Feed; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Caniformia; Deficiency Diseases; Dolphins; Fishes, Poisonous; Histamine; Hyponatremia; Lactose Intolerance; Seals, Earless; Thiamine Deficiency; Vitamin E Deficiency

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Bone Development; Bone Diseases; Bone Matrix; Bone Resorption; Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Collagen; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Proteins; Exostoses; Fluorine; Haplorhini; Hexosamines; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Rabbits

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Anemia, Hypochromic; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Biological Transport, Active; Chelating Agents; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Erythropoiesis; Feedback; Female; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Iron; Iron Radioisotopes; Mice; Pregnancy; Protein Binding; Rats; Solubility

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Child, Preschool; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Fever; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Kinetics; Male; Milk, Human; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Requirements; Pyridoxine; Thiamine; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Blood; Chickens; Child; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Food; Food Analysis; Hemoglobins; Humans; Iron; Male; Metabolism; Middle Aged; Rats; Species Specificity; Sulfates

Topics: Abetalipoproteinemia; Adult; Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Bone Marrow; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Fats; DNA Replication; Erythropoiesis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Iron; Kwashiorkor; RNA; Salmonidae; Selenium; Swine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency

Topics: Altitude; Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Ascorbic Acid; Celiac Disease; Climate; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Folic Acid; Hematology; Humans; Infant; Metabolism; Nutrition Disorders; Parasitic Diseases; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Poisons; Polycythemia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Radiation Effects; Seasons; Sprue, Tropical; Vitamin B 12

People with kidney failure are often deficient in zinc and selenium, but little is known about the optimal way to correct such deficiency.. We did a double-blind randomized trial evaluating the effects of zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and vitamin E added to the standard oral renal vitamin supplement (B and C vitamins) among hemodialysis patients in Alberta, Canada. We evaluated the effect of two daily doses of the new supplement (medium dose: 50 mg Zn, 75 mcg Se, 250 IU vitamin E; low dose: 25 mg Zn, 50 mcg Se, 250 IU vitamin E) compared to the standard supplement on blood concentrations of Se and Zn at 90 days (primary outcome) and 180 days (secondary outcome) as well as safety outcomes.. We enrolled 150 participants. The proportion of participants with low zinc status (blood level <815 ug/L) did not differ between the control group and the two intervention groups at 90 days (control 23.9% vs combined intervention groups 23.9%, P > 0.99) or 180 days (18.6% vs 28.2%, P = 0.24). The proportion with low selenium status (blood level <121 ug/L) was similar for controls and the combined intervention groups at 90 days (32.6 vs 19.6%, P = 0.09) and 180 days (34.9% vs 23.5%, P = 0.17). There were no significant differences in the risk of adverse events between the groups.. Supplementation with low or medium doses of zinc and selenium did not correct low zinc or selenium status in hemodialysis patients. Future studies should consider higher doses of zinc (≥75 mg/d) and selenium (≥100 mcg/d) with the standard supplement.. Registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01473914).

Topics: Aged; Alberta; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Middle Aged; Renal Dialysis; Selenium; Trace Elements; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin E; Vitamins; Zinc

Micronutrient powders (MNP) are often added to complementary foods high in inhibitors of iron and zinc absorption. Most MNP therefore include high amounts of iron and zinc, but it is no longer recommended in malarial areas to use untargeted MNP that contain the Reference Nutrient Intake for iron in a single serving. The aim was to test the efficacy of a low-iron and -zinc (each 2.5 mg) MNP containing iron as NaFeEDTA, ascorbic acid (AA), and an exogenous phytase active at gut pH. In a double-blind controlled trial, South African school children with low iron status (n = 200) were randomized to receive either the MNP or the unfortified carrier added just before consumption to a high-phytate maize porridge 5 d/wk for 23 wk; primary outcomes were iron and zinc status and a secondary outcome was somatic growth. Compared with the control, the MNP increased serum ferritin (P < 0.05), body iron stores (P < 0.01) and weight-for-age Z-scores (P < 0.05) and decreased transferrin receptor (P < 0.05). The prevalence of iron deficiency fell by 30.6% (P < 0.01) and the prevalence of zinc deficiency decreased by 11.8% (P < 0.05). Absorption of iron from the MNP was estimated to be 7-8%. Inclusion of an exogenous phytase combined with NaFeEDTA and AA may allow a substantial reduction in the iron dose from existing MNP while still delivering adequate iron and zinc. In addition, the MNP is likely to enhance absorption of the high native iron content of complementary foods based on cereals and/or legumes.

Topics: 6-Phytase; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Child; Deficiency Diseases; Double-Blind Method; Edetic Acid; Edible Grain; Female; Ferric Compounds; Ferritins; Food, Fortified; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Deficiencies; Male; Prevalence; Receptors, Transferrin; South Africa; Trace Elements; Zea mays; Zinc

The effect of combining a multi-micronutrient supplement with a milk-based cornstarch porridge on the bioavailability of iron, zinc, folate, and vitamin C was evaluated using the plasma curve response over time (8 hours) in healthy women. Three tests were carried out in a crossover design: S (multi-micronutrient supplement), MS (multi-micronutrient supplement plustest meal), and M (test meal). Relative bioavailability was determined as the percent ratio of the area under the curve (AUC) in MS corrected by M, and AUC in S. Compared to S, AUC in MS was smaller for iron (p < .05), for zinc (p < .01), and for folate (p < .05), but not different for vitamin C. Relative bioavailability was lower (p < .05) than 100% for iron (80%), zinc (70%), and folate (85%). The decrease in bioavailability of these nutrients when the multi-micronutrient supplement is combined with a milk-based cornstarch porridge is small. Therefore, the tested meal is a suitable vehicle for the multi-micronutrient supplement.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Area Under Curve; Ascorbic Acid; Biological Availability; Cross-Over Studies; Dairy Products; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Female; Folic Acid; Food-Drug Interactions; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Iron, Dietary; Micronutrients; Middle Aged; Zinc

The young people of draft age often have breach of a the dietary, that guite often is accompanied by decrease resistance and adaptation of opportunities. Application vegetative BAS to food (the beet with selderej) separately or especially together with liquid biphidiumbacterin gives good therapeutic effect.

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Adolescent; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Body Weight; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Feces; Humans; Male; Military Personnel; Nutrition Disorders; Vegetables

Public health advocates, government agencies, and commercial organizations increasingly use nutritional science to guide food choice and diet as a way of promoting health, preventing disease, or marketing products. We argue that in many instances such references to nutritional science can be characterized as nutritional scientism. We examine three manifestations of nutritional scientism: (1) the simplification of complex science to increase the persuasiveness of dietary guidance, (2) superficial and honorific references to science in order to justify cultural or ideological views about food and health, and (3) the presumption that nutrition is the primary value of food. This paper examines these forms of nutritional scientism in the context of biopolitics to address bioethical concerns related to the misuse of scientific evidence to make claims regarding the effect of diet on health. We argue that nutritional scientism has ethical implications (i) for individual responsibility and freedom, (ii) concerning iatrogenic harm, and (iii) for well-being.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Biological Science Disciplines; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Food; Freedom; Health; Health Behavior; Health Promotion; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Nutrition Policy; Policy Making; Public Health; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Social Responsibility; United States

To determine the effects of vitamins and carotenoids on brain white matter lesions (WMLs), we examined the associations between WMLs with vitamin and carotenoid levels in Japanese middle-aged and elderly subjects.. Four-hundred and sixty-nine healthy participants (male = 317; female = 152) that underwent medical examinations were examined. Deep white matter lesions (DWLs) were detected via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 39 subjects. We evaluated the effects of vitamin and carotenoid levels on DWLs via logistic regression analysis.. Lower gamma-tocopherol levels were significantly associated with DWLs in all subjects. While lower gamma-tocopherol and vitamin C levels were significantly associated with DWLs in males, lower delta-tocopherol levels were associated with DWLs in females. The associations between DWLs and lower gamma- and delta-tocopherol and vitamin C levels were independent of age, hypertension, or smoking. However, the associations between DWLs and lower alfa-tocopherol were not significant following adjustments for smoking.. Lower carotenoid and vitamin levels were independently associated with cerebral DWLs in Japanese subjects.

Topics: Aged; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Brain; Brain Diseases; Carotenoids; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Geriatric Assessment; Humans; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Sex Factors; Tocopherols; Vitamin E Deficiency; Vitamins

To evaluate the nutritional adequacy of diets in early childhood as a function of milk intake, cows' milk (CM) or growing-up milk (GUM).. From a cross-sectional food consumption survey, two groups of children aged 1-2 years were defined: group CM fed exclusively on CM ≥ 250 ml/d and group GUM fed on GUM ≥ 250 ml/d. Proportions of children at risk of nutrient excess or insufficiency were estimated relative to the French recommended daily allowances, estimated average requirements or adequate intakes.. Parents participating in the survey were recruited from all regions of France by a polling organization. Distribution was adjusted to that of the French population.. Sixty-three (group CM) and fifty-five (group GUM) children.. Total energy and macronutrient intakes were similar in the two groups except protein intake of group CM, which was much higher than the Recommended Daily Allowance and significantly higher than in group GUM. A high percentage of children of Group CM had intake of linoleic acid (51%) and α-linolenic acid (84%) below the lower limit of the adequate intake, and intake of Fe (59%) vitamin C (49%) and alimentary vitamin D (100%) less than the Estimated Average Requirement. Significant differences were observed in the proportions of children with a risk of dietary inadequacy between the two groups for all the mentioned nutrients (P < 0.001). In group GUM, this imbalance was only observed for vitamin D. Intake of foods other than milk and dairy products could not account for these discrepancies.. Consumption of CM (≥250 ml/d) entails the risk of insufficiency in α-linolenic acid, Fe, vitamin C and vitamin D. Use of GUM (≥250 ml/d) significantly reduces the risk of insufficiencies in the mentioned nutrients.

Topics: Adult; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cattle; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Diet Surveys; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Food, Fortified; France; Humans; Infant; Iron; Iron, Dietary; Linoleic Acid; Milk; Nutrition Assessment; Nutrition Policy; Nutritional Requirements; Parents; Risk Factors; Trace Elements; Vitamin D; Vitamins

Fast food is high in energy density and low in essential micronutrient density, especially zinc (Zn), of which antioxidant processes are dependent. We have tested the hypothesis that frequent fast food consumption could induce oxidative damage associated with inflammation in weanling male rats in relevance to Zn deprivation, which could adversely affect testis function. Zn and iron (in plasma and testicular tissue), plasma antioxidant vitamins (A, E, and C), as well as testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation indexes (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility (LOS)), and inflammatory markers (plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and testicular tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)) were determined. Serum testosterone and histological examination of the testis were performed also. We found a severe decrease in antioxidant vitamins and Zn, with concomitant iron accumulation. Zinc deficiency correlated positively with SOD, GSH, antioxidant vitamins and testosterone, and negatively with TBARS, LOS, CRP and TNF-alpha, demonstrating a state of oxidative stress and inflammation. We concluded that micronutrient deficiency, especially Zn, enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation in testicular tissue leading to underdevelopment of testis and decreased testosterone levels.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Feeding Behavior; Inflammation; Iron; Male; Micronutrients; Nutritional Requirements; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superoxide Dismutase; Testis; Testosterone; Vitamin A; Vitamin E; Zinc

Obesity is a chronic disease that is linked to the presence of numerous chronic illnesses, including venous disease. Venous disease can lead to chronic wounds, which may be exacerbated by vitamin, mineral, and macro-nutritional deficiencies. A cross-sectional observational design was used to examine the nutritional status of patients with chronic venous leg ulcers (VLUs) who are overweight or obese and to explore the relationship between nutritional status and severity of venous ulceration. Nutritional status was evaluated using anthropometric measurements, nutrient analysis from a 3-day dietary intake log, serum albumin, vitamins A and C, and zinc levels. Wound severity was assessed using the Leg Ulcer Measurement Tool (LUMT). Eight patients participated; six patients were men, and all eight patients were more than 50 years of age. Patients had an average daily caloric intake below their estimated caloric need. When compared with recommended daily intake levels, dietary nutrient intake was suboptimal for protein, vitamin C, and zinc. Serum levels were below normal for at least one of these nutrients in six patients. A positive correlation was found only between serum albumin, average daily intake, and percent recommended daily intake of protein (r(s) = 0.93, P = .003). An inverse relationship was found between LUMT score and serum vitamin A levels (r(s) = -0.83, P = .01), and a positive correlation was observed between LUMT score and serum vitamin C (r(s) = 0.74, P = .04). No clear relationships were shown among serum zinc, albumin, and LUMT scores. Overweight and obese patients with VLU show nutritional deficits that are similar to those of the broader population of patients with leg ulcers. The relationships found between vitamins A and C and leg ulcer severity warrant further exploration. The nutritional differences in the study need to be examined in a larger sample of overweight and normal-weight patients to determine whether overweight patients are at greater risk for prolonged VLU because of poor nutrition than non-overweight patients.

Topics: Aged; Anthropometry; Ascorbic Acid; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Deficiency Diseases; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Northwestern United States; Nutrition Assessment; Nutrition Policy; Nutrition Surveys; Nutritional Status; Obesity; Pilot Projects; Serum Albumin; Severity of Illness Index; Varicose Ulcer; Vitamin A; Zinc

Dental status and its relationship to diet and nutritional status have been little explored. In this study of a representative sample of the US civilian, non-institutionalized population (NHANES III), we predicted that the intake of nutritious foods, dietary fiber, and levels of biochemical analytes would be lower, even after adjusting for potential social and behavioral factors, among those who were edentulous and wore complete dentures than for those who had all their natural teeth. Multivariate analyses indicated that intake of carrots and tossed salads among denture-wearers was, respectively, 2.1 and 1.5 times less than for the fully dentate (p < 0.0001), and dietary fiber intake was 1.2 times less (p < 0.05). Serum levels of beta carotene (9.8 microg/dL), folate (4.7 ng/dL), and vitamin C (0.87 mg/dL) were also lower among denture-wearers (p < 0.05). Intakes of some nutrient-rich foods and beta carotene, folate, and vitamin C serum levels were significantly lower in denture-wearers.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ascorbic Acid; beta Carotene; Deficiency Diseases; Denture, Complete; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Linear Models; Male; Mouth, Edentulous; Multivariate Analysis; Nutritional Status; Tooth Loss; United States; Vegetables

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Child, Preschool; Cultural Characteristics; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Humans; India; Infant; Male; Scurvy; Socioeconomic Factors

An account of the journey around the world by the Austrian ship's doctor Eduard Schwarz on a sailing ship from 1857 to 1859, his successful cure of nightblindness among the sailors, and how he was maligned by some of the Viennese medical press for his view that nightblindness is a nutritional disorder.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; History, 19th Century; Humans; Hungary; Military Personnel; Naval Medicine; Night Blindness; Scurvy; Vitamin A

There is considerable controversy about the soundness and relevance of so-called "megavitamin" therapy for various illnesses. In this article it is suggested that this disagreement is caused to a large extent by the use of two very different approaches to nutrition, which are referred to here as the "nutritional need" and "optimal intake" approaches. It is clear that a re-evaluation of the goals of nutrition is required, as nutritional recommendations deal mainly with the prevention of deficiency diseases and are not concerned with optimal levels of intake.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Enzymes; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Carbohydrates; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Carbohydrates; Food, Fortified; Humans; Iron; Mexico; Niacin; Nutrition Surveys; Vitamin A

The objective of this article is to familiarize the dentist with clinical signs and laboratory methods used in diagnosing nutritional deficiencies, and to indicate which laboratory methods may be useful to the clinician in cases of suspected nutritional deficiency. It should be noted that the suggested laboratory methods were selected on the basis of their applicability for the clinical situation as well as their reliability as indicators of nutritional status. Therefore these suggested methods of choice may not in every instance be the most accurate of all indicators of nutritional status for a particular nutrient. The dentist who wishes to utilize one of the laboratory methods has a number of options. He can take the appropriate sample in his office, or refer the patient directly to a clinical laboratory for the simpler analyses, or refer his patient to a physician for appropriate metabolic testing. The first option may be more appropriate for the dentist practicing in areas where a clinical laboratory is not within reasonable distance. In this instance the dentist should contact the laboratory for specific information, such as sample volume and special instructions for taking, handling, and shipping the sample. The second option is available to the dentist practicing in an urban area where clinical laboratory facilities are readily available. Finally, the dentist should work in conjunction with a physician when complex metabolic testing is required.

Topics: Anthropometry; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Proteins; Calcium; Deficiency Diseases; Gingival Diseases; Humans; Iron; Lip Diseases; Medical History Taking; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Riboflavin; Thiamine; Tongue Diseases; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin D; Vitamin E

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Humans; Infections; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Vitamins

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Chickens; Deficiency Diseases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Nutritional Requirements; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxides; Selenium; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency

Topics: Adolescent; Anemia, Hypochromic; Ascorbic Acid; Body Height; Body Weight; Bread; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Female; Growth; Humans; Income; Iron; Male; Margarine; New York; Nutrition Surveys; Proteins; Sweden; United Kingdom; United States; Vitamin A; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin D Deficiency

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Cadmium Poisoning; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Coturnix; Deficiency Diseases; Duodenum; Erythrocytes; Esophagus; Female; Heart; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Iron; Kidney; Liver; Male; Poisoning; Spleen; Testis; Zinc

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Ceruloplasmin; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Intestinal Mucosa; Iron; Iron Radioisotopes; Kidney; Liver; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Protein Binding; Radioisotopes; Spleen; Swine; Zinc

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Ducks; Liver; Male; Muscular Dystrophy, Animal; Poultry Diseases; Selenium; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Chronic Disease; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Niacinamide; Pneumonia; Pyridoxine; Seasons; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Topics: Adult; Aged; Arteriosclerosis; Ascorbic Acid; Cadmium; Cholesterol; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Smoking

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cholesterol; Deficiency Diseases; Hydroxysteroids; Rats; Zinc

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Chlorides; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Histidine; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Iron Isotopes; Liver; Male; Rats; Stimulation, Chemical; Time Factors

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cell Membrane; Deficiency Diseases; Drug Synergism; Erythrocytes; Globins; Glucose; Glutathione; Heinz Bodies; Hemoglobins; Hemolysis; Male; Methemoglobin; Oxidation-Reduction; Porphyrins; Rats; Selenium; Vitamin E; Vitamin E Deficiency

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Ascorbic Acid; Bacterial Vaccines; Body Weight; Bone Marrow Examination; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Fever; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Iron Isotopes; Jamaica; Kwashiorkor; Male; Pertussis Vaccine; Radiometry

Topics: Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Calcium, Dietary; Carotenoids; Cooking; Dairy Products; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Dietary Services; Dietetics; Edible Grain; England; Female; Food Analysis; Home Care Services; Humans; Iron; Mathematics; Meat; Niacinamide; Nutrition Surveys; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Requirements; Pyridoxine; Riboflavin; Switzerland; Thiamine; Time Factors; Vegetables; Vitamin A; Vitamins

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Brain; Corticosterone; Deficiency Diseases; Fenclonine; Male; Pituitary Gland; Quinolizines; Rats; Reserpine; Serotonin; Stimulation, Chemical; Tetrabenazine; Tryptophan

Topics: Anemia; Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Birds; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Cadmium; Cadmium Poisoning; Calcium; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Depression, Chemical; Erythrocytes; Growth; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Iron; Kidney; Liver; Metals; Poisoning; Stereoisomerism; Zinc

Topics: Amino Acids; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Aorta; Aortic Rupture; Arginine; Ascorbic Acid; Collagen; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Depression, Chemical; Elastin; Hot Temperature; Hydroxyproline; Male; Metabolism; Microscopy, Electron; Proteins; Solubility; Stimulation, Chemical; Turkeys

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Proteins; Carotenoids; Child; Child, Preschool; Cooking; Cooking and Eating Utensils; Dairy Products; Deficiency Diseases; Edible Grain; Educational Status; Eggs; Family Characteristics; Feeding Behavior; Female; Fishes; Fruit; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Humans; Income; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meat; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Parasite Egg Count; Puerto Rico; Refrigeration; Riboflavin; Rural Population; Sampling Studies; Skinfold Thickness; Thiamine; Urban Population; Vegetables

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Calcium; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Diet Therapy; Female; Humans; Iron; Male; Minerals; Nutrition Disorders; Phosphorus; Proteins; Tuberculosis; Vitamin A; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Deficiency Diseases; Food Additives; Pantothenic Acid; Poultry Diseases; Protozoan Infections; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Thiamine Deficiency

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Sampling Studies

Topics: Adolescent; Anthropometry; Arizona; Ascorbic Acid; Attitude to Health; Black or African American; Body Height; Body Weight; Calcium, Dietary; Child; Child Development; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Deficiency Diseases; Diet, Reducing; Ethnicity; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Indians, North American; Iron; Male; Mexico; Nutrition Surveys; Nutritional Requirements; Nutritional Sciences; School Health Services; Sex Factors; Skinfold Thickness; Socioeconomic Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Thiamine; Vitamin A

Topics: Alopecia; Anemia; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Calcium; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Electron Transport Complex IV; Iron; Liver; Myocardium; Phosphorus; Rabbits

Topics: Animals; Aorta; Aortic Rupture; Ascorbic Acid; Chickens; Chondroitin; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Electron Transport Complex IV; Glycosaminoglycans; Hyaluronic Acid; Iron; Liver; Male; Myocardium

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cobalt; Cobalt Isotopes; Deficiency Diseases; Endotoxins; Erythropoietin; Escherichia coli; Ferritins; Immunoassay; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Iron Isotopes; Iron-Dextran Complex; Male; Rabbits; Rats

Topics: Anemia; Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Growth Disorders; Hepatomegaly; Humans; Infant; Male; Rickets; Scurvy; Splenomegaly; Thrombocytopenia; Vitamin D

Topics: Adolescent; Ascorbic Acid; Australia; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Cholesterol; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Folic Acid; Growth; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutrition Disorders; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Iron; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Nutrition Surveys; Protein Deficiency; Respiratory Tract Infections; Serum Albumin; Vitamins

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Cholesterol; Czechoslovakia; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Dietary Fats; Female; Humans; Iron; Male; Middle Aged; Seasons; Vitamin A Deficiency; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Aminopyrine; Aniline Compounds; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Benzoates; Cytochromes; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Pentobarbital; Proteins; Rats; RNA; Sleep; Time Factors; Zinc; Zoxazolamine

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Pressure; Blood Proteins; Carotenoids; Child; Child, Preschool; City Planning; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Female; Health Education; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Male; Middle Aged; Niacinamide; Nutrition Surveys; Prospective Studies; Puerto Rico; Riboflavin; Rural Health; Serum Albumin; Sex Factors; Skinfold Thickness; Socioeconomic Factors; Thiamine; Time Factors; Vitamin A

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Iron Isotopes; Male

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Hypochromic; Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Erythrocyte Count; Female; Hematocrit; Humans; Iron; Male; Middle Aged

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Bile; Deficiency Diseases; Gastric Juice; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Iron Isotopes; Male; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Rats; Solubility

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Biological Transport; Body Weight; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Depression, Chemical; Diet; Duodenum; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Radioisotopes; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Aminopropionitrile; Animals; Aorta; Ascorbic Acid; Copper; Cyanides; Deficiency Diseases; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney; Kinetics; Monoamine Oxidase; Myocardium; Poultry; Semicarbazides

Topics: Amyloidosis; Ascorbic Acid; Conjunctiva; Conjunctival Diseases; Conjunctivitis; Deficiency Diseases; Diagnosis; Eye Diseases; Humans; Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis; Liver Extracts; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Triamcinolone; Vitamin A

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Aorta; Ascorbic Acid; Chickens; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Digestion; Dimercaprol; Elastic Tissue; Elastin; Iron; Liver; Meat; Mortality; Pharmacology; Poultry; Radiometry; Reducing Agents; Research; Zinc

Topics: Aged; Amylases; Ascorbic Acid; Cellulose; Chronic Disease; Deficiency Diseases; Dehydrocholic Acid; Geriatrics; Humans; Lipase; Niacinamide; Nutrition Disorders; Pantothenic Acid; Peptide Hydrolases; Pyridoxine; Riboflavin; Thiamine; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamins

Topics: Alcoholism; Anemia; Anemia, Macrocytic; Anorexia Nervosa; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Celiac Disease; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Diet Therapy; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Sprue, Tropical; United Kingdom; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin D; Vitamin K; Vitamins; Vomiting

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Transfusion; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Infant; Iron; Leukocytosis; Rickets; Splenomegaly; Vitamin D; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Bacteria; Deficiency Diseases; Dextropropoxyphene; Drug Therapy; Folic Acid; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Mouth; Noma; Penicillins; Radiography, Dental; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Anemia; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Chemical Analysis; Child; Deficiency Diseases; Gastroenteritis; Humans

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Iron; Iron Isotopes; Iron Metabolism Disorders; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Sorbitol; Succinates

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Blood Chemical Analysis; Deficiency Diseases; Diuretics; Edema; Intestine, Small; Intestines; Liver Cirrhosis; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; Prednisone; Spironolactone

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Avitaminosis; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Proteins; Cholesterol; Deficiency Diseases; Growth; Guinea Pigs; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Metabolism; Pantothenic Acid; Pathology; Research

Topics: Acids; Aminopterin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ascorbic Acid; Chlorobutanol; Deficiency Diseases; Hydroxybenzoates; Rats; Urine; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Starvation

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Scurvy; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Deficiency Diseases; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Inflammation; Periodontitis; Periodontium; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Humans; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase I Deficiency Disease; Deficiency Diseases; Disease; Drinking Behavior; Extremities; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Thiamine

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Tooth; Vitamins

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Deficiency Diseases; Hemorrhage; Humans; Infections; Metabolism; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Nutritional Sciences; Nutritional Status; Riboflavin; Thiamine; Vitamins; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Ascorbic Acid Deficiency; Biometry; Deficiency Diseases; Tropical Medicine; Vitamins